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Energy Drink Consumption: Beneficial and Adverse Health Effects
Abstract
Consumption of energy drinks has been increasing dramatically in the last two decades, particularly amongst adolescents and young adults. Energy drinks are aggressively marketed with the claim that these products give an energy boost to improve physical and cognitive performance. However, studies supporting these claims are limited. In fact, several adverse health effects have been related to energy drink; this has raised the question of whether these beverages are safe. This review was carried out to identify and discuss the published articles that examined the beneficial and adverse health effects related to energy drink. It is concluded that although energy drink may have beneficial effects on physical performance, these products also have possible detrimental health consequences. Marketing of energy drinks should be limited or forbidden until independent research confirms their safety, particularly among adolescents.
... Subsequently, the market for these beverages spread worldwide, with a significant surge in popularity after the introduction of novel products in 1997. In the past two decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the consumption of energy drinks, particularly among teenagers and young adults [117]. The average annual growth rate of energy drink sales was 55% from 2002 to 2006 [116]. ...
... Two-thirds of energy drink consumers are between 13 and 35 years old. In the US, energy drinks are currently the second most common dietary supplement young people use [117]. Authors Nadeem et al. (2021) report the most frequently used energy drinks [119]. ...
... Energy drinks are formulated to improve physical and mental stimulation through a combination of stimulants and energy boosters. Consuming energy drinks can increase alertness, attention, and energy, improve memory, and elevate mood [117,119], but on the other hand, they can also increase blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing [119]. Many studies have investigated the influence of energy drinks on sports performance. ...
Caffeine is among the most commonly used and consumed stimulants worldwide. It is a naturally occurring stimulant mainly found in coffee and tea. It is also present in sweetened beverages, which are very popular among young people. Recently, the consumption of energy drinks has been increasing, which are other examples of drinks containing caffeine. Is caffeine beneficial or harmful to human health? Due to its antioxidative properties, it has become attractive for many scientific studies. Caffeine consumption can have both positive and negative effects on the human body; it affects the activity of the digestive and respiratory systems, the function of the urinary tract, and the function of the central nervous system. Caffeine is a psychostimulant. It increases brain activity and alertness, reducing the perception of fatigue. Many people consume beverages containing caffeine to experience these effects, which can help them stay awake and focused. However, high consumption may not be beneficial to health; it is also associated with increased headaches and insomnia. The effects of caffeine on the body depend on its dosage, the type of drink consumed, and individual variability. It is also essential to know its effect on the body during pregnancy. This review discusses the latest knowledge about caffeine’s positive and negative impacts on the human body, as nowadays, more and more people, especially younger people, reach for energy drinks.
... From a caffeine perspective, EDs are presumably safe, assuming total daily intake stays below the ACOG recommendation. The average ED contains 80-150 mg of caffeine per 8 ounces [136]. However, it is essential to note that most EDs contain other ingredients that may be contraindicated for pregnancy. ...
... The primary active compound in most EDs is caffeine, the effects of which have been widely discussed in the literature. According to Alsunni et al. [136] doses exceeding 200 mg of caffeine can lead to symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, gastrointestinal disturbances, and restlessness. Prolonged high intake is linked to headaches and, in severe cases, psychiatric disorders induced by caffeine. ...
... In older adults (>35 years), ED consumption is linked to severe symptoms such as cardiovascular, renal [201], and metabolic syndrome, leading to hospitalization and mortality compared to young adults [136,165,200,202]. The increased prevalence of ED consumption in older adults necessitates further research to determine if the observed effects are unique to young adults or also present in older populations [203]. ...
Energy drinks are a commonly consumed beverage, and studies suggest a possible performance-enhancing effect. A Google Scholar search using the keywords “energy drinks” and “exercise” yields numerous results, underscoring the voluminous research on this topic. However, there are questions regarding the effectiveness and safety of energy drinks. These questions include, but are not limited to: (1) What are the main active ingredients in energy drinks? (2) Do energy drinks assist in weight management? (3) Do energy drinks enhance aerobic performance? (4) Do energy drinks enhance athletic speed? (5) Do energy drinks improve reaction time? (6) Do energy drinks enhance lean tissue mass? (7) Can energy drinks improve cognitive performance? (8) Does the acute consumption of energy drinks elevate resting energy expenditure? (9) Is there any evidence to suggest that energy drinks are more effective than an identical serving of caffeine alone? (10) Are there sex differences in the response to energy drink consumption? (11) Do energy drinks affect sleep or sleepiness? (12) Should pregnant women avoid energy drinks? (13) Do energy drinks adversely affect cardiovascular function? (14) Does consuming energy drinks cause brain damage? (15) What are other safety considerations regarding energy drinks? (16) Is there any evidence to suggest that energy drinks are more effective than an identical serving of caffeine alone? (17) If caffeine is the main active ingredient in energy drinks and coffee, why is there a discrepancy in the adverse events reported for each? To address these questions, we performed an evidence-based scientific evaluation of the literature on energy drink supplementation.
... For same reasons, a majority of drivers also consume a minimum of between seven to ten bottles of energy drinks every week (Saku, et al., 2020). As an energy booster to a drinker, the major stimulant in most energy drinks is caffeine (Alsunni, 2015). A study by Alsunni (2011) shows that each serving of energy drink sold in the market is made up of 80-150 mg of caffeine per 8 ounces, which is equivalent to 5 ounces of coffee or two 12-ounce cans of caffeinated soda. ...
... A study by Alsunni (2011) shows that each serving of energy drink sold in the market is made up of 80-150 mg of caffeine per 8 ounces, which is equivalent to 5 ounces of coffee or two 12-ounce cans of caffeinated soda. To further make energy drinks more acceptable to a vast majority of consumers, manufacturers enrich these products with glucose or other sweeteners to make them appealing and tasty (Alsunni, 2015;Alshar, 2017). Knowing that other members of the public do not subscribe to sugar in drinks, manufacturers have devised a means to produce energy drinks that can meet the taste of such a category of consumers (Creswell, 2023 ...
... This would further expose them to the risk of dependence, hypertension, Kidney failure, convulsion, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis and Liver disease (Breda, et al., 2014). Those who usually consume it after each meal, are at risk of obesity from increased blood glucose levels, and they would also be exceeding the recommended daily dose of caffeine which is 400mg per day (Alsunni, 2015). It has been recommended that energy drinks should only be consumed 10 -60 minutes before starting an exercise (Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 2024). ...
The use of energy drinks among people in the suburbs of Accra is increasing. There are several factors that are promoting their consumption and consumers have different attitudes towards their consumption. Intense public Health advocacy and education is needed to curtail the potential public health threats that energy drinks can impose on the already stressed health care delivery system.
... since the launch of Red Bull in 1987 (Zucconi et al., 2013). CED manufacturers have shifted their target consumers from athletes to young people (Alsunni, 2015). At universities in Cork, Ireland such as University College Cork and Munster Technological University, CEDs are sold on campus, with drinks such as Red Bull and Lucozade Alert occasionally given to students for free at the beginning of a new semester, and during exams. ...
... However, consuming CEDs with alcohol for social and partying reasons has become a major concern and is linked to the adverse side effects and negative outcomes associated with CED consumption such as irrational behaviour (Scuri et al., 2018). Individuals who consume high amounts of CEDs may exceed the recommended daily caffeine intake, leading to symptoms of caffeine intoxication such as anxiety and insomnia (Alsunni, 2015). The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of CED consumption among university students in Ireland and to determine reasons for consumption and any associated benefits or side effects. ...
... Caffeine has been reported to increase diuresis and natriuresis (sodium loss) which can often lead to dehydration, another side effect experienced by respondents. Sodium imbalances and dehydration during exercise may result in increased body temperature, heart rate, perceived rate of exertion and a reduction in the isometric force of skeletal muscles (Alsunni, 2015). High cortisol levels are also associated with caffeine consumption which would intensify psychological effects such as anxiety and stress (Jones and Fernyhough, 2009) Professionals believe disorders based on caffeine dependency are clinically important (Budney et al., 2013). ...
... They have become increasingly popular since the launch of Red Bull in 1987 (Zucconi et al., 2013). CED manufacturers have shifted their target consumers from athletes to young people (Alsunni, 2015). At universities in Cork, Ireland such as University College Cork and Munster Technological University, CEDs are sold on campus, with drinks such as Red Bull and Lucozade Alert occasionally given to students for free at the beginning of a new semester, and during exams. ...
... However, consuming CEDs with alcohol for social and partying reasons has become a major concern and is linked to the adverse side effects and negative outcomes associated with CED consumption such as irrational behaviour (Scuri et al., 2018). Individuals who consume high amounts of CEDs may exceed the recommended daily caffeine intake, leading to symptoms of caffeine intoxication such as anxiety and insomnia (Alsunni, 2015). The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of CED consumption among university students in Ireland and to determine reasons for consumption and any associated benefits or side effects. ...
... Caffeine has been reported to increase diuresis and natriuresis (sodium loss) which can often lead to dehydration, another side effect experienced by respondents. Sodium imbalances and dehydration during exercise may result in increased body temperature, heart rate, perceived rate of exertion and a reduction in the isometric force of skeletal muscles (Alsunni, 2015). High cortisol levels are also associated with caffeine consumption which would intensify psychological effects such as anxiety and stress (Jones and Fernyhough, 2009) Professionals believe disorders based on caffeine dependency are clinically important (Budney et al., 2013). ...
... Most energy drinks contain 80-150 mg of caffeine per serving similar to a cup of coffee [5]. Caffeine is a stimulant and in high amounts causes increased attention span, enhanced memory, and better mood [6]. Studies have even shown a negative association between cognitive decline and caffeine intake [7]. ...
... Energy drinks have the potential to cause harm due to their ingredients; arrhythmias, anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, caffeine toxicity, gastrointestinal upset, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity [6]. The need for creating awareness about these effects is paramount as the consumers are the young generation. 1 1 1 1 1 1 With the rise of popular energy drinks in the Indian market exceeding the recommended daily caffeine intake, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has implemented regulations on caffeinated beverages, capping the maximum permissible caffeine limit at 300 mg per liter [8]. ...
... Energy drinks are a group of caffeinated beverages containing added ingredients like taurine, vitamins, herbs and simple sugars [1][2][3] . Caffeine is the main active ingredient in energy drinks and different brands of these drinks contain caffeine ranging from 80-150 mg per 8oz serving 4 . There is rising popularity of consumption of energy drinks and its marketing is targeted towards youth. ...
... The most common reasons of consuming energy drinks are gaining extra energy, promoting attentiveness, counteracting sleepiness, increasing alertness while studying and driving, also for cognitive and mood enhancement 4,5 . ...
Objectives: To determine the frequency of use of energy drinks, to assess gender, residence and year of education difference with the usage of energy drinks and the perception of students about benefits of energy drinks consumption. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Wah Medical College (WMC), from Jan to Jun 2016. Material and Methods: The 369 students of WMC from all years of MBBS course were selected through convenient sampling technique. After obtaining verbal consent the data were collected using a self administered closed ended questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS version 19. Results: The frequency of consumption of energy drinks among students of WMC was 34%. Red bull was the most common (48%) brand used by them. Significant differences were found between usage of energy drinks with gender (<0.001), but insignificant difference with residence (0.06) and year of education (0.37). Out of 369 students, 310 (81.6%) students thought that energy drinks help them to stay awake longer and 73-75% were of the opinion that its use improved their concentration and mental performance. Conclusion: It was concluded that the consumption of energy drinks was high among medical students and most of them were male students. The most well-liked energy drink was Red bull and they believed that energy drinks helped them to stay awake longer, reduced tiredness and improve mental performance.
... Energy drinks or energy stimulants are ready-to-drink functional beverages, a new brand that is classified under bad habits along with alcohol, tobacco and drugs (1,2). Until recently, there was no specific definition of energy drinks, and they were seen as nonalcoholic drinks containing caffeine, vitamins and other substances designed to improve the performance of the body (3). Energy drinks appeared on the market in the last quarter of the twentieth century by an Austrian investor who decided after his visit to Asia to open his industrial production. ...
... Energy drinks are aggressively marketed with the claim that these products provide an energy boost to improve physical and cognitive performance. However, studies supporting these claims are limited (3). ...
Background: Milk is considered one of the most widely recognized natural nutritious drinks in the world due to its importance in growth and health. This study aimed to prepare new functional milk drink formulas rich in nutrients and natural energy sources. Methods: This experimental analytical study was conducted by the Faculty of Public Health, Aljemail, Libya. Four new milk drink formulas were prepared: Formula 1 (fresh cow milk, date honey, banana, matcha, peanut butter, and white oats), Formula 2 (fresh cow milk, date honey, avocado, dark chocolate, and whey protein), Formula 3 (fresh cow milk, date honey, ginger, banana , dark chocolate, peanut butter, and whey protein), and Formula 4 (fresh cow milk, date honey, avocado, ginger, matcha, and whey protein). These formulas were assessed for their chemical quality characteristics (carbohydrates, protein, fat, ash, moisture, pH, total acidity, and total soluble solids), energy content, and sensory evaluation. Results: The results of the chemical analysis revealed a significant increase in the average percentage of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and ash, particularly for Formula 3, which presented the highest values of carbohydrates, protein, and fat (22.01 ± 2.127%, 11.21 ± 0.030%, and 3.79 ± 0.061%, respectively). The study also demonstrated that the new milk formulas contained high levels of total energy, especially Formulas 1 and 3, which had energy content of 143.47 kcal and 184.13 kcal, respectively. Sensory evaluation revealed that the panelists preferred all formulas, with general ratings of "excellent" and "very good." Conclusion: This study confirmed that natural additives can increase nutritional value and energy content. It is recommended to include these new milk drink formulas in the diets of youth, adolescents , and athletes as a healthy alternative to energy drinks.
... The history of energy drinks dates back to the mid-20th century when the first attempts were made to create a non-alcoholic, stimulant beverage enriched with vitamins, serving as an alternative to the carbonated drinks with high sugar content available at that time. The pioneering product in this category was Dr. Enuf®, which debuted in the USA in 1949 [2]. The beverage quickly gained consumer recognition, initiating its mass production that continues to this day. ...
... The energy drinks available on the market vary significantly in terms of their composition (Tab. 1), [2]. The caffeine content in selected products available on the market is presented in Figure 1. ...
Introduction and objective:
The number of users of energy drinks and caffeine shots worldwide is very high and varies depending on the age group. In many countries, legislative measures have been taken to restrict access to these products for minors. The main ingredient in energy boosters is caffeine which is responsible for the stimulating properties of these products. Other substances, such as guarana, taurine, vitamins, and simple sugars, are also included in their composition. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of these products on the body, and their medical and forensic aspects.
Review methods:
A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and information from legal documents and product labels available on the market.
