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Textbook of Pharmacognosy
... A volume of 400 ml of the reconstituted extract was placed in a separator funnel, and 400 ml of n-hexane and ethyl acetate were added sequentially in a 1:1 ratio, followed by vigorous shaking. Each solvent was allowed to stand for 30 minutes in the separator funnel until a clear separation line appeared, indicating the distinction between the supernatant and the sediment before desorption (Trease and Evans, 1983). This process was repeated three times to obtain sufficient quantities of each fraction. ...
... Qualitative plant constituents identification from the concentrated aqueous leaf extracts of Laggera aurita were carried out according to standard methods (Trease and Evans, 1983;Abdullahi et al., 2023). ...
The Plant Laggera aurita Linn, is a medicinal plant that is found in Africa and has been used in the treatment of many medical conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-seizure effects of solvents fractions of methanol extract of Laggera aurita in chicks, mice and rats. Preliminary screening for phytochemicals and LD50 studies were carried out using standard protocols. The fractions were evaluated against electrically-induced seizures in chicks, Pentylenetetragudajizole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice and PTZ-induced kindling in rats. Phytochemicals revealed were alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. Intraperitoneal (I.p) LD50 values were 1264 mg/kg and 1468 mg/kg for n-hexane, 2154 mg/kg and 2375 mg/kg for ethyl acetate and 3807 mg/kg and 3986 mg/kg for residual aqueous fractions in mice and chicks respectively. Maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizure model used on chicks that received graded doses of solvents fractions, did not protect them against seizures. N-hexane protected the mice against seizure at all doses, up to 50% at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, while the ethyl acetate and residual aqueous fractions confers no protection against seizures at all doses during the subcutaneous PTZ-induced seizure model tests. The n-hexane fraction produced significant protection against subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (40mg/kg) induced kindling in rats at all the doses tested, while the ethyl acetate and residual aqueous fraction show no protection. The above findings suggest that the plant Laggera aurita possesses anticonvulsant activities which may have provided basis for its traditional use against epilepsy.
... Preliminary phytochemical screening This followed Harborne (19) and Houghton & Raman (20) methods. Qualitative investigations identified phytochemical components in Cucurbita pepo seed extracts in n-hexane, DCM, and aqueous ethanol (21). ...
... One milliliter glacial acetic acid with a trace of ferric chloride solution was added to the filtrate and underplayed with 0.4 mL concentrated sulphuric acid. The presence of a reddish-brown ring at the interface signified the presence of deoxy-sugar (21). ...
Introduction: Despite the traditional use of Cucurbita pepo seed in pregnancy, its effects on female reproduction remain scarce. This study evaluated the impacts of n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and aqueous ethanol extracts of C. pepo seed on the cyclicity and reproductive hormones of female Wistar rats. Methods: Ten groups of four rats received seed extracts or tween 80 orally for 21 days: A (control)= 0.5 mL tween 80 (vehicle); B, C, & D= 142.86, 285.71, and 428.57 mg/kg nHE; E, F, & G= 142.86, 285.71, 428.57 mg/kg of DCM; and H, I, & J= 142.86, 285.71, 428.57 mg/kg of aqueous ethanol extracts, respectively. Vaginal cytology monitored the estrous cycle daily, and blood samples were obtained for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone at various oestrus cycle phases. Results: Compared to the control, the estrous cycle phases did not change significantly (P>0.05). FSH levels significantly increased (P<0.05) with DCM and aqueous ethanol extracts of C. pepo seed during proestrus and estrus phases compared to the control. A significant (P<0.05) increase in LH was observed with n-hexane, DCM, and aqueous ethanol extracts during all estrous cycle phases compared to the control. All extracts significantly increased estrogen levels (P<0.05) during all phases. DCM and aqueous ethanol extracts reduced substantially the estrus-phase progesterone. Conclusion: Cucurbita pepo may stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in female reproduction. Further studies should be conducted using various phytoestrogen compounds to gain useful knowledge about the effectiveness, safety, and long-term effects of C. pepo seed extracts in regulating hormonal balance.
... Quantitative determination of saponins, tannins, alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides were carried out according to the methods described by Harborne (1973) and Trease and Evans (1983) 5,6 . Oxalate contents were determined by the spectrophotometric methods of Hang and Lantzsch (1983) 7 . ...
... Quantitative determination of saponins, tannins, alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides were carried out according to the methods described by Harborne (1973) and Trease and Evans (1983) 5,6 . Oxalate contents were determined by the spectrophotometric methods of Hang and Lantzsch (1983) 7 . ...
Aqueous extract of pulverized whole Phyllanthus amarus was assessed for hepatic effects in albino rats. Its phytochemical, proximate and mineral constituents were also evaluated. The results showed that the extract significantly reduced the plasma activities of alanine and aspartate transaminases and total bilirubin concentration (P < 0.01), with a non- significant increase in the plasma concentration of total protein (P > 0.01). The extract contained 24.05 % saponins, 17.50% tannins and 5.47 % oxalates as well as 11.05 % moisture, 6.80 % ash, 6.03 % fat, 6.10 % protein, 24.50 % fibre and 45.52 % carbohydrate. The mineral content of the defatted pulverized P. amarus was found to be potassium (150.30), sodium (228.20), calcium (1.60), magnesium (2.40), iron (1.65), and phosphorus (1.00) mg per 100 g dry weight. The reduction of plasma activity of transaminases and concentration of total bilirubin, with a concomitant increase in total protein concentration suggest that the plant has a hepatic cell protection function and enhancement potential. The high saponin and tannin, potassium and sodium, and carbohydrate and fibre contents of the plant explain its use in folk medicine for the treatment of liver problems, oedema and use as tonic, respectively. Keywords: Phyllanthus amarus, Chemical Composition, Hepatic Effects, Albino Rats
... The crude extract and fractions were subjected to a qualitative test for phytochemical components such as alkaloids (Sofowora, 1984) [19] , flavonoids, glycosides (Trease and Evans, 1978) [21] , saponins (Harbone, 1973) [8] , and tannins (El-Olemyl et al., 1994) [6] . ...
... The crude extract and fractions were subjected to a qualitative test for phytochemical components such as alkaloids (Sofowora, 1984) [19] , flavonoids, glycosides (Trease and Evans, 1978) [21] , saponins (Harbone, 1973) [8] , and tannins (El-Olemyl et al., 1994) [6] . ...
Spices are essential as food and as medicine. They enhance the natural flavour of cuisines and can be used to alter the appearance of food to make it more appealing in colour. Two spice samples, which include C. longa and C. zeylanicum were selected for this present study. Antioxidant, phytochemical analysis (including GC-MS analysis), and nutritional composition were carried out on their aqueous and ethanol extracts in this study. The phytochemicals reported include; alkaloids, glycoside, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols and steroids. Alkaloids were present in all the samples except the aqueous extract of C. longa. Glycoside was present in all the samples. Tannins, steroids and terpenoids were present in all the samples, while flavonoid was present in only the ethanol extract of C. zeylanicum and aqueous extract of C. longa. The presence of phenols, tannins and flavonoids in appreciable concentrations tells the antioxidant potential these spices possess. Cinnamaldehyde, which is detected in the ethanol extract of C. zeylanicum, has been shown to reduce NO generation in LPS-stimulated macrophages. This further explains the potential anti-inflammatory C. zeylanicum possesses. Therefore, the results obtained may help find the active ingredients and provide a helpful chemical basis of these spices in the management of diseases for future research.
