Article

Population decline in the Rustic Bunting Emberiza rustica in Norway

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Abstract

Since the expansion of the Rustic Bunting (Emberiza rustica) westwards in northern Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries, declines have been reported in Fennoscandia. The Norwegian population was 100-500 breeding pairs in 1994. We carried out censuses to detect Rustic Buntings in Norway during 2008-12, and compared these results with previous records to evaluate recent population changes. Transect censuses made along 15 km of optimal habitat (swamp forest along rivers) yielded 18 territories during 1972-78, but in 2008 we found only 5 territories, and none since 2011. We also detected Rustic Buntings in 21 of 74 previously-occupied sites (one or more records during 1963-2007). During the study period 2008-12, we recorded Rustic Buntings in 41 sites, with a maximum of 47 territories in 2008. However, from 2008 to 2012 we detected a decline of 82% (yearly decline of 34% ± 9%; 95% CI). Local extinctions occurred in at least 31 sites. The current known population size is 13 territories in 9 sites, and the true population size may be only slightly larger. About half of all territories were associated with beaver dams, but the rate of decline during 2008-12 did not depend on dams. Extinctions could be attributed to habitat loss or change in 9/53 sites (1 logging, 1 cultivation, and 7 loss of a beaver dam). We suggest that the population decline of Norwegian Rustic Buntings is due to factors operating during migration or in wintering areas.

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... In Karelia, the Rustic Bunting has been known to occur since the second half of the 19th century (Sievers 1878). In the late 19 th -early 20 th centuries the species expanded westwards to Nordic countries (Merikallio 1958, Mаlchevsky and Pukinsky 1983, Dale and Hansen 2013, Naumkin et al. 2020. ...
... Since the 1940s, however, the species in Finland has been declining and eventually stopped breeding in its southern parts (Valkalama et al. 2014, Rymkevich andNoskov 2020). Since the late 1990s, the limit of its distribu-tion has been regressing north-eastwards (Dale andHansen 2013, Edenius et al. 2017). Since the late 20 th century, a decline in the species numbers has been reported also in other Nordic countries (Dale and Hansen 2013) and in North-West Russia (Khokhlova et al. 2001, Hokhlova and Artemiev 2007, Sazonov 2011, Rykova 2013, Yakovleva and Sukhov 2017, 2020, Rymkevich and Noskov 2020. ...
... Since the late 1990s, the limit of its distribu-tion has been regressing north-eastwards (Dale andHansen 2013, Edenius et al. 2017). Since the late 20 th century, a decline in the species numbers has been reported also in other Nordic countries (Dale and Hansen 2013) and in North-West Russia (Khokhlova et al. 2001, Hokhlova and Artemiev 2007, Sazonov 2011, Rykova 2013, Yakovleva and Sukhov 2017, 2020, Rymkevich and Noskov 2020. In the last two decades this process has covered virtually all of the species' distribution range (Edenius et al. 2017), and the Rustic Bunting is now considered a rare species almost everywhere (Naumkin and Preobrazhenskaya 2020, Rymkevich and Noskov 2020). ...
Article
In the late 20th–early 21st centuries, the Rustic Bunting Emberiza rustica population declined worldwide, including Karelia, NW Russia, the northern periphery of its breeding range. At the onset of the 21st century the Rustic Bunting disappeared from the southern parts of Karelia and turned from common to rare species in its northern parts. However, surveys carried out in 2015–2021 in the Kostomuksha Nature Reserve and Kalevala National Park – large neighbouring protected areas in NW Karelia – revealed a quite steady, although relatively low, breeding densities of the species (2.9–5.6 ind./km2). Such stable parameters of the abundance make this species common in the area in question. Furthermore, the species occurrence along survey routes seems to be slightly rising over the said time period, giving us hopes for a recovery of Rustic Bunting numbers, at least in protected areas containing extensive pristine boreal forests with habitats favourable for the species. Keywords: Rustic Bunting, Emberiza rustica, abundance, population dynamics, northern taiga, pristine forests, red-listed species, nature protection
... Existing field-based studies of summer-breeding passerine migrants, at least in Japan (e.g. Yamamoto and Seto 1997, Higuchi and Morishita 1998, Kurosawa and Askins 2003, Namba et al. 2010 and Fennoscandia (Dale and Hansen 2013 ) underscored a lack of knowledge on how habitat loss and hunting in southern China and South-East Asia may have impacted wintering songbirds, many which are also affected by habitat loss and degradation in their breeding ranges (Kurosawa and Askins 2003 ). Others like Amano and Yamaura ( 2007 ) and Yamaura et al. ( 2009 ) have identified long-distance migration to the tropics as an ecological attribute linked to declining songbird species, at least in Japan. ...
