Content uploaded by Nasreen Jahan
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Nasreen Jahan on Jul 03, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
Alia Bilal et al
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A
REVIEW
Int J Cur Res Rev, Dec 2012 / Vol 04 (23)
Page 73
IJCRR
Vol 04 issue 23
Section: Healthcare
Category: Review
Received on: 10/09/12
Revised on: 02/10/12
Accepted on: 19/10/12
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON
OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A REVIEW
Alia Bilal1, Nasreen Jahan1, Ajij Ahmed1, Saima Naaz Bilal2, Shahida Habib3,
Syeda Hajra4
1Dept of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore,
India
2 Dept of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, M.I.J. Tibbiya College, Mumbai, India
3 Dept of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Kashmir Tibbiya College, Srinagar, India
4Dept of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Govt. Nizamia Tibbi college, Charminar,
Hyderabad
E-mail of Corresponding Author: aliabilal03@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Plants are one of the most important sources of medicines. Basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn.) is one such
plant which symbolizes all that is wondrous in nature because, the whole plant has been used as
traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. The
objective of this paper is to review the literature regarding Ocimum basilicum, specifically for its
chemical properties, therapeutic benefits and scientific studies. This review consists of all publications
relevant to Ocimum basilicum that were identified by the authors through a systemic search of major
computerized medical database. Studies indicate Ocimum basilicum to possess analgesic, anti
inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti ulcerogenic, cardiac stimulant, chemomodulatory, CNS
depressant, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, immunomodulator and larvicidal activities.
The drug was also searched for its folkloric claims. It is used in traditional medicine as a tonic and
vermifuge, and Basil tea taken hot is good for treating nausea, flatulence, and dysentery. The oil of the
plant has been found to be beneficial for the alleviation of mental fatigue, cold, spasm, rhinitis, and as a
first aid treatment for wasp stings and snakebites.
Preliminary studies have found various constituents of Ocimum basilicum to exhibit a variety of
therapeutic effects. These results are very encouraging and indicate that this drug should be studied
more extensively to confirm these results and to find other potential therapeutic effects.
Keywords: Basil; Pharmacological studies; Phytochemical studies; Ethnobotanical reports.
INTRODUCTION
The medicinal plants are rich in secondary
metabolites and essential oils of therapeutic
importance. The important advantages claimed
for therapeutic uses of medicinal plants in various
ailments are their safety besides being
economical, effective and their easy availability.
Because of these advantages the medicinal plants
have been widely used by the traditional medical
practitioners in their day to day practice. Among
the plants known for medicinal value, the plants
of genus Ocimum are rich in phenolic compounds
and are very useful for their therapeutic
potentials.1 Ocimum basilicum Linn. popularly
known as “Sweet basil” is used in both Unani and
Ayurvedic system of medicine2. Moreover,
among more than 150 species of the genus
Ocimum, Basil is the major essential oil crop
which is cultivated commercially in many
countries3 It is a popular herb, valued for its rich
and spicy, mildly peppery flavour with a trace of
mint and clove and has been used widely as a
food ingredient for flavouring confectionary,
baked foods and meat products.4 It is used both as
a culinary and an ornamental herb.5
Alia Bilal et al
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A
REVIEW
Int J Cur Res Rev, Dec 2012 / Vol 04 (23)
Page 74
Historical Background
The history of use of Basil as a medicine can be
traced back to the age of Dioscorides as he
mentioned it in one of the earliest book on
medicinal plants, De Materia medica, as a potent
antidote for scorpion sting. Several interesting
believes are ascribed to the historical use of Basil.
Europeans considered it to be funereal and to
dream of it, unlucky whereas, in Italy, women
wear it in hair and the youths stick a spring of it
above the ear when they go courting.6. In India,
Hindus believed that a leaf of Basil buried with
them would serve as their passport to the heaven.
In early 1600, the English used it in their food
and in doorways to ward off uninvited pests, such
as flies as well as evil spirits.
Taxonomic Classification8
Kingdom : Plantae
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta
Superdivision : Spermatophyta
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Asteridae
Order : Lamiales
Family : Lamiaceae
Genus : Ocimum
Species : basilicum
Binomial Name : Ocimum basilicum9
Etymology of Basil
The name basil is thought to be derived from the
Greek word “Basileus”, meaning “Royal or
King”. It is often referred as King of the Herbs.7
Synonyms10
O. caryophyllatum Roxb.
O. minimum
O. pilosum
Varieties11
Ocimum basilicum var. purpurscens is popularly
known as Purple Basil. The leaves are as same as
that of sweet basil. It is known for its culinary
properties and excellent ornamental foliage.