... Phytochemical Screening: Phytochemical screening of the extract was carried out according to the method of Trease andEvans (1996), andHarborne (1998). One gramme of Vernonia migeodii extract was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker. ...
... Phytochemical Screening: Phytochemical screening of the extract was carried out according to the method of Trease andEvans (1996), andHarborne (1998). One gramme of Vernonia migeodii extract was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker. ...
Many people worldwide still rely on herbal medications for their health care needs. Vernonia migeodii leaves have shown medicinal activity against some common diseases. There is however a dearth of information on its phytochemical contents, acute toxicity as well as its cytotoxicity. The present study qualitatively screened methanol leaf extract of V. migeodii for its phytochemical constituents, and also evaluated the acute toxicity and cytotoxicity of the extract. The leaves of V. migeodii were collected, air dried, then pulverized and extracted by cold maceration in 70% methanol for 48 hours. The extract was concentrated in a hot air oven at 40°C. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the extract was done following standard procedures. Eighteen albino mice were used for the acute toxicity study following Lorke's method, and brine shrimps were used for the cytoxicity test. During the acute toxicity study, at day 14, the mice groups given higher doses were humanely sacrificed and their liver, stomach and kidney were processed for histopathology. Results of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, phenolic acid, terpenes, flavonoids and alkaloids in the extract. No obvious sign of toxicity was recorded in the mice groups during the acute toxicity study. The LD 50 of the extract was thus taken to be above 5000 mg/kg. In the cytotoxicity test using brine shrimps, death was recorded in the group having the highest dose, with 80% survival rate. The methanol leaf extracts of V. migeodii was thus considered to be rich in medicinally useful phytochemicals, and safe/not acutely toxic at the highest given dose of 5000 mg/kg in mice.
... The extract was oven-dried after being concentrated at lower pressure using a rotatory evaporator. Standard techniques were used for phytochemical analysis of the extract [11]. ...
Purpose: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts of Duranta repens. Methods: Methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions from the methanol crude extract of Duranta repens leaves were obtained using gradient mixture elution in bioactivity-guided silica gel column chromatography. A mixture of spectrochemical, infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopic (GC/MS) investigations were used to clarify the structures of the identified active chemicals. A total of 50 Wistar rats randomized into 10 groups (n = 5) were given either 200 mg/kg of Hexane fraction (HFCP) or ethylacetate fraction (EAFCP) intraperitoneally. A subplantar injection of 0.1 mL 2.5 % formaldehyde solution was used to induce inflammation 1 h later, and this procedure was repeated on day three. After five days, the compounds were administered once daily, and then every other day for the next five days. Using a plethysmometer, the rat paw volume was measured every day following a 1 h drug delivery period. Diclofenac was used as the control. Results: Compounds isolated belong to the following groups: flavonol glycoside, stigmast steroid and triterpenehydroxyl acid. The molecules identified by their structures are ursolic acid, stigmastene 3, 6-dione, and tetrahydroxy flavone-3α-rhamnoside, respectively. In rats, the combination of these compounds showed significant (p < 0.05) biological action against formaldehyde-induced inflammation, exceeding the respective percentage inhibition of individual compounds (62.60, 82.60, and 62.60 %; p < 0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant anti-inflammatory activity of active compounds from the leaves of Chikadoma plant. The mechanism of this anti-inflammatory activity is through synergism. Clinical studies are necessary to advance the safety and toxicity profiles of these products. This is an Open Access article that uses a funding model which does not charge readers or their institutions for access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) and the Budapest
... The extract was oven-dried after being concentrated at lower pressure using a rotatory evaporator. Standard techniques were used for phytochemical analysis of the extract [11]. ...
Purpose: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts of Duranta repens. Methods: Methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions from the methanol crude extract of Duranta repens leaves were obtained using gradient mixture elution in bioactivity-guided silica gel column chromatography. A mixture of spectrochemical, infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopic (GC/MS) investigations were used to clarify the structures of the identified active chemicals. A total of 50 Wistar rats randomized into 10 groups (n = 5) were given either 200 mg/kg of Hexane fraction (HFCP) or ethylacetate fraction (EAFCP) intraperitoneally. A subplantar injection of 0.1 mL 2.5 % formaldehyde solution was used to induce inflammation 1 h later, and this procedure was repeated on day three. After five days, the compounds were administered once daily, and then every other day for the next five days. Using a plethysmometer, the rat paw volume was measured every day following a 1 h drug delivery period. Diclofenac was used as the control. Results: Compounds isolated belong to the following groups: flavonol glycoside, stigmast steroid and triterpenehydroxyl acid. The molecules identified by their structures are ursolic acid, stigmastene 3, 6- dione, and tetrahydroxy flavone-3α-rhamnoside, respectively. In rats, the combination of these compounds showed significant (p < 0.05) biological action against formaldehyde-induced inflammation, exceeding the respective percentage inhibition of individual compounds (62.60, 82.60, and 62.60 %; p < 0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant anti-inflammatory activity of active compounds from the leaves of Chikadoma plant. The mechanism of this anti-inflammatory activity is through synergism. Clinical studies are necessary to advance the safety and toxicity profiles of these products.
... Two drops of FeCl3 (5% W/V) were added into 2ml of the aqueous test samples; formation of green precipitate confirms the presence of tannins (Trease and Evans, 1996). ...
Adzadogo RS, Gbewoyo WSK. 2018. Comparison of physicochemical properties and anti-microbial activities of tea and cocoa-based kombucha. Bioteknologi 15: 33-37. Kombucha tea is a slightly sweet, slightly acidic refreshing beverage consumed worldwide. Kombucha is a symbiosis of the Genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter, with Acetobacter xylinum as a characteristic species, and various yeasts such as genera of Brettanomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Saccharomyces and Pichia depending on the source. The tea fungus broth is composed of two portions, a floating cellulosic pellicle layer and a sour liquid broth. Black and green tea are known to be the best substrate for kombucha preparation. Black tea and cocoa powder served as the substrate in this study. The study aimed to compare the physical and chemical as well as the anti-microbial properties of tea and cocoa-based kombucha. The study revealed that tea kombucha is more acidic compared with cocoa kombucha; both tea and cocoa kombucha have similar phytochemicals. Tea and cocoa kombucha were found to inhibit the growth of Candida albican and Shigella spp., confirming its anti-microbial activity. The presence of phytochemicals and anti-microbial properties support the school of taught that kombucha drink provides a maximum health benefit to humans.
... Aqueos preparation of garlic clove was screed for the presence or absence of various secondary metabolites using standard phytochemical screening procedures as described by Harbourne (1973), Trease and Evans (1996). The extract was tested for resins, calcium, alkaloids, flavenoids, reducing sugars, saponins, glycosides, carbohydrates, steroids, acidic compounds, fats, and oil ...
This study investigated the ameliorative effects of garlic clove (Allium sativum) on toothaches and its causative organisms Twenty Four Female subjects were selected for this study. They were divided in four (4) groups viz Group A (6) served as control, while groups B,C and D were the groups that used garlic clove (Group B), garlic clove plus ibuprofen (Group C) and Ibuprofen only (Group D). The treatment lasted for five (5) days. Result from the study showed that Group B subjects received more effective relieve from pain and aches when examined than those other groups in Groups A,C and D. The reduction in pain and aches could be attributed to the presence of flavenoids and Allicin in Garlic which are known to be antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and pain killer. The study suggests that garlic clove is very effective in ameliorating toothache.
