Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach
... The structural research model demonstrated a satisfactory goodness of fit to the observed data, as indicated by the model fit indices presented in Table 5, consistent with the recommendations of Hayes and Byrne [82,83]. Based on the model fit indices presented in Table 5, the structural research model demonstrated a favorable fit to the observed data, in accordance with recommendations from Hayes and Byrne [82,83]. ...
... The structural research model demonstrated a satisfactory goodness of fit to the observed data, as indicated by the model fit indices presented in Table 5, consistent with the recommendations of Hayes and Byrne [82,83]. Based on the model fit indices presented in Table 5, the structural research model demonstrated a favorable fit to the observed data, in accordance with recommendations from Hayes and Byrne [82,83]. Path analysis provided evidence in support of three direct structural paths, confirming the corresponding research hypotheses. ...
... The findings of hypothesis testing are shown in Table 6. Furthermore, to examine H2 concerning the indirect moderation effect of K.M. on the relationships between B.I. and the S.F. dimensions (Method Sophistication, People and Networks, Organization), the process macro model proposed by Hayes [82] was utilized. The product indicator method, which incorporates all the indicators of the latent predictor and moderator, as well as all possible combinations of pairs, was employed to calculate the interaction term in the structural model. ...
The role of business intelligence in driving strategic planning in organizations have received considerable attention from many scholars. Nonetheless, there remains a promising area for further research, especially when considering moderating variables on effects such as knowledge management, which has contributed to businesses’ appreciation of the importance of business intelligence. To this end, in this study, the researchers constructed a conceptual model based on existing literature by incorporating relevant research variables. A questionnaire survey was conducted among a random sample of 307 employees selected from three telecom companies in Jordan. The researchers then utilized structural equation modeling with AMOS 21.0 to validate and test the model. The findings of the study revealed that business intelligence has a significant positive influence on strategic foresight. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that knowledge management mediates the relationship between business intelligence and strategic foresight. The implications and recommendations of academic research are also discussed.
... We utilized SPSS V. 28 as the main statistical package and was used to test the direct effects of leader humility using correlation and regression functions with control variables. We employed Hayes' PROCESS Macro V. 4.1 [56] to assess the mediation effects in our study. This macro is a routine in the SPPS regression function and is specifically designed for conducting mediation analyses, which examine the underlying mechanisms through which an independent variable affects a dependent variable. ...
... Mediation analyses were conducted using Hayes' PROCESS Macro V. 4.1 (Hayes, 2018) Model 4. Each analysis used 10,000 bootstrap samples and a 95% confidence interval. Completely standardized indirect effects are reported for each hypothesis. ...
... The direct effect of leader humility on WFF was β J = 0.27, and p < 0.001 was significant for the Japanese sample but not the U.S. sample (β US = 0.05, p > 0.05). Based on the recommended bias-corrected bootstrapping by Hayes (2018), meaningful work significantly mediated the relationship between humility and WFF for both samples: indirect effects for Japan (indirect effect J = 0.12, p < 0.01, 95% CI = [0.07, 0.18]) and the U.S. (indirect effect US = 0.19, p < 0.01, 95% CI = [0.09, ...
This study examines the influence of leader humility on work–family facilitation (WFF)
in the U.S. and Japan by exploring the mediating roles of the four dimensions of psychological empowerment (meaningful work, autonomy, competency, and impact) on this relationship. Drawing from a sample of 392 Japanese employees and 132 U.S. employees, our findings suggest that leader humility is positively related to WFF in both cultural contexts. Meaningful work and departmental impact emerge as significant mediators in both cultures, while the mediation effects of autonomy and competency are valid in Japan only. An additional test reveals that meaningful work is the
most significant mediator in both countries, underscoring the pivotal role of leader humility and meaningful work in enhancing WFF. The study adds to the growing literature on the beneficial effects of leader humility on sustainable organizations, while offering insights into improving employee wellbeing and work–life interactions across diverse cultural contexts.
... Second, we adopted Pearson's correlation analysis to examine the correlation among four variables, perinatal grief, perinatal anxiety and depression, social support, and post-traumatic stress reactions. Finally, PROCESS Model 4 [43] was adopted to test the mediating role of perinatal anxiety and depression between the perinatal grief and post-traumatic stress reactions, and then Model 14 [43] was utilized to prove the moderating role of social support in the mediating mechanism. To further understand the moderating effect of the social support, a simple slopes analysis was conducted with focal points at the mean, one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean [44]. ...
... Second, we adopted Pearson's correlation analysis to examine the correlation among four variables, perinatal grief, perinatal anxiety and depression, social support, and post-traumatic stress reactions. Finally, PROCESS Model 4 [43] was adopted to test the mediating role of perinatal anxiety and depression between the perinatal grief and post-traumatic stress reactions, and then Model 14 [43] was utilized to prove the moderating role of social support in the mediating mechanism. To further understand the moderating effect of the social support, a simple slopes analysis was conducted with focal points at the mean, one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean [44]. ...
... Firstly, SPSS PROCESS compiled by Hayes [43] are adopted Model 4 (a simple mediation model) tested the mediating effect of perinatal anxiety and depression on the relationship between the perinatal grief and post-traumatic stress reactions. The results showed that the perinatal grief positively predicted post-traumatic stress reactions (β=0.488, ...
Background
Post-traumatic stress response reactions are prevalent mental phenomenon in perinatal loss women due to high grief, high perinatal depression and anxiety or low social support. Although post-traumatic stress reactions are known to have serious negative implications for perinatal loss women, families and society, the mechanism through which it functions is less clear.
Methods
This study was a multicentre cross-sectional survey conducted from December 2021 to October 2022, involving 346 perinatal loss women as participants. The Pearson’s correlation analysis, the PROCESS Macro Model 4 and Model 14 on SPSS (version 26) were used to analyse the available data.
Results
Perinatal grief positively predicted post-traumatic stress reactions among perinatal loss women. Perinatal depression and anxiety mediated the relationship between perinatal grief and post-traumatic stress reactions. Meanwhile, this process was moderated by social support.
Conclusions
The higher the level of grief among perinatal loss women, the more likely post-traumatic stress reactions. As a mediating mechanism with moderating, social support and perinatal depression and anxiety further explained how perinatal grief affected the post-traumatic stress reactions. In the higher social support, there was a weaker positive relationship between perinatal depression and anxiety, and post-traumatic stress reactions, compared to situations with lower social support. Nurses and midwives can help reduce the post-traumatic stress reactions among perinatal loss women by alleviating their perinatal depression and anxiety, and perinatal grief and by providing adequate medical and emotional support.