Ocimum basilicum var. genovese is also called
Genovese Basil This basil has dark green leaves
that grows upto 2 inches long. It is used on a
large scale in pesto and garlic dishes.
Ocimum basilicum var. crispum is used largely as
garnishing in salad or in sauce, it does not taste
much as compared to other green basils and
popularly known as Lettuce Leaf Basil. Its leaves
are quite wide and large.
Description of Plant
Vernaculars
Ocimum basilicum is known by different names
in different languages around the world including
the Indian sub continent. In English, it is known
as Basil, Common Basil or Sweet Basil12
whereas, in Hindi13 and Bengali6, it is called
Babui Tulsi. The plant is known as Badrooj,
Hebak or Rihan in Arabic; as Nasabo or Sabje in
Gujrati and as Jangli Tulsi in Urdu.
Tohrakhurasani and Okimon are the ascribed
names of the plant in Persian and Unani
languages9
Habitat and Distribution
Sweet basil is indigenous to Persia and Sindh and
lower hills of Punjab in India.(13) The plant is
widely grown as an ornamental and field crop
throughout the greater part of India, Burma,
Cylone9 and several Mediterranean countries
including Turkey.
Botanical description of the plant
An erect branching herb, 0.6 to 0.9 m high,
glabrous, more or less hispidly pubescent. Stems
and branches are green or sometimes purplish.
Leaves of Ocimum basilicum are simple,
opposite,(12) 2.5-5 cm or more long, ovate, acute,
entire or more or less toothed or lobed with a
cuneate and entire base. The petiole is 1.3-2.5 cm
long. The leaves have numerous dot like oil
glands which secrete strongly scented volatile oil.
Whorls densely racemose, where the terminal
receme is usually much longer than the lateral
ones. The bracts are stalked, shorter than the
calyx, ovate and acute. Calyx is five mm long,
enlarging in fruit and very shortly pedicelled. Its
lower lip with the two central teeth is longer than
Alia Bilal et al
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A
REVIEW
Int J Cur Res Rev, Dec 2012 / Vol 04 (23)
Page 75
the rounded upper lip. Corolla being 8-13 mm
long are white, pink or purplish in colour,
glabrous or variously pubescent. The upper
filaments of slightly exerted stamen are toothed at
the base. Nutlets are about two mm long,
ellipsoid, black and pitted.9 Sepals of flower are
five and remain fused into a 2-lipped calyx.
Ovary is superior and there is a 2-carpellary, 4-
locular and a 4-partite fruit of four achenes.12
Ethnobotanical Description
Basil is well-known as a plant of folk medicinal
value and as such is accepted officially in a
number of countries. The leaves of the Basil are
used in folk medicine as a tonic and vermifuge,
and Basil tea taken hot is good for treating
nausea, flatulence, and dysentery. The oil of the
plant has been found to be beneficial for the
alleviation of mental fatigue, cold, spasm,
rhinitis, and as a first aid treatment for wasp
stings and snakebites.14
Pharmacological Actions
The plant is stomachic, alexipharmic and
antipyretic. It also possesses diuretic and
emmenagogue properties. In Annam, an infusion
of the plant is considered to be antihelminthic,
diaphoretic, anti emetic and anti diarrhoeaic.9
Diuretic, aphrodisiac and anti dysenteric actions
have also been ascribed to the seeds of this plant.
The juice of the plant shows carminative,
stimulant12,13 and anti bacterial actions; its
essential oil possesses anti bacterial, anti fungal
and insecticidal effects10. The flowers of this
plant are stimulant, diuretic and demulcent in
action.15 The flowers are also considered to be
carminative, anti-spasmodic and digestive
stimulant.12
Therapeutic Uses
Plant: Basil is useful in diseases of heart and
blood, biliousness kapha and Vata, leucoderma
etc. The juice relieves joints pain, gives luster to
eyes, is good for toothache, earache and cures
epistaxis when used with camphor.9 The juice of
plant is dropped into ears to cure dullness of
hearing.10,13 The infusion of the plant is given to
treat cephalgia and gouty joints and used as
gargle for foul breath. Basil cures headache, aids
digestion9 and acts as a mild laxative. The plant is
also reported to keep away the flies and snakes.16
A 12% decoction of the plant used as irrigation in
nasal myosis, produces anesthesia and acts as a
parasiticide and antiseptic, so that the larvae
which causes the disease rendered inactive and
expelled. The plant is useful in treatment of
stomach complaints, fever, cough and gout.13 It
cures Kustha (obstinate skin disease including
leprosy) and scorpion bite. According to Ainslie,
it is used in India to assuage the pain of
childbirth.17
The warm leaves juice of this plant along with
honey is used to treat croup.15 It also forms an
excellent nostrum for the cure of ringworm. It is
used as a lotion for sore eyes too. In Guinea, the
decoction of leaves and stem are given to treat
fever, neuralgia, catarrh, renal troubles and
burning micturation.9 In Ethiopia, leaves are used
against malaria, headache and diarrhea. In
homeopathy, the fresh mature leaves are used to
treat spermatorrhoea, blood dysentery,
haematuria, inflammation and congestion of
kidney. Aqueous extract of the leaves is used in
southern Nigeria to relieve the severe pain
associated with post natal uterine contraction.