... The secondary metabolites present in C. sanguinolenta stem ethanol extract were quantitatively determined using the methods of Odebiyi and Sofowora (1978), Trease and Evans (1989), Obadoni and Ochuko (2001), and Jagadish et al. (2009). ...
Although herbal medicines are less potent compared to synthetic drugs in some cases, but are still considered less toxic less side effects. Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stem ethanol extract (CSSE) is a reportedly potent antimalarial plant with dearth of data on the safety and efficacy on the brain and heart of animals. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of CSSE in animal models. Thirty albino rats were randomly distributed into five groups (n=6). Group A=distilled water (control), Groups B-E=250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg body weight extract, respectively, for 21 days. Phytochemicals and biochemical analyses were performed using standard method. Total protein (TP), direct bilirubin (DB), total bilirubin (TB), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were evaluated in liver. Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, and AST were evaluated in heart. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and nitric oxide (NO) were evaluated in brain. Lipid profiles, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were evaluated in serum as well. The results revealed that CSSE contained alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and proteins at 35.11, 9.80, 52.35, 22.61 and 30.32 mg/100g, respectively. CSSE significantly increased (p<0.05) liver TB and AST, heart AST, and MDA and GST, while total cholesterol and AChE was reduced. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, TP, DB, liver ALT, Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, BChE, NO, SOD and CAT in the subjects. CSSE also kept histo-architecture of the subjects intact. Hence, CSSE induced mild alterations in biochemical parameters and tissues of the subjects without an observable damage, hence relatively safe for consumption.
... Qualitative analysis: A phytochemical qualitative study was carried out using the methods of Trease et al. [17]; and Harborne and Sofowora [18]. ...
Introduction: The Moringa oleifera (MO) plant, commonly referred to as the
'miracle tree,' is known by various names. In English, it is called the Drumstick
tree or Horseradish plant. Locally in Nigeria, it is known as Zogale in Hausa,
Okwe oyibo in Igbo, Ewe Ile in Yoruba, and Gawara in Fulani. The uses of MO
leaf extract in controlling high blood pressure and as a food supplement with high
nutritional value have been documented scientifically. Some studies have also
shown that dosages appear to be safe from tested toxicity but a relative increase
such as 3-4 times the recommended doses is known to cause genotoxic
damage. However, there is a paucity of human evidence of the potency of MO
presently, most studies use animal models such as rats and ethanol extract.
Objective: The study aims to assess the Nutritional and Medicinal values of MO
determining its acute toxicity lethal and sublethal doses (LD50) and its
phytochemical constituents in our locality where consumption is very high using
Swiss albino mice.
Methods: The ethanol extraction method was used to obtain the concentrates of
100 g, and thirty (30) adult mice (30–40g) were used for Acute Toxicity (LD50).
Phytochemical Qualitative and Quantitative analyses, Gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis and Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer were carried out to determine the major Bio-Nutrients,
Identification of Phytocomponents and Minerals and Vitamins constitution
respectively.
Results: The results showed that LD50 of 3900 mg/kg induced death in mice.
Piloerection amongst others and weight gain were observed in sublethal doses.
Carbohydrates (36.6%), Calcium, Phenol, Ascorbic acid, and Methyl
Octadecenoate (30%) recorded the highest constituents.
Conclusion: Consuming MO in the right doses is safe for body nourishment
and health promotion. The consumption of MO may alleviate malnutrition and
other related diseases, and dried leaves can be used as a food supplement since they have a low
genotoxic effect when an appropriate dose or quantity is taken. Future studies
are necessary to move from animal models to human trials and to improve the
preparation of the extract from raw crude to a more refined and palatable form for
easy human consumption.
... Qualitative phytochemical screening, using the method of Trease and Evans, 1987 [12], was carried out on the dried plant samples to determine the presence of phytochemicals in the ethanol extract of R. australis. ...
Aim: This study seeks to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of the ethanol extract of the pulp of Raphia australis when tested in adult male mice, and to identify some of the anxiolytic secondary metabolites present in the plant’s pulp extract. Methodology: Phytochemical screening was carried out to determine the various classes of secondary metabolites present in the ethanol extract of R. australis. Both column chromatography and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) were utilized to identify the bioactive compounds present in the ethanol extract of the pulp of Raphia australis. The extract was further subjected to Novelty Induced behaviour and anxiolytic tests using 4 groups of mice for each experiment comprising 5 mice in each group (n=5). Group one was administered normal saline (0.09% w/v NaCl. p.o) while 2 and 3 were administered 500 mgKg-1 and 1000 mgKg-1 (p.o) of ethanol extract of Raphia australis respectively. Group four was administered 2 mgKg-1, (p.o.) of diazepam (control). Results: The phytochemical screening result was positive for all the classes of secondary metabolites tested for. The LC-MS results revealed the presence of proanthocyanidin (m/z 577.1354), catechin (m/z 289.0704), epicatechin (m/z 289.0700), protocatechuic acid (m/z 153.0200), umbelliferon (m/z 353.0868) and quinic acid (m/z 191.0571). When mice were injected with Raphia australis extract at the doses of 500 mg Kg-1 and 1000 mgKg-1, statistically significant results were obtained for grooming (p>0.01), head dipping (p>0.01) and anxiolytic (p>0.05) tests. Conclusion: Raphia australis contains bioactive compounds which could be utilized for relief of stress and anxiety.
... 4. Clinical Relevance: The article could discuss the potential clinical applications of these findings, highlighting how these plants could be integrated into existing cancer treatment protocols or developed into new therapeutic agents (Trease and Evans, 1983 Pharmacognosy, as it relates to the study and use of medicinal plants, is a crucial field that bridges traditional herbal medicine and modern pharmaceutical science. The background of pharmacognosy provides vital insights into how this discipline is applied in researching cancer, particularly OSCC (Abad et al., 2013). ...
This study focuses on the pharmacognostic evaluation of medicinal plants with potential anticancer properties, specifically targeting Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). The research encompasses a comprehensive analysis of botanical characteristics, macroscopic and microscopic features, physicochemical parameters, and preliminary phytochemical screening of selected medicinal plants known for their traditional use in cancer treatment. The investigation aims to provide valuable insights into the pharmacognostic profile of these plants, laying the groundwork for future research and development of novel therapeutic agents against OSCC. This research undertakes a systematic pharmacognostic evaluation of medicinal plants recognized for their potential anticancer properties, specifically addressing Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). A diverse selection of these plants, esteemed for their traditional use in cancer management, undergoes a rigorous examination encompassing botanical characteristics, macroscopic and microscopic features, and physicochemical parameters. The study also includes a detailed preliminary phytochemical screening to identify bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic relevance against OSCC. By offering a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacognostic profile of these medicinal plants, this review contributes to the ongoing exploration of natural sources for developing novel and effective anticancer agents. The findings herein provide a valuable foundation for further investigations, fostering advancements in the field of oncopharmacognosy and the development of targeted therapeutics for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
... Fenugreek is an annual legume, diploid (2n = 16) plant (Ahmad et al., 1999) with no aneuploidy (Petropoulos, 2002, Trease and Evans, 2002, Flammang et al., 2004. The stem is long cylindrical (30-60 cm long) and pinkish in color; whereas its roots are massive finger like structures (Basu, S.K., 2006, Mehrafarin et al., 2011, Moradi kor and Moradi, 2013). ...