... Some declines have also been identified for summer-breeding passerine migrants in Finland, especially species that winter in south China (e.g. Rustic Bunting Emberiza rustica ) (Dale andHansen 2013 , Laaksonen andLehikoinen 2013 ). ...
... While hunting can affect songbirds at localised spots along the migration trajectory, utilisation of different habitat types across breeding, stop-over and wintering areas means migratory bird populations are susceptible, and thus limited by conditions in multiple sites along its migratory trajectory (Newton 2004 ). In the context of the East Asian Flyway, changing habitat conditions at migration stop-over sites (Wang et al. 1998 ) and in the wintering grounds (Dale and Hansen 2013 ) are of particular concern given much documented habitat loss in East (e.g. Moores 2012 ) or South-East Asia ( Table 5). ...
Article
The East Asian-Australasian Flyway supports the greatest diversity and populations of migratory birds globally, as well as the highest number of threatened migratory species of any flyway, including passerines (15 species). However it is also one of the most poorly understood migration systems, and little is known about the populations and ecology of the passerine migrants that breed, stop over and winter in the habitats along this flyway. We provide the first flyway-wide review of diversity, ecology, and conservation issues relating to 170 species of long-distance and over 80 short-distance migrants from 32 families. Recent studies of songbird migration movements and ecology is limited, and is skewed towards East Asia, particularly Mainland China, Taiwan, Russia, Japan and South Korea. Strong evidence of declines exists for some species, e.g. Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola, but tends to be fragmentary, localised or anecdotal for many others. More species have small breeding ranges (< 250,000 km2) and/or are dependent on tropical forests as wintering habitat than those in any other Eurasian migratory system, and are thus more vulnerable to habitat loss and degradation throughout their ranges. Poorly regulated hunting for food and the pet trade, invasive species and collisions with man-made structures further threaten migratory songbirds at a number of stop-over or wintering sites, while climate change and habitat loss may be of increasing concern in the breeding ranges. A key conservation priority is to carry out intensive field surveys across the region while simultaneously tapping into citizen science datasets, to identify important stop-over and wintering sites, particularly for poorly-known or globally threatened species across South-East Asia and southern China for targeted conservation actions. Additionally, the advent of miniaturised tracking technology, molecular and isotopic techniques can provide novel insights into migration connectivity, paths and ecology for species in this migration system, complementing data from banding exercises and observation-based surveys, and could prove useful in informing conservation priorities. However, until most states along the East Asian-Australasian flyway ratify the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) and other cross-boundary treaties, the relative lack of cross-boundary cooperation, coordination and information sharing in the region will continue to present a stumbling block for effective conservation of migratory passerines.
... Заселение видом северо-запада России (Карелии, Ленинградской, Новгородской, Псковской областей) и Финляндии началось в начале ХХ столетия, следующая волна вселения этой овсянки с востока на запад пришлась на 1974-1977 годы. Таким образом, к концу ХХ века овсянка-ремез заселила весь Северо-Запад России (Мальчевский, Пукинский, 1983) и Северную Европу до Норвегии (Dale, Hansen 2013). ...