The juice of leaves is used as insecticide and
applied on the nostrils of camels to kill the
worms, which infest them during winter13,16 The
juice of the leaves is also used to treat otitis. The
roots of this plant are used to treat bowel
complaints of children.9,12,15
The seeds washed and pounded are used in
poultices for unhealthy sores and sinuses. An
infusion of seeds is given in fever. The seeds are
chewed in case of snake-bite, one portion is
swallowed and the other portion is applied to the
bitten part.9 A cold infusion of it is said to relieve
the after pain of parturition. They are also given
internally to treat cystitis, nephritis and in internal
piles.13 Due to the mucilaginous and cooling
Alia Bilal et al
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A
REVIEW
Int J Cur Res Rev, Dec 2012 / Vol 04 (23)
Page 76
effect, an infusion of basil seed is given to treat
gonorrhoea, diarrhoea and chronic dysentery.16
Scientific studies
Physicochemical Study
Bihari et al.,18 carried out the physicochemical
evaluation of Ocimum basilicum. The total ash
value of the plant is found to be 8.7% whereas,
the acid insoluble, water soluble and the
sulphated ash values are recorded as 0.3%, 3.7%
and 0.6 % respectively. Extractive values of Basil
are reported as 6.24%, 4.0% and 3.7% (w/w) in
water, alcohol and ether, respectively. As much
as 0.1% foreign organic matter is also contained
in O. basilicum. The following table shows the
Fluorescence characteristics of the test drug with
different reagents as observed under day light and
UV light.
Table 1: Fluorescence characteristics of O.basilicum with different chemical reagent
Sl. No. Material Day light UV 254 nm UV 366nm
1 Powder as such LG GY GY
2 P + HCL (IN) P DB DB
3 P + 50% KOH DYBR DB DB
4 P + 50% H2SO4 YG DB DB
5 P + 50% HNO3 GP DB DB
6 P + conc. HNO3 R DB DB
7 P + conc. H2SO4 BB DB DB
8 P + Iodine in water GP DB DB
9 P + In NaOH (IN) in methnol YBR DB DB
10 P + Acetic acid BR DB DB
(BB-Brownish black; BR-Brown; DB-Dark black; DYBR-Dark yellow brown; GP-Greenish pink; GY-Greenish
yellow; LG-Light green; P-Pink; R-Red; YBR-Yellowish brown; YG-Yellowish green)
Phytochemical Studies
Fresh flowering herb yield essential oil
containing small amount of estragol, eucalyptol,
ocimene, linalool acetate, eugenol, 1-
epibicyclosesquiphellandrene, menthol,
menthone, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone,
myrcenol and nerol.19 The leaves distilled with
water yield about 1.56% of yellowish green oil,
lighter than water which when kept in air,
solidifies almost wholly, as crystallized from
alcohol forms 4-sided prism, having a faint smell
and taste. Crystallized from water, it forms white,
transparent, nearly tasteless tetrahedrons.6 The
green leaves contain high concentration of
vitamins minerals and oils.10,16 Bihari et al.,18
reports that the phytochemical screening of
O.basilicum revealed the presence of glycoside,
gums, mucilage, proteins, amino acids, tannins,
phenolic compound, triterpenoids steroids,
sterols, saponins, flavones and flavonoids in it. A
total of 29 compounds representing 98.0+99.7%
of the oils are identified by Hussain et al.,3 in the
plant of Ocimum basilicum. Linalool is the main
constituent of essential oil (56.7-60.6%).
Analyzed essential oils mainly consists
oxygenated monoterpenes (60.7-68.9%) followed
by sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (16.0-24.3%)
and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (12.0-14.4%). The
major oxygenated monoterpenes are: linalool,
camphor, cis-geraniol and 1,8-cineole. While, a-
bergamotene, b-caryophyllene, germacrene D, c-
cadinene and bicyclogermacrene are the main
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons whereas, epi-a-
cadinol and viridiflorol are the important
oxygenated sesquiterpene.