The role of Medicinal plant in food processing is an emerging subject. There is
a tremendous increase in popularity of medicinal plants in traditional medicine,
ethnomedicine, modern medicine and food processing sectors. Even after this
increased demand, supply is neither uniform nor assured as most of these plants are
collected from wild. Now a day, due to availability and awareness among health
conscious peoples the use of medicinal plants as a nutraceutical in food processing
areas increases because of their disease preventing ability.
This book is aimed to provide information about sustainable use of selected
medicinal plants, health benefits, their active ingredients and their use in preparation
of different types of food products.
Where these efforts will lead the medicinal plant research and future
perspective are discussed. The chapters are written by well recognised group leaders
working in the field. The book contains topics on medicinal plants, their sustainable
use, cultivation, domestication efforts and their role in food processing. A uniform
chapter structure has been designed to keep consistency. The book will be useful for
academicians, agriculturists, biotechnologists and researcher and industries involved
in manufacturing supplementary products.
This book helps to increase your knowledge about medicinal plants and the
latest developments in the use of plants and herbal dietary supplements for medicinal
purposes and to the best of our knowledge. The information provided is accurate at the
time of its publication. It is not intended as a medical manual and neither the authors
nor the publisher is engaged in rendering medical or other professional advice to the
individual reader.
... Qualitative tests were carried out on various seaweed's total alkaloids and chloroform fractions, using standard protocols for the detection of the major natural chemical groups such as alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins as described by Soforowa (1982), Trease (1996), and Harborne (1998). General reactions revealed the presence or absence of these compounds in the algal fractions tested. ...
The Atlantic coastline of El-Jadida, Morocco, is renowned for its plentiful algae, especially brown seaweed, which is rich in active compounds known for their antifungal properties. This valuable resource offers an exciting opportunity to tackle the numerous challenges posed by invasive fungal infections, allergies, mycotoxin-related food poisoning, and drug-resistant strains. Underscoring the urgent need to explore alternative, sustainable, and environmentally friendly antifungal agents derived from algae. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of total alkaloids and phenolic-rich fractions derived from seven species of Pheophyceae: Sargassum muticum, Sargassum vulgare, Bifurcaria bifurcata, Cystoseira tamariscifolia, Cystoseira humilis, Laminaria ochroleuca, and Fucus spiralis against four fungi: airborne toxigenic isolates of Aspergillus westerdijkiae and Chaetomium globosum as well as nosocomial opportunistic isolates of Aspergillus nidulans and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. The study also aimed to identify the most effective alga and its specific active compounds through LC–MS and GC–MS analysis. The invasive Sargassum muticum was chosen as the most potent alga in inhibiting the growth of mycelium. For the first time, the alkaloids palmatine and jatrorrhizine, along with caulerpin, have been identified. The chloroform fraction revealed the prevalence of phenolic compounds including, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phlorotannins. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), with a maximum fungal load of 10⁸ colony-forming unit (CFU), recorded ranged from 3.12 to 6.25 μg/mL by the phenolic-rich fraction against airborne toxigenic isolates, and from 100 to 200 μg/mL against nosocomial opportunistic isolates by the total alkaloids. In comparison, the positive control, ketoconazole, showed higher MICs and resistance against A. nidulans. The valorization of Sargassum muticum is proposed as a green strategy to preserve the ecological balance, combat antifungal resistance, and address public health challenges.
Graphical Abstract
... Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Extract Qualitative phytochemical screening for the presence of different secondary metabolites such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phytosterol, and reducing sugars was carried out using standard procedures [15,16]. ...
There is still high morbidity and mortality from malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria. Reports of the emergence of resistance to artemisinin combination therapy, will aggravate the situation. This study evaluated the in vivo antiplasmodial activities of aqueous and n- hexane fractions of Citrullus lanatus leaf extracts in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei. Median lethal-dose (LD50) of the extracts were determined using Lorke’s method. The antiplasmodial activity was investigated using three standard methods: a 4-day suppressive, curative and prophylactic tests. Tests groups were administered three graded doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) of the extracts. Chloroquine (5 mg/kg) and pyrimethamine (1.2 mg/kg) were used as positive controls while normal saline (10 mL/kg) was the negative control. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phytosterols, reducing sugars and phenolic compounds. The antimalarial activity of both fractions showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent reductions in parasitaemia compared to the negative control. For suppressive test, the aqueous and nhexane fractions of Citrullus lanatus at their highest doses (200 mg/kg), gave maximum of 90.95% & 74.07% chemo-suppression respectively comparable to 94.65% for chloroquine. For curative test, the aqueous fractions showed significant (p < 0.002) schizonticidal activity at all doses. The prophylactic effect of the n- hexane fraction showed significant reductions in parasitaemia (p < 0.05) at all doses. This result demonstrates that the leaf of Citrullus lanatus possesses significant antiplasmodial activity and is safe for the ethnomedicinal management of malaria.
... The extract was further concentrated under vacuum using a rotary vacuum evaporator (Buchi R-V120, Switzerland) at 40 ℃. The obtained crude extract was weighed and stored at 4 ℃ for further analysis [31]. ...
... Chemical tests were carried out on the methanol crude extract of Lawsonia inermis using standard procedures according to Trease and Evans [10] and Harborne [11] with some modifications to identify the constituents. ...
Lawsonia inermis is used for the treatment of several ailments such as rheumatoid arthritis, diarrhoea and skin diseases. The design of this study focused on the determination of the antibacterial potential and rate of killing of some bacterial isolates by methanol leaf extract of Lawsonia inermis. Agar-well diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the extract obtained against a panel of bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), phytochemical and rate of killing of some bacterial isolates by the leaf extract were also studied. The presence of saponins, phytosterol, phenol, Original Research Article Olasunkanmi et al.; AJRIMPS, 1(2): 1-9, 2017; Article no.AJRIMPS.35195 2 flavonoids, glycosides and alkaloids was revealed by phytochemical analysis. Appreciable antibacterial activity by the extract at a final concentration of 35 mg/mL was observed against all the bacterial strains used for this study. The mean diameter of zones of inhibition exhibited by the extract ranged between 9.0±1.0 mm-17.3±0.6 mm while conventional ampicillin and streptomycin diameter of zones of inhibition ranged from 16.0±0.0 mm-28.3±0.7 mm and 13.0±0.0 mm-26.3±0.6 mm respectively. The MIC exhibited by the extract against susceptible test organisms ranged between 0.27 mg/mL-4.375 mg/mL while MBC ranged between 0.55 mg/mL and 8.75 mg/mL. The time kill assay showed that the percentage of the cells killed increased with increasing concentrations of the extract, as well as, contact time intervals. In conclusion, the methanol leaf extract of L. inermis contains various phytochemicals which accounted for the appreciable antibacterial activity exhibited against some of the bacterial strains used in this study and thus supports its usefulness as a potential source of antibacterial agents.
... With slight modification in the procedures described by [24] , methanol and fraction extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis to test for the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, steroids, glycosids and anthraquinones. ...