Brief description of the state of knowledge:
The use of high-caffeine products is associated with a negative impact on various systems in the human body, with cardiovascular issues being the most commonly observed. Based on available literature, it can be speculated that children are most vulnerable to the harmful effects of these substances. Another concern related to energy drinks and caffeine shots is their interaction with many medications and other substances. There have been cases reported of overdosing on energy drinks, suicide attempts, and deaths, as a result. In medico-legal diagnostics, toxicological examinations regarding caffeine levels in the blood and appropriate differential diagnostics are crucial.
Summary:
The consumption of energy drinks and caffeine shots may pose a threat to health. Further analyses of the broad impact of these products on the human body, with special consideration for children, are needed.
... Presently, caffeine-containing meals or beverages are consumed by about 80% population in the world [2] . Even prior to the discovery and isolation of caffeine, caffeine containing plants as medicine and or energy source were in use as traditions [3] . The consumption of caffeine as tea beverage can be traced back to 2737 BC where the Chinese prepared tea from tea leaves [4] . ...
... As a result, consuming a lot of high-energy drinks may raise your risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (Alsunni, 2015, https://www.bigbasket.com/auth/login/?nc=close, https://www.rakeshgroup.com/chana-sattu). ...
In order to keep active and healthy during the summer, we must constantly hydrate our bodies. With the heat waves and blistering sun draining every ounce of energy from our bodies, it's crucial to keep track of how we can start the day so that we have enough energy to get through the day. Sattu is an excellent way to begin the day. The nutrient-dense food item can be turned into a sharbat and eaten on an empty stomach or after a sufficient gap from the previous meal. Sattu, which is high in calcium, iron, and fiber, aids in blood circulation and inflammation reduction. It also aids in the strengthening of hair and the improvement of skin quality. Daily consumption of sattu aids in the control of blood sugar levels and the regulation of blood pressure. Sattu is a low-glycemic-index food that is beneficial to diabetics. It is good for persons with high cholesterol because it is high in fiber.
... The prevalence of energy drink usage is relatively high among secondary school learners; this is associated with various negative health outcomes over a prolonged period [16,17,22]. The energy drink consumption rates and frequencies are often triggered by various factors and reasons influencing their overall health in a manner that is not beneficial [23][24][25]. ...
Background/Objectives: The high consumption rate of energy drinks among pupils is a serious public health concern in various countries, including South Africa. Excessive consumption of energy drinks that contain elevated caffeine and sugar levels has the potential to lead to the development of addictions, strokes, dehydration, sleeping disorders, mental health and central nervous disorders, hypertension, digestive problems, and anxiety. Most pupils regard energy drinks as regular soft drinks and lack knowledge of the active ingredients contained in energy drinks and their side effects. The objective of this study was to investigate factors influencing energy drink usage amongst pupils in the Mahikeng sub-district, Northwest Province. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst 505 pupils in the Mahikeng sub-district, Northwest, using self-administered questionnaires. Data were analysed using STATA software version 18 to examine associations between variables. Results: The energy drinks consumed most by pupils were Dragon (38.21%), Switch (28.97%), and Red Bull (14.62%). Factors and reasons influencing energy drink usage among pupils include all-night parties (3.1%), concentration (20.3%), being awake (43.1%), curiosity (2.2%), energy levels (23.1%), exams (13.8%), sports (8.7%), fatigue (6.9%), and health (2.3%). There was a strong association (p ≤ 0.05) between energy drink usage and sports activities amongst pupils. Conclusions: It is concluded that health education and promotion intervention programmes are required to educate pupils about the dangers of energy drink usage to prevent public health risks. Further studies, including research on primary school pupils, are necessary, considering that a substantial number of pupils were exposed to energy drinks at an early age.
... In addition, studies confirm that environmental risk factors and engaging in one risky behavior increase the likelihood of adolescents engaging in other risky behaviors [26,28,29]. Given that smoking and ED consumption are associated with adverse health effects [30], these risky behaviors poses a severe threat to public health. Therefore, reducing smoking habits may be necessary to reduce ED use. ...
Objectives
Adolescents are increasingly consuming energy drinks (EDs), prompting worries about their potential mental health impacts. The association between ED use and psychological effects among Palestinian teenagers, particularly the impact of smoking habits such as waterpipes, electronic cigarettes, and cigarettes, is little studied. This study explores the correlation between ED consumption and mental health outcomes such as depression, insomnia, and stress among adolescents in Palestine.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2024, involving adolescents aged 12–18 recruited from schools in the West Bank. Data collection utilized a structured questionnaire assessing ED consumption, smoking habits, depression (PHQ-9), insomnia (ISI), and stress (Adolescent Stress Scale). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 29.
Results
The research involved 1,668 adolescents, with a mean age of 15.67 years (±1.57 years). ED consumption was prevalent at 74.7 % (95 % CI: 76.5–72.7). Males and smokers, especially those using traditional cigarettes and waterpipes, exhibited a higher likelihood of consuming energy drinks (aPR: 2.18; 95 %CI: 1.64–2.91), (aPR: 2.99; 95 %CI: 1.49–5.59), and (aPR: 2.54; 95 %CI: 1.23–5.19). Depression exhibited a significant relationship with ED consumption (aPR: 2.25; 95%CI: 1.51–3.37). A dose-response relationship was identified between insomnia and ED consumption, with an adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) of 2.42 (95 % CI: 1.56–3.47) for moderate severity and 2.95 (95 % CI: 1.28–6.75) for severe insomnia.
Conclusions
ED consumption is associated with poorer mental health outcomes, particularly among smokers. Interventions targeting both ED use and smoking behaviors are crucial to improving mental health in Palestinian adolescents. The study was conducted during the Gaza war, a period marked by heightened stress levels among participants due to increased security checks and economic hardships. These challenges may have influenced participants’ stress levels and impacted their purchasing behaviors for EDs and tobacco shisha products. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of these behaviors.
... Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the process of tissue damage (Soliman et al., 2022, Aboubakr et al., 2023a, Aboubakr et al., 2023b, Elsayed et al., 2024, Soliman et al., 2024. Chronic consumption of energy drinks has been shown to disturb antioxidant enzymes such as GSH, which aligns with previous findings linking high caffeine intake to oxidative damage (Alsunni, 2015). The administration of pomegranate peel extract, rich in polyphenolic compounds like ellagic acid and punicalagin, effectively counteracted these oxidative effects. ...
Energy drink consumption, particularly among teenagers and young adults, has experienced a significant rise in recent years. However, mounting research points to the potential for chronic energy drink use to cause biochemical and histological abnormalities in vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, and reproductive system. To investigate whether pomegranate peel extract could offer protection against these toxic effects, this study was conducted on adult male albino rats divided into five groups: a control group, a pomegranate peel extract group, an energy drink group administered Red Bull ® , a group pre-treated with pomegranate peel extract before energy drink consumption, and a group given energy drink followed by pomegranate peel extract. Over a 12-week treatment period, serum and tissue samples were collected to analyze liver and kidney function markers, lipid profile, oxidative stress levels, and histological changes. Rats those consumed energy drinks for 12 weeks exhibited elevated liver enzymes, impaired kidney function, disrupted lipid profiles, increased oxidative stress, and noticeable morphological changes in liver, kidney, and testicular tissues. In contrast, rats those received pomegranate peel extract either before or after energy drink consumption showed significant improvements in these parameters, demonstrating the protective effects of pomegranate peel extract in attenuating biochemical abnormalities and restoring tissue histology. These findings suggest that pomegranate peel extract has both therapeutic and preventive potential against the toxicity induced by chronic energy drink consumption, offering valuable insights that could inform strategies to reduce the adverse health effects associated with the regular use of energy drinks.
... 12,13 Drug Axona (Medical food) Medical food To improve the metabolism of those suffering from mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. 16,17 Energy shots (Caffeine) Processed food Energy drink 18,19 Alcohol burner (Extract of Rhodiola rosea) Processed food Breakdown of alcoholic by-products. 20 Phytrol (Plant-derived sterols) Functional food Lower risk of heart disease. ...
The core idea of Nutraceuticals is based on the intersection of two words “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical. Nutraceuticals are products of nutrition as well as medicine. Another definition would be a material that offers protection from various diseases or benefits the body physiologically. The nutraceutical field is divided into three sectors dietary supplements, functional foods and herbal/natural products. The most common commercially available nutraceutical products are β-carotene soft gel capsules (β-Carotene), Phytrol (Plant-derived sterols), Revital (Multivitamin and minerals), Yakult (Probiotics) etc. In this review article, neutraceutical products have been classified into various groups according to their sources, chemical nature, application availability etc. Due to their potential health benefits, numerous herbs and plants (also known as nutraceuticals) have been employed traditionally in traditional medical systems including traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda and other indigenous practices. In addition to their nutritional value for humans, nutraceuticals are an efficacious treatment and preventive measure for several diseases, includingobesity, diabetes, cancer, heart disease and osteoporosis, as well as other degenerative and chronic illnesses like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Nutraceuticals work by modifying signal transduction pathways, maintaining promoting cell proliferation, mitochondrial integrity and activating antioxidant defencesand modifying gene expression linked to cell survival. Nutritional supplements that block the cyclooxygenase pathway and the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) include flavonoids, flavonones,flavones, cruciferous vegetables, onions, apples, cherries, blackberriesand berries.
... They serve as sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, soluble fiber, organic acids, minerals and other nutrients. From a consumer point of view, great importance is attached to the drink's ability to quench thirst and its organoleptic properties (Polyakov, 2017;Alsunni, 2015). ...
Introduction. Most of the population in our and many other countries around the world is deficient in micronutrients and nutrients. A significant role in replenishing them belongs to functional and preventive food products, including soft drinks that have functional properties. Purpose of the study: Assess the state of the market and production of sweet soft drinks and forecast its development for 2023-2027. Research objectives: To describe the situation on the Azerbaijani market of sweet soft drinks, to provide current information on the volume of production of goods by year and region of Azerbaijan. Research results. Over the past five years, there has been an increase in the production of soft drinks. In 2022, the production of soft drinks in the Republic of Azerbaijan as a whole amounted to 41417.5 thousand decaliters, i.e. the increase by 2020 was 44.8%. Data analysis shows that the undisputed leader in this sector is the city of Baku. Here, in 2020, 26,492.8 thousand decalitres of soft drinks were produced, the increase by 2018 was 47.7% and in 2022, 39,698.2 thousand decalitres of soft drinks were produced, the increase by 2020 was 49.9%. The average retail price for lemonade in 2021 increased by 3.3% compared to last year and amounted to 1.54 manats/l, for cola increased by 5.5% and amounted to 1.07 manats/l and for energy drinks increased by 2.6% and amounted to 0.89 manats/0.25 l. Conclusions. Research results show that the market for sweet soft drinks in the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2018-2022. It is developing dynamically and the leader in this sector is the Baku Economic Region (Baku). The volume of production of sweet soft drinks in Azerbaijan in 2022 amounted to 50,386 thousand decalitres and the increase by 2020 was 30.7%. According to forecasts in 2027, production will increase by 69.4% by 2022 and amount to 85,330 thousand decalitres.
... In various sports (e.g., soccer, rugby, and athletic disciplines), to achieve positive effects, the literature recommends a low to moderate intake of caffeine (3-6 mg/kg) before training sessions [39,40]. A consumption level of 7-10 mg/kg is most frequently associated with possible adverse effects such as palpitations, tremors, headaches, or flushing [41,42], while consumption exceeding 10 mg/kg is accompanied by nervousness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, digestive disorders, and periods of unreasonable alertness, which could further lead to aggression [43,44]. ...
Background: The use of pre-workout supplements has surged among fitness practitioners, with various ingredients purported to enhance performance and recovery. This study aims to explore the potential link between pre-workout supplement consumption and aggression, as well as the correlation between the Big Five personality traits and aggression levels. Methods: The sample comprised 62 male fitness practitioners aged 20–55 years, divided into two groups: 32 pre-workout consumers and 30 non-consumers. Participants were assessed using the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Results: The results indicated no statistically significant differences in aggression levels between the supplement users and the control group. However, notable personality differences were observed, with pre-workout users showing lower Neuroticism and higher Agreeableness and Conscientiousness compared to non-users. Correlation analyses revealed a significant positive relationship between Neuroticism and all forms of aggression, while Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were negatively correlated with aggression. Conclusions: These findings suggest that personality traits may play a more substantial role in moderating aggression among pre-workout users than the supplements themselves. Further research is needed to clarify the potential long-term effects of pre-workout supplementation on aggression and personality dynamics.
... The effects of caffeine, a crucial ingredient of EDs, on the human body are mediated by several mechanisms, including: antagonism of adenosine receptors, inhibition of phosphodiesterase, intracellular mobilization of calcium ions, and antagonism of benzodiazepine receptors. Due to the caffeine content, EDs may provide beneficial effects such as improved psychomotor performance (reaction time, memory, concentration) [4,5]. Simultaneously, caffeine increases heart rate, dilates blood vessels, and increases thermogenesis and lipolysis [6]. ...
Objectives
To analyse the consumption of energy drinks (EDs) and the motives for their consumption among physically active adolescents in Poland.
Methods
A nationwide survey study was conducted in 1,530 adolescents (10–14 years old) participating in extracurricular, organised sports activities. A computer-assisted web interview method was applied.
Results
Nearly half (46.4%) of the respondents were ED consumers (significantly more boys than girls: 53.0% vs. 47.0%, p = 0.010). The percentage of ED consumers increased with age, from 27.2% in 10-year-olds to 65.4% in the group of 14-year-olds (p < 0.001). The motives and circumstances of ED consumption varied depending on gender: girls were more likely than boys to drink EDs to improve concentration during studying (17.1% vs. 8.8%, p < 0.001) and to stay awake (22.8% vs. 13.8%, p = 0.002), whereas boys more often than girls reported drinking EDs during physical activity (10.9% vs. 6.0%, p = 0.020).
Conclusion
It is necessary to implement gender-diversified educational campaigns on negative health effects of EDs, targeting children, parents and teachers, as consumption of EDs has been identified as a significant public health problem in Poland.
... [9,10] The younger generations love acidic energy drinks, which have been consumed in substantial quantities over the past few years. [11] The type of coloring agent, acidic erosion, surface roughness, type of composite material, temperature, and length of exposure to coloring agents are the main factors causing the physical consequences of excessive energy drink consumption on the tooth and composite material. [12] According to certain in vitro research, the weakening and cracking of the resin matrix may occur due to the drinks' acidity. ...
A bstract
Aim
The research utilized charisma composite resin, a dental restorative material known for its esthetic properties, with the chemical formula 2,2-bis[p(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxy propoxyphenyl)] propane. The primary objective of the study was to examine the overall color change (ΔE*ab) of the charisma resin after it was subjected to three distinct energy drink solutions: Monster Energy Ultra-Sunrise, Wild Tiger, and Red Bull. Further we examined the effects of temperature and time on the staining interaction and overall color difference ΔE*ab on the surface of charisma restorative resin generated by three energy drink.