Seasonal variations in chemical composition of
drug
The herb, depending upon the stage of its life and
the place of its cultivation, contains varying
amount of essential oil. The chemical
composition of Basil as affected by the four
seasons namely, summer, autumn, winter and
spring was investigated by Hussain et al.,3. He
found that the content of the essential oils is
Alia Bilal et al
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A
REVIEW
Int J Cur Res Rev, Dec 2012 / Vol 04 (23)
Page 77
distributed unevenly among seasons. The highest
amount of the oil in the O. basilicum is found
during winter (0.8%) which decreases
significantly (p<0.05) in summer to 0.5%.
Samples collected in winter are found to be richer
in oxygenated monoterpenes (68.9%), while
those of summer are higher in sesquiterpene
hydrocarbons (24.3%). The contents of most of
the chemical constituents vary significantly
(p<0.05) with different seasons.
Horticulture Characteristics
Javanmardi et al.,5 studied the horticulture
characteristics, including quantitative and
qualitative traits along with the chemical
variation of phenolic acids of 23 accessions of
Basil from Iran and reported that rosmarinic acid,
lithospermic acid B, vanillic acid, p-coumaric
acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, ferulic
acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and
gentisic acid are found in various concentrations
in flower and leaf tissues of different accessions
of Basil. Rosmarinic acid is the predominant
phenolic compound found in several basil
accessions. Morphological studies of accessions
show a high level of variability in recorded traits.
Quantification of phenolic acids using high
performance liquid chromatography shows
drastic variations between accessions. Rosmarinic
acid, chicoric acid and caftaric acid (in the order
of most abundant to least; all derivatives of
caffeic acid) were identified by Lee and Scagel 20
in fresh basil leaves. Moreover, Fresh Basil
leaves contain higher concentrations of chicoric
acid than dried basil flakes.20 The seeds (from
Pakistan) contain 21.4% fixed oil with the
following fatty acid composition:lauric 0.85;
myristic 0.36; palmitic 9.70; stearic 5.45; oleic
13.33; linoleic 321.81 and linolenic 48.50%.16
Drying Methods
In a study carried out by Polatc and Tarhan,21
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) was dehydrated using
five different drying methods (contact drying,
oven drying, shaded-open atmosphere drying, sun
drying and microwave drying). The drying
performance (drying time, final moisture
content), drying kinetics, color analysis, essential
oil analysis, were performed for all drying
methods. Research results show that the drying
Basil with air heated up to 45-55 ºC is
appropriate.
Extractive Methods
Soran22 used three different techniques
(maceration, sonication and extraction in
microwave field) for extraction of essential oils
from Ocimum basilicum. The extracts were
analyzed by TLC/HPTLC technique and the
fingerprint information was obtained. The gas
chromatograph with flame- ionization detection
was used to characterize the extraction efficiency
and to identify the terpenic bioactive compounds.
They concluded that most efficient extraction
technique is maceration followed by microwave
and ultrasound. The best extraction solvent
system is ethyl ether + ethanol (1:1, v/v).
Aroma Profile
Aroma profiles of five Basil samples were
analyzed by Klimankova et al.,23 A headspace
solid-phase microextraction method coupled to
gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry
has been developed and applied for profiling of
volatile compounds released from five Ocimum
basilicum cultivars grown under both organic and
conventional conditions. Comprehensive two-
dimensional gas chromatography coupled to
time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed
for confirmation of identity of volatiles extracted
from the basil headspace by solid-phase
microextraction. Linalool, methyl chavicol,
eugenol, bergamotene, and methyl cinnamate
were the dominant volatile components, the
relative content of which was found to enable
differentiating between the cultivars examined.
The relative content of some sesquiterpenes,
hydrocarbons benzenoid compounds, and
monoterpene hydrocarbons was lower in dried
and frozen leaves as compared to fresh basil
Alia Bilal et al
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A
REVIEW
Int J Cur Res Rev, Dec 2012 / Vol 04 (23)
Page 78
leaves. A sensory analysis of the all examined
samples proved the differences between
evaluated cultivars.
Pharmacological studies
Analgesic Activity
Methanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum was
evaluated for its analgesic activity by tail
immersion method in Swiss mice. The extract
was able to show analgesic activity at 200 mg/kg
concentration which was well comparable with
the standard drug, aspirin.24
Anti inflammatory activity
Benedec et al.,25 investigated the effects of
Ocimum basilicum tincture (1:10) in acute
inflammation induced with turpentine oil (IM 0.6
ml/100 gm) in Wistar male rats. Compared to
diclofenac, the tincture had a smaller inhibitory
effect on all tested parameters. Thus, Ocimum
basilicum tincture has important anti
inflammatory effects on bone marrow acute
phase response and a reduced one on NO
synthesis. Chinnasamy et al.,26 too observed
somehow, similar results when they investigated
the anti inflammatory activity of crude
methanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum where, it
showed a good inhibitory effect on the
proliferative response of peripheral blood
mononuclear cells in mitogenic lymphocyte
proliferation assays in healthy individuals.