Malaria caused by Plasmodium species is a global health concern particularly in the Sub-Saharan Africa where 90% of cases occur. Recently, fight against malaria has been greatly challenged due to emergent resistant strains of Plasmodium parasites and toxicities associated with currently available anti-malarial drugs in humans. Based on the preponderance of evidence available, plants have been documented as promising source of new therapies against many diseases including malaria. Piper guineense is claimed to be among the plants used in tradomedicine for treatment of malaria. Previous studies have reported the antiplasmodial activity of Piper guineense leaf. This study was designed to isolate and structurally elucidate by GC-MS analysis, the antiplasmodial principle(s) of methanol extract of Piper guineense leaf. This was done through the process of bioassay-guided fractionation in addition to antiplasmodial activity screening using suppressive and curative tests, and then analyzing the isolated principle using GC-MS technique. Results show that Piper guineense leaf extracts produced significant (p<0.05) reduction of parasitemia level both in the early and established infections. GC-MS analysis identified a sterol, sitosterol (chemical formula: C 29 H 50 O; molecular mass: 414.386; retention time: 27.659 minutes) as the bioactive principle. The findings of this study therefore, further confirm the tradomedicinal claim on Piper guineense Onwudiwe et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences as a remedy for malaria, and also indicate that sitosterol is responsible for antiplasmodial activity of the plant. Further studies may be needed to confirm these findings.
... These features cannot be easily studied by general microscopy, thus making quantitative microscopy an important tool in the evaluation of medicinal plants (Kumar and Doble, 2011). These features can be used to easily to differentiate the desired medicinal plant from other closely related species for example, the stomatal index of any given species is always constant regardless of the age of the leaf (Evans, 2009), many plant species show constant values for veinlet termination and vein islet numbers (Trease and Evans, 1996), many plants exhibit a constant palisade ratio irrespective of their geographical location; therefore, this feature may be of significance in obtaining general subjective information for the authentication of a plant (Mukherjee, 2002). ...
... Tests for the active compounds: alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carotenes and tannins, in aqueous extracts were conducted using standard procedures described by Sofowora (1993), Trease and Evans (1983). ...
A study was conducted on the impact of edaphic factors on the phytochemicals of Tridax procumbens L. and their ability to inhibit the growth of three Aspergillus spp. (A. fumigatus, A. flavus and A. niger). Plants and their habitat soils were collected from five different locations: L1-L5 at the University of Lagos. Variations were observed in the soil pH, soil moisture content, soil profile and soil texture. Using the American soil texture standard triangle, L1-L5 had the following soil textures: silt-clay-loam (L1), silt-loam (L2), silt-loam (L3), clay-loam (L4) and silt-loam (L5). Though locations L2, L3 and L5 were classified as silt-loam, L5 soil had higher silt content and lower clay content (60 % and 10 % respectively). Location L5 soil was also slightly more acidic (pH 6.34) and drier (1.9% moisture content) than the other soils. Silt-loam locations produced Tridax plants with the highest-1-1 concentrations of phytochemicals (0.240 mg/g carotene and 0.0607 mg/g flavonoids by L3 plants and 0.0897-1 mg g tannins by L5 plants). All the aqueous extracts of plants from the five locations, were observed to inhibit the growth of the three Aspergillus spp that cause aspergillosis but L5 plant extract which had the highest tannin content, induced the highest growth inhibition. The zone of inhibition exhibited by the plant extract from location L5 was higher than that exhibited by antimycotic drug which served as positive control. This research reveals that the best soil type for growing Tridax procumbens L. for the highest concentrations of phytochemicals and the most effective antifungal activity is silt-loam with low clay and high silt contents, a pH of 6.34 and moisture content of 1.9 % in the dry season.
... In addition, tannins have the ability to heal and reduce inflammation when applied to the injured area. This highlights the use of tannincontaining plants in the compressing of cuts and wounds, hemorrhoids and varicose veins, as well as in medicines for diarrhea, catarrh, heavy menstruation, inflammatory disorders and gastro intestinal tract infection [30]. It is possible that increased polymerization of preexisting polyphenolic compounds accounts for the enhanced tannin content in V. subramanii ethanol and hot water extracts ( Table 2). ...
... The survival rate (SR) and Fulton condition factor (FCF) were equally determined. As described by Workagegn et al. (2013), the following formulas were used in calculating the values for these parameters - 2. Phytochemical Screening: Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed on the samples using standard methods as described by Trease and Evans (1989); Sofowora (1993) to test for the following bio-active constituents saponins, phenols, tannins, glycosides, oxalic acids, alkaloids and flavonoids. ...
Agriculture and Food Science Book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to publish their experiences and research results on all aspects of Agriculture and Food Science. It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Agriculture and Food Science. High quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Agriculture and Food Science are cordially invited for publication.
... The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening for the presence of metabolites such as terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Quantitative analysis of major secondary metabolites of Rhamnus prinoides was carried out using the standard methods (Roopashree et al., 2008;Trease and Evans, 1996). ...
Rhamnus prinoides has an impressive range of medicinal uses with high nutritional value. It is considered a natural product and environmentally friendly material. The objective of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of methanolic and aqueous stem bark and fruit extracts against human bacterial and fungal pathogens. The result showed that the qualitative phytochemical analysis of the stem bark of R. Prinoides revealed the presence of a maximum number of secondary metabolites. UV and FTIR analysis showed the presence of different organic constituents with functional groups of hydroxyl group, C=O, and C-O. The presence of these groups is responsible for the broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. Antibacterial activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of R. prinoides (stem bark) against B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, E. coli, S. flexneri, and S. typhi, revealed inhibition zone diameter ranging from 22.17-24.67 mm and 14-28 mm, respectively at 200 µg/ml concentration, compared to a positive control Cipro (25µg) ranged from 22.67-27.80 mm. Similarly, it was reported that the methanol and aqueous extracts of R. prinoides (fruit)showed at the range of 20-22 mm and 10-16, respectively at 200 µg/ml concentration, compared to a positive control Cipro (25µg) ranged from 22.17-24.17 mm. The antifungal activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of R. prinoides (stem bark) against A. flavus and C. Albicans revealed inhibition zone ranging from 14-19 mm and 13-15 mm, respectively at 200 µg/ml concentration, compared to a positive control Nystatin ranged from 18.3-21 mm. antifungal activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of R. prinoides (stem bark) against A. flavus and C. Albicans, revealed inhibition zone ranging from 14-19 mm and 13-15 mm, respectively at 200 µg/ml concentration, compared to a positive control Nystatin ranged from 18.3-21 mm. Therefore, ethanol extract of R. prinoides have the most active antibacterial components than antifungal.
... The quantitative determinations of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, and anthraquinones were conducted by standard assays described by Trease and Evans (2002). ...
A study on the phytochemical profile, proximate composition, and antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata leaf extract was carried out. The extract (300g) was obtained by extraction in ethanol at 400ml and was evaluated for antimicrobial activity for seven (7) weeks against fifteen (15) microbial species by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) based on the mean diameter zone of inhibition around the disc in millimeters. The ethanolic extract was analyzed for quantitative and qualitative composition of phytochemical profiling. The qualitative screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, and glycosides while saponins and anthraquinones were not detected. The quantitative composition of the extract was; alkaloids (1.17±0.19), terpenes (11.48±0.36), tannins (4.73±0.13), flavonoids (0.73±0.00), cardiac glycosides (0.50±0.05) and glycosides (89.48±0.73). The proximate composition showed that carbohydrates and proteins were the most abundant followed by crude fiber and moisture content. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested against, Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus sp, Enterobacter sp, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces sp, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus sp, Citrobacter sp, Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Candida sp and Fusarium sp through the measurement of zone of inhibition, the extract exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria under investigation with diameter of inhibition greater than 1 mm. A similar observation was recorded for the fungi species. The study has demonstrated that Andrographis paniculata leaf extract exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against some selected food spoilage organisms and in bread.