Materials and Methods
A microfilled Charisma Classic composite resin was used in presented comparative study selected. The prepared 144 composite disk samples (subdivided n=48) with random allocation method were used for the three energy drinks to determine the effect of temperature and time over the course of 90 days. A metallic circulator mold was prepared. Every set of 48 specimens in the energy drink was heated in a water bath for 1, 7, 30, 60, and 90 days at four different temperatures This investigation spanned various time intervals, ranging from 1 to 90 days, and encompassed four temperature levels between 283 and 310 K. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the mean data for color change between the energy drinks, and Tukey’s post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons, with a significance level of P < 0.05.
Results
The study revealed that the rate of staining was most pronounced in the case of Wild Tiger, while it was comparatively lower for Monster Energy Ultra-Sunrise. These findings were established through an examination of the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of surface color changes in micro-hybrid composites treated with the three energy drink solutions.
Conclusions
The observed patterns aligned with the pseudo second-order model. It was observed that the Red Bull drink displayed a negative activation energy, resulting in a slower color change rate with increase in temperature. In contrast, endothermic, spontaneous, and regular staining activity was demonstrated throughout time by Monster Energy Ultra-Sunrise and Wild Tiger.
... Over the past decade, coffee shops in Saudi Arabia have increased significantly, which has fueled caffeine consumption, particularly among the middle-aged. Additionally, caffeine consumption through energy drinks has increased, especially among teenagers and young adults [4]. The benefits of caffeine consumption have been documented in the literature. ...
Background: Caffeine is one of the most commonly consumed stimulants in Saudi Arabia. We aim to examine the relationship between caffeine consumption and sleep quality among individuals residing in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data was collected through social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook. The study included adults 18 years and older who reside in Saudi Arabia. Descriptive statistics were performed to examine the population characteristics, and the logistic regression model was used to examine the association between caffeine consumption and sleep quality. Results: A total of 636 respondents participated in the study. Nine out of ten respondents reported consuming caffeine (90%). The respondents were predominately aged 30 to 44 (52.04%), females (63.11%), married (62.89%), and overweight/obese (60.47%). Around two-thirds were Saudi nationals (69.68%). More than half of the respondents reported a good quality sleep score (56.88%). In multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounders, body mass index was the only statistically significant demographic predictor for sleep quality. Overweight/obese respondents had a statistically significantly lower sleep quality score mean than non-overweight/obese respondents (coefficient -0.48; P-value 0.05). Conclusion: Caffeine consumption was highly prevalent among Saudis; however, it was not associated with poor sleep quality. On the contrary, those with high body mass index, particularly in obese individuals, were significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Caffeine consumers have to monitor their caffeine consumption carefully and set a daily consumption limit for themselves.
... The most significant component of coffee, which is frequently used as a stimulant, is caffeine. Numerous studies have revealed that coffee has a number of health benefits, including diuretic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities (Alsunni, 2015;International Coffee Organization, n.d.). ...
Coffea robusta has a large important role both in research fields and trade market. It is used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries due to its caffeine and high phytochemicals content. Beans of Coffea robusta were successfully extracted in aqueous, acetonic and methanolic solvents. Results of quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoids showed that the greatest amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols were detected in the methanolic extract of 23.9 ± 0.2 mg QEs/g dry mass and 154.4 ± 0.9 mg GAE/g dry mass, respectively. The highest antioxidant scavenging activity was found in aqueous and was determined for 87.2 ± 1.2%. HPLC analysis of methanolic extract showed the presence of many important compounds among them: Ferulic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Caffeic acid, Catechin, Epicatechin and Rutin. Finally, the results of antibacterial activity revealed that methanolic extract of Coffea robusta bean in concentration of 200 mg/ml showed a significant activity against different bacterial strain like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
... Recently there is concern about the safety of energy drink especially many reports declared that it has harmful effect on health (Alsunni, 2015). ...
... and sustenance of energy levels after consuming energy drinks containing simple carbohydrates. The present study evaluates the absorption, distribution, and kinetics of absorption of glucose, sucrose, and a combination of the two to identify the rate of absorption and duration of energy sustenance as a measure of blood glucose levels in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats [5]. ...
Carbohydrates are the primary macronutrients that humans consume to support the body's need for a source of energy. Monosaccharides like glucose are the simplest form of carbohydrate that is readily absorbed in the bloodstream, followed by disaccharides like sucrose, which are converted into glucose prior to absorption and energy release. To evaluate the absorption, distribution, and absorption kinetics of glucose, sucrose, and a combination of the two in the bloodstream, a preclinical study was conducted in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats showing instant and sustained energy release through the change in blood glucose level after intake of the test product. The data of blood glucose tested using a glucometer were analyzed and evaluated using a regression method. The comparison study determines whether monosaccharides, disaccharides, or a blend of both have an impact on absorption kinetics and sustenance of blood glucose levels. The result showed glucose was absorbed in the bloodstream at a faster rate as early as 60 seconds (onset time) than sucrose and peaked within 30 minutes thus providing instant energy. Additionally, sucrose and its combination with glucose maintained blood glucose levels for a longer duration compared to glucose alone with a lower regression slope of 0.744 (sucrose) vs. 1.247 (glucose). Sucrose and its combination with glucose provide slow and steady energy release up to 4 hours. In conclusion, glucose provides instant energy, while sucrose and its combination with glucose provided sustained energy release after intake.
... It is a xanthine alkaloid compound with a high number of potential biological activities, naturally present in coffee beans, cocoa beans, tea leaves, guarana seeds, and kola nuts [84]. Furthermore, it is artificially added to a series of energy drinks and soda drinks to increase their stimulating properties which promotes arousal, alertness, energy, and elevated mood [85]. It has several effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal systems. ...
... For marketing purposes, they employ famous people who can influence teenager's choices. The first energy drink appeared in the United States in 1949 and in Europe in 1987 [5]. According to the Nielsen research agency, their sales increased by 11.4% in the year to May 2018. ...
Introduction and purpose: The article focuses on the analysis of young people's awareness of the consumption of energy drinks, especially those containing caffeine. The aim of the study is to understand the level of knowledge about the awareness and consumption of energy drinks among students aged 18-25. This study was conducted using surveys and involving 202 participants. Material and Methods: The study was conducted using online anonymous surveys, involving 202 participants. The participants were students aged 18-25 both women and men. The results were analyzed according to the age and gender. Moreover, based on the available literature examining aspects related to the consumption of energy drinks.Results: The study shows that the vast majority of respondents (94.06%) are aware of the impact of energy substances on the body. The charts also illustrate that caffeine, as the main ingredient in energy drinks, is well understood in terms of cardiovascular effects. Moreover, the student community is aware of the link between excessive sugar consumption and the risk of cancer development. Discussion: The study shows that young people are aware of the negative impact of energy drinks on health. Nevertheless, not all areas of knowledge are clear to them. The continuous increase in the level of education can undoubtedly contribute to the introduction of healthy eating habits among students. Most respondents declare to drink energy drinks again, it should draw our special attention.Conclusions: It is worth noting the need for further education, especially in the field of metabolic syndrome. It also highlights the role of research and education in shaping public health awareness. Finally, the article suggests that further research and targeted educational programs are critical to improving public health, especially in the context of energy drink consumption.
... Young adults, but particularly many adolescent students, drink significant amounts of EDs, with the expectation that it will improve their concentration and cognitive performance (Smit and Rogers, 2000;Specterman et al., 2005), help them stay awake and reduce physical tiredness, reportedly driven to drink EDs with the expectation to counteract the effects of daily stress related to study commitments (Mahoney et al., 2019). From data analyses reported in several studies, it is not clear whether the consumption of EDs associated with EtOH is beneficial or detrimental to brain function (Alsunni, 2015;Arria et al., 2011;Brunborg et al., 2022;Cadoni and Peana, 2023;De Giorgi et al., 2022;Petribu et al., 2023). Indeed, important risk factors for EtOH consumption during adolescence could be represented by its association with an energy drink (ED), i.e. ...
... Currently, many individuals resort to energy drinks (ED) such as caffeine-and sugar-enriched beverages to combat fatigue [40]. However, these drinks come with their own set of side effects. ...
Aims
This study aims to delve into the anti-fatigue and sleep-aiding effects of various formulations containing Ganoderma lucidum extracts.
Materials and methods
PGB [incorporating Ganoderma lucidum extract (GE), broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder (GB) and Paecilomyces hepiali mycelium (PH)] and GBS [composed of GE, GB, and Ganoderma sinense powder (GS)] were chosen as representative recipes for this study. Mice were treated with these recipes or key components of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 consecutive days. Subsequently, a weight-bearing swimming experiment was conducted to assess the mice's exhaustion time and evaluate the anti-fatigue properties of the recipes. Sleep-aiding effects were analyzed by measuring the sleep latency and duration. Furthermore, levels of blood lactic acid, serum urea nitrogen, hepatic glycogen, muscle glycogen, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the livers and muscles.
Key findings
The anti-fatigue abilities of the tested mice were significantly improved after treatment with PGB and their sleep quality improved as well with GBS treatment. PGB treatment for 14 days could significantly prolong the exhaustion time in weight-bearing swimming (from 10.1 ± 0.5 min to 15.2 ± 1.3 min). Meanwhile, glycogen levels in the livers and muscles were significantly increased, while the levels of serum lactic acid, serum urea nitrogen, and MDA in the livers and muscles were significantly decreased. In contrast, mice treated with GBS for 14 days experienced significant improvements in sleep quality, with shortened sleep latency (from 6.8 ± 0.7 min to 4.2 ± 0.4 min), extended sleep duration (from 88.3 ± 1.4 min to 152.5 ± 9.3 min), and decreased muscle MDA levels. These results indicated that Ganoderma lucidum extracts can be used for anti-fatigue and or aid in sleeping, depending on how they are prepared and administered.
Significance
This study provides experimental evidence and theoretical basis for the development of Ganoderma lucidum recipes that are specifically designed to help with anti-fatigue and sleep.
... Energy drinks have gained popularity for their stimulant properties, containing ingredients like caffeine and taurine that are marketed to enhance alertness and physical performance [1]. However, concerns arise when these beverages are combined with sedative-hypnotic drugs like Flunitrazepam, known for their central nervous system depressant effects and potential cognitive impairments [2]. ...
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of some energy drinks mixture with Flunitrazepam on endurance pattern and cognitomotor activities in male Wistar rats. 45 Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups. Group 1 received distilled water; Group 2 received energy drink (A) (3.75 mg/kg). Group 3 energy drink (A) (7.5 mg/kg) Group 4 received energy drink (B) (3.75 mg/kg). Group 5 energy drink (B) (7.5 mg/kg) Group 6 received flunitrazepam (0.03 ml/kg), Group 7 received 3.75 ml/kg of energy drink (A) and 0.03 ml/kg of flunitrazepam, and Group 8 received 3.75 ml/kg of energy drink (B) and 0.03 ml/kg of flunitrazepam. Administration of the mixture lasted for 28 days while endurance test/Cognitive and motor functions test were conducted weekly using Handgrip test, beam walk test and navigational maze test. The result reveals significant improvement in endurance pattern and cognitomotor functions in groups administered with energy drinks alone at week one, however the mixture of energy drink with various doses of Flunitrazepam showed significant impairment in both endurance pattern, and cognitomotor activities. It was therefore concluded that while the combination of energy drinks and flunitrazepam may offer short-term benefits in terms of endurance, and alertness, there is a dose and time dependent significant decline in cognitive and motor functions functions in wistar rats. The findings suggest significant variations in endurance and cognitive-motor performance across different groups, highlighting the complex interactions between stimulant and sedative substances and their implications for health and behavior.
... When it comes to mixing EDs with other substances, consumption at social gatherings is implicated in the promotion of such behavior compared to consumption at home [74]. While this study agrees with Casuccio et al. [26] that public places and events may not greatly influence ED consumption, other studies indicate that attention must be invested in those influencers [2,75]. ...
Energy drinks (EDs) have become a popular choice for young people seeking physical and cognitive boosts, with ingredients such as caffeine, taurine, and B vitamins aimed at improving academic, athletic, and alertness levels. However, the popularity of these drinks is also driven by low prices, taste, brand loyalty, and gendered marketing, with boys being more likely to consume them. Despite the supposed benefits, EDs have been associated with high-risk behaviours, deaths, and adverse health effects, especially those related to cardiovascular risk. Meanwhile, in Ghana, the use of EDs is on the rise. Hence, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and consumption patterns, perceptions, and factors associated with ED consumption among the youth of the Tamale Metropolis. The study was cross-sectional, consisting of 541 participants. The group consisted of 340 males and 201 females, between the ages of 15 and 45. A questionnaire was utilized to obtain data on the respondents’ consumption patterns and perceptions of EDs, as well as their socio-demographic characteristics. The results of the study indicated that a large percentage of the respondents, 98.7%, had consumed EDs before, while 78.7% currently consume them. Respondents believed that EDs provided additional energy (81.00%) and reduced stress (62.30%). However, they also perceived side effects such as insomnia (60.60%) and restlessness (51.40%). Also, the highest proportion of respondents (83.4%) had poor knowledge of EDs. They were unaware of the classification of EDs and their ingredients, side effects, and benefits. Age, marital status, level of education, work intensity, EDs served at gatherings, and knowledge of EDs was significantly associated with ED consumption (p < .05). Consumption was higher among those aged 26 to 35 years, singles, individuals with no formal education, and those with high work intensity. The high consumption was also associated with low knowledge levels. It is recommended that public health and nutrition professionals engage in further advocacy efforts to improve the youth’s knowledge and perception of EDs in a positive manner. In addition, lawmakers should use legislation to influence consumption rates and safeguard the health of consumers.
... This specific chemical structure of caffeine was only confirmed in the late 19th century, after the isolation of pure caffeine in 1819 by Friedlieb Runge [11] (12). Even before caffeine was discovered and isolated, people from different countries were consuming caffeine-containing plants as an energy source and for medical uses [13]. Caffeine consumption is suggested to have begun as far back as 2737 BC when the Chinese made tea using tea leaves [4]. ...
... Naturally present in various plants and foods, it is commonly found in everyday beverages such as tea, coffee, and energy drinks. These non-alcoholic drinks have gained immense popularity for their ability to boost vitality and improve performance [1,4,5]. However, the impact of caffeine on human health remains a subject of ongoing discussion. ...