... The Macro PROCESS (model 6) by Hayes (2013) was applied to examine the possibly mediating effects of upward social comparison and self-esteem between social media use intensity and social anxiety. The process tests the mediating effect by using the bootstrapping method (5,000 bootstrapped resampling in this study) to create a 95% confidence interval, and if the interval does not contain a zero, the mediating effect will be considered to be reliable (Preacher and Hayes, 2008). ...
... To test the possibly mediating roles of upward social comparison and self-esteem between social media exposure condition and social anxiety in Study 2, we coded social media exposure condition as a dummy variable (0 = control condition, 1 = experimental condition) and then applied the Macro PROCESS (model 6) by Hayes (2013) to examine the mediating mechanisms between social media use and social anxiety. The results showed that the overall model was significant, R 2 = 0.09, F(3, 171) = 5.35, p = 0.0015. ...
Background
Prior literature has well established the relationship between social media use and social anxiety, but little attention has been paid to the underlying mechanisms. Additionally, the causal evidence concerning the effect of social media use on social anxiety is scarce.
Objective
Given that, two studies were conducted to examine the effect of social media use on social anxiety and the underlying mechanisms.
Methods and results
In Study 1, with 470 undergraduates as participants, we applied the questionnaire survey to investigate the relationship between social media use and social anxiety. The results showed that higher social media use intensity was significantly related to higher social anxiety, and social media use was related to social anxiety via two possible mediation paths: (1) social media use → upward social comparison → social anxiety, (2) and social media use → upward social comparison → self-esteem → social anxiety. In Study 2, with 180 undergraduates as participants, we conducted a lab experiment, in which participants were assigned to the experimental (exposed to the content that undergraduates frequently access on social media) or control (exposed to landscape documentaries) condition, and then measured their upward social comparison, self-esteem and social anxiety. The results showed that participants in the experimental condition reported higher social anxiety than those in the control condition, demonstrating the causality between social media exposure and social anxiety. The subsequent mediation analysis basically replicated the findings of Study 1. That is, upward social comparison played the mediating role between social media exposure and social anxiety, and upward social comparison and self-esteem played the chain-mediating role between them.
Conclusion
The current research firstly demonstrated the causality between social media use and social anxiety in Chinese society, and also revealed the mediating mechanisms between them, which would deepen our understanding of how social media use will increase social anxiety.
... In addition, the effects of mediation were computed using the PROCESS macros running in SPSS 26.0 software (Hayes, 2013), and the six demographic variables were controlled. The bias-corrected confidence intervals (CIs) of each coefficient were calculated after 5000 repeated samplings with returns (bootstrapping procedure), and the results have been presented in Table 4. ...
... The Hayes Process Macro was used to test the moderating effect in SPSS 26.0 software (Hayes, 2013). To prevent potential multicollinearity, we first centred the independent variable (perceived stress) and the moderators (extroversion, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, and neuroticism) (Aiken & West, 1991). ...
Purpose: Although it is widely accepted that procrastination is counterproductive, active procrastination may be considered a constructive coping strategy in situations where work-related stress is high. Drawing upon the conservation of resource theory and the ego depletion theory, the article suggests that active procrastination can be influenced by perceived stress, mediated by ego depletion, and potentially moderated by the Big Five personality traits.Design/methodology/approach: Using hierarchical regression analysis, Hayes Process Macros, and the general path analytic framework, our hypotheses were investigated. The sample was made up of 651 Chinese civil servants.Findings/results: According to the results, ego depletion fully mediated the positive connection between perceived stress and active procrastination. Furthermore, extroversion, conscientiousness, and openness negatively moderate the link between perceived stress and ego depletion as well as mediating effect. While neuroticism exhibited a positive moderating effect.Practical implications: The findings can serve as references for civil servants and public organisations to address stress and create a more relaxed work environment. Recognising active procrastination as a potential coping strategy can help to reframe the perception of procrastination and guide organisations in supporting their employees’ wellbeing.Originality/value: This study extends comprehension of active procrastination in stressful situations and highlights the potential positive coping consequences of stress attributes. By exploring the mechanisms involved, the study sheds light on how perceived stress can influence active procrastination, with ego depletion serving as a mediating factor, which helps to explain how individuals may experience reduced self-control and subsequently engage in active procrastination as a coping strategy.
... We used the PROCESS SPSS path analysis macro (Hayes, 2012) to test our hypothesis. These macros can help estimate indirect effects by using a normal theory approach and a bootstrap approach and obtain confidence intervals (Hayes, 2017). Table 4 shows our regression analysis. ...
... Further, the indirect impact of entrepreneur gender on crowdfunding performance through social value orientation was significant and in the expected direction for both dependent variables (pledge amount, b = 0.034, CI 95 [0.013, 0.055]; number of backers, b = 0.058, CI 95 [0.039, 0.079]). The biascorrected bootstrapped confidence interval did not include zero (Hayes, 2017), and the proportion of indirect effect of social value orientation to total effect was more than 12 percent (pledge amount, 0.034 / 0.28 = 12.14%; number of backers, 0.058 / 0.30 = 19.33%). Thus, hypothesis 2b was supported. ...
In the emerging funding context, one notable inconsistency of crowdfunding in contrast to traditional venture capital settings is that women have an increased likelihood of obtaining funding. We explain the causal mechanism underlying this opposite finding by drawing on gender role expectations and warm glow theory. In this study, we examine whether the social value orientation mechanism derived from gender role expectations is a source of advantage for women entrepreneurs seeking funding on crowdfunding platforms. Our findings suggest that the judgments of funders are influenced by gender role expectations and warm glow effects. Seeking to invest in businesses run by female entrepreneurs would give much greater utility to the funder interested in social values. The results also indicate the important role of language and text on crowdfunding performance in early venture capital. Practically, using socially oriented language in project narratives are shortcuts for women entrepreneurs to improve their crowdfunding performance.
... Pearson's correlations and partial correlations (to test the nature of relationship between variables), as well as moderated regression analyses (to test for any moderation effect) were run as a part of our analyses. All regressions were run using Process (version 3.4, Hayes, 2018). ...
... Results, as set out in Regression analysis were run on the overall sample as well as each sample separately to explore whether TriPM Disinhibition moderated the relationship between trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. Moderated regressions were run using Process (version 3.4, Hayes, 2018) wherein LEC was used as the predictor variable, PTSDC as the outcome variable, and TriPM ...