... Однако на северо-западе ареала в последние десятилетия отмечен спад числа гнездящихся овсянок-ремезов в Финляндии, Швеции и Норвегии (Lindström et al. 2010;Väisänen, Lehikoinen 2012, Dale, Hansen 2013. На северо-западе России также отмечается снижение их численности в таёжных лесах на границе Карелии и Архангельской области, исчезновение в Заонежье (Сазонов 2011, Хохлова, Артемьев 2007). ...
Article
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В связи с включением овсянки-ремез Ocyris rusticus в список Красной книги Российской Федерации изучение этого вида приобретает особую актуальность. В некоторых публикациях высказывается мнение об отсутствии необходимости включения овсянки-ремеза в федеральный список охраняемых видов (Бисеров, Медведева 2020, 2021).
... However, it has recently been upgraded to 'Vulnerable' (VU) on the European Red List (BirdLife International 2015b ). Population trends have been estimated for Fennoscandia (Dale and Hansen 2013 ) and Europe (BirdLife International 2015a ) but not for the whole distribution range. Trend assessments and expert opinions suggest that the European breeding population of Rustic Bunting has declined by 30-49% over the last 10 years in Europe, but only around one-fifth of the species' global breeding range is within Europe (Symes 2015 ). ...
... Although such a dramatic global range contraction has not yet been observed in the Rustic Bunting, the range contraction towards north-east within Fennoscandia has been dramatic. On the western edge of the global distribution huge areas of habitat on the former Rustic Bunting distribution are now more or less empty of the species (Valkama et al. 2011, Dale and Hansen 2013, Green and Lindström 2015b. The decline rate estimates have strong relevance for the ongoing discussion about the conservation status of the Rustic Bunting on the IUCN global Red List where it is currently listed in the 'Least Concern' (LC) category. ...
Article
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Populations of several long-distance migratory songbirds in Eurasia are in peril, drastically illustrated by the recent range-wide population collapse in the Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola . There are signals of a strong decline also in the Rustic Bunting E. rustica , but no range-wide assessment of population trends in this superabundant and widespread bunting species has yet been undertaken. The conservation status of Rustic Bunting is ‘Least Concern’ on the global IUCN Red List, but it has recently been upgraded to ‘Vulnerable’ on the European Red List. To assess the Rustic Bunting’s global conservation status we compiled, for the first time, population data across its breeding and wintering ranges. The analysis reveals a 75–87% decline in overall population size over the last 30 years and a 32–91% decline over the last 10 years. The trend estimates indicate that the long-term (30-year) range-wide population decline in the Rustic Bunting is of similar magnitude to two well-known examples of declining species within the same genus, the Yellow-breasted Bunting and the Ortolan Bunting E. hortulana . The magnitude of the range-wide population decline over the last 10 years suggests that the Rustic Bunting could be upgraded from ‘Least Concern’ to ‘Vulnerable’ or ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN global Red List. Agricultural intensification in the wintering range and intensified levels of disturbance, including logging and fire, in the breeding range could be important drivers of the range-wide population decline, and persecution could also contribute. Untangling threat factors and their interactions on Rustic Bunting is necessary for conservation, but hampered by our currently limited understanding of the relationships between population dynamics and different threats.
... For example, the decline of the Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana in Europe has multiple causes including habitat loss and degradation (Menz and Arlettaz 2012), poaching along the migration route (Jiguet et al. 2019a), and climate warming which potentially impedes successful desert crossing in Africa (Jiguet et al. 2019b). The global population decline of the Rustic Bunting Emberiza rustica is supposedly due to factors operating during migration or in wintering areas (Dale and Hansen 2013), mainly attributed to habitat changes (Edenius et al. 2017). In China, illegal trapping of Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola induced population collapses of this long-distance migrant (Kamp et al. 2015), illustrating the urgent need to unravel migration strategies in such declining songbirds to identify conservation bottlenecks. ...