Furthermore, gene expression studies on
lipopolysaccharide induced production of
proinflammatory cytokines like Tumor necrosis
factor-α, Interlukin-1ß and IL-2 showed down
regulation of the markers. It also suppressed the
induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and
the subsequent production of nitric oxide in a
time-dependent manner. The results showed that
Ocimum basilicum crude methanolic extract
inhibits the key proinflammatory cytokines and
mediators, which accounts for its anti
inflammatory effects.
Antimicrobial Activity
When investigated for in vitro anti microbial
properties, none of the ethanol, methanol and
hexane extract from Ocimum basilicum showed
antifungal activities but anti candidal and anti
bacterial effects. Both the hexane and methanol
extracts, but not the ethanol extracts, inhibited
three isolates out of 23 strains of Candida
albicans. The hexane extract showed a strong and
broader spectrum of antibacterial activity
followed by methanol and ethanol extracts. The
minimal inhibition zones of the hexane, methanol
and ethanol extracts ranged from 125 to 250
µl/ml, respectively.27 Somewhere in other part of
the world, Harsh et al.,28 investigated the
Rosmarinic acid (RA), a multifunctional caffeic
acid ester present in sweet basil (Ocimum
basilicum) and found that RA shows
antimicrobial activity against a range of soil-
borne microorganisms, with its most deleterious
effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Confocal and scanning imaging of Aspergillus
niger hyphae treated with RA (250 μM) exhibited
damaged cytoskeletons with broken interseptas
and convoluted cell surfaces resulting in a
multinucleated stage compared to the untreated
control. Both strains of P. aeruginosa tested,
PAO1 and PA14, showed increased spatial
division and condensation of DNA upon RA
treatment compared to the untreated control.
Their findings suggest that in nature RA is a
constitutive antimicrobial compound that may be
released into the surrounding rhizosphere upon
microbe challenge.
Anti oxidant activity
In vitro antioxidant activities of 50%
hydroalcoholic extract of Ocimum species
namely Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum sanctum
were achieved at varying concentrations (10-
50µg/ml) using DPPH radical scavenging
activity. The results showed that Ocimum
basilicum had more antioxidant activity than
Ocimum sanctum.1 In another study carried out
by Meera et al.,29 the ethanolic extract of Ocimum
basilicum exhibited potent antioxidant effects. A
similar result was obtained by Hussain et al.,3
while investigating the essential oil from the
Alia Bilal et al
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A
REVIEW
Int J Cur Res Rev, Dec 2012 / Vol 04 (23)
Page 79
aerial parts of Basil which exhibited good
antioxidant activity as measured by 2,2’-
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH free radical-
scavenging ability, bleaching β-carotene in
linoleic acid oxidation. Seung et al.,30 examined
twelve aroma constituents of basil for its
antioxidant activity using the aldehyde/carboxylic
acid assay. Eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, and 4-
allylphenol showed stronger antioxidant activities
than did the other components tested in the assay.
They all inhibited the oxidation of hexanal by
almost 100% for a period of 30 days at a
concentration of 5µg/ml. Their antioxidant
activities were comparable to those of the known
antioxidants, α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxy
toluene.
Anti-ulcerogenic activity
Ocmium basilicum (aerial parts) powder and its
aqueous and methanolic extract decrease the ulcer
index in aspirin induced gastric ulcer in rat
model. Moreover, the acid output was decreased
by its methanolic extract while hexosamine
secretion was enhanced. This suggests that its
ulcerogenic effect is due to the decreased acid
and pepsin outputs which enhance gastric
mucosal strength.31 The fixed oil of Ocimum
basilicum has also been found by Singh et al.,32 to
possess significant antiulcer activity against
aspirin, indomethacin, alcohol, histamine,
reserpine, serotonin and stress-induced ulceration
in experimental animal models. Significant
inhibition was also observed in aspirin-induced
gastric ulceration and secretion in pylorus ligated
rats. Hence, concluded that the lipoxygenase
inhibiting histamine antagonistic and anti
secretory effects of the oil could probably
contribute towards its antiulcer activity.
Cardiac stimulant activity
The alcoholic and aqueous extract of Ocimum
basilicum exhibited a cardiac tonic and ß-
adrenergic effect respectively, when screened by
Muralidharan and Dhananjayan,2 for their effects
on frog-heart in situ preparation. The alcoholic
extract produced significant positive ionotropic
and negative chronotropic actions on frog heart.
A significant decrease in membrane Na+/K+
ATPase, Mg2+ ATPase and an increase in Ca2+
ATPase pointed the basis for its cardiotonic
effect. The aqueous extract produced positive
chronotropic and positive ionotropic effects
which were antagonized by propranolol.