Caffeine is the most widely consumed stimulant and is the subject of significant ongoing research and discussions due to its impact on human health. The industry’s need to comply with country-specific food and beverage regulations underscores the importance of monitoring caffeine levels in commercial products. In this study, we propose an alternative technique for caffeine analysis that relies on mid-infrared laser-based photothermal spectroscopy (PTS). PTS exploits the high-power output of the quantum cascade laser (QCL) sources to enhance the sensitivity of the mid-IR measurement. The laser-induced thermal gradient in the sample scales with the analytes’ absorption coefficient and concentration, thus allowing for both qualitative and quantitative assessment. We evaluated the performance of our experimental PTS spectrometer, incorporating a tunable QCL and a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, for detecting caffeine in coffee, black tea, and an energy drink. We calibrated the setup with caffeine standards (0.1–2.5 mg mL−1) and we benchmarked the setup’s capabilities against gas chromatography (GC) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Quantitative results aligned with GC analysis, and limits of detection matched the research-grade FTIR spectrometer, indicating an excellent performance of our custom-made instrument. This method offers an alternative to established techniques, providing a platform for fast, sensitive, and non-destructive analysis without consumables as well as with high potential for miniaturization.
... There are now more than 100 ED brands available. They are marketed for people who want to boost their energy and alertness so as to improve physical and cognitive performance [3]. ...
Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the erosive potential of various commercial energy drinks (EDs), sports drinks (SDs), and sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) and to correlate quantitative changes in tooth enamel volume loss based on the pH and titratable acidity of the drinks. Methods: A flat plane on the facial surface of 36 human incisor teeth was created and embedded in sample holders using resin. After pre-scanning with a profilometer (Proscan 2000, Scantron, Ind Products Ltd., Taunton, UK), the six samples per group were immersed for 4 h into either Monster Energy™ (ED), Rockstar™ (ED), Red Bull™ (ED), or 5-h Energy™ (ED) and, for comparison with a sports drink, Gatorade™ (SD) and a sugar sweetened beverage, Coca-Cola® (SSB). After immersion and post-scanning, the quantitative volume loss of the tooth enamel of the 36 samples was calculated (Proscan 3D software V2.1.1.15B), and the pH and titratable acidity (TA) of each drink was determined. Results: All drinks tested caused enamel volume loss. The actual amount varied among the different drinks, from 0.39 mm3 for Red Bull™, up to 1.01 mm3 for Gatorade™. The pH measurements differed for each drink, ranging from 2.6 to 3.7. There was a small reverse correlation of 0.326 between the pH of all drinks and volume loss. Among the energy drinks, titratable acidity was similar and there was only a weak correlation between TA and volume loss (0.319 at p = 0.53). Conclusions: Energy drinks, sugar sweetened beverages, and sport drinks all have the potential to cause enamel tooth surface loss resulting in demineralization. Therefore, the pH of a drink cannot be the sole determinant for choosing a less harmful commercial beverage.
... he world is changing at a fast pace, but our choices regarding food are still based on taste and affordability (1). Energy Drinks (ED) consumption has drastically increased over the past few years due to the physical and mental stimulation provided by these drinks as claimed by the manufacturing companies (2). A research carried out in Pakistan in 2019 showed the prevalence of ED among youths to be 42.89% ...
Background: Energy drinks are widely consumed globally, with various brands strategically targeting the younger generation through marketing and advertising. Despite potential impacts on general health and dietary patterns, the youth often succumb to the allure of promised benefits, such as enhanced metabolism. This study aims to investigate the relationship between Energy Drink (ED) consumption, dietary habits among Air University (AU) students, and the motivations behind consuming energy drinks.
... Tooth wear, especially erosive wear, is becoming an increasing problem these days as modern nutritional habits favor energy drink consumption [8]. Their highly erosive dynamic provokes tooth surface loss, often not detected in the early stages by clinicians. ...
Background: Model alignment in cases of erosive tooth wear can be challenging, and no method has been reported to outweigh the others. Methods: Extracted human teeth were mounted on two models and scanned at different times, from 1 h to 2 weeks, with an intraoral scanner (3Shape TRIOS 4) before and after immersion in Monster® energy drink and tap water. The scans were superimposed (3Shape TRIOS Patient Monitoring, Version 2.2.3.3, 3Shape A/S, Copengagen, Denmark). Best fit, best-fit tooth comparison, reference best fit using fillings, and palatal rugae as reference points were used for alignment. Surface profile differences were calculated in a cross-section view. The nonparametric Bland–Altman and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used. Results: First, statistically significant differences were marked after 4 days of immersion. The measurements obtained after 2 weeks of immersion were statistically significantly different from the measurements obtained at the different time points until 1 week. No statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among the alignment methods at any time. Conclusion: In comparison to the best-fit model, both palatal rugae and fillings can be used. The best-fit tooth comparison method is a reliable option; however, it should be used with caution in cases of major surface loss.
... Akan tetapi, kebanyakan orang tidak menyadari efek bagi kesehatan dari mengkonsumsi minuman energi. Masyarakat menilai bahwa minuman berenergi hanya sebagai minuman yang dapat mengembalikan stamina dalam tubuh lebih cepat, masyarakat lebih memilih mengkonsumsi minuman berenergi agar keadaan tubuh menjadi segar dan mengatasi kelelahan, terutama bagi masyarakat di era sekarang dan pekerja berat yang cenderung memilih mengkonsumsi minuman berenergi yang lebih mudah didapat dan murah harganya [2,3]. Beberapa dari produk minuman berenergi yang beredar dikalangan masyarakat mengandung banyak zat seperti kafein, guaranine, taurin, l-carnitine, gingseng, zat pewarna, gula, karbonasi yang dapat menimbulkan dampak terhadap kesehatan tubuh [4]. ...
Productive age people are people who are in the age range of 15-64 years who have many activities and targets that must be achieved, coupled with the demands of work that require more energy instantly by consuming energy drinks without knowing the impact of energy drinks on the kidneys. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge of the productive age community about the impact of consuming energy drinks on the kidneys in Putuk Kulon Hamlet, Ngluyu Village, Ngluyu District, Nganjuk Regency. Descriptive research design, population of 304 respondents, sample of 30 respondents, using a purposive sampling technique, questionnaire sheet research instruments, the research was conducted on March 16 - April 16 2023. The research variable was knowledge of the productive age community about the impact of consuming energy drinks on the kidneys. The data were analyzed using the percentage formula and the results were interpreted quantitatively. The results of the study were obtained from 30 respondents, half of the respondents had sufficient knowledge of 15 respondents (50%), almost half of the respondents had less knowledge of 8 respondents (27%), and a small proportion of respondents had good knowledge of 7 respondents (23%). This is influenced by several factors, namely age and marital status so that respondents are expected to have and add insight about knowledge of the impact of consuming energy drinks on the kidneys. Health workers are expected to provide regular health counseling for the community.
... EDs might cause sleep disturbances due to their high caffeine content. Athletes require adequate and high-quality sleep for recovery and performance, so long-term sleep disturbances can be detrimental [112]. Regular consumption of EDs can lead to caffeine addiction. ...
The purpose of this paper is to review the specialized literature to highlight the effects produced by energy drinks in terms of skin health. To carry out this review, we consulted previous articles with descriptive cross-sectional designs, case series, and individual case reports published between 2000 and 2023. Therefore, while caffeine acute consumption among adults can have beneficial effects, in children, it can cause health problems like overnight breaks, headaches, and dulled cognition since their organs are still developing and their endocrine system is not yet stable. Despite the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of caffeine from energy drinks, their excessive consumption among adolescents can cause disorders like high systolic blood pressure, agitation, nausea, anxiety, osteoporosis, heart palpitations, poor sleep quality, and stomach ulcers. Among athletes, taurine supplementation has been proven to improve exercise capacity in cold weather conditions. Also, vigilance, attention, and reaction time were all improved by caffeine consumption. Caffeine administration in low doses caused a risk of cardiovascular disease. It was effective in treating migraines in children, but raised systolic blood pressure, and contributed to skin healing in adolescents. On the other side, taurine prevents obesity among children, causes positive effects on oxidative stress and inflammation in adolescents, helps shield the skin from damaging oxidative stress among students, and impacts exercise capacity in athletes. Significant increases in serum levels of uric acid, creatinine, BUN, ALT, and ALP caused by chronic intake of EDs indicated different degrees of injury to the kidneys and liver. Furthermore, the effects on the cardiovascular system could be worse if taurine and caffeine are combined. Caffeine alone does not significantly decrease sleep as much as a taurine/high caffeine ratio. On the other hand, a low ratio does.
Issue Addressed
Effective interventions to reduce energy drink (ED) consumption are needed. This study explored the effect of warning labels on intentions to reduce ED consumption, perceived label effectiveness and protection motivation theory (PMT) constructs.
Methods
Australian ED consumers aged 18 to 39 years ( N = 343) participated in an experimental online survey, randomly assigned to view one of three ED warning label conditions (weight gain, cardiac effects, no label—control). Intentions to reduce ED consumption, perceived effectiveness of labels and selected PMT constructs were assessed.
Results
Participants reported moderate‐high awareness of the health effects of consumption (62.68%) and advisory statements on EDs (69.39%), including daily consumption limits (48.40%). EDs were consumed frequently, with 56.26% regular (at least weekly) consumers and most commonly for functional benefits (e.g., alertness). ED warning labels did not have a statistically significant effect on intentions to reduce consumption. The cardiac label performed better than the weight gain label in ‘grabbed attention’ (72.97% vs. 55.66%, p = 0.008), with non‐significant trends ( p > 0.05, absolute differences ≥ 10%) suggesting it was stronger on some other perceived effectiveness measures. Supplementary analyses indicated females in the cardiac condition reported greater intentions to reduce ED consumption than females in the control condition ( p = 0.042).
Conclusions
Graphic warning labels and labels warning of cardiac effects are worthy of further exploration as a potential intervention to reduce ED consumption.
So What?
Future research should explore the motivations underlying ED consumption and further explore messages that will resonate with consumers.
Kiện Lực Hồng Mã ít đường là sản phẩm nước uống có nguồn gốc thảo dược với công thức được xây dựng dựa trên bài thuốc Sinh mạch tán. Nghiên cứu này được tiến hành nhằm mục tiêu đánh giá tác dụng tăng cường thể lực và mức độ an thần của nước Kiện Lực Hồng Mã ít đường trên động vật thực nghiệm. Chuột nhắt chủng Swiss được cho uống Kiện Lực Hồng Mã ít đường ở các mức liều 40 và 80 mL/kg mỗi ngày trong 10 ngày liên tục. Về hiệu quả chống mệt mỏi, Kiện Lực Hồng Mã ít đường đã thể hiện tác dụng cải thiện hiệu suất tập luyện trong các thử nghiệm rotarod và đo sức kéo, cũng như thời gian bơi của động vật thực nghiệm so với nhóm đối chứng. Hơn nữa, Kiện Lực Hồng Mã ít đường không có tác động đáng kể nào đến hoạt động tự phát của chuột nhắt được ghi nhận bằng máy đo hoạt động ký. Do đó, Kiện Lực Hồng Mã ít đường có thể là một loại nước uống để cải thiện hiệu suất tập luyện và giảm bớt sự mệt mỏi về thể chất trong khi không gây tác dụng an thần.
Natural caffeine is found in many plants, including coffee beans, cacao beans, and tea leaves. Around the world, many beverages, including coffee, tea, energy drinks, and some soft drinks, have this natural caffeine compound. This paper reviewed the results of meta-studies on caffeine’s effects on chronic diseases. Of importance, many meta-studies have shown that regularly drinking caffeine or caffeinated coffee significantly reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. Based on the health supplements of caffeine, this review summarizes various aspects related to the application of caffeine, including its pharmacokinetics, and various functional health benefits of caffeine, such as its effects on the central nervous system. The importance of caffeine and its use in alleviating or treating cancer, diabetes, eye diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular diseases is also discussed. Overall, consuming caffeine daily in drinks containing antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, such as coffee, prevents progressive neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Furthermore, to effectively deliver caffeine to the body, recently developed nanoformulations using caffeine, for instance, nanoparticles, liposomes, etc., are summarized along with regulatory and safety considerations for caffeine. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended that healthy adults consume up to 400 mg of caffeine per day or 5~6 mg/kg body weight. Since a cup of coffee contains, on average, 100 to 150 mg of coffee, 1 to 3 cups of coffee may help prevent chronic diseases. Furthermore, this review summarizes various interesting and important areas of research on caffeine and its applications related to human health.
En Ecuador la Ley Orgánica de Defensa del Consumidor menciona en el Art. 14 el rotulado mínimo de alimentos, sin perjuicio de lo que dispongan las Normas Técnicas Ecuatorianas (NTE) del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización (INEN), los fabricantes y proveedores deben exhibir de manera obligatoria el rotulado cuya información debe ser adecuada, veraz, oportuna, y completa sobre los productos alimenticios para consumo humano. Esta investigación se realizó con el propósito de evaluar la calidad, según la NTE INEN 2411-1 requisitos de las bebidas energizantes y NTE INEN 2304-1 requisitos de las bebidas no carbonatadas; mediante los ensayos de pH, sólidos solubles (°Brix), contenido neto (mL) y porcentaje de acidez titulable (%), además el cumplimiento de los criterios mínimos de rotulado de acuerdo a la (NTE) INEN 1334 Requisitos para el rotulado de alimentos para consumo humano, parte 1-2-3 de bebidas energizantes, deportivas y sueros orales que se comercializan en la ciudad de Santo Domingo-Ecuador. Se seleccionaron cinco marcas comerciales de cada tipo de bebida, adquiridas en tiendas, farmacias y supermercados locales. El pH de 2,0 a 5,0; sólidos solubles 0-15°Brix y acidez titulable 0,1 a 0,5% establecidos en la NTE 2411-1 y 2304-1 podemos decir que todos los tipos de bebidas y marcas cumplen los requisitos. Mediante una lista de verificación de los criterios de rotulado establecido en la NTE INEN 1334 Requisitos para el rotulado de alimentos para consumo humano, podemos mencionar que las bebidas analizadas cumplen con la normativa, garantizando así la calidad y seguridad a los consumidores.