Article
There is sparse and contradictory information concerning the migratory status and non-breeding range of the endangered Jankowski’s Bunting Emberiza jankowskii, precluding the possible development of conservation measures dedicated to protecting habitats occupied across the full-annual cycle. To unravel the migratory strategy and identify the non-breeding grounds of Jankowski’s Bunting, we collected feathers on breeding birds in Inner Mongolia, analysed their deuterium concentrations (δ2Hf) and produced probabilistic geographic assignments to origin to assess where these feathers were likely grown. We compared results from this exercise to current knowledge of the breeding and non-breeding range to evaluate likely moult origins thereby informing migratory connectivity in this species. Winter moulted feathers were not grown in the same isotopic environment than summer-grown feathers, attesting some non-breeding dispersive movements, and geographic assignments favour the hypothesis of a short-distance dispersion during the non-breeding season.
... aureola) (Chan 2004, Tamada et al. 2014, Kamp et al. 2015, and Rustic Buntings (E. rustica) (Dale andHansen 2013, Edenius et al. 2017). Yellow-throated Buntings (E. ...
Article
Migratory birds have evolved diverse migration strategies in response to a variety of factors, but information about the detailed migration patterns of Asian songbirds is not yet available. To understand the short-distance migration pattern of declining Yellow-throated Buntings (Emberiza elegans) in East Asia, we analyzed stable isotopes from the outermost tail feathers (rectrices) of individual buntings collected in Korea and Japan. Temporal changes in feather hydrogen (δ²Hf) and oxygen (δ¹⁸Of) isotopic values at stopover islands suggested that northern populations start migration earlier than southern populations, especially in autumn. Latitudinal gradient in δ²Hf values of three wintering populations implied that northern breeders wintered farther north than southern breeders. The migration pattern of this bunting, known as Type II chain migration, was also inferred from hydrogen isotope-based geographic assignments of feather growth origins. Our data demonstrate that stable isotope analysis may help to bridge current knowledge gaps in songbird migration despite coarsely mapped isoscapes and as-of-yet undetermined isotope calibration functions in Asia.
... A similar event occurred in two other previously abundant birds species, the yellowbreasted bunting (Emberiza aureola) and the rustic bunting (E. rustica) [5,6]. Among mammals, the most dramatic case is that of the Common hamster (Cricetus cricetus Linnaeus, 1758). ...
Article
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The Common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) is one of the most endangered mammals in Western and Central Europe. Its genetic diversity in Russia and Kazakhstan was investigated for the first time. The analysis of sequences of an mtDNA control region and cytochrome b gene revealed at least three phylogenetic lineages. Most of the species range (approximately 3 million km²), including central Russia, Crimea, the Ural region, and northern Kazakhstan), is inhabited by a single, well-supported phylogroup, E0. Phylogroup E1, previously reported from southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, was first described from Russia (Bryansk Province). E0 and E1 are sister lineages but both are monophyletic and separated by considerable genetic distance. Hamsters inhabiting Ciscaucasia represent a separate, distant phylogenetic lineage, named “Caucasus”. It is sister to the North phylogroup from Western Europe and the contemporary phylogeography for this species is discussed considering new data. These data enabled us to develop a new hypothesis to propose that in the Late Pleistocene, the continuous range of the Common hamster in the northern Mediterranean extended from the central and southern parts of modern France to the Caucasus; however, its distribution was subsequently interrupted, likely because of climate change.
... (Paleártico boreal). Registro otoñal que constituye la octava cita homologada en España de este escribano, cuyas poblaciones europeas escandinavas se encuentran en regresión desde 1980 y particularmente en la última década (Dale y Hansen, 2013). En España resulta difícil evaluar la tendencia debido al escaso número de registros, pero cabe esperar su enrarecimiento, tal como ha sucedido, por ejemplo, en el Reino Unido, donde la especie volvió a incluirse en la lista de rarezas homologadas por el BBRC en 2015 (Hudson y Rarities Committee, 2016). ...