... This approach was appropriate for the current study. The authors employed regression-based analyses through a mediational bootstrapping study to examine how intergroup anxiety may have mediated the association (PROCESS model 4; Hayes, 2013). Investigating the intergroup anxiety's mediation function between IC and prosocial behavioral intentions is the primary goal of this study. ...
This research study investigates the mediating influence of intergroup anxiety in the linkage between imagined contact and prosocial behavioral intentions. Authors extend the existing literature on imagined contact by incorporating behavioral scripts and a visual perspective as part of the intervention. To further enhance the generalizability of the findings, the study was conducted in two distinct phases, encompassing diverse target groups of 147 British and 251 Malay students enrolled in universities in the United Kingdom and Malaysia, respectively. In the first experiment, the results revealed a significant main effect of condition, indicating high levels of altruistic intention after participants imagined contact (M = 3.82, SD = 0.32), in contrast to the control condition (M = 3.00, SD = 0.32). Additionally, the analysis demonstrated significantly reduced levels of intergroup anxiety (M = 2.06, SD = 0.35) and egoistic intention (M = 1.97, SD = 0.31). The findings also highlighted the mediating role of intergroup anxiety in the relationship between imagining positive contact and all three prosocial behavioral intentions: altruistic intention (β = 0.04, p < .001), egoistic intention (β =-0.02, p < .001), and willingness to donate (β = 0.19, p < .001). In the second experiment, the results were consistent with those obtained in the first experiment. These findings suggest that techniques involving a third-person perspective and the integration of intended behavior in imagery tasks not only enhance positive behavioral outcomes but also mitigate prejudice effectively.
... The responses were further analyzed to examine the hypothesized direct effects in SEM. For examining the mediation effect, the study used PROCESS macro in SPSS, as proposed by Hayes (2013). ...
This study was conducted to examine the effect of stress on turnover intention and service quality of employees. The study further probed the mediating role of burnout in the hypothesized effects. The researchers took a sample of nursing and administrative staff from AJ&K. The study applied a dyadic approach and collected time lagged data to avoid common method biases. Data of stress, burnout and turnover intention were collected from health workers while of service quality from patients and attendants. For analysis, the study used AMOS and SPSS. The hypothesized direct effects were checked by applying SEM. PROCESS macro of Hayes (2013) was then applied for probing the mediating mechanism. The results show a positive (negative) effect of stress on turnover intention (service quality) of the employees. This effect was mediated by burnout. The study suggested interventions to manage the issue of stress for better service quality and retention of employees.
... Subsequently, after the acceptance of the measurement model, the testing of the structural model underwent through maximum likelihood estimation utilizing Amos 18.0. The study employed the bias-corrected bootstrapping technique to evaluate the statistical significance of the indirect effect (Hayes, 2017). The 95% confidence intervals for the indirect effect were generated using a method that involved conducting 1000 data resamples. ...
The objective of the study was to examine the effect of advisers’ salience on peace of mind via fear of negative evaluation as mediator between them. This paper expands the utilization of attachment research in organizational environments by offering attachment-based explanations for subjects that have not yet been investigated in the current body of literature. For this study, 205 bank employees from Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi, Quetta, and Peshawar were randomly selected. The data collection process employed the survey method. Structural equation modelling technique was used for hypotheses testing. Results of present study suggested that adviser’s salience undermines fear of negative evaluation which consequently results in peace of mind. Advisers’ salience a crucial construct. Thus, this study recommends the further exploration of the construct with other organizational outcomes.
... Later, multiple parallel mediation analysis methods were used to calculate the predictive effects and mediating role between the variables. The approach developed by (29) was used to determine the mediating role. According to modern the approach, while the method developed by (30) is weak when calculating the mediating role, it is determined that analyses based on the bootstrap technique are more valid and more reliable. ...
Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between three-dimensional attachment styles and contingencies between self-worth with the level of social media addiction in university students. Method: The sample of the research consists of 817 (Female: 507, Male: 310) university students studying at Ondokuz Mayıs University. Three Dimensional Attachment Styles Scale, Contingencies of Self-worth Scale, and Social Media Addiction Scale were used as data collection tools. Results: There is a relationship between the contingencies of self-worth domains and the level of social media addiction in university students, and that physical appearance and getting approval self-worth domains have a mediating effect in the relationship between the anxious/ambivalent attachment style and the level of social media addiction. The independent variable anxious/ambivalent attachment in domains of approval and physical appearance affects the dependent variable social media addiction level. Conclusion: When the values obtained are examined, each unit of change in independent variables causes 2.1 times change in the dependent variable social media addiction level.
... Les résultats indiquent que le caractère éphémère du contenu est positivement lié au FoMO des followers (γ 11 = 0,11, p < 0,05), qui à son tour est positivement lié à l'engagement envers le compte de la marque (β 21 = 0,28, p < 0,01) et à la fatigue envers le compte de la marque (β 31 = 0,40, p < 0,01). Pour analyser plus en détail l'effet médiateur du FoMO, nous avons estimé les effets indirects respectifs avec des erreurs standard et des intervalles de confiance (IC) à 95% sur la base de 1000 échantillons bootstrap (Hayes, 2018). Comme le montre le Tableau 4, le FoMO est un facteur médiateur entre l'effet du caractère éphémère du contenu et l'engagement des followers envers le compte de la marque d'une part (β = 0,03, IC à 95% [0,01 ; 0,06]) et la fatigue envers le compte de la marque d'autre part (β = 0,05, IC à 95% [0,01 ; 0,10]). ...
Plusieurs blogs et sites Web axés sur le marketing des réseaux sociaux suggèrent que, pour les marques possédant un compte Instagram, il peut s’avérer profitable de cultiver l’anxiété de ratage, c’est-à-dire la peur de rater quelque chose (« fear of missing out », « FoMO » en anglais), de leurs followers en publiant du contenu éphémère. En s’appuyant sur une enquête en ligne réalisée auprès de 550 followers de comptes Instagram de différentes marques et sur une expérience basée sur des scénarios impliquant 535 participants, le présent article montre que le caractère éphémère du contenu déclenche le FoMO chez les followers, ce qui influe positivement sur l’engagement et la fatigue envers le compte de la marque. L’engagement (resp. la fatigue) envers le compte de la marque, à son tour, est lié(e) positivement (resp. négativement) à l’attitude envers la marque et à l’attachement à celle-ci. Des analyses plus approfondies révèlent que l’effet total du FoMO chez les followers sur l’attachement à la marque est positif et significatif, tandis que l’effet total du FoMO sur l’attitude envers la marque n’est pas significatif. De plus, le caractère éphémère du contenu a un effet total négatif et significatif sur l’attitude envers la marque. Ces résultats indiquent donc notamment qu’il n’est pas avantageux pour les marques de favoriser le FoMO chez leurs followers Instagram en publiant du contenu éphémère.