Commercial energy drinks have high content of caffeine and sugar that can lead to various health problems. Spruce sprouts could have beneficial effects on human health. This research aims to prepare alternative energy drinks with less caffeine and sugar that are based on spruce sprout, cold brew, and fruit juice. In the study, three commercial energy drinks were used - RedBull original (RBo), RedBull zero sugar (RBzs), and RedBull Tropical fruits (RBt) - and three spruce sprout - cold brew energy drinks were prepared. The spruce sprout - cold brew energy drinks were - cold brew coffee 96.8% with spruce sprout juice 3.2% (SCB), cold brew coffee 25% with orange juice 71.8% and spruce sprout juice 3.2% (SCBo), and cold brew coffee 25% with apple-aronia juice 71.8% and spruce sprout juice 3.2% (SCBaa). All energy drinks were evaluated for their Vitamin C content, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, colour evaluation, total phenolic content, and anti-radical activity by DPPH. The results showed that Vitamin C increased significantly (p < 0.05) by 30 times in the spruce sprout - cold brew energy drinks (104–244 mg 100g-1), compared to its content in commercial drinks (4.23–6.24 mg 100g-1). Comparing the total phenolic content in commercial energy drinks (6.67–10.69 mg GAE 100g-1), its content increased significantly (p < 0.05) by 20 times in the spruce sprout - cold brew energy drinks (128.46–253.93 mg GAE 100g-1). In conclusion, spruce sprout - cold brew energy drinks could be considered as an alternative to commercial energy drinks.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of social media on energy drink consumption among adolescents in Saudi Arabia. An online survey including demographic characteristics (3 questions), consumption patterns of energy drinks (5 questions), and Social Media Effects Scale (4 questions) was completed by 860 Saudi Arabian adolescents. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science version 29, using descriptive statistics and correlation to measure the relationship between social media and energy drink consumption. The results showed that nearly 82% of the adolescent respondents consumed energy drinks once to twice a week. Social media was the most common source of information on energy drinks (42.0%). The major findings of this study showed a positive correlation ( r = .592, P > .05) between social media use and consumption of energy drinks. The study found that the average score for the Social Media Effects Scale was 5.75 out of 8, or 71.87%, indicating that social media influences the energy drinks consumption of roughly two-thirds of the study participants. Tailored action plans are required to raise awareness of the negative effects of energy drinks and change consumption patterns among the adolescent population due to a lack of knowledge and poorly controlled legislation on energy drinks.
Background: Professional nurses who study part-time are faced with demanding tasks, demanding routine, having to cope with their studies and family commitments. Some nurses try different tactics to cope with their demanding tasks, such as the consumption of energy drinks, to alleviate tiredness and fatigue. Although these energy drinks can alleviate fatigue and boost their energy levels, they have adverse effects to their health such as migraines, insomnia, seizures, arrhythmias and other cardiovascular complications.Aim: To determine the health effects of energy drinks among nurses studying part-time.Setting: Selected university in the Gauteng province, South Africa.Methods: Descriptive, quantitative method that was contextual in nature was used. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a conveniently sampled population to determine the health effects of the use of energy drinks. Data analysis were done by means of descriptive statistics using the Statistical package for Social Sciences version 26.Results: Findings indicated that nurses studying part-time experience fatigue (n = 86; 49%). To alleviate fatigue (n = 91; 52%), they use energy drinks.Conclusion: Use of energy drinks is prevalent among the nurses because of fatigue caused by studying while working. To reduce the use of energy drinks, the participants need study leave and to be supported by their families and employers.Contribution: The study encourages reduction or prevent the use of energy drinks by nurses who work and study part-time. Participants must use time management as a coping mechanism.
Background: The consumption of caffeinated beverages has increased significantly, particularly, among young adults. They use caffeinated drinks for a variety of reasons. The most popular reason is to enhance mental alertness by improving brain function, wakefulness, and productivity. The high prevalence rate of caffeinated drinks among young adults may affect their academic performance level.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study based on an electronic questionnaire via Google Forms, conducted in February 2022 after the biomedical ethics committee obtained the ethical approval at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), College of Medicine, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, the sample size was 593 medical students in Makkah region.
Results: A total number of 593 medical students participated in this study, most of the medical students who participated (47.20%) had average GPA of 85%-95%. The largest number of medical students (45.30%) consume only one cup of caffeinated beverages per day. We reported no association between caffeinated beverages consumption and academic performance.
Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that caffeinated beverages are a popular practice among medical college students. Majority of the medical students in Makkah region consume coffee as the most popular drink, while energy drinks are considered to be the least consumed drink, but energy drinks are easily affordable and available. Therefore, primary prevention of excessive consumption of caffeine is essential.
Background
Food marketing has been implicated as a driving force of the obesity epidemic. Electronic sports, or ‘esports’, garners billions of viewership hours and is a consolidation of two major marketing outlets, online social media and sporting events, making it a focal point for food marketers and policy-makers.
Methods
The top 10 esports events and leagues were identified using data scraped between 1 January 2021 and 15 December 2021. The 10 teams within each league (90 total teams) and up to 10 players from each team (451 total players) were identified. Of the top 10 events and leagues, 6 events and 2 leagues were held or located outside the USA, reflecting the global popularity of esports. Food and beverage brands associated with each event, league, team or player were systematically identified and extracted via official websites and social media accounts. The number of sponsorships was totalled for each brand. Brands were then categorised based on product type into the following categories: energy drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages, alcohol, candy/snacks, restaurants, food delivery and stores, and supplements. The total number of brand sponsorships was then calculated for each product category.
Results
90 unique food and beverage brands were identified. Across all brands, a total of 497 food brand sponsorships were identified. For product categories, energy drink brands had the most sponsorships (181 sponsorships, 36.4%), followed by restaurants (86 sponsorships, 17.3%) and candy/snacks (64 sponsorships, 12.8%). The individual brand with the most sponsorships was Monster Energy (47 sponsorships, 9.4%), followed by Jack Links (44 sponsorships, 8.8%) and Red Bull (42 sponsorships, 8.4%).
Conclusion
Despite its nascent character, the esports industry is already heavily saturated by food and beverage marketing. There is a need to consider policies to appropriately regulate food and beverage marketing within esports communities to safeguard the health of viewers.
The consumption of energy drinks is increasingly reaching alarming heights among populations. Consumers hold several perceived benefits that drives them to continuously consume them. Despite the enourmous negative health impacts that have been linked to their consumption, consumers are unaware of the several adverse effects and other health complications that can arise from energy drinks. It is important to step up public health education and advocacy to enlighten the public about the potential health hazards associated with energy drinks.
Introduction
The consumption of soft and energy drinks poses a significant risk for non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease. Studies in Saudi Arabia have reported elevated consumption of soft/energy drinks, but nation-wide data is not available. Therefore, this study aims to explore the prevalence of soft and energy drinks consumption and its associated factors among a representative sample of Saudi adults.
Methods
The present research is a secondary data analysis of the 2021 Sharik Diet and Health National Survey (SDHNS). Current analysis used data on socio-demographics, anthropometrics, physical activity, and soft and energy drink consumption. The frequency of soft and energy drinks consumption is assessed on a weekly basis.
Results
Of the 5,194 Saudi adults, 3,928 were analyzed. Overall, 67% consumed soft drinks weekly, while 30% consumed energy drinks weekly. In multiple logistic regression, consumption of either soft drinks or energy drinks was associated with males, a younger age, lower income, and lower physical activity. Individuals with overweight or obesity were less likely to consume energy drinks [OR (95%CI): 0.83 (0.71, 0.99) and 0.73 (0.60, 0.90), respectively] than those with healthy weight. However, education level was not associated with either soft or energy drink consumption. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions designed to reduce soft and energy drinks consumption in Saudi adults.
Caffeine is the most widely used psychostimulant worldwide. Excessive caffeine consumption induces a series of both acute and chronic biological and physiological changes that may give rise to cognitive decline, depression, fatigue, insomnia, cardiovascular changes, and headache. Chronic consumption of caffeine promotes a pro-nociceptive state of cortical hyperexcitability that can intensify a primary headache or trigger a headache due to excessive analgesic use. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the physiological mechanisms of caffeine and its relationship with headache.
At the end of 2011, a study was commissioned by EFSA to the Consortium Nomisma-Areté, with the objective of gathering consumption data for “energy” drinks (ED) in specific consumer groups (adults, adolescents and children) in EU). The study also aims at estimating, for the different consumer groups, the exposure to specific active ingredients (caffeine, taurine, and D-glucurono-y-lactone) from ED consumption, and the relative contribution of ED to the total caffeine exposure. Moreover, specific consumption habits (co-consumption with alcohol and consumption associated to intense physical exercise) should be analysed for adolescents and adults.
Between February and November 2012, the study team conducted an EU-wide questionnaire-based survey - involving more than 52.000 participants from 16 different EU Member States7(MS) - among adults (14.500 participants), adolescents (32.000), and children (5.500).
To determine the effect of energy drink consumption before exercise on indices of physical performance in untrained females.
This single blind placebo controlled experimental study was carried out at the Physiology Department, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from September 2011 to May 2012, on 32 healthy female students, in a crossover design. They were given either a standardized energy drink or the placebo 45 minutes before the exercise. Time to exhaustion and the stages of Bruce protocol achieved were noted. Heart rate, blood pressure, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, and blood lactate were recorded before and after the exercise. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) was calculated by formula. Paired sample t-test was used for statistics.
The mean age was 19.93±0.8 years, mean height 156.40±3.83 cm, and the mean weight 51.73±3.65 kg. Time to exhaustion in the placebo group was 11.67±1.51 minutes and 11.41±1.56 in the energy drink group (p less than 0.157). The VO2max in the placebo group was 34.06±6.62, while it was 32.89±6.83 in the energy drink group (p less than 0.154). There were no significant differences between the placebo and the energy drinks groups in regards to heart rate, blood pressure, and blood lactate levels, before or after the exercise. However, there were significant differences before, immediately, and 30 minutes post exercise for all parameters between each group.
The effects of energy drinks intake on physical performance during the exercise in our small sample does not significantly differ from placebo.
We report a 36-year-old man who presented with 1 week of right upper quadrant abdominal pain, jaundice, and fatigue. He consumed 3 sugar-free energy drinks daily for the past year with binge alcohol use. His liver function progressively deteriorated, requiring orthotopic liver transplantation. Submassive hepatic necrosis with eosinophilic infiltrate was seen on pathology, consistent with drug-induced liver injury. Further investigation is warranted into identifying which individuals are susceptible to liver failure from energy drink consumption.
Caffeine is the most widely used psychostimulant worldwide. Excessive caffeine consumption induces a series of both acute and chronic biological and physiological changes that may give rise to cognitive decline, depression, fatigue, insomnia, cardiovascular changes, and headache. Chronic consumption of caffeine promotes a pro-nociceptive state of cortical hyperexcitability that can intensify a primary headache or trigger a headache due to excessive analgesic use. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the physiological mechanisms of caffeine and its relationship with headache.
Copyright © 2014 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.
Energy drinks are increasingly popular among athletes and others. Advertising for these products typically features images conjuring great muscle power and endurance; however, the scientific literature provides sparse evidence for an ergogenic role of energy drinks. Although the composition of energy drinks varies, most contain caffeine; carbohydrates, amino acids, herbs, and vitamins are other typical ingredients. This report analyzes the effects of energy drink ingredients on prolonged submaximal (endurance) exercise as well as on short-term strength and power (neuromuscular performance). It also analyzes the effects of energy drink ingredients on the fluid and electrolyte deficit during prolonged exercise. In several studies, energy drinks have been found to improve endurance performance, although the effects could be attributable to the caffeine and/or carbohydrate content. In contrast, fewer studies find an ergogenic effect of energy drinks on muscle strength and power. The existing data suggest that the caffeine dose given in studies of energy drinks is insufficient to enhance neuromuscular performance. Finally, it is unclear if energy drinks are the optimal vehicle to deliver caffeine when high doses are needed to improve neuromuscular performance.
To determine the acute effect of an energy drink (ED) on physical performance of professional female volleyball players. 19 females (age= 22.3±4.9 yr.; height= 171.8±9.4 cm; weight= 65.2±10.1 kg) participated in a randomized, crossover, double-blind study to measure grip strength, vertical jump and anaerobic power in 3 different sessions (ED, placebo [PL] or no beverage [CTL]). For each session, participants arrived in a fasted state, consumed a standardized breakfast meal, and 1 h later completed the 3 baseline performance tests without having ingested the beverage. After completing the pre measurements, the athletes drank 6 ml/kg of body weight of the ED or PL and in the CTL condition no beverage was consumed. Post-test measurements were taken 30 min after the ingestion of liquids. A 3x2 repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant within session and measurement time interactions for each performance test. Regardless of the measurement time, right hand grip strength was significantly higher in the ED condition (34.6±0.9 kg) compared to PL (33.4±1.1 kg) and CTL (33.6±1.0 kg) (p < 0.05). Regardless of the beverage ingested, averaged right hand grip strength, taking into account all 3 testing conditions, increased from pre to post-testing (Pre = 33.8±0.9 kg vs. Post = 33.9±1.0 kg; p = 0.029), as did the averaged fatigue index, obtained from the anaerobic power test (Pre = 65.9±2.2% vs. Post = 68.7± 2.0%; p= 0.049). The acute ingestion of an ED did not improve physical performance of professional Costa Rican female volleyball players.
Currently, there are few studies on the cardiovascular and fatigue effects of commercially available energy drinks. This study investigated the effects of Monster energy drink (Monster Beverage Corporation, Corona, California), on resting heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), ride time-to-exhaustion, peak exercise HR, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and peak rating of perceived exertion (RPE).
The study used a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, crossover design. After an 8-hr fast, 15 subjects consumed Monster Energy Drink (ED standardized to 2.0 mg * kg-1 caffeine) or a flavor-matched placebo preexercise. Resting HR and HRV were determined. After an initial submaximal workload for 30 minutes, subjects completed 10 min at 80% ventilatory threshold (VT) and rode until volitional fatigue at 100% VT.
Resting HR was significantly different (ED: 65+/-10 bpm vs. placebo: 58+/-8 bpm, p = 0.02), but resting HRV was not different between the energy drink and placebo trials. Ride time-to-exhaustion was not significantly different between trials (ED: 45.5+/- 9.8 vs. placebo: 43.8+/-9.3 min, p = 0.62). No difference in peak RPE (ED: 9.1 +/- 0.5 vs. placebo: 9.0 +/- 0.8, p = 1.00) nor peak HR (ED: 177 +/- 11 vs. placebo: 175 +/- 12, p = 0.73) was seen. The RER at 30% of VT was significantly different (ED: 0.94 +/- 0.06 vs. placebo: 0.91 +/- 0.05, p = 0.046), but no difference between the two conditions were seen at the other intensities.
Although preexercise ingestion of the energy drink does increase resting HR there was no alteration in HRV parameters. Ride time-to-exhaustion was not enhanced.
Scope:
To elucidate the morphological and biochemical in vitro effects exerted by caffeine, taurine, and guarana, alone or in combination, since they are major components in energy drinks (EDs).
Methods and results:
On human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, caffeine (0.125-2 mg/mL), taurine (1-16 mg/mL), and guarana (3.125-50 mg/mL) showed concentration-dependent nonenzymatic antioxidant potential, decreased the basal levels of free radical generation, and reduced both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, especially when combined together. However, guarana-treated cells developed signs of neurite degeneration in the form of swellings at various segments in a beaded or pearl chain-like appearance and fragmentation of such neurites at concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL. Swellings, but not neuritic fragmentation, were detected when cells were treated with 0.5 mg/mL (or higher doses) of caffeine, concentrations that are present in EDs. Cells treated with guarana also showed qualitative signs of apoptosis, including membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, and cleaved caspase-3 positivity. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that cells treated with 12.5-50 mg/mL of guarana and its combinations with caffeine and/or taurine underwent apoptosis.
Conclusion:
Excessive removal of intracellular reactive oxygen species, to nonphysiological levels (or "antioxidative stress"), could be a cause of in vitro toxicity induced by these drugs.