Article
Full-text available
Report on rare birds in Spain, 2014. This report publishes 743 new records of 134 taxa of rare birds in Spain, with an acceptance rate of 91.84%. Details on 10 new taxa for Spain are included: Zino's Petrel (Pterodroma madeira), Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus), Great Black-headed Gull (Larus ichthtyaetus), Abyssinian Roller (Coracias abyssinicus), Egyptian Nightjar (Caprimulgus aegyptius), ‘Caspian Stonechat’ (Saxicola maurus hemprichii), Eastern Olivaceous Warbler (Iduna pallida), ‘Siberian Lesser Whitethroat’ (Sylvia curruca blythii/halimodendri), Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus), Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) and Northern Waterthrush (Parkesia noveboracensis), the latter replacing Louisiana Waterthrush (Parkesia motacilla), which is removed from the Spanish list after the review of an old record. Records of six taxa have been accepted from Peninsular Spain for the first time: White-faced Storm-petrel (Pelagodroma marina) —four records; Red-billed Tropicbird (Phaeton aethereus) —two records; Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) —one record, the 2nd for Spain; and Yellow-legged Gull showing features of the Azorean form (Larus michahellis atlantis). This report also details the second records for Spain of Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Lesser Moorhen (Gallinula angulata), American Robin (Turdus migratorius) and Nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes). The following first records for the Canary Islands are also included: ‘Eastern Subalpine Warbler’ (Sylvia cantillans cantillans/albistriata), ‘Siberian Chiffchaff’ (Phylloscopus collybita tristis) and Lapland Bunting (Calcarius lapponicus). Also of note in this report is the number of Fea's/Zino's Petrel (Pterodroma feae/madeira) records included. Finally, a new numeric rarity definition is presented for each species in order to reflect both how rare and irregular it is.
... However, contrary to those Wagtail which in Norway are predominantly mountain species). Population declines are often first seen at the edge of distribution areas and in marginal areas (Dale 2001, Dale & Hansen 2013. Thus, declines in marginal populations of such species may act as warning signals that their overall populations are subject to negative impacts. ...
Article
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The breeding bird communities of 18 mires and surrounding forests in southeastern Norway were censused in 1976-77 and in 2015. We found that 53% of the mire species with sufficient data for analyses showed significant changes. Red-throated diver (Gavia stellata), common crane (Grus grus), wood sandpiper (Tringa glareola) and tree pipit (Anthus trivialis) increased, whereas northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus), meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis) and yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava) decreased. There were also near significant decreases of Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata) and Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis). Population changes did not differ between short-and long-distance migrants. Species with marginal populations on mires declined more than mire specialist species, suggesting an indirect negative influence of problems in other habitats. Overall, there was a significant 19% decline in number of mire species, but a non-significant 7% increase in number of individuals. The bird community in the forests surrounding the mires showed significant population changes for 42% of the species with sufficient data for analyses, with increases in many resident forest species, but less so for migrants. Overall, there was a near significant 12% increase in number of forest species, and a significant 28% increase in number of individuals. Mire-and forest-associated species did not differ in population trends. Among short-distance migrants (mire and forest species combined), species wintering in agricultural habitats had more negative population changes than species wintering in other habitats. Thus, the breeding bird community on and around mires in this part of Norway has undergone large changes during the last 40 years. We discuss our results in relation to general trends of bird communities in northern Europe.
... For example, positive impacts have been shown for a variety of birds such as woodpeckers (Dendrocopos leucotos and Picoides tridactylus), kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) and waterfowl , Sikora & Rys, 2004, Tumiel, 2008. In particular, beaver are seen as important habitat creators for rustic bunting (Emberiza rustica) in Norway where populations are declining (Dale & Hansen, 2013). ...