Chemomodulatory activity
The effects of doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of
hydroalcoholic extract of the fresh leaves of
Ocimum basilicum on xenobiotic metabolizing
Phase I and Phase II enzymes, antioxidant
enzymes, glutathione content, lactate
dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidation in the liver
of 8-9 weeks old Swiss mice were examined.
Furthermore, the anticarcinogenic potential of
basil leaf extract was studied, using the model of
Benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach and 7,12
dimethyl benz(a)anthracene-initiated skin
papillomagenesis. Basil leaf extract was very
effective in elevating antioxidant enzyme
response. There were significant decrease in lipid
peroxidation and lactate dehydrogenase activity.
Chemopreventive response was evident from the
reduced tumour burden, as well as from the
reduced percentage of tumor-bearing animals.
Basil leaf augmented mainly the Phase I enzyme
activity. Moreover, Basil leaf extract was highly
effective in inhibiting carcinogen induced tumor
incidence in both the tumor models at peri-
initiational level. 33
CNS Activities
Ismail14 screened the essential oil of Ocimum
basilicum (OB) for some CNS activities viz.
sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, local
anesthetic etc. on mice. Higher doses of OB
essential oil produced motor impairment at all
time intervals. Pentobarbitone sleeping time was
significantly increased by all doses of the
essential oil higher than 0.2mLkg_1.
Intraperitoneal administration of OB essential oil
significantly increased the latency of convulsion
Alia Bilal et al
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A
REVIEW
Int J Cur Res Rev, Dec 2012 / Vol 04 (23)
Page 80
and percent of animals exhibiting clonic seizures
in a dose-dependent manner. The ED50 values of
the essential oil of OB were 0.61mLkg_1,
0.43mLkg_1, and 1.27mLkg_1, against
convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazole,
picrotoxin, and strychnine, respectively. A study
of the local anesthetic activity of the OB essential
oil by using a nerve block model employing in
frog revealed that it had no local anesthetic effect.
Hepatoprotective Activity
Significant hepatoprotective effects were
obtained by ethanolic extract of leaves of
Ocimum basilicum against liver damage induced
by H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and CCl4 (Carbon
tetrachloride) as evidenced by decreased levels
of antioxidant enzymes in a trial carried out by
Meera et al.,29 The extract also showed
significant anti lipid peroxidation effect in vitro.
Hypoglycaemic Activity
The hypoglycaemic effect of the aqueous extract
of Ocimum basilicum was investigated in normal
and streptozotocin diabetic rats by Zeggwagh et
al.,34 to conclude that the aqueous extract exhibits
potent anti hyperglycaemic activity in diabetic
rats without affecting basal plasma insulin
concentrations.
Hypolipidaemic activity
Armani et al.,35 in their study evaluates the lipid
lowering effect of aqueous Ocimum basilicum
extract in Triton WR-1339-induced
hyperlipidaemic rats. At 24 h following Ocimum
basilicum administration, total cholesterol,
triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol levels
decreased by 56%, 63% and 68%, respectively, in
comparison with the Triton treated group and
HDL-cholesterol was not increased significantly.
The hypolipidaemic effect exerted was markedly
stronger than the effect induced by fenofibrate
treatments. Further, it was demonstrated that
Ocimum basilicum aqueous extract displayed a
very high antioxidant power.
Immunomodulatory activity
The aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves of
Ocimum basilicum (OB) was administered orally
at the dose of 400mg/kg/day in mice, showed a
significant increase in the production of
circulating antibody titre in response to sheep red
blood cells. A significant increase in both
primary and secondary haemagglutination
antibody (HA) titre was observed while
compared to control group, whereas, in
cyclophosphamide treated group OB showed
significant increase in HA titre. OB significantly
potentiated the delayed type hypersensitivity
reaction by facilitating the footpad thickness
response to sheep red blood cells in synthesized
mice. Also OB evoked a significant increase in
percentage neutrophil adhesion to Nylon fibres
and phagocytic activity. The study demonstrates
that OB triggers both specific and non specific
responses to a greater extent. From the results
obtained and phytochemical studies, the
immunostimulant effect of OB could be
attributed to the flavonoid content.7
Larvicidal activity
Laboratory investigation carried out by Arthi et
al.,36 using the extract of plants like Ocimum
basilicum and microbial pesticide spinosad
against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi
Liston showed 85% mortality.
DISCUSSION
The idea of using medicinal plants to treat human
ailments is not new and in many developing
countries their use is still vogue. Ocimum
basilicum Linn. is a very important drug and is
traditionally used to treat a number of health
problems. This review provides evidence based
scientific validation to some of its action and
therapeutic uses described in ethnobotanical
literature. But the compounds responsible for
these activities have not yet been clearly
elaborated so, further studies should be taken into
consideration to justify its reported actions
through related phytoconstituents.