The effects of alkaloid caffeine on insulin sensitivity have been investigated primarily in men, and with a single caffeine dose most commonly of 5–6 mg·kg⁻¹ of body weight (BW). It is unknown if the effects of caffeine on glucose homeostasis are sex-specific and (or) dose-dependent. This study examined whether caffeine ingestion would disrupt glucose homeostasis in a dose-dependent or threshold manner. It also examined whether sex-specific responses to caffeine exist. It was hypothesized that women would have an exaggerated response to caffeine, and that caffeine would only impair glucose metabolism once a threshold was reached. Twenty-four healthy volunteers (12 males, 12 females) participated in 4 trials, in a crossover, randomized, and double-blind fashion. They ingested caffeine (1, 3, or 5 mg·kg⁻¹ of BW) or placebo followed, 1 h later, by a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose, insulin, C-peptide area under the curve (AUC), and insulin sensitivity index data were fitted to a segmented linear model to determine dose–responses. There were no differences between sexes for any endpoints. Regression slopes were significantly different from zero (p < 0.05) for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide AUCs, with thresholds being no different from zero. Increasing caffeine consumption by 1 mg·kg⁻¹ of BW increased insulin and C-peptide AUCs by 5.8% and 8.7%, respectively. Despite this exaggerated insulin response, glucose AUC increased by 11.2 mmol per 120 min·L–1 for each mg·kg⁻¹ BW consumed. These results showed that caffeine ingestion disrupted insulin sensitivity in a dose-dependent fashion beginning at very low doses (0–1 mg·kg⁻¹ BW) in both healthy men and women.
Background
Considering the current high consumption of energy drinks, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of energy drinks in removing the smear layer and exposing dentinal tubules on root surface.
Methods
Dentine root surfaces were exposed using a diamond bur. Forty movements of scaling were performed in the area prepared in order to create a smear layer. One hundred and thirty specimens were obtained from 35 teeth. Specimens were randomly distributed into 12 groups (n = 10) and divided into subgroups according to the application: topical (n = 5) and friction (n = 5). Twelve energy drinks were evaluated: RedBull™, Burn™, TNT™, Flash Power™, Flying Horse™, Sports Drink™, Ionic™, Hot Power™, Army Power™, Gladiator™ and Bug™. Distilled water was used as a control group. The specimens were analysed by scanning electron microscopy.
Results
Topical application: a significant influence of energy drinks on smear layer removal was found for FlyingHorse™ and Bug™ when compared with the control group. Friction application: significant smear layer removal was found for Burn™, FlyingHorse™, Gladiator™, SportsDrinks™, when compared with the control group. Comparing the different application forms, a statistically significant difference was found for Army Power™.
Conclusion
Considering the significant smear layer removal, energy drinks can be an important etiological factor for cervical dentine hypersensitivity.
Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world and currently the only one legally available to children and adolescents. The sale and use of caffeinated beverages has increased markedly among adolescents during the last decade. However, research on caffeine use and behaviors among adolescents is scarce. We investigate the relationship between adolescent caffeine use and self-reported violent behaviors and conduct disorders in a population-based cross-sectional sample of 3,747 10th grade students (15-16 years of age, 50.2 % girls) who were enrolled in the Icelandic national education system during February 2012. Through a series of multiple regression models, while controlling for background factors, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms and current medication and peer delinquency, and including measures on substance use, our findings show robust additive explanatory power of caffeine for both violent behaviors and conduct disorders. In addition, the association of caffeine to the outcomes is significantly stronger for girls than boys for both violent behaviors and conduct disorders. Future studies are needed to examine to what extent, if at all, these relationships are causal. Indication of causal connections between caffeine consumption and negative outcomes such as those reported here would call into question the acceptability of current policies concerning the availability of caffeine to adolescents and the targeting of adolescence in the marketing of caffeine products.
Background:
There are safety concerns about energy drinks alongside marketing claims of physiological and behavioural benefits. There is no scientific data about usage of energy drinks in Saudi Arabia. This study determined consumption patterns of energy drinks as well as perceived benefits and side effects amongst students at a Saudi university.
Methods:
This study was carried out in students of University of Dammam from October to December 2010. A questionnaire about energy drink use, reasons for use, benefits and side effects experienced was distributed amongst the university students. Frequencies of responses and differences between male and female students were analysed.
Results:
A total of 412 students (282 males and 130 females) responded, out of whom 54.60% males and 26.15% female students were energy drink users. Mean age at first use was significantly (p<0.05) less in female students. Inspirations for first time use were friends (both genders) and curiosity (males mainly). Most students did not have a fixed frequency of use. The commonest reasons for use were company of friends, to keep awake, for more energy and for better performance in driving, sports or exams. Amongst many the commonest (p<0.05) benefit reported was ability to stay awake longer. The students reported a number of adverse effects. Increased urination and insomnia were the commonest in males and females respectively. Only 36.70% males and 14.28% females never experienced an adverse effect.
Conclusion:
A significant proportion of students at university of Dammam use energy drinks, they have reported a number of effects (perceived as benefits) along with a variety of adverse effects.
Some diet factors are risk factors for dental erosion.
We performed computer searches of PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, CALIS, et al., to search for studies investigating risk factors for dental erosion. For risk factors investigated in a comparative way, we computed pooled odds ratios (ORs) using the Mantel and Haenszel method.
A total of 9 studies met the inclusion criteria, and 6 risk factors were considered, including soft drinks, sports drinks, juice, vitamin C, milk, and yoghourt. The following associations were found for soft drinks (OR = 2.41, 95%CI = 2.03-2.85) and vitamin C (OR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.10-1.22). While juice (OR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.25-3.24), sports drinks (OR = 1.58, 95%CI = 0.88-2.85), milk (OR = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.11-4.01), and yoghourt products (OR = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.28-3.96) were not associated with dental erosion.
This meta-analysis provides comprehensive evidence-based assessment of diet-related factors for dental erosion. Preventive strategies should be taken to reduce dental erosion.
Previous investigations have identified individuals who meet criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) substance dependence as applied to caffeine, but there is little research on treatments for caffeine dependence. This study aimed to thoroughly characterize individuals who are seeking treatment for problematic caffeine use. Ninety-four individuals who identified as being psychologically or physically dependent on caffeine, or who had tried unsuccessfully to modify caffeine consumption participated in a face-to-face diagnostic clinical interview. They also completed measures concerning caffeine use and quitting history, reasons for seeking treatment, and standardized self-report measures of psychological functioning. Caffeine treatment seekers (mean age 41 years, 55% women) consumed an average of 548 mg caffeine per day. The primary source of caffeine was coffee for 50% of the sample and soft drinks for 37%. Eighty-eight percent reported prior serious attempts to modify caffeine use (mean 2.7 prior attempts), and 43% reported being advised by a medical professional to reduce or eliminate caffeine. Ninety-three percent met criteria for caffeine dependence when generic DSM-IV-TR substance dependence criteria were applied to caffeine use. The most commonly endorsed criteria were withdrawal (96%), persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to control use (89%), and use despite knowledge of physical or psychological problems caused by caffeine (87%). The most common reasons for wanting to modify caffeine use were health-related (59%) and not wanting to be dependent on caffeine (35%). This investigation reveals that there are individuals with problematic caffeine use who are seeking treatment and suggests that there is a need for effective caffeine dependence treatments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
The human microbiome plays a key role in a wide range of host-related processes and has a profound effect on human health. Comparative analyses of the human microbiome have revealed substantial variation in species and gene composition associated with a variety of disease states but may fall short of providing a comprehensive understanding of the impact of this variation on the community and on the host. Here, we introduce a metagenomic systems biology computational framework, integrating metagenomic data with an in silico systems-level analysis of metabolic networks. Focusing on the gut microbiome, we analyze fecal metagenomic data from 124 unrelated individuals, as well as six monozygotic twin pairs and their mothers, and generate community-level metabolic networks of the microbiome. Placing variations in gene abundance in the context of these networks, we identify both gene-level and network-level topological differences associated with obesity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We show that genes associated with either of these host states tend to be located at the periphery of the metabolic network and are enriched for topologically derived metabolic "inputs." These findings may indicate that lean and obese microbiomes differ primarily in their interface with the host and in the way they interact with host metabolism. We further demonstrate that obese microbiomes are less modular, a hallmark of adaptation to low-diversity environments. We additionally link these topological variations to community species composition. The system-level approach presented here lays the foundation for a unique framework for studying the human microbiome, its organization, and its impact on human health.
The consumption of energy drinks has increased significantly. We report the case of a patient who presented to our hospital with jaundice, abdominal pain, and markedly increased liver transaminases likely due to the increased consumption of an energy drink. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report in the literature linking the development of acute hepatitis to the consumption of an energy drink.
A 22-year-old Caucasian woman presented to our hospital with epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and low-grade fever. She had been drinking 10 cans of an energy drink daily for two weeks prior to presentation. Her physical examination revealed mild epigastric tenderness. Her initial blood tests revealed elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin. A computed tomographic scan of the abdomen and pelvis was normal, and the patient was discharged to home. She returned to the Emergency Department of our hospital with worsening pain and new-onset jaundice. This time her physical examination revealed epigastric tenderness and icteric sclera. Her aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and international normalized ratio were markedly elevated. Further radiological studies were non-specific, and she was admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of acute hepatitis. Her viral serology and toxicology screens were negative. The patient was treated supportively and was discharged after resolution of her symptoms and a marked decrease in her liver enzymes.
The development of acute hepatitis in this patient was most likely due to the excessive ingestion of an energy drink, and we speculate that niacin was the culprit ingredient.
The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of dental erosion among Swedish children and adolescents and to examine its relation to soft drink consumption. It was hypothesized that the prevalence of dental erosion would be higher in boys than girls,that it would show a correlation with soft drink consumption and that a further simplification ofa previously-used partial recording screening system for dental erosion would have an acceptable sensitivity and specificity. 801 individuals were invited to participate, of whom 609 (75%) accepted. 135 were 5-6 years, 227 were 13-14 years, and 247 were18-19 years old. A questionnaire survey of each individual's soft drink consumption habits, in addition to a clinical examination, were performed. Severe erosion extending into dentine on one or more maxillary anterior teeth/ molars was found to be 13.3% in the 5-6 group, 11.9% in 13-14 group and 22.3% in 18-19 group. The total prevalence for all age groups was 16.4%. The severity of erosion was highest among 18-19 year-old boys, 34.4 % of whom exhibited one or more teeth with severe erosive damage while none of the girls did so. Soft drink consumption was significantly correlated with severity of dental erosion in the 18-19 and 13-14 groups but not in the 5-6 years old group. A simplified erosion partial recording system (SEPRS) using 4 (permanent) or 6 (primary) surfaces as markers showed excellent sensitivity (100%/100%, respectively) and specificity (98%/100%, respectively) in relation to scoring of all maxillary canines/incisors and first permanent/all primary molars. In view of the high prevalence of dental erosion and soft drink consumption among Swedish children and adolescents reported here,there is clearly a need for a national epidemiological registration system as well as for community-based preventive programs to be implemented. The hypothesis that dental erosion would be higher in boys than girls and that it would show a correlation with soft drink intake was confirmed.
Energy drinks and highly caffeinated drinks comprise some of the fastest growing products of the beverage industry, often targeting teenagers and young adults. Cardiac arrhythmias in children related to high caffeine consumption have not been well described in the literature. This case series describes the possible association between the consumption of highly caffeinated drinks and the subsequent development of atrial fibrillation in the adolescent population.
We report the cases of two Caucasian adolescent boys of 14 and 16 years of age at the time of presentation, each without a significant cardiac history, who presented with palpitations or vague chest discomfort or both after a recent history of excessive caffeine consumption. Both were found to have atrial fibrillation on electrocardiogram; one patient required digoxin to restore a normal sinus rhythm, and the other self-converted after intravenous fluid administration.
With the increasing popularity of energy drinks in the pediatric and adolescent population, physicians should be aware of the arrhythmogenic potential associated with highly caffeinated beverage consumption. It is important for pediatricians to understand the lack of regulation in the caffeine content and other ingredients of these high-energy beverages and their complications so that parents and children can be educated about the risk of cardiac arrhythmias with excessive energy drink consumption.
Caffeine ingestion has been demonstrated to increase physical performance in some situations. This study examined the ability of a commercial energy drink containing caffeine to enhance acceleration tolerance and strength under G load.
Eight experienced centrifuge subjects completed three separate experimental acceleration exposures following ingestion of 11.5 ml x kg(-1) bodyweight of (1) a commercial energy drink, providing 5.0 mg caffeine/kg bodyweight; (2) a commercial energy drink without caffeine; or 3) a placebo. The acceleration exposures consisted of a relaxed gradual onset run to peripheral light loss, a rapid onset run to 6 G for 15 s, and a simulated air combat maneuver (SACM) run of repeated alternations between 4.5 G for 15 s and 7 G for 15 s until volitional exhaustion.
Relaxed G tolerance was 13% higher under the caffeinated energy drink session, whereas SACM duration did not differ among the drink conditions. Hip adductor muscle strength was 37% lower during the placebo session than during the other two sessions.
Consumption of a caffeine-based energy drink may enhance relaxed G tolerance and may increase strength, but does not impact acceleration tolerance duration.
There has been a dramatic rise in the consumption of glucose energy drinks (e.g., Amp, Monster, and Red Bull) in the past decade, particularly among high school and college students. However, little laboratory research has examined the acute objective and subjective effects of energy drinks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of a glucose energy drink (Red Bull) on cognitive functioning. Participants (N = 80) were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: 1.8 ml/kg energy drink, 3.6 ml/kg energy drink, 5.4 ml/kg energy drink, placebo beverage, or no drink. Participants completed a well-validated behavioral control task (the cued go/no-go task) and subjective measures of stimulation, sedation, and mental fatigue both before and 30 minutes following beverage administration. The results indicated that compared with the placebo and no drink conditions, the energy drink doses decreased reaction times on the behavioral control task, increased subjective ratings of stimulation and decreased ratings of mental fatigue. Greatest improvements in reaction times and subjective measures were observed with the lowest dose and improvements diminished as the dose increased. The findings suggest that energy drink consumption can improve cognitive performance on a behavioral control task, potentially explaining the dramatic rise in popularity of these controversial new beverages.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a commercially available energy drink on time to exhaustion during treadmill exercise. In addition, subjective measures of energy, focus, and fatigue were examined
Fifteen subjects (9 men and 6 women; 20.9 +/- 1.0 y; 172.1 +/- 9.1 cm; 71.0 +/- 9.4 kg; 16.9 +/- 9.7% body fat) underwent two testing sessions administered in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Subjects reported to the laboratory in a 3-hr post-absorptive state and were provided either the supplement (SUP; commercially marketed as Amino Impact) or placebo (P). During each laboratory visit subjects performed a treadmill run (70% VO2 max) to exhaustion. Mean VO2 was measured during each endurance exercise protocol. Subjects were required to complete visual analog scales for subjective measures of energy, focus and fatigue at the onset of exercise (PRE), 10-mins into their run (EX10) and immediately post-exercise (IP).