... The three steps involved checking if the independent variable influenced the mediator variable (step 1), if it influenced the dependent variable (step 2), and identifying the combined effect of the independent and mediator variables on the dependent variable (step 3), as shown in Table 3. Determining the type of relations that exist among subtest variables is important, as it can assist identifying specific models to be tested and further examine the hypotheses. Afterwards, the bootstrapping method proposed by Hayes (2017) with 5000 samples at a 95% confidence interval is utilized to confirm the mediating role of democratic attitudes and overprotection in the relationship between mothers' remembrances of maternal warmth in childhood and behavioral-emotional problems in their children. ...
This study examined whether perceived parental acceptance and rejection of mothers and their parental attitudes predict emotional and behavioral challenges in their children and whether and which parental attitudes mediate the relationship. One hundred eighty-eight mothers with children between 4 and 6 years old participated in the study. Mothers completed demographic questions as well as self-report measures, including the Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire Short Form (PARQ), Parental Attitudes Research Inventory (PARI), and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Regression analyses indicate that the PARQ mother warmth subscale and PARI democratic attitude subscale negatively predict emotional and behavioral problems of children, whereas the PARI overprotection subscale positively predicts emotional and behavioral problems of children. In other words, when mothers perceive receiving warmth from their own mothers and when they exhibit more democratic attitudes, it tends to be linked with fewer emotional and behavioral difficulties in their children, whereas when mothers display overprotective behaviors, it tends to be associated with a higher likelihood of emotional and behavioral difficulties in their children. Mediation analyses show that democratic attitude and overprotectiveness subscales partially mediate the link between the mother warmth subscale and total difficulties scores (behavioral and emotional difficulties combined) of children. Democratic attitude, and overprotectiveness, help clarify how a mothers’ remembrances of warmth from their own mothers is linked to the current emotional and behavioral challenges faced by their children. These findings might enhance our understanding of the process of intergenerational transmission of parenting and its current implications as well as provide helpful information for parent–child mental health programs.
... This study used Model 1 in the SPSS plugin Process to test the moderating effects of the three moderating variables of tea farmers' gender, age, and experience in the model (Hayes, 2018). ...
In the context of digital empowerment, the digital literacy level of tea farmers has a significant impact on the intelligent development and transformation of the tea industry. This study extends the original model of UTAUT theory by introducing Personal innovativeness theory and Self-efficacy theory, and constructs a new model to explore the influencing factors of moderate scale tea farmers' digital literacy improvement behavior. There are a total of 22 research hypotheses. Using structural equation modeling and collecting questionnaire data for analysis, the following research results were obtained: (1) Performance expectancy, social influence, effort expectancy, personal innovativeness and self-efficacy all significantly positively affect the willingness of tea farmers to improve their digital literacy, and then according to the path coefficient, in descending order, social influence (0.226)>self-efficacy (0.224)>effort expectancy (0.178)>performance expectancy (0.157)> personal innovativeness (0.155); (2) Facilitating condition and willingness to improve digital literacy have a significant positive impact on tea farmers' digital literacy improvement behavior，and then from the size of the path coefficient, the willingness to improve (0.271)>facilitating condition (0.106); (3) The willingness of tea farmers to improve their digital literacy plays a complete mediating role between personal innovativeness and self-efficacy on their digital literacy improvement behavior, and partially mediates between performance expectancy, social influence, and effort expectancy on their digital literacy improvement behavior, and according to the proportion of indirect effects, the order is effort expectancy (27%), performance expectancy (47%), and social influence (49%); (4) The gender and age of tea farmers have a significant positive moderating effect on the impact of performance expectancy on the willingness to improve digital literacy; age and experience have a significant positive moderating effect on the impact of effort expectancy on the willingness to improve digital literacy; the age of tea farmers has a significant positive moderating effect on the improvement of digital literacy behavior through facilitating condition. This study extends the applicability of the UTAUT theoretical model and proposes strategies to improve the digital literacy of tea farmers, providing practical guidance for tea farmers to improve their digital literacy and providing reference for research related to farmers' digital literacy.
... Analiza moderacji (simple moderation analysis) została przeprowadzona, zakładając interakcyjny charakter poziomu (intensywności) deklarowanej wiary w związku między poczuciem opuszczenia przez Boga a codziennymi doświadczeniami religijno-duchowymi. Z uwagi na to, że obiektem analizy jest jeden moderator i jedna zmienna zależna, do ukazania interakcji wykorzystano schemat regresji wielokrotnej (Baron i Kenny, 1987), który pozwala na zrozumienie wzajemnych relacji między zmiennymi, kiedy ta relacja nie jest jeszcze dobrze poznana, a przedmiotem badania nie są występujące w niej efekty pośrednie (Hayes, 2022;Memon i in., 2019). Poglądowy schemat testowanej relacji przedstawiony został na rysunku 1. ...
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the presented research was to reveal the predictors and moderators of the sense of abandonment by God as one of the religious-spiritual experiences of Catholics. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The primary research question was to determine what relationship, if it really exists, appears between age, level of declared faith, frequency and intensity of daily religious-spiritual experiences and the sense of abandonment by God. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article discusses the psychological conceptualiza-tion of the sense of abandonment by God and its operationalization in research tools, as well as the importance of this issue for research on the struggles with divinity. RESEARCH RESULTS: As a result of statistical verification of the hypotheses, the relationships between variables were examined and predictors and moderators of the relationships among explanatory variables were established. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Although all the accepted hypotheses were statistically confirmed, so that it was possible to identify a predictor and moderator S u g e r o w a n e c y t o w a n i e : Prusak, J. i Wasiewicz, J. (2023). Predyktory poczu-cia opuszczenia przez Boga u katolików w Polsce: analiza codziennych doświad-czeń religijno-duchowych i moderująca rola poziomu deklarowanej wiary. Horyzonty Wychowania, 22(63), 143-155. https://doi.
... A mediating effect was defined as one that helps explain the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable (Igartua & Hayes, 2021;Hayes, 2022 ...