Alia Bilal et al
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A
REVIEW
Int J Cur Res Rev, Dec 2012 / Vol 04 (23)
Page 81
CONCLUSION
In the recent years, traditional system of
medicines have emerged as a potential source to
cope with the growing rate of chronic,
degenerative, environmental, lifestyle and stress
related diseases. Traditionally, Basil has been
used as whole herb to treat a good number of
diseases. The wide range of and the diversities in
the action of Basil can be a result of synergistic
effect of its phytochemical constituents which
cannot be fully duplicated with the isolated
extracts or constituents. This article briefly
reviews the traditional knowledge,
ethnomedicinal, pharmacological and therapeutic
applications of the plant Ocimum basilicum Linn.
This is an attempt to compile and document
information on different aspects of the plant and
highlight the need for research and development.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received
from the scholars whose articles are cited and
included in references of this manuscript. The
authors are also grateful to authors / editors /
publishers of all those articles, journals and books
from where the literature for this article has been
reviewed and discussed.
REFERENCES
1. Ramesh B, Satakopan VN. In vitro
antioxidant activities Of Ocimum species:
Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum sanctum.
Journal of Cell and Tissue Research 2010;
10(1): 2145-50
2. Muralidharan A, Dhananjayan R. Cardiac
stimulant activity of Ocimum basilicum Linn.
extracts. Indian J Pharmacol 2004; 36: 163-6.
3. Hussain AI, Anwar AF, Sherazi STH,
Przybylski R. Chemical composition,
antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of
basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils
depends on seasonal variations.
http://www.aseanfood.info/Articles/1102321
9.pdf 986 - 96
4. Chang X, Alderson PG, Wright CJ. Variation
in the essential oils in different leaves of
Basil (O. basilicum L.) at day time, The Open
Horticulture Journal 2009; 2: 13-16.
5. Javanmardi J, Khalighi A, Kashi A, Bais HP,
Vivanco JM. Chemical characterization of
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) found in local
accessions and used in traditional medicines
in Iran. J. Agric. Food Chem 2002; 50: 5878-
83
6. Dymock W, Warden CJH, Hooper D.
Pharmacographica Indica. A history of the
principal drugs of vegetable origin. Vol III.
New Delhi: Shrishti book distributors; 2005.
82-5
7. Neelam LD, Nilofer SN. Preliminary
immunomodulatory activity of aqueous and
ethanolic leaves extracts of Ocimum
basilicum Linn in mice. International Journal
of PharmTech Research 2010; 2(2): 1342-9
8. Natural resources conservation service.
United States department of agriculture,
www.plants.usda.gov/java/profile [cited on
07/03/12].
9. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal
Plants with Illustrations. 2nd ed. Vol VIII.
Uttaranchal: Oriental Enterprises; 2003.
2701-2705
10. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plannts, An
Illustrated Dictionary. New Delhi: Springer
India (P) Ltd; 2007. 442-4.
11. Agro Products, official website, [Cited on
November 4th 2010]
http://www.agriculturalproductsindia.com/see
ds/seeds-basil-seed.html
12. Jayaweera DMA. Medicinal Plants,
(Indigenous and Exotic) Used in Ceylon. Part
III. Colombo: The National Science
Foundation of Sri Lanka; 1981. 101-3.
13. Nadkarni KM. The Indian Plants and Drugs.
New Delhi: Shrishti Book Distributors; 2005.
263
14. Ismail M. Central properties and chemical
composition of Ocimum basilicum essential
Alia Bilal et al
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A
REVIEW
Int J Cur Res Rev, Dec 2012 / Vol 04 (23)
Page 82
oil. Pharmaceutical Biology 2006; 44(8):
619–626
15. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary
of Indian Medicinal Plants. 6th ed. New
Delhi: NISCIR; 2002. 178-79
16. Anonymous. The Wealth of India. Vol IV.
New Delhi: National Institute of Science
Communication and Information Resources;
2003. 216-218.
17. Lindley J. Flora Medica. New Delhi: Ajay
Book Service; 2001. 485.
18. Bihari GC, Manaswini B, Prabhat J, Kumar
TS. Pharmacognostical and phytochemical
investigation of various tulsi plants available
in south eastern odisha. International Journal
of Research in Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences 2011; 2(2): 605 – 610.
19. Rastogi RP, Mehrotra BN. Compendium of
Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol 3. Lucknow:
Central Drug Research Institiute; 2006. 454-
5.
20. Lee J, Scagel CF. Chicoric acid found in basil
(Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves. Food
Chemistry 2009; 115: 650–6.