Technical Report
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... There is preliminary evidence that other abundant songbird species with large ranges might decline due to trapping in East Asia. Dale and Hansen (2013) report population collapses in Rustic Bunting (Emberiza rustica) across Scandinavia, a species closely related to the Yellow-breasted Bunting. A long-term study at Lake Baikal, Siberia, revealed significant and strong declines between 1984 and 2007 in 5 Emberiza species and generally more negative population trends in long-distance than in short-distance and resident birds (Ananin 2011). ...
Article
Persecution and overexploitation by humans are major causes of species extinctions. Rare species, often confined to small geographic ranges, are usually at highest risk, whereas extinctions of superabundant species with very large ranges are rare. The Yellow-breasted Bunting (Emberiza aureola) used to be one of the most abundant songbirds of the Palearctic, with a very large breeding range stretching from Scandinavia to the Russian Far East. Anecdotal information about rapid population declines across the range caused concern about unsustainable trapping along the species' migration routes. We conducted a literature review and used long-term monitoring data from across the species' range to model population trend and geographical patterns of extinction. The population declined by 84.3-94.7% between 1980 and 2013, and the species' range contracted by 5000 km. Quantitative evidence from police raids suggested rampant illegal trapping of the species along its East Asian flyway in China. A population model simulating an initial harvest level of 2% of the population, and an annual increase of 0.2% during the monitoring period produced a population trajectory that matched the observed decline. We suggest that trapping strongly contributed to the decline because the consumption of Yellow-breasted Bunting and other songbirds has increased as a result of economic growth and prosperity in East Asia. The magnitude and speed of the decline is unprecedented among birds with a comparable range size, with the exception of the Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius), which went extinct in 1914 due to industrial-scale hunting. Our results demonstrate the urgent need for an improved monitoring of common and widespread species' populations, and consumption levels throughout East Asia. © 2015 Society for Conservation Biology.
Article
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Very few data series are available on the long-term development of the bird fauna in northern Sweden. This kind of data is of great interest as there are recent signs that bird populations in northern Sweden are developing less favourable than in southern Sweden. We present trends in annual capture rates of 40 frequently ringed species at Stora Fjäderägg Bird Observatory, NE Sweden, autumns 1985–2014. Significant positive and negative trends were found in ten and eight species, respectively. Great tit, Chaffinch and Long-tailed Tit showed the strongest increases, whereas Northern Wheatear, Willow Tit and Bluethroat decreased the most. There was a significant negative trend in capture index for short-distance migrants and a positive trend for irruptive species/partial migrants. For many species, particularly those that were decreasing, the trends at Stora Fjäderägg are similar to population trends seen in Swedish and Finnish breeding bird surveys. For these species the trends at Stora Fjäderägg could be indicative of long-term population changes.
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Overhunting reduced Eurasian Beaver (Castor fiber) populations to c. 1200 animals, in eight isolated populations, around the end of the 19th century. Protection, natural spread and reintroductions led to a powerful recovery in both range and populations during the 20th century, which continues at a rapid pace. The minimum population estimate is 593 000. There are also c. 12 500 North American Beaver (C. canadensis) established in Finland and Russian Karelia; however, other populations of C. canadensis introduced in Austria, Poland and France ap-pear to be extinct. Castor fiber is now established throughout Europe with the exception of the British Isles, Iberia, Italy and the southern Balkans; reintroductions are continuing. Considerable further expansion in range and population, especially in western Europe and the lower Danube basin, can be expected. If current trends continue, C. fiber will, within a few decades, be a fairly common mammal in much of Europe. Following initial recolonization, populations typically show a pattern of rapid range extension within a watershed, followed only later by rapid population growth, and a barrier effect of watershed divides, which can be strongly isolating where physical or habitat barriers (such as mountains or intensive farmland) intrude between watersheds. Management of beaver distribution should therefore operate at the watershed scale, except where large human-made dams form significant bar-riers to spread. The period of rapid population increase, if unchecked, leads to a phase of population decline as marginal habitats are occupied and exhausted. This coincides with a peak in conflicts with human land-use interests. A regulated hunting take of healthy beaver populations is recommended as the optimal management regime in managed landscapes. Early provision of interpretation and public viewing opportunities has been a feature of several recent reintroductions. This provides a benefit to the local economy through wildlife tourism, and helps foster positive attitudes to beavers.