This article aimed to determine the significance of student-lecturer relationships in the context of remote learning to answer the following question: What is the relationship between student-lecturer relationships and student satisfaction with remote learning, feedback, the assessment process, lecturers’ digital competencies and students’ competencies related to remote learning? To achieve this aim, an online survey was conducted on a sample of 206 students from Milenium University in Gniezno, Poland (return rate approximately 42%) in the spring of 2022. The data were analysed through the application of mediation analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics and the Jamovi software. The main finding of the study is that the student-lecturer relationship is crucial for ensuring students’ satisfaction with remote learning. This paper contributes to the literature by explaining the potential impact of other factors on the student-lecturer relationship variable.
... The hypotheses of the study were examined using Model 4 and the PROCESS Macro program developed by Hayes (2013) for SPSS and SAS. Figure 1 presents the findings regarding the direct and indirect effects of OCB on CCB. The findings in Figure 1 revealed that OCB has a direct positive affect on CCB (B = 0.327, p < 0.01), so H1 was accepted. ...
Organizational citizenship behaviour, which refers to employees exhibiting extra-role behaviours without expecting any tangible reward, can also be observed in customers. Similar to employees, customers can also engage in voluntary behaviours that are beneficial to the business (customer citizenship behaviour). These behaviours exhibited by both employees and customers areimportant for businesses to achieve their goals and survive. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to determine the direct and indirect effects of employees’ citizenship behaviours on customers’ citizenship behaviours. The study formulated hypotheses based on social exchange theory, examining organizational citizenship behaviour’s direct effect on customer citizenship behaviour as well as its indirect effect on customer support perception. To test these hypotheses, data were collected from 302 customers of clothing stores in Turkey. The data were analysed using SPSS, AMOS, and Process MACRO (for SPSS and SAS) programs. The data were subjected to various procedures. Specifically, frequency analysis, normality test analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis were conducted. In addition, detection analyses for method-related problems (multicollinearity and common method bias), correlation analysis, and regression analysis were performed. The results indicated that the data met the assumption of a normal distribution, the scales used were reliable and valid, and there was no evidence of multicollinearity or common method bias. Controlling for demographic variables, the correlation analysis revealed positive relationships between perception of organizational citizenship behaviour, customer citizenship behaviour and customer support perception. The regression analysis conducted to test the hypotheses revealed that organizational citizenship behaviour has a positive effect on customer citizenship behaviour. Moreover, the results indicated that customer support perception plays a mediating role in this effect. In other words, organizational citizenship behaviour affected customer citizenship behaviour both directly and indirectly (through customer support perception). These findings indicate that employees who are “good soldiers” influence customers to be “good soldiers” as well. Therefore, the study proved the importance of the internal customer (employees) for businesses in influencing the behaviour of external customers. Implications were made based on the findings in the study.
... To examine whether positive emotions and boundary management at T2 acted as the mechanism of change for emotional exhaustion and satisfaction with work-life balance at T3 (Hypothesis 4), we performed a mediation analysis. We used bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) for indirect effects (Hayes, 2017) with the R package lavaan (Rosseel, 2012), specifying 10,000 resamples and 95% bias-corrected CIs with CIs including zero indicating a null effect. To investigate the moderated mediation (Research Question), we estimated conditional indirect effects and biascorrected 95% CIs from 10,000 bootstrapped samples. ...
The positive-activity model (PAM) proposes how and for whom positive activity interventions work best. This article evaluates the effectiveness of a web-based self-regulation intervention that teaches participants positive activities. Over six weeks, participants engage in different positive activities to meet the particular challenges in flexible work designs (FWD) such as remote work or mobile work. In line with the PAM, we expected the intervention to decrease emotional exhaustion and increase satisfaction with work-life balance via increases in both positive emotions and boundary management. Moreover, individuals’ depressive symptoms were expected to moderate this relationship. In a randomized controlled trial, participants were assigned to a waitlist control group or an intervention group. Study participants received questionnaires before and after the intervention and at a four-week follow-up. The final sample included 288 participants (intervention group: n = 105; control group: n = 183). Results of mixed variance analyses were in line with our predictions. Findings indicate that the intervention is an effective tool for improving well-being and work-life balance for workers with FWD. Changes in positive emotions and boundary management explained intervention effects. The intervention was effective regardless of participants’ baseline level of depressive symptoms.
... We used the PROCESS Macro for SPSS (Hayes 2017) to analyze the moderating effect of age and sex on intervention-related cardiovascular risk factors and global FA and MD changes. We also used the PROCESS macro to perform mediation analyses to assess whether these changes mediated the cognitive benefits observed in the AE and COMB groups . ...
Introduction
This is a 12-weeks randomized controlled trial examining the effects of aerobic exercise (AE), computerized cognitive training (CCT) and their combination (COMB). We aim to investigate their impact on cardiovascular health and white matter (WM) integrity and how they contribute to the cognitive benefits.
Methods
109 participants were recruited and 82 (62% female; age = 58.38 ± 5.47) finished the intervention with > 80% adherence. We report changes in cardiovascular risk factors and WM integrity (fractional anisotropy (FA); mean diffusivity (MD)), how they might be related to changes in physical activity, age and sex, and their potential role as mediators in cognitive improvements.
Results
A decrease in BMI (SMD = − 0.32, p = 0.039), waist circumference (SMD = − 0.42, p = 0.003) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (SMD = − 0.42, p = 0.006) in the AE group and a decrease in BMI (SMD = − 0.34, p = 0.031) and DBP (SMD = − 0.32, p = 0.034) in the COMB group compared to the waitlist control group was observed. We also found decreased global MD in the CCT group (SMD = − 0.34; p = 0.032) and significant intervention-related changes in FA and MD in the frontal and temporal lobes in the COMB group.
Conclusions
We found changes in anthropometric measures that suggest initial benefits on cardiovascular health after only 12 weeks of AE and changes in WM microstructure in the CCT and COMB groups. These results add evidence of the clinical relevance of lifestyle interventions and the potential benefits when combining them.
Clinical Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT031123900.
... Second, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the Dark Tetrad personality traits (step 1), sexual machismo (step 2), and gender (step 3) explaining a significant portion of the variance in the acceptance of sexual violence. Lastly, four mediation analyses using 1000 bootstrap samples were conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS (Hayes, 2013) to examine the mediating role of sexual machismo in the links between the Dark Tetrad traits and the acceptance of sexual violence. To examine possible gender differences, these mediation models were also conducted separately in men and women and a series of alternative mediation models, using sexual machismo as the explanatory variable and each Dark Tetrad trait as the mediating variable, were also tested. ...