Time to exhaustion was significantly greater (p = 0.012) during SUP than P. Subjects consuming the supplement were able to run 12.5% longer than during the placebo treatment. Subjects consuming SUP reported significantly greater focus (p = 0.031), energy (p = 0.016), and less fatigue (p = 0.005) at PRE. Significant differences between groups were seen at EX10 for focus (p = 0.026) and energy (p = 0.004), but not fatigue (p = 0.123). No differences were seen at IP for either focus (p = 0.215), energy (p = 0.717) or fatigue (p = 0.430).
Results of this study indicate that the supplement Amino Impact can significantly increase time to exhaustion during a moderate intensity endurance run and improve subjective feelings of focus, energy and fatigue.
Not all athletic competitions lend themselves to supplementation during the actual event, underscoring the importance of preexercise supplementation to extend endurance and improve exercise performance. Energy drinks are composed of ingredients that have been found to increase endurance and improve physical performance.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a commercially available energy drink, ingested before exercise, on endurance performance.
The study was a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. After a 12-hr fast, 6 male and 6 female trained cyclists (mean age 27.3 +/- 1.7 yr, mass 68.9 +/- 3.2 kg, and VO2 54.9 +/- 2.3 ml x kg-1 x min-1) consumed 500 ml of either flavored placebo or Red Bull Energy Drink (ED; 2.0 g taurine, 1.2 g glucuronolactone, 160 mg caffeine, 54 g carbohydrate, 40 mg niacin, 10 mg pantothenic acid, 10 mg vitamin B6, and 10 microg vitamin B12) 40 min before a simulated cycling time trial. Performance was measured as time to complete a standardized amount of work equal to 1 hr of cycling at 70% Wmax.
Performance improved with ED compared with placebo (3,690 +/- 64 s vs. 3,874 +/- 93 s, p < .01), but there was no difference in rating of perceived exertion between treatments. b-Endorphin levels increased during exercise, with the increase for ED approaching significance over placebo (p = .10). Substrate utilization, as measured by open-circuit spirometry, did not differ between treatments.
These results demonstrate that consuming a commercially available ED before exercise can improve endurance performance and that this improvement might be in part the result of increased effort without a concomitant increase in perceived exertion.
We investigated the effect of caffeine ingestion on insulin sensitivity in sedentary lean men (n = 8) and obese men with (n = 7) and without (n = 8) type 2 diabetes. We also examined whether chronic exercise influences the relationship between caffeine and insulin sensitivity in these individuals.
Subjects underwent two hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedures, caffeine (5 mg/kg body wt) and placebo, in a double-blind, randomized manner before and after a 3-month aerobic exercise program. Body composition was measured by magnetic resonance imaging.
At baseline, caffeine ingestion was associated with a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in insulin sensitivity by a similar magnitude in the lean (33%), obese (33%), and type 2 diabetic (37%) groups in comparison with placebo. After exercise training, caffeine ingestion was still associated with a reduction (P < 0.05) in insulin sensitivity by a similar magnitude in the lean (23%), obese (26%), and type 2 diabetic (36%) groups in comparison with placebo. Exercise was not associated with a significant increase in insulin sensitivity in either the caffeine or placebo trials, independent of group (P > 0.10).
Caffeine consumption is associated with a substantial reduction in insulin-mediated glucose uptake independent of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and chronic exercise.
Background
Energy drink consumption in the United States has more than doubled over the last decade and has been implicated in cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and even sudden cardiac death. We hypothesized that energy drink consumption may increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events by increasing platelet aggregation, thereby resulting in a relatively hypercoagulable state and increased risk of thrombosis.
Methods
Thirty-two healthy volunteers aged 18–40 y were given 16 oz of bottled water or a standardized, sugar-free energy drink on two separate occasions, 1-wk apart. Beverages were consumed after an overnight fast over a 30-min period. Coagulation parameters and platelet function were measured before and 60 min after consumption using thrombelastography and impedance aggregometry.
Results
No statistically significant differences in coagulation were detected using kaolin or rapid thrombelastography. In addition, no differences in platelet aggregation were detected using ristocetin, collagen, thrombin receptor–activating peptide, or adenosine diphosphate–induced multiple impedance aggregometry. However, compared to water controls, energy drink consumption resulted in a significant increase in platelet aggregation via arachidonic acid–induced activation (area under the aggregation curve, 72.4 U versus 66.3 U; P = 0.018).
Conclusions
Energy drinks are associated with increased platelet activity via arachidonic acid–induced platelet aggregation within 1 h of consumption. Although larger clinical studies are needed to further address the safety and health concerns of these drinks, the increased platelet response may provide a mechanism by which energy drinks increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events.
Higher doses and consumption of energy drinks leads to cardiovascular effects and potential consequences. Principal components found in energy drinks such as caffeine, guarana and taurine has been related to dilatation, aneurysm formation, dissection and ruptures. There is no evidence showing an integration of these components and its effects in endothelium and aortic walls due to higher levels of pressure during exercises. We report a case of a 44 years male with celiac trunk and branches dissection due to long-term consumption of energy drinks and intense exercise routine. Our proposition relates cell and vessel walls alterations including elasticity in endothelial wall due to higher blood pressure, resistance by intense exercise routine and long-term consumption of energy drinks.
No consistent definition exists for energy products in the United States. These products have been marketed and sold as beverages (conventional foods), energy shots (dietary supplements), and in pill or tablet form. Recently, the number of available products has surged, and formulations have changed to include caffeine. To help characterize the use of caffeine-containing energy products in the United States, three sources of data were analyzed: sales data, data from federal sources, and reports from the Drug Abuse Warning Network. These data indicate that sales of caffeine-containing energy products and emergency room visits involving their consumption appear to be increasing over time. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2010 indicate that 2.7% [standard error (SE) 0.2%] of the US population ≥1 year of age used a caffeine-containing energy product, providing approximately 150-200 mg/day of caffeine per day in addition to caffeine from traditional sources like coffee, tea, and colas. The highest usage of these products was among males between the ages of 19 and 30 years (7.6%, SE 1.0). Although the prevalence of caffeine-containing energy product use remains low overall in the US population, certain subgroups appear to be using these products in larger amounts. Several challenges remain in determining the level of caffeine exposure from and accurate usage patterns of caffeine-containing energy products.
Purpose:
The objective of this study is to determine the effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on female volleyball players' performance.
Methods:
Thirteen elite female volleyball players ingested 3 mg·kg of caffeine with an energy drink or the same drink without caffeine (placebo drink) in a double-blind and randomized study. Then, participants performed the following: standing spike, jumping spike, spike jump, blocking jump, squat jump, countermovement jump, manual dynamometry, and the agility t-test. A simulated volleyball game was played, videotaped, and notated afterward.
Results:
In comparison to the placebo drink, the ingestion of the caffeinated energy drink increased the ball velocity in the standing spike (19.2 ± 2.1 vs 19.7 ± 1.9 m·s, P = 0.023) and in the jumping spike (17.9 ± 2.2 vs 18.8 ± 2.2 m·s, P = 0.038) and the jump height in the squat jump (28.1 ± 3.2 vs 29.4 ± 3.6 cm, P = 0.028), countermovement jump (32.0 ± 4.6 vs 33.1 ± 4.5 cm, P = 0.018), spike jump (43.3 ± 4.7 vs 44.4 ± 5.0 cm, P = 0.025), and block jump (35.2 ± 5.1 vs 36.1 ± 5.1 cm, P = 0.044). Furthermore, the caffeinated energy drink decreased the time needed to complete the agility t-test (11.1 ± 0.5 vs 10.9 ± 0.3 s, P = 0.036). During the game, the volleyball actions categorized as successful were more frequent with the caffeinated energy drink (34% ± 9% vs 45% ± 9%, P < 0.001), whereas imprecise actions decreased (28% ± 7% vs 14% ± 9%, P < 0.001) when compared with the placebo drink.
Conclusion:
Commercially available energy drinks can significantly improve physical performance in female volleyball players. Increased physical performance led to improved accuracy during an actual volleyball match.
Energy drinks are widely consumed by adolescents as these claim to improve performance, endurance and alertness. Recent reports have shown that there are no real health benefits of these drinks. On the contrary, certain adverse effects due to energy drinks have come to the forefront, casting a big question-mark on their safety and utility. This review discusses the present status of energy drinks, their active ingredients and their safety. We conclude that energy drinks, despite having some short pleasant effects, can be harmful for the body and are best avoided.
Objective:
To report a case of acute renal failure possibly induced by Red Bull.
Case summary:
A 40-year-old man presented with various complaints, including a recent hypoglycemic episode. Assessment revealed that serum creatinine was elevated at 5.5 mg/dL, from a baseline of 0.9 mg/dL. An interview revealed a 2- to 3-week history of daily ingestion of 100 to 120 oz of Red Bull energy drink. Resolution of renal dysfunction occurred within 2 days of discontinuation of Red Bull and persisted through 10 months of follow-up. Rechallenge was not attempted.
Discussion:
Energy-drink-induced renal failure has been reported infrequently. We identified 2 case reports via a search of MEDLINE, one of which occurred in combination with alcohol and the other of which was not available in English. According to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Adverse Event Reporting System, between 2004 and 2012, the FDA has received 166 reports of adverse events associated with energy drink consumption. Only 3 of the 166 (0.18%) described renal failure, and none were reported with Red Bull specifically. A defined mechanism for injury is unknown. Assessment of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicates a probable relationship between the development of acute renal failure and Red Bull ingestion in our patient.
Conclusions:
Acute kidney injury has rarely been reported with energy drink consumption. Our report describes the first English language report of acute renal failure occurring in the context of ingestion of large quantities of energy drink without concomitant alcohol.
Both the diathesis-stress model and the continuum theory of schizophrenia attempt to explain the mechanism by which stress may facilitate the expression of the symptoms of schizophrenia in non-clinical samples. Caffeine has also recently been reported to increase proneness to hallucinate. In this study, 92 non-clinical participants were assigned to either a high or a low stress condition and a high or a low caffeine condition on the basis of self-report. After they had been primed, the participants were asked to listen to white noise and to report each time they heard the song “White Christmas” during the white noise. The song was never played. The results indicated that the interaction of stress and caffeine had a significant effect on the reported frequency of hearing “White Christmas”. The results demonstrated that high caffeine levels in association with high levels of stressful life events interacted to produce higher levels of “hallucination” in non-clinical participants, indicating that further caution needs to be exercised with the use of this overtly “safe” drug.
In diathesis–stress models of psychosis, cortisol released in response to stressors is proposed to play a role in the development of psychotic experiences. Individual differences in cortisol response to stressors are therefore likely to play a role in proneness to psychotic experiences. As caffeine has been found to increase cortisol response to a given stressor, we proposed that, when levels of stress were controlled for, caffeine intake would be related to hallucination-proneness and persecutory ideation. Caffeine intake, stress, hallucination-proneness and persecutory ideation were assessed by self-report questionnaires in a non-clinical sample (N=219). Caffeine intake was positively related to stress levels and hallucination-proneness, but not persecutory ideation. When stress levels were controlled for, caffeine intake predicted levels of hallucination-proneness but not persecutory ideation. Implications of these findings are discussed and avenues for future research suggested.
Energy drinks are widely available mostly containing glucose, and several have been demonstrated to improve alertness and cognitive function; these effects generally being identified 30 to 60 minutes after administration. The present study assessed whether an energy shot without carbohydrates would affect major aspects of cognitive function and also mood in volunteers over a 6 hour time period. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,crossover study compared the acute effects of the energy shot with a matching placebo in 94 healthy volunteers. Cognitive function was assessed with a widely used set of automated tests of attention and memory. Mood was assessed with the Bond-Lader, Beck Anxiety Index, Beck Depression Index, Chalder Fatigue Scales (CFS), and the POMS. The volunteers were requested to limit their sleep to between 3 and 6 hours the night before each testing day. Compared to the placebo, the energy shot significantly improved 6 validated composite cognitive function measures from the CDR System as well as self-rated alertness; the benefits on 4 of the cognitive measures still remaining at 6 hours. The overall effect sizes of the performance improvements were in the small to medium range and thus notable in this field. In conclusion, an energy shot can significantly improve important aspects of cognitive function for up to 6 hours compared to placebo in partially sleep-deprived healthy volunteers.
Energy drinks are popular among young individuals and marketed to college students, athletes, and active individuals between the ages of 21 and 35 years. We report a case that had ischemic stroke and epileptic seizure after intake of energy drink with alcohol. To the best of our knowledge, the following case is the first report of ischemic stroke after intake of energy drink. A previously healthy 37-year-old man was brought to the emergency department after a witnessed tonic-clonic seizure. According to his wife's testimony, just before loss of consciousness, the patient had been drinking 3 boxes of energy drinks (Redbull, Istanbul, Turkey, 250 mL) with vodka on an empty stomach. He did not have a history of seizures, head trauma, or family history of seizures or another disease. In cranial diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, there were hyperintense signal changes in bilateral occipital area (more pronounced in the left occipital lobe), right temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and posterior parietal lobe. All tests associated with possible etiologic causes of ischemic stroke in young patients were negative. Herein, we want to attract attention to adverse effect of energy drink usage.
This report summarises the case of a 19-year-old male, with a history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, who presented to hospital with an acute chest pain. An electrocardiographic and biochemical diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction was made; however, subsequent coronary angiography and echocardiography were both normal. In the week preceding the admission, the patient had consumed large quantities of a popular energy drink and the authors believe this may have implicated the development of his coronary event. This is an association that has been suggested previously and this report briefly summarises the evidence supporting the connection.
Beneficial effects for mood and cognitive performance are believed to influence food and drink choice. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate a sensitive methodology for providing objective evidence of such effects. A mildly fatiguing repetitive task formed the context for assessing the potential restorative effects of caffeine-containing ‘energy’ drinks. The methodology used was designed to account for a range of theorised variations in the data, many of which are often overlooked in current research. Significant effects of the energy drinks on task performance and self-rated mood were found. These effects can be summarised with the terms ‘alerting’, ‘revitalising’, ‘awakening’ and providing mental energy, and appear to be mainly caffeine related.