Article
Small and isolated populations are usually assumed to be at a high risk of extinction due to environmental or demographic stochasticity, genetic problems, or too little immigration. In birds, natal dispersal is usually female-biased, but the consequences of such a pattern on vulnerability to extinction of isolated populations has not received much attention before. In this paper I derive predictions as to how female-biased natal dispersal may differentially affect the extinction risk of populations and species with contrasting distributions, migratory behaviours, life histories and mating systems. Female-biased dispersal will lead to male-biased sex ratios in small, isolated or fragmented populations, in particular because recent research has shown that females often have a limited ability to search for mates and may therefore effectively be lost from the breeding population if they disperse into areas empty of conspecifics. I reviewed published studies on birds and found that a high proportion of unpaired males is common in isolated populations or populations in small habitat fragments. Dispersal of females may therefore increase the vulnerability to extinction of small or isolated populations, or populations at the periphery of a species’ distribution range. I also predict that vulnerability to extinction should be greater for migratory than for resident species and greater for short-lived than for long-lived species because of differences in the time available for females to locate unpaired males. Further, extinction risk may also be greater for birds than for mammals due to differences in which sex disperses and patterns of parental care. Finally, mating system will also affect vulnerability to extinction when natal dispersal leads to biased sex ratios. I review available evidence for these predictions (e.g. songbird declines in North America) and discuss implications for conservation.
Rødlistestatus for truete og sårbare arter i Nord-Trøndelag. -Rapport 1/1999, Miljøvernavdelingen, Fylkesmannen i Nord-Trøndelag
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Einvik, K. & Solberg, B. 1999: Rødlistestatus for truete og sårbare arter i Nord-Trøndelag. -Rapport 1/1999, Miljøvernavdelingen, Fylkesmannen i Nord-Trøndelag, Norway. (In Norwegian)
Status of the rustic bunting (Emberiza rustica) in Norway -a study of distribution, population size and habitat preferences
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Hansen, K. 2009: Status of the rustic bunting (Emberiza rustica) in Norway -a study of distribution, population size and habitat preferences. -Master thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway. (In Norwegian with English summary)
Sveriges Ornitologiska Förening
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Wirdheim, A.): 156-157. Sveriges Ornitologiska Förening, Stockholm. (In Swedish)
Videsparv med ungar vid Gratangen
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Lundberg, S. 1962: Videsparv med ungar vid Gratangen. -Sterna 5: 34. (In Swedish)
Anteckningar om videsparvens (Emberiza rustica) förekomst i Jämtland
  • N Nilsson
Nilsson, N. 1968: Anteckningar om videsparvens (Emberiza rustica) förekomst i Jämtland. -Fauna och flora 63: 100-102. (In Swedish)
Resultat av sumpskogsinventeringen 1990-1998. -Skogsstyrelsen
  • L Rudqvist
Rudqvist, L. 1999: Sveriges sumpskogar. Resultat av sumpskogsinventeringen 1990-1998. -Skogsstyrelsen, Jönköping, Sweden. (In Swedish)
The distribution of the rustic bunting in Norway and its habitat preferences in Hedmark county
  • G A Sonerud
  • J Bekken
Sonerud, G.A. & Bekken, J. 1979: The distribution of the rustic bunting in Norway and its habitat preferences in Hedmark county. -Vår Fuglefauna 2: 78-85. (In Norwegian with English summary)
Distribution and observations during migration of rustic buntings Emberiza rustica in Sweden
  • R Staav
Staav, R. 1976: Distribution and observations during migration of rustic buntings Emberiza rustica in Sweden. -Fauna och flora 71: 202-207. (In Swedish with English summary)