Previous studies have established relationships between the Dark Tetrad traits and sexual violence and its acceptance through myths about this type of violence. Sexual violence is positively associated with machismo, with sexist beliefs having been found to be linked with the Dark Tetrad and with the acceptance of sexual violence. Using a community sample comprising 362 adults between the ages of 18 and 70 (M = 35.6, SD = 14.3) and three self-report measures, this cross-sectional study aimed to explore the mediating role of sexual machismo in the relationship between each of the Dark Tetrad traits and the acceptance of sexual violence, both in the overall sample and by gender, as well as whether a significant variance in this acceptance is explained by the "dark" traits, sexual machismo, and gender. In the regression, sexual machismo, (the male) gender, and only Machiavellianism were uniquely associated with the acceptance of sexual violence, and sexual machismo partially mediated the associations between the Dark Tetrad and the acceptance of sexual violence. These findings indicate that being male and higher in sexism is more closely linked with the acceptance of sexual violence than most Dark Tetrad traits. Moreover, the associations between the Dark Tetrad, sexual machismo, and the acceptance of sexual violence were stronger in men, consistent with the notion that these traits facilitate a "male" exploitive mating strategy, which likely also extends to victim-blaming and positive attitudes about sexual violence more broadly. Lastly, the results emphasize the pervasiveness of beliefs about male superiority over women and its relationship with victim-blaming even in women.
... To scrutinize mediation impacts, we employed the PROCESS macro for SPSS, accessible through https://processmacro.org/index.html (accessed on 15 August 2023) [23]. Utilizing a process modeling approach, the endeavor was to delineate the direct relations between self-compassion and both depression and anxiety, while also dissecting the indirect pathways orchestrated through the mediators of emotional resilience and cognitive emotion regulation approaches. ...
Cancer's profound impact on emotional well-being necessitates an exploration into the underlying psychological mechanisms influencing depression and anxiety in patients. In this study, we explored the potential role of self-compassion, alexithymia, and cognitive emotion regulation mechanisms in influencing depressive and anxiety symptoms among cancer patients. A total of 151 stage 4 cancer patients participated. Instruments applied included the Beck Depression Scale (BDS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale (CERQ), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Brief Psychological Resilience Scale (BRS). The multivariate analysis utilizing the independent variables-SCS, adaptive and maladaptive CERQ, TAS subscales, BRS, and VAS scores-accounted for 39% of the variance seen in BDI (F (8142) = 11.539, p < 0.001). Notably, SCS, adaptive CERQ, and BRS had a negative predictive impact on BDI. Our findings substantiate a statistically significant partial mediatory role of resilience and cognitive emotion regulation in the association between self-compassion and depression. This research accentuates the central role self-compassion, emotional resilience, and cognitive regulation play in the emotional well-being of individuals diagnosed with cancer. Targeted therapeutic interventions focusing on these dimensions may enhance the psychological health of patients, ultimately improving overall treatment outcomes in the oncological setting.
... All analyses in the current study were made using the SPSS 22.0, AMOS 22.0, and PRO-CESS macro 3.5 (Hayes, 2017) in a three-step analytic process. We calculated all variables' mean and standard deviation in the first step and checked the normality assumption using the skewness and kurtosis score. ...
This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate potential mechanisms that take an active role in the association between COVID-19-related adverse life events and psychological distress. Three hundred and seventy-six volunteers aged 18 and over participated in the current study. A questionnaire booklet was administered to examine existential well-being (EWB), COVID-19 associated negative life events (NLEs), sense of helplessness and demographic variables, and psychological distress. The current findings provide evidence that while the EWB acts as a cognitive resilience factor in the relationship between COVID-19-related NLEs and psychological distress, the sense of helplessness functions as a mediating variable. Furthermore, the present study suggests that the indirect relationship of COVID-19-related NLEs with psychological distress through the sense of helplessness is stronger for women. These findings highlight that interventions to strengthen an individual's sense of meaning and purpose can play an important role in combating the negative effects of COVID-19 on psychological health and that helplessness may be an important treatment target, particularly for interventions aimed at women.
... Diğer bir deyişle regresyon analizi, bağımsız değişkenler ile bağımlı değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmeye yönelik bir tekniktir (Mooi ve Sarstedt, 2011: 194). Satıcıların etik davranışlarının satıcı performansı üzerindeki etkisinde iş etiğinin aracılık rolü olup olmadığı Hayes (2018) tarafından geliştirilen Process makrosu kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Bu doğrultusunda bootstrap yöntemini temel alan regresyon analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu yöntemin Baron ve Kenny'nin (1986) geleneksel yönteminden ve Sobel testinden daha güvenilir sonuçlar verdiği çeşitli yazarlar tarafından öne sürülmektedir (Gürbüz, 2019: 65;Hayes, 2018: 7). ...
Co-creation is becoming a widespread phenomenon of high importance as it creates value for customers and companies. However, the relationship between co-creation, willingness to pay premium (WPP), satisfaction with the co-creation process, and level of involvement in the co-creation process have not been examined yet, especially in the case of the cultural creative industry. This paper examines the effect of functional and esthetic co-creation on consumers’ WPP for co-created products and the mediating role of consumers’ satisfaction with the co-creation process. The data were obtained from 143 Chinese consumers through the two most popular social networking service applications. The linear regression was applied to investigate the proposed relationships. Findings indicate that the degree of functional and esthetic co-creation positively affects WPP. Further, the effect of both co-creation attributes is mediated by consumers’ satisfaction with the co-creation process. Additionally, the consumers’ level of involvement positively moderates the mediating effect. However, the moderating effect was found as weak negative when it comes to functional co-creation. This study sheds light on how co-creation can be used to develop successful products to fulfill consumer needs and enhance their purchase intention as well as willingness to pay a premium for the co-created product. This study also contributes to the co-creation theory in the context of the cultural creative industry.
Recent work has demonstrated that the relationship between structural and functional connectivity varies regionally across the human brain, with reduced coupling emerging along the sensory-association cortical hierarchy. The biological underpinnings driving this expression, however, remain largely unknown. Here, we postulate that intracortical myelination and excitation-inhibition (EI) balance mediate the heterogeneous expression of structure-function coupling (SFC) and its temporal variance across the cortical hierarchy. We employ atlas- and voxel-based connectivity approaches to analyze neuroimaging data acquired from two groups of healthy participants. Our findings are consistent across six complementary processing pipelines: 1) SFC and its temporal variance respectively decrease and increase across the unimodal-transmodal and granular-agranular gradients; 2) increased myelination and lower EI-ratio are associated with more rigid SFC and restricted moment-to-moment SFC fluctuations; 3) a gradual shift from EI-ratio to myelination as the principal predictor of SFC occurs when traversing from granular to agranular cortical regions. Collectively, our work delivers a framework to conceptualize structure-function relationships in the human brain, paving the way for an improved understanding of how demyelination and/or EI-imbalances induce reorganization in brain disorders.