The intentional consumption and use of stimulants, such as caffeine, are known to have numerous interactions with the human cardiovascular system. Ex vivo studies have shown caffeine-induced vasoconstriction of coronary arteries (Forman et al. in Ann Emerg Med 29:178-180, 1997). We report on a case of a 17-year-old male who presented with angina and an abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) concerning for ST elevation myocardial infarct. He was found to have diffuse ECG changes and markedly elevated cardiac enzymes. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a reduced left ventricular (LV) systolic function as well as segmental wall motion abnormalities consistent with an ischemic insult. The patient admitted to consuming near lethal doses of caffeine immediately preceding his angina. He was diagnosed with coronary vasospasms as a result of stimulant use. During hospitalization, ECG changes resolved, cardiac enzymes started trending downward, and LV systolic function returned to normal, all consistent with stunned myocardium that fully recovered. This case strongly suggests that overuse of stimulants, such as caffeine, should be considered in patients presenting with coronary vasospasms, particularly in teenagers and young adults.
Energy drink consumption has been anecdotally linked to the development of adverse cardiovascular effects in consumers, although clinical trials to support this link are lacking. The effects of Red Bull energy drink on cardiovascular and neurologic functions were examined in college-aged students enrolled at Winona State University. In a double-blind experiment where normal calorie and low calorie Red Bull were compared to normal and low calorie placebos, no changes in overall cardiovascular function nor blood glucose (mg/dL) were recorded in any participant (n = 68) throughout a 2-h test period. However, in the second experiment, nine male and twelve female participants subjected to a cold pressor test (CPT) before and after Red Bull consumption showed a significant increase in blood sugar levels pre- and post Red Bull consumption. There was a significant increase in diastolic blood pressure of the male volunteers immediately after submersion of the hand in the 5 degrees C water for the CPT. Under the influence of Red Bull, the increase in diastolic pressure for the male participants during the CPT was negated. There were no significant changes in the blood pressure of the female participants for the CPT with or without Red Bull. Finally, the CPT was used to evaluate pain threshold and pain tolerance before and after Red Bull consumption. Red Bull consumption was associated with a significant increase in pain tolerance in all participants. These findings suggest that Red Bull consumption ameliorates changes in blood pressure during stressful experiences and increases the participants' pain tolerance.
Since the introduction of Red Bull in Austria in 1987 and in the United States in 1997, the energy drink market has grown exponentially. Hundreds of different brands are now marketed, with caffeine content ranging from a modest 50 mg to an alarming 505 mg per can or bottle. Regulation of energy drinks, including content labeling and health warnings differs across countries, with some of the most lax regulatory requirements in the U.S. The absence of regulatory oversight has resulted in aggressive marketing of energy drinks, targeted primarily toward young males, for psychoactive, performance-enhancing and stimulant drug effects. There are increasing reports of caffeine intoxication from energy drinks, and it seems likely that problems with caffeine dependence and withdrawal will also increase. In children and adolescents who are not habitual caffeine users, vulnerability to caffeine intoxication may be markedly increased due to an absence of pharmacological tolerance. Genetic factors may also contribute to an individual's vulnerability to caffeine-related disorders including caffeine intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal. The combined use of caffeine and alcohol is increasing sharply, and studies suggest that such combined use may increase the rate of alcohol-related injury. Several studies suggest that energy drinks may serve as a gateway to other forms of drug dependence. Regulatory implications concerning labeling and advertising, and the clinical implications for children and adolescents are discussed.
This investigation determined the effect of different rates of dehydration, induced by ingesting different volumes of fluid during prolonged exercise, on hyperthermia, heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV). On four different occasions, eight endurance-trained cyclists [age 23 +/- 3 (SD) yr, body wt 71.9 +/- 11.6 kg, maximal O2 consumption 4.72 +/- 0.33 l/min] cycled at a power output equal to 62-67% maximal O2 consumption for 2 h in a warm environment (33 degrees C dry bulb, 50% relative humidity, wind speed 2.5 m/s). During exercise, they randomly received no fluid (NF) or ingested a small (SF), moderate (MF), or large (LF) volume of fluid that replaced 20 +/- 1, 48 +/- 1, and 81 +/- 2%, respectively, of the fluid lost in sweat during exercise. The protocol resulted in graded magnitudes of dehydration as body weight declined 4.2 +/- 0.1, 3.4 +/- 0.1, 2.3 +/- 0.1, and 1.1 +/- 0.1%, respectively, during NF, SF, MF, and LF. After 2 h of exercise, esophageal temperature (Tes), HR, and SV were significantly different among the four trials (P < 0.05), with the exception of NF and SF. The magnitude of dehydration accrued after 2 h of exercise in the four trials was linearly related with the increase in Tes (r = 0.98, P < 0.02), the increase in HR (r = 0.99, P < 0.01), and the decline in SV (r = 0.99, P < 0.01). LF attenuated hyperthermia, apparently because of higher skin blood flow, inasmuch as forearm blood flow was 20-22% higher than during SF and NF at 105 min (P < 0.05). There were no differences in sweat rate among the four trials. In each subject, the increase in Tes from 20 to 120 min of exercise was highly correlated to the increase in serum osmolality (r = 0.81-0.98, P < 0.02-0.19) and the increase in serum sodium concentration (r = 0.87-0.99, P < 0.01-0.13) from 5 to 120 min of exercise. In summary, the magnitude of increase in core temperature and HR and the decline in SV are graded in proportion to the amount of dehydration accrued during exercise.
500 ml of a glucose based "energy" drink versus a control without the active ingredients (caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone) were given double blind to 11 sleepy participants driving an interactive real-car driving simulator. Lane drifting and a secondary task (reaction time) were measured for two hours post-treatment. The energy drink significantly improved both indices, particularly for the first hour.
The effects of Red Bull Energy Drink, which includes taurine, glucuronolactone, and caffeine amongst the ingredients, were examined over 3 studies in a total of 36 volunteers. Assessments included psychomotor performance (reaction time, concentration, memory), subjective alertness and physical endurance. When compared with control drinks, Red Bull Energy Drink significantly (P < 0.05) improved aerobic endurance (maintaining 65-75% max. heart rate) and anaerobic performance (maintaining max. speed) on cycle ergometers. Significant improvements in mental performance included choice reaction time, concentration (number cancellation) and memory (immediate recall), which reflected increased subjective alertness. These consistent and wide ranging improvements in performance are interpreted as reflecting the effects of the combination of ingredients.
Caffeine is present in a wide variety of beverages, often together with a number of other ingredients, such as sugars, taurine, glucuronolactone and vitamins. However, the majority of psychopharmacological studies have used pure caffeine tablets or drinks with doses in excess of those normally consumed in daily life. In addition, all the participants are usually deprived of caffeine for 10 h or more before the study. Consequently, it has been argued that any improvement in performance is only due to a reversal of caffeine withdrawal.
The present two studies tested participants who had minimal deprivation from caffeine (an hour or less) with an 80-mg caffeinated (80 mg/250 ml), taurine-containing beverage (commercially available) verum, which also contained sugars, glucuronolactone and vitamins. The placebos in the two studies were a sugar-free and a sugar-containing drink, in order to examine the effects of the sugar.
In total, 42 participants were tested with a rapid visual information test, a verbal reasoning test, a verbal and non-verbal memory test and a set of mood measures. Prior to testing, they were allowed ad libitum caffeinated beverages until 1 h before testing (study 1) and unrestricted caffeine use before testing (study 2).
In both studies, the caffeinated, taurine-containing beverage produced improved attention and verbal reasoning, in comparison with a sugar-free and the sugar-containing drinks. The improvement with the verum drink was manifested in terms of both the mean number correct and the reaction times. Another important finding was the reduction in the variability of attentional performance between participants. No effects on memory were found. There were no differences in performance between the glucose and sugar-free drinks.
Moderate doses of caffeine and taurine can improve information processing in individuals who could not have been in caffeine withdrawal.
Driver sleepiness is a major cause of serious road crashes. Coffee is often used as an effective countermeasure to driver sleepiness. However, the caffeine levels in coffee are variable, whereas certain proprietary "functional energy drinks" (FEDs) contain known levels of caffeine (and other ingredients). We investigated the effectiveness of a well-known FED in reducing sleepiness in drivers. Twelve healthy young adults drove an instrumented car simulator between 14:00 and 17:00 h. Their sleepiness was enhanced by sleep restriction to 5 h the night before. Following a pretreatment 30-min drive and at the beginning of a 30-min break, participants were given double-blind 250-ml FED (containing sucrose, glucose, 80-mg caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone and vitamins) vs. a control drink with the same volume and same taste but without caffeine, taurine and glucuronolactone. Two hours of continuous driving ensued. Lane drifting, subjective sleepiness and the electroencephalogram (EEG) were monitored throughout. Compared with the control, the FED significantly reduced sleep-related driving incidents and subjective sleepiness for the first 90 min of the drive. There was a trend for the EEG to reflect less sleepiness during this period. It was concluded that the FED is beneficial in reducing sleepiness and sleep-related driving incidents under conditions of afternoon monotonous driving following sleep restriction the night before.
Dental caries is a common, chronic disease of childhood. The impact of contemporary changes in beverage patterns, specifically decreased milk intakes and increased 100% juice and soda pop intakes, on dental caries in young children is unknown. We describe associations among caries experience and intakes of dairy foods, sugared beverages, and nutrients and overall diet quality in young children.
Subjects (n = 642) are members of the Iowa Fluoride Study, a cohort followed from birth. Food and nutrient intakes were obtained from 3-day diet records analyzed at 1 (n = 636), 2 (n = 525), 3 (n = 441), 4 (n = 410), and 5 (n = 417) years and cumulatively for 1 through 5 (n = 396) years of age. Diet quality was defined by nutrient adequacy ratios (NARs) and calculated as the ratio of nutrient intake to Recommended Dietary Allowance/Adequate Intake. Caries were identified during dental examinations by 2 trained and calibrated dentists at 4 to 7 years of age. Examinations were visual, but a dental explorer was used to confirm questionable findings. Caries experience was assessed at both the tooth and the surface levels. Data were analyzed using SAS. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare food intakes, nutrient intakes, and NARs of subjects with and without caries experience. Logistic and Tobit regression analyses were used to identify associations among diet variables and caries experience and to develop models to predict caries experience. Not all relationships between food intakes and NARs and caries experience were linear; therefore, categorical variables were used to develop models to predict caries experience. Food and beverage intakes were categorized as none, low, and high intakes, and NARs were categorized as inadequate, low adequate, and high adequate.
Subjects with caries had lower median intakes of milk at 2 and 3 years of age than subjects without caries. Subjects with caries had higher median intakes of regular (sugared) soda pop at 2, 3, 4, and 5 years and for 1 through 5 years; regular beverages from powder at 1, 4, and 5 years and for 1 through 5 years; and total sugared beverages at 4 and 5 years than subjects without caries. Logistic regression models were developed for exposure variables at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years and for 1 through 5 years to predict any caries experience at 4 to 7 years of age. Age at dental examination was retained in models at all ages. Children with 0 intake (vs low and high intakes) of regular beverages from powder at 1 year, regular soda pop at 2 and 3 years, and sugar-free beverages from powder at 5 years had a decreased risk of caries experience. High intakes of regular beverages from powder at 4 and 5 years and for 1 through 5 years and regular soda pop at 5 years and for 1 through 5 years were associated with significantly increased odds of caries experience relative to subjects with none or low intakes. Low (vs none or high) intakes of 100% juice at 5 years were associated with decreased caries experience. In general, inadequate intakes (vs low adequate or high adequate intakes) of nutrients (eg, riboflavin, copper, vitamin D, vitamin B(12)) were associated with increased caries experience and low adequate intakes (vs inadequate or high adequate intakes) of nutrients (eg, vitamin B(12), vitamin C) were associated with decreased caries experience. An exception was vitamin E; either low or high adequate intakes were associated with increased caries experience at various ages. Multivariable Tobit regression models were developed for 1- through 5-year exposure variables to predict the number of tooth surfaces with caries experience at 4 to 7 years of age. Age at dental examination showed a significant positive association and fluoride exposure showed a significant negative association with the number of tooth surfaces with caries experience in the final model. Low intakes of nonmilk dairy foods (vs high intakes; all subjects had some nonmilk dairy intakes) and high adequate intakes of vitamin C (vs inadequate and low adequate intakes) were associated with fewer tooth surfaces having caries experience. High intakes of regular soda pop (vs none and low intakes) were associated with more tooth surfaces having caries experience.
Results of our study suggest that contemporary changes in beverage patterns, particularly the increase in soda pop consumption, have the potential to increase dental caries rates in children. Consumption of regular soda pop, regular powdered beverages, and, to a lesser extent, 100% juice was associated with increased caries risk. Milk had a neutral association with caries. Associations between different types of sugared beverages and caries experience were not equivalent, which could be attributable to the different sugar compositions of the beverages or different roles in the diet. Our data support contemporary dietary guidelines for children: consume 2 or more servings of dairy foods daily, limit intake of 100% juice to 4 to 6 oz daily, and restrict other sugared beverages to occasional use. Pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners, and dietitians are in a position to support pediatric dentists in providing preventive guidance to parents of young children.
Familiarity, through conditioned responses and expectations, may play a significant role in the expression of liking for, and mood and performance effects of, food and drink constituents. The role of familiarity and the effects of caffeine and glucose in Lucozade Energy were investigated by testing this familiar soft drink, and its non-caffeine/non-CHO placebo match, against novel coloured/flavoured full and placebo drinks. Both the familiar drink and its placebo improved alertness, mental energy and mental performance compared to baseline and compared to the novel placebo drink. After repeated exposure, that is, after having gained familiarity with the novel drinks in addition to the already existing familiarity with Lucozade Energy, only the full (caffeine and CHO containing) drinks showed sustained beneficial effects compared to placebo drinks and baseline measures, as well as an increase in liking compared to placebo drinks. Therefore, participants appeared to have learned that beneficial effects were mainly linked to the full products. The results illustrate the restorative combination of caffeine and CHO in the drink, and emphasises the need to implement the appropriate placebo(s) in any study design employing familiar foods or drinks.
Recent literature suggests that both caffeine and taurine can induce diuresis and natriuresis in rat and man. Although they act via different cellular mechanisms, their diuretic actions might be additive. This is of considerable interest, as several commercially available energy drinks contain both substances.
In this study we examined the possible diuretic effects of caffeine and taurine in a cross-over-design in which 12 healthy male volunteers received each of 4 different test drinks (750 ml of energy drink containing 240 mg caffeine and 3 g taurine, the three other test drinks either lacked caffeine, taurine or both) after restraining from fluids for 12 h.
Mixed model analyses demonstrated that urinary output and natriuresis were significantly increased by caffeine (mean differences 243 ml and 27 mmol; both p < 0.001) and that there were no such effects of taurine (mean differences 59 ml and −4 mmol). Additionally, urinary osmolarity at baseline was significantly related to the urinary output (p < 0.001). Urine osmolarity values at baseline and in the 6 h urine collection did not differ significantly between treatments.
Taken together, our study demonstrates that diuretic and natriuretic effects of the tested energy drink were largely mediated by caffeine. Taurine played no significant role in the fluid balance in moderately dehydrated healthy young consumers. Consequently, the diuretic potential of energy drinks will not differ significantly from other caffeine containing beverages.