... The MOLE was tested using the standard methods of Trease and Evans (1989) for the presence of several phytochemicals (alkaloid, saponin, glycoside, flavonoid, phenol, tannin, and steroid). min; Rate of 0 • C/min. ...
... The plant extract was screened for the presence of secondary plant metabolites using methods described earlier [29,37]. ...
... Preliminary phytochemical screening for the active constituents of the plant was carried out on the ethanolic extract using the methods described by Tease and Evans [23]. ...
present work comprises a preliminary phytochemical analysis and toxicological evaluation of the ethanolic extract of the dry leaves of the tropical medicinal plant Ximenia americana in albino Wistar rats. The results of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, triterpenes and alkaloids. The repeated oral administration of the ethanolic extract at dose rates of 100, 200 and 400 mg / kg body weight did not produce detectable clinical changes or significant gross or histopathological alterations in experimental rats when the extract was daily given for three weeks. There were no significant changes in hematological parameters including Hb concentration, PCV, RBCs count, MCH, MCHC and PLT count when the ethanolic extract was given at 100 and 200mg /kg body weight. However, a significant increase in RBCs count and other red blood indices was observed when the extract was given at 400 mg/kg body weight. In addition, the plasma biochemical parameters including total plasma protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, creatinine and the plasma enzyme activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase were not significantly affected in experimental rats receiving the ethanolic extract at 100, 200 and 400 mg /kg body weight. The mean body weight was significantly increased in experimental rats receiving 100 mg/kg body weight of the ethanolic extract for three weeks. However, a decrease in mean body weight was observed when the extract was given at 400 mg/kg. It is concluded that the tropical medicinal plant X.americana has an almost negligible adverse effect on rats and therefore could safely be used in folk medicine for treatment of various type of infectious and neoplastic diseases. Keywords: traditional (folk) medicine; medicinal plants; ximenia americana; sudan
... To assess the phytochemical elements of AILEE (phenolics, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, resins, and glycosides) qualitatively, a standard methodology (Trease and Evans 1989) was applied. ...
Bacterial pathogens cause high fish mortalities and in turn economic losses in fish farms. Innovative strategies should be applied to control bacterial infections instead of antibiotics to avoid the resistance problem. Consequently, the present investigation studied the curative potential of Azadirachta indica leave ethanolic extract (AILEE) on Aeromonas veronii infection in Oreochromis niloticus. A preliminary trial was assessed to evaluate the curative dose of AILEE which was found to be 2.5 mg/L. One hundred and sixty fish were divided into equal four groups in four replications, where group 1 and group 2 were non-challenged and treated with 0- and 2.5-mg/L AILEE, respectively. Group 3 and group 4 were challenged with A. veronii and treated with 0- and 2.5-mg/L AILEE, respectively for 10 days. A. veronii infection produced severe clinical manifestations and a high mortality rate in the infected fish. Furthermore, the infected fish exhibited a significant rise in the hepatorenal indices (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatinine), the oxidant biomarker (malondialdehyde), and the stress indicators (glucose and cortisol). A significant reduction in the protein profile and antioxidant/immune parameters (catalase, immunoglobulin M, lysozyme, nitric oxide, and phagocytic activity) was observed in the infected fish. Water application of the infected group to 2.5-mg/L AILEE notably ameliorated the hepatorenal indices, the oxidant biomarker, and the stress indicators. Furthermore, AILEE improved the antioxidant/immune indices. Water application of 2.5-mg/L AILEE could be useful against A. veronii infection in O. niloticus culture.
... The individual solutions were observed under normal daylight and UV (254 and 365 nm) light for their characteristic colors and compared with the standard color chart. [11,14] Physicochemical analysis each were soaked in the respective solvents (100 mL) with occasional shaking for up to 6 h, followed by keeping the mixture overnight at room temperature. The extracts were subsequently concentrated in a hot water bath to constant weights, and the extractive values were calculated. ...
... The individual solutions were observed under normal daylight and UV (254 and 365 nm) light for their characteristic colors and compared with the standard color chart. [11,14] Physicochemical analysis each were soaked in the respective solvents (100 mL) with occasional shaking for up to 6 h, followed by keeping the mixture overnight at room temperature. The extracts were subsequently concentrated in a hot water bath to constant weights, and the extractive values were calculated. ...
... The individual solutions were observed under normal daylight and UV (254 and 365 nm) light for their characteristic colors and compared with the standard color chart. [11,14] Physicochemical analysis each were soaked in the respective solvents (100 mL) with occasional shaking for up to 6 h, followed by keeping the mixture overnight at room temperature. The extracts were subsequently concentrated in a hot water bath to constant weights, and the extractive values were calculated. ...
Background
Papaya ( Carica papaya L., Caricaceae family) is a very popular plant in India (second largest papaya-producing country). The case fatality of severe dengue in Asian countries is around 0.5%–3.5%. The manifestations of this disease is wide, ranging from asymptomatic or mild infection through varying degrees of thrombocytopenia and vascular leakage i.e. typical dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) to severe shock syndrome and multi-organ failure. In Ayurveda, it was claimed that traditionally, fresh tender papaya leaves and matured seeds were being used in DHF to prevent dengue shock syndrome, particularly in thrombocytopenia cases due to any cause of the platelet count. In the present study the authors aimed to develop quality assurance profiles to standardize naturally available fresh leaves and matured seed of papaya for human use.
Methods
The fresh, healthy leaves and mature seeds of ripe fruit of the C. papaya plantwere collected from local surroundings for the purpose of the study. The pharmacognostical (viz. Macroscopy, organoleptic study, transverse section and powder drug analysis) and chemical standards were developed using sophisticated analytical techniques viz. phytochemical or high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and physicochemical study. The pharmacognostic parameters and chemical profiling have provided valuable information as the quality standard and tool of identification of mentioned plant parts.
Results
Macroscopically the leaf is glabrous having milky latex, without any hair on surface, the seed is mucilaginous with warty surface. Microscopically presence of collateral closed type vascular bundles, anomocytic stomata and both prismatic and cluster crystals in leaf and highly lignified characteristic mesotesta in seed arranged in double plane. The leaves contains carpain, pseudocarpain and dehydrocarpain I & II etc. and seeds contain fatty acids, crude proteins, crude fibre, papaya oil etc.
Conclusion
The pharmacognostical study and phytochemical HPTLC study of mentioned plant parts revealed specific histological and chemical characteristics of the plants for proper identification and authentication.
... Aegle marmelos has been used from time immemorial in traditional systems of medicine for relieving constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, peptic ulcer, and respiratory infections [15]. Several studies on different parts of Aegle marmelos showed that the plant possesses antidiarrhoeal [16], antidiabetic [17], anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic [18], anticancer [19], radioprotective [20], and antimicrobial activities [21]- [22]. Limited information is available regarding the antimicrobial activity of Aegle marmelos leaves; therefore, the present study is carried out to investigate the antimicrobial activity of serial extracts from leaves of Aegle marmelos against various bacterial and fungal species. ...