Recent research suggests that targeted promotions have positive effects on targeted customers and negative effects on untargeted customers. However, the advent of market transparency increases the likelihood of untargeted customers' negative reactions reaching targeted customers. We examine this issue with four online experiments and find that for promotions targeted on infrequent customers, exposure (vs. no exposure) to negative word‐of‐mouth (WOM) from untargeted frequent customers does not affect targeted infrequent customers' current purchase intentions, but does reduce their intentions to remain with the marketer. Furthermore, we identify two moderators, such that when managers mention luck in the promotion delivery stage and when managers respond to negative online word‐of mouth (eWOM) from untargeted frequent customers and mention promotions targeted on frequent customers, they mitigate this negative effect. Our findings offer a new direction for the undesired effect of targeted promotions and identify the possibility that WOM diffusion reduces targeted customers' retention. We also provide valuable managerial insights on how to mitigate the negative effects of targeted promotions by framing the promotion as a result of luck, and by responding to and mentioning promotions targeted on frequent customers to negative eWOM from untargeted customers.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping consumer interaction with brands, but little is known about how brands can implement AI tools effectively. Drawing on consumer uniqueness and self‐construal theories, the authors examine the implementation of branded AI tools and their influence on consumers' experience, sense of uniqueness, and spending behavior. Across five studies, this research examines consumers' narratives about interacting with a branded AI tool (Study 1); tests the relationships between self‐construal, AI‐enabled consumer experiences, and avoidance of similarity (Studies 2A and 2B); evaluates in situ experience with a branded AI tool and its implications for spending behavior (Study 3); and delineates consumer preferences about the attributes of branded AI tools (Study 4). The findings reveal that individuals characterized by independent self‐construal are prone toward perceiving higher recognition and hedonic values during their experience with branded AI tools, partially enhancing consumer avoidance of similarity and influencing their willingness to pay for products that the AI tool recommends. For practitioners, the findings suggest developing a two‐fold value proposition strategy for consumers by generating personal and psychological value together with product and service recommendations.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between digital literacy and depressive symptoms, as well as the mediating role of social support in this relationship, among older women (60 years and older) in Korea.Methods: This study analyzed data from the User Experience Evaluation Survey, which was conducted by the Ewha Institute for Age Integration Research to improve the accessibility of digital information for older adults research from May to September 2020. Survey data on depressive symptoms, digital literacy, and social support were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression.Results: The factors influencing depressive symptoms among older women included work status (B=–.19, p=.01), social support (B=–.17, p<.001), self-rated health (B=–.13, p=.003), and digital literacy (B=–.10, p=.005), which had an explanatory power of 33%. In addition, social support played a mediating role in the relationship between digital literacy and depressive symptoms (B=–.05, SE=.02; 95% CI, –.09 to –.02).Conclusion: The findings of this study support the need to develop and apply interventions that promote digital literacy among older women to mitigate depressive symptoms by increasing social support.
Previous research has highlighted the role of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in perceptual, cognitive, and motor tasks. However, the exact involvement of these neurochemical mechanisms in the chain of information processing, and across human development, is unclear. In a cross-sectional longitudinal design, we used a computational approach to dissociate cognitive, decision, and visuomotor processing in 293 individuals spanning early childhood to adulthood. We found that glutamate and GABA within the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) explained unique variance in visuomotor processing, with higher glutamate predicting poorer visuomotor processing in younger participants but better visuomotor processing in mature participants, while GABA showed the opposite pattern. These findings, which were neurochemically, neuroanatomically and functionally specific, were replicated ~21 mo later and were generalized in two further different behavioral tasks. Using resting functional MRI, we revealed that the relationship between IPS neurochemicals and visuomotor processing is mediated by functional connectivity in the visuomotor network. We then extended our findings to high-level cognitive behavior by predicting fluid intelligence performance. We present evidence that fluid intelligence performance is explained by IPS GABA and glutamate and is mediated by visuomotor processing. However, this evidence was obtained using an uncorrected alpha and needs to be replicated in future studies. These results provide an integrative biological and psychological mechanistic explanation that links cognitive processes and neurotransmitters across human development and establishes their potential involvement in intelligent behavior.
An experiment ( n = 202; 136 women; 66 men) demonstrated that people use implicit theories about liberals and conservatives to guide their impression of another person based on their humor, specifically, the degree to which their humor violates the individualizing and binding moral foundations described by Moral Foundations Theory (e.g., Graham, Haidt and Nosek 2009. Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96(5). 1029–1046). Supporting Hypothesis 1, participants perceived a target person as more conservative when he posted to social media an immigrant-disparaging meme. They perceived him as more liberal when he posted a religion-disparaging meme. Supporting Hypotheses 2, liberals liked the target person more and conservatives less when he posted the religion-disparaging meme. Similarly, in keeping with Hypothesis 3, liberals liked the target person less and conservatives more after he posted the immigrant-disparaging meme.
Bu çalışmada, algılanan ebeveynlik biçimleri ve sınırda kişilik örüntüsü arasındaki ilişkide erken dönem uyum bozucu şema alanları ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre, koşullu/başarı odaklı ebeveynlik biçimindeki (anne ve baba) artışın kopukluk ve yüksek standartlar şema alanları ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla kişilerin sınırda kişilik belirti düzeylerini yordadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca anneye ilişkin algılanan sömürücü/istismar edici ebeveynlik biçimindeki artışın hem doğrudan hem de kopukluk şema alanı aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeylerini yordadığı; babaya ilişkin algılanan sömürücü/istismar edici ebeveynlik biçimi için ise buna ek olarak duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün de aracı rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Anneye ilişkin algılanan aşırı koruyucu/evhamlı ebeveynlik biçiminin yüksek standartlar şema alanı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeyi üzerinde yordayıcı bir rolü bulunduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bunun yanında babaya ilişkin algılanan değişime kapalı/duyguları bastıran ebeveynlik biçiminin hem doğrudan hem de kopukluk şema alanı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeyi üzerinde yordayıcı bir rolü bulunduğu anlaşılmıştır. Son olarak babaya ilişkin algılanan aşırı izin veren/sınırsız ebeveynlik biçimindeki artışın kopukluk şema alanı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeylerini yordadığı görülmüştür. Sınırda kişilik belirtilerinin etiyolojisinde özellikle fiziksel ve cinsel istismarın üzerinde durulmasına rağmen bu çalışmada erken dönem yaşantılar çeşitli ebeveynlik tutumları aracılığıyla daha kapsamlı bir bakış açısıyla ele alınarak sınırda kişilik belirtilerinin gelişmesinde etkili olan temel duygusal ihtiyaçların önemi vurgulanmıştır.