21. Polatc H, Tarhan S. The Effects of various
drying methods on the drying time and
quality of Basil (Ocimum Basilicum). Ziraat
Fakültesi Dergisi 2009; 26(1): 61-70
22. Soran ML, Cobzac SC, Varodi C, Lung I,
Surducan E, Surducan V. The extraction and
chromatographic determination of the
essentials oils from Ocimum basilicum L. by
different techniques. Journal of Physics 2009;
182: 1-5
23. Klimankova E, Holadova´ K, Hajslova J,
Cajka T, Poustka J, Koudela M. Aroma
profiles of five basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
cultivars grown under conventional and
organic conditions. Food Chemistry 2008;
107: 464–72
24. Choudhury GB, Prabhat KJ, Nayak
BS, Panda SK, Tripathy SK. Phytochemical
investigation and evaluation of analgesic
activity of leafy extracts of various ocimum
(tulsi) species. The Indian Pharmacist
2010; 8 (12): 67-70.
25. Benedec D, Pârvu AE, Oniga I, Toiu
A, Tiperciuc B. Effects of Ocimum basilicum
L. extract on experimental acute
inflammation. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat
Iasi 2007; 111(4): 1065-9.
26. Chinnasamy S, Balakrishnan G, Kontham
SV, Baddireddi SL, Balakrishnan A.
Potential anti-inflmmatory properties of
crude alcoholic extract of Ocimum basilicum
L. in human peripheral blood mononuclear
cells. Journal of health science 2007; 53(4):
500-505.
27. Ahmet A, Medine G, Meryem S, Hatice O,
Fikrettin S, Isa K. Antimicrobial Effects of
Ocimum basilicum (Labiatae) extract. Turk J
Biol 2005; 29: 155-60.
28. Harsh PB, Travis SW, Herbert PS, Jorge MV.
Root specific elicitation and antimicrobial
activity of rosmarinic acid in hairy root
cultures of Ocimum basilicum. Plant
Physiology and Biochemistry 2002; 40(11):
983-95.
29. Meera R, Devi P, Kameshwari B, Madhumita
B, Merlin NJ. Antioxidant and
hepatoprotective activities of Ocimum
basilicum Linn. and Trigonella foenum-
graecum Linn. against H2O2 and CCL4
induced hepatotoxicity in goat liver. Indian
journal of Experimental Biology 2009; 47:
584 – 90. Akhtar MS, Munir M. Evaluation
of the gastric antiulcerogenic effects
of Solanum nigrum, Brassica oleracea and
Ocimum basilicum in rats. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 1989; 27(1-2): 163-76.
30. Seung-Joo L, Katumi U, Takayuki S, Kwang-
Geun L. Identification of volatile components
in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and thyme
leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) and their
antioxidant properties. Food Chemistry 2005;
91: 131–7
31. Akhtar MS, Munir M. Evaluation of the
gastric antiulcerogenic effects of Solanum
Alia Bilal et al
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN - A
REVIEW
Int J Cur Res Rev, Dec 2012 / Vol 04 (23)
Page 83
nigrum, Brassica oleracea and Ocimum
basilicum in rats. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 1989; 27(1-2): 163-76.
Ali AH. Kitabul Mukhtarat Fit tib (Urdu
Translation). Vol II. New Delhi: CCRUM;
2007. 75-76
32. Singh S. Evaluation of gastric anti-ulcer
activity of fixed oil of Ocimum basilicum
Linn. and its possible mechanism of action.
Indian J Exp Biol 1999; 37(3): 253-7.
33. Dasgupta T, Rao AR, Yadava PK.
Chemomodulatory efficacy of basil leaf
(Ocimum basilicum) on drug metabolizing
and antioxidant enzymes, and on carcinogen-
induced skin and forestomach
papillomagenesis. Phyto medicine 2004;
11(2-3): 139-51.
34. Zeggwagh NA, Sulpice T, Eddouks M. Anti-
hyperglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects of
Ocimum basilicum aqueous extract in
diabetic rats. American Journal of
Pharmacology and Toxicology 2007; 2 (3):
123-9
35. Amrani S, Harnafi H, Bouanani Nel H, Aziz
M, Caid HS, Manfredini S, et. al.
Hypolipidaemic activity of aqueous Ocimum
basilicum extract in acute hyperlipidaemia
induced by triton WR-1339 in rats and its
antioxidant property. Phytother Res 2006;
20(12): 1040-5
36. Arthi N, Murugan K. Larvicidal and repellent
activity of Vetiveria zizanioides L, Ocimum
basilicum Linn and the microbial pesticide
spinosad against malarial vector, Anopheles
stephensi Liston (Insecta: Diptera:
Culicidae). Journal of Biopesticides 2010; 3:
199 – 204