... The WPE's qualitative phytochemical components, including its flavonoids, phenols, terpenes, steroids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and tannins, were evaluated using Trease and Evans' standard methodology (Trease and Evans 1989). ...
... Phytochemical analysis Chemical tests was carried for preliminary phytochemical screening of palm fruit using standard procedure by Sofowora [12], Trease and Evans [13] and Barbone [14]. ...
Protective activity on biochemical parameters and possible mechanisms of action of palm oil extracts were investigated in orally Dichlorvos poisoned rats and the efficacy of treatments in the poisoned rats. The safety profile of the extracts was evaluated via acute toxicity studies which was done in two phases. To screen for phytochemicals, present in this extract. This study was carried out in Pharmacy and KIUTH laboratories, Kampala International University, Uganda. Wistar rats of both sexes, weighing 85g and above were used for the study. Selection of rats was done by simple random sampling. At the end of the administration, plasma biochemical parameters were measured as indices of organ toxicity. The red palm oil used in treatment of Dichlorvos poisoned rats caused a reduction in concentration of some of the biochemical parameters of the rats when given simultaneously compared to the kernel oil combinations. Administration of palm oil does not have prophylactic effect against the poison. However, it does seem to have similar protective effects against oxidative stress with ascorbic acid. In summary the administration of palm oil seemed to have limited ameliorative role against Dichlorvos poisoning in rats. Keywords: Dichlorvos, palm oil, palm kernel oil, rats, acute toxicity, oxidative stress.
... The chemical composition of the essential oil of C. citratus varies according to the geographical origin. The compounds as hydrocarbon terpenes, alcohols, ketones, esters and mainly aldehydes have been registered (Abagez et al., 1983;Trease, 1996). The essential oil mainly consists citral (Ming et al., 1996). ...
... Phytochemical analysis Chemical tests was carried for preliminary phytochemical screening of palm fruit using standard procedure by Sofowora [12], Trease and Evans [13] and Barbone [14]. ...
Protective activity on biochemical parameters and possible mechanisms of action of palm oil extracts were investigated in orally Dichlorvos poisoned rats and the efficacy of treatments in the poisoned rats. The safety profile of the extracts was evaluated via acute toxicity studies which was done in two phases. To screen for phytochemicals, present in this extract. This study was carried out in Pharmacy and KIUTH laboratories, Kampala International University, Uganda. Wistar rats of both sexes, weighing 85g and above were used for the study. Selection of rats was done by simple random sampling. At the end of the administration, plasma biochemical parameters were measured as indices of organ toxicity. The red palm oil used in treatment of Dichlorvos poisoned rats caused a reduction in concentration of some of the biochemical parameters of the rats when given simultaneously compared to the kernel oil combinations. Administration of palm oil does not have prophylactic effect against the poison. However, it does seem to have similar protective effects against oxidative stress with ascorbic acid. In summary the administration of palm oil seemed to have limited ameliorative role against Dichlorvos poisoning in rats.
... In terms of the possible applications of medications and nutraceuticals, tannins are important. By blocking important enzymes involved in microbial metabolism, tannins inhibit the growth of bacteria and are an excellent source of antioxidants [53,54] . Steroids play vital role in pharmacognosy and pharmaceutical sector which used in enhancement of Gluconeogenesis, enhanced lipolysis, antiinflammatory and enhance catabolism also [55] . ...
Holarrhena antidysenterica is an important medicinal plant in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The present study aimed to screen secondary metabolites qualitatively and quantitively and to develop chemical fingerprint profiles of stem bark of the target species. The phytochemical screening findings revealed that the methanolic extract of stem bark contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids. HPTLC fingerprint profiles were developed which were specific to the mobile phase Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Diethylamine (6.5:2.5:1 v/v/v) and Rf values. The fingerprints are a valuable tool for quality assurance since these can be used as biochemical markers to differentiate between authentic drugs and adulterants.
Aim and Objectives: The world-threatening increases of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus and their pressure on insulin and other drugs led to the continued search for non-conventional drugs as remedy particularly in countries with reduced economic growth. Therefore, the traditional use of Tithonia diversifolia leaves as an antidiabetic medicinal plant was investigated for its documentation into a data bank for further technological development and enhancement of its antidiabetic capacities to meet the challenges of diabetes mellitus on animal and human population. Design and Methods: Eighteen (18) adult Wistar rats of both sexes, were placed at random into four groups and treated as follows: Group 1: Non-diabetic rats (ND) dosed orally with normal saline at 2 ml/kg.bd.wt. (n=3) served as normal control; Group 2: Diabetic rats that were left untreated (DU) (n=4) served as negative control; Group 3: Diabetic rats orally administered with crude ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus leicarpus stem bark as standard, (DEEAlSB) at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg.bd.wt. daily, (n=6), served as positive control; Group 4: Diabetic rats orally administered with crude ethanolic extracts of Tithonia diversifolia leaves (DEETdL) at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg.bd.wt. daily, (n=5). Administrations commenced immediately hyperglycaemia occurred in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats and when hyperglycaemia subsided in the diabetic rats, administrations were withdrawn. Random blood glucose (RBG) values were monitored post withdrawal of administrations. Google search, National Institute of Health, Research Direct, Research Gate and Library search for peer review articles, were utilized for the study. Results: Alkaloids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and terpenoids phytochemicals/phytconstituents are presented in the ethanolic extracts of T. diversifolia leaves, while saponins and anthraquinones are absent. Of these ten phytochemicals, only atraquinones were absent in the standard, crude ethanolic extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark, applied in the current study. RBG values in normal control, ND (group 1) ranged between 92 and 129 mg/dl during the study; diabetic untreated rats, negative control. DU (group 2) and diabetic rats, orally administered the test sample, crude ethanolic extracts of T. diversifolia leaves, DEETdL, (group 4) developed an overwhelming hyperglycaemia one day post induction of diabetes, except one rat in the latter group 4, which developed hyperglycaemia three days post induction of diabetes. Group 3 diabetic rats assigned for treatment with the standard, crude ethanolic extracts of A. leiocarpus stem bark, DEEAlSB developed hyperglycaemia eight days post induction of diabetes, a delay that was ascribed to an observed enlarged body mass index (BMI), although one rat was overwhelmingly hypoglycaemic. Diabetic untreated rats died from an overwhelming hyperglycaemia, by day 4 post induction of diabetes. Oral administration of the standard, as from eight days post induction, revealed its effectiveness and efficacy in treating diabetes mellitus as from four days and completely effective on seven, nine and eleven days post treatment of diabetes, which led to the withdrawal of standard on eleven days post administration. The diabetic rats administered the test sample, crude ethanolic extracts of T. diversifolia leaves, one day post induction of diabetes, responded very slowly, displaying some levels of effectiveness five, six twelve, fourteen and sixteen days post treatment with reversals in between, which led to its withdrawal eighteen days post administration. Conclusion: Post withdrawal of administration of standard revealed maintenance of normoglycaemia for sixteen days; while with the test sample, ethanolic extracts of T. diversifolia leaves, moderate hyperglycaemia existed for sixteen days post withdrawal, suggestive of continuous daily usage of T. diversifolia leaves as an antidiabetic remedy.