Background
Individuals with Internet addiction (IA) are at significant risk of suicide-related behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among IA, psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), and suicidal ideation (SI) among college students.
Methods
A total of 5,366 college students (34.4% male, mean age 20.02 years) were assessed using the self-compiled sociodemographic questionnaires, Revised Chinese Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS-R), 15-item Positive subscale of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE-P15), Self-rating Idea of Suicide Scale (SIOSS), and 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2).
Results
The prevalence of IA and SI were 9.3 and 12.1% among Chinese college students, respectively. There were direct effects of IA and PLEs on SI. The total effect of IA on SI was 0.18 ( p < 0.001). PLEs mediated the relationship between IA and SI (Indirect effect = 0.07).
Conclusion
IA had both direct and indirect effects on SI. These findings enable us to elucidate the mechanism of how IA influences individual SI, which can provide vital information for developing and implementing targeted interventions and strategies to alleviate SI among Chinese college students.
Some retailers encourage consumers to mention the names of frontline service employees when writing online reviews. As a result, although most consumers do not pay attention to frontline service employees’ names during consumption, they often see them in online reviews. The effect of this asymmetry on review persuasiveness is still unknown. This research examines the impact of mentioning frontline service employee names in online reviews on readers’ likelihood of being persuaded by them. The results of one secondary data analysis and four online experiments from China demonstrate that readers are less persuaded by positive online reviews mentioning (vs. not mentioning) frontline service employee names, and perceived deception mediates this negative effect. In addition, the level of required service expertise, occurrence frequency, and review valence moderate this negative effect. For services that require a high level of expertise, when the occurrence frequency of positive reviews mentioning frontline service employee names is low, and when the reviews are negative, the aforementioned negative effect diminishes. Our study offers a new direction for name research and identifies a new factor that influences online review persuasiveness. Our findings provide valuable managerial insights into online review management strategies in the Chinese context.
The objective of this study was to estimate the extent to which motivational regulations influence physical activity behavior through role identity among people 55 years or older. Participants ( N = 409; M age = 66.29 years [ SD = 7.06]) completed online questionnaires to measure motivational regulations, role identity, and the frequency of physical activity in a typical week and in the past month. Mediation analysis using ordinary least squares path analysis revealed that autonomous forms of motivational regulation (positively) and controlled forms of motivational regulation (negatively) influenced role identity, which then positively influenced physical activity behavior. Bootstrap confidence intervals (95%) for the indirect effects ( a × b ) based on 5,000 bootstrap samples were entirely above or below zero. These findings point to future experimental evaluations of interventions aiming at both increasing and decreasing autonomous and controlled motivational regulations, respectively, to promote physical activity behavior through role identity.
Consumer embarrassment occurs frequently and can negatively impact both consumers and marketers. The current work demonstrates that encouraging consumers to engage in creative thinking—whether generating new ideas (e.g., crowdsourcing) or through exposure to creativity-related words—is one way for marketers to address the challenges posed by consumer embarrassment. Three studies demonstrate that prompting creative thinking makes consumers feel less embarrassed in subsequent consumer contexts. Specifically, the findings suggest that when consumers are prompted to think creatively, they assess behaviors that violate social norms as more socially acceptable, lowering feelings of embarrassment across a variety of consumption contexts. This research contributes to our understanding of the many benefits of engaging consumers in creative thinking and the growing stream of work exploring tactics companies can employ to help mitigate consumer embarrassment. This research also offers practical implications for both marketers and consumers.
As the Chinese economy entering the transition period, the environmental issues have become the one of most concerned topics. Based on panel data of 284 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2006-2019, this study discusses the regulatory effects of the Ambient Air Quality Standards (AAQS) on urban air quality and its spatial spillover using the various DID models, and further builds a serial multiple mediation model to analyze the channel role of green innovation. The results reveal that (1) the implementation of the AAQS has a positive regulation effect on urban air quality, yet with a “inverted V-shaped” trend; (2) local implementation of the AAQS worsens the air quality of geographically adjacent cities within 400 km, while the effect is reversed for cities that are beyond 400 km; (3) heterogeneity analysis shows that the AAQS improves the air quality of central cities, medium-sized cities, cities of weak-intensity of environmental governance, recession or regeneration resource-based cities; and (4) it might reduce urban air quality only by inducing the green innovation per se. However, either by energy-use effect or industrial-structure effect triggered by the green innovation, can the AAQS favorably enhance urban air quality.
Numerous studies have highlighted mental health disparities based on race/ethnicity, nativity, and gender across different life stages. However, few have investigated how the intersectionality of these factors influences mental health trajectories during midlife to late life. This study fills this gap by adopting a life course-intersectional approach, viewing mental health trajectories as dynamic processes shaped by the combined influences of race/ethnicity, nativity, and gender. It explores social, psychological, and physiological pathways contributing to these disparities.
Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (2006–2018; N = 38,049 observations) and growth curve models, this study examines how intra-individual trends in depressive symptoms (measured as CES-D scale, 07) are influenced by the intersection of race/ethnicity, nativity, and gender. It also investigates the impact of objective and subjective social isolation and physical health on group disparities in mental health trajectories.
The findings reveal that, during mid- to early late-life, most Black and Hispanic Americans experience higher levels of depressive symptoms compared to their White counterparts (disparities ranging from 0.184 to 0.463 for men and 0.117 to 0.439 for women). However, this disadvantage diminishes for US-born Hispanic men and US-born Black women (0.014–0.031 faster decrease rates compared to US-born White), while it intensifies for Hispanic immigrants (0.017–0.018 slower decrease rates compared to US-born White) in advanced ages. Mediation analysis demonstrates that both social isolation and physical health contribute to these disparities, with physical health explaining a larger portion, particularly in differences between immigrant Hispanic women and US-born Whites.
This study underscores the importance of a life course-intersectional approach in understanding mental health disparities. It emphasizes the need for improved social welfare systems and community-level interventions targeting the specific challenges faced by older Hispanic immigrants, especially women who encounter multiple forms of oppression.
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