The proximate and phytochemical analysis of leaves of Anthocleista vogelii was studied. The phytochemical screening indicated qualitatively the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, reducing sugars, and the absence of phlobatanins, anthranoids. The results from the proximate composition indicate that the leaves contained some important nutrients such as Carbohydrate 52.50±0.60, Fatty acid 4.40±0.11, Fibre content 17.30±0.22 and Protein content 17.30±0.11. The presence of the phytoconstituents in Anthocleista vogelii shows that the plant contains essential nutrients, hence, it can be viewed as a potential component for the production of drugs
Plant have benefited as an alternative medicine in treatment and prevention of diseases. Medicinal plants like Datura stramonium are assessed for phytochemical components and anti microbial activity. Plants have important medicinal components like tropane, alkaloids, amino acids, tannins, carbohydrate. The components phyto chemicals are used to cure different human diseases like skin disorder, ear pain, cough, fever, burns and asthma. In the present study the experiments were performed on phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity on leaves of Datura stramonium using various specific extracts like petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and water, crude extract to indicate the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, etc. Mostly antimicrobial activity was studied by Disc diffusion method. In antimicrobial activity, extracts were found active against pathogens like Bacillus azotoformans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pasteurii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Background: Stress during pregnancy significantly impacts offspring early physiological programming. Herbal remedies are frequently used by pregnant women to enhance their wellbeing. Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract (MoLE) is believed to have both anti-stress and antioxidant properties which can act as a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) that regulate activities of estrogen, and can have different effects on different tissues. Goal of this study is to compile information on molecular docking analysis of phytochemicals found in MoLE targeting Estrogen Receptor-alpha (ER-α) and assess effects of MoLE administration on dam's and fetal brain tissues and placenta, during gestational stress. Methods: Phytochemical study of MoLE was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecular docking technique was employed to predict aspects of interaction and binding affinities energy of bioactive phytocompounds in protein site of ER-α using autodock tools. 30 apparently healthy pregnant Albino-Wistar rats were randomly placed into 6 groups of 5 rats per group and exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Stress (CUS) protocol for two weeks, as follows: Group I (water and normal rat chow ad libitum), Group II (CUS protocol only), Group III (5 mg/kg body weight/day of MoLE), Group IV (10 mg/kg body weight/day of MoLE), Group V (CUS protocol +5 mg/kg body weight/day of MoLE), Group VI (CUS protocol +10 mg/kg body weight/ day of MoLE). Results: This study found that 1-Propanol, 3,3'-oxy bis- and 1, 2, 3-Trimethyldiazir-idine are most potent ligands for ER-α among all 41 compounds. Photomicrograph examination of tissues from stressed rats showed mild to severe alterations in histology. Consumption of MoLE during chronic stress showed mild to moderate protective effects. Conclusion: These findings suggest that 1-Propanol, 3,3'-oxy bis- and 1, 2, 3-Trimethy-ldiaziridine can be further investigated for development of novel therapeutics.
Curcuma longa of ginger family (zingiberaceae) belongs to group of oldest cultivated spice plant in the southEast Asian countries. In present work the qualitative phytochemical from curcuma longa has been analyzed by adapting standard methods. The phytochemical analysis includes alkaloid, saponin, emodins, proteins, amino acids, flavonoid, steroid, tannin, phenol, chalcone, carbohydrates, cardiac glycoside, phlobatannin and leucoanthocyanin. More number of secondary metabolites were present in ethanol extract whereas least number of secondary metabolites in aqueous extract. The extraction was done by using Soxhlet apparatus. We also determine various physicochemical tests which includes extractable matter, ash content and loss on drying. The characterization was performed using the thin-layer chromatographic method, which revealed four clear spots with distinct Rf values, indicating the presence of pure compounds Index Terms-Curcuma Longa Linn, Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis and Physicochemical Screening.
Citation: Ibrahim, O.H.M.; Mousa, M.A.A.; Asiry, K.A.; Alhakamy, N.A.; Abo-Elyousr, K.A.M. Azadirachta
Barleria prionitis, depending on the Acanthaceae family, a significant medicinal plant. To keep the feet from cracking during the monsoon season, the juice from the leaves is rubbed onto them. The current study's objectives were to assess the antioxidant, antibacterial properties of methanol extract of B. prionitis leaves to identify active compounds using GC-MS. Antioxidant activity was measured using the reduction test and by radical scavenging assay. The well permeation technique was employed to assess antibacterial activity. Antihemolytic activity was determined using the heat-induced hemolysis assay technique. For the GCMS analysis, the HP-5 column was utilised. The DPPH radical scavenging IC50, ABTS + radical cation scavenging IC50, superoxide radical scavenging IC50 of the B. prionitis methanol leaf extract were all 221.68 g/mL, 4.28 g/mL, and 86.88 g/mL, respectively. The RC50 of phosphomolybdenum reduction for the methanol leaves extract of B. prionitis was 44.31 g/L, but the RC50 of Fe3+ reduction 151.88 g/mL concentration. Value of IC50 for antihemolytic action was 91.98 g/mL. A maximal inhibition zone of 20 mm for Staphylococcus aureus was observed at a dosage of 500 g/mL, according to the antibacterial activity. With the aid of GCMS analysis, the antibacterial compound c-terpinen and antioxidant compounds including flavone, 3,4-dihydro-2-phenyl, and 6-methoxyflavone were obtained. The results indicated that there is strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity of B.prionitis leaves. The GCMS-identified flavone molecules might be in charge of antioxidant function. To isolate effective molecules to treat diseases, more research is required.
Aims
The study aimed to develop pharmaceutical nutraceutical capsules containing extracts from sunflower seeds to treat anemia and associated diseases. Sunflower seed extract (SFSE) was obtained from Helianthus annuus L, and the phytochemicals, antioxidant vitamins and mineral compositions were evaluated.
Methods
Pharmaceutics evaluations were analyzed using the dried extracts to determine their flowability. The extracts were further formulated into capsule dosage forms and evaluated. The phytochemical screening of sunflower seed extract and powdered crude indicated the presence of tannin, flavonoid, phenol, saponins, phytate, oxalate, alkaloids and steroids. The quantitative phytochemical composition of sunflower seed extract revealed a high alkaloid content of 11.80 ± 0.02 %, steroid composition of 2.80 ± 0.01% and a phenolic compound of 0.02 ± 0.00 %. SFSE also showed different amounts of antioxidants, vitamins A, C, and E. Vitamin C (1924.20 μg/mg) was significantly the highest (p<0.05), followed by vitamin E (42.01±1.02 μg/mg), and the least was vitamin A (18.01μg/mg). The micromeritics studies of the dried powdered extract revealed an excellent flow. The extracts were adequately formulated in capsules using hard-shell gelatin capsules in combination with compatible pharmaceutical-grade excipients. The uniformi-ty of capsule weight showed an average weight of 488 mg ± 0.7377% and 492 mg ± 0.3252%.
Results
The data obtained from the extracts' content analysis showed that the extracts and all their constituents were neither affected by formulation procedures nor excipients. Hence, they exhibited an average content of 98 ± 0.07 %. Zinc, iron, copper, manganese, and selenium in sunflower seeds could provide antioxidants, which can safely interact with free radicals and ter-minate the chain reaction, improving health status and the blood's red blood cell composition.
Conclusion
SFSE capsules were stable and could be used to mask the taste and odor of this ex-tract to enhance patient compliance.
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