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Influence of weather factors on the trapped population of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) under Multan Agro-ecosystem

Authors:
  • South Punjab Agriculture Secretariat, Multan-Pakistan
  • Independent Researcher

Abstract and Figures

Studies were carried out to evaluate the impact of weather factors on the population dynamics of pink bollworm for three consecutive years from 2009 to 2011 at Entomological Research Sub-station, Multan. Pheromone traps charged with Gossyplure [(Z, Z) and (Z, E) 7, 11 hexadecadienyl acetate] were installed and data for moth catches was recorded regularly at fortnightly basis. Simple correlation and regression coefficients were also computed to know the relationship between weather factors and moth catches. The results indicated that highest peaks of pink bollworm appeared during April having 1.1 and 1.13 moths/trap at 37.78 and 36.78 o C (maximum temperature), 22.00 and 20.12 o C (minimum temperature), 29.89 and 28.46 o C (average temperature) and 67% (RH) during 2009 and 2011 respectively whereas peak appeared in November and December during 2010. Out of weather factors, maximum temperature and rainfall showed positive response while minimum temperature, average temperature and relative humidity had a negative impact on the population fluctuation of pink bollworm. Regression coefficient showed 8.92% impact of weather factors in population fluctuation.
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2016; 4(1): 02-06
E-ISSN: 2320-7078
P-ISSN: 2349-6800
JEZS 2016; 4(1): 02-06
© 2016 JEZS
Received: 01-11-2015
Accepted: 01-12-2015
Amjad Ali
Entomological Research
Institute, Ayub Agricultural
Research Institute, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
Haider Karar
Entomological Research Sub-
Station, Multan, Entomological
Research Institute, Ayub
Agricultural Research Institute,
Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Muhammad Farooq
Entomological Research
Institute, Ayub Agricultural
Research Institute, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
Faisal Hafeez
Entomological Research
Institute, Ayub Agricultural
Research Institute, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
Muneer Abbas
Entomological Research
Institute, Ayub Agricultural
Research Institute, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
Touseef Khan Babar
Entomological Research Sub-
Station, Multan, Entomological
Research Institute, Ayub
Agricultural Research Institute,
Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Correspondence
Faisal Hafeez
Entomological Research
Institute, Ayub Agricultural
Research Institute, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
Influence of weather factors on the trapped
population of pink bollworm (Pectinophora
gossypiella) under Multan Agro-ecosystem
Amjad Ali, Faisal Hafeez, Muhammad Farooq, Haider Karar, Muneer
Abbas, Touseef Khan Babar
Abstract
Studies were carried out to evaluate the impact of weather factors on the population dynamics of pink
bollworm for three consecutive years from 2009 to 2011 at Entomological Research Sub-station, Multan.
Pheromone traps charged with Gossyplure [(Z, Z) and (Z, E) 7, 11 hexadecadienyl acetate] were installed
and data for moth catches was recorded regularly at fortnightly basis. Simple correlation and regression
coefficients were also computed to know the relationship between weather factors and moth catches. The
results indicated that highest peaks of pink bollworm appeared during April having 1.1 and 1.13
moths/trap at 37.78 and 36.78 oC (maximum temperature), 22.00 and 20.12 oC (minimum temperature),
29.89 and 28.46 oC (average temperature) and 67% (RH) during 2009 and 2011 respectively whereas
peak appeared in November and December during 2010. Out of weather factors, maximum temperature
and rainfall showed positive response while minimum temperature, average temperature and relative
humidity had a negative impact on the population fluctuation of pink bollworm. Regression coefficient
showed 8.92% impact of weather factors in population fluctuation.
Keywords: Pink bollworm, Multan, Climatic changes, Regression analysis
1. Introduction
Cotton is one of the most sensitive crop to the pest attack and chemically intensive among all
fields. In Pakistan, bollworms are considered as major pest of cotton. Apart from cotton they
also cause serious damage to number of other crops particularly the summer vegetables such as
okra, tomato, tori, chilies and different cucurbits etc. Ahmed [1] reported that cotton crop is the
most susceptible to bollworm, which inflect heavy damage that may vary from year to year but
generally cause 20-30% of yield reduction. Ghouri [8] reported about 20% loss of yield by
different bollworm pest only. Pectinophora gossypiella is one of the major lepidopteron pests
of this region and cause significant infestation throughout the world. It causes an enormous
damage and loss of cotton yield when it neglected [7].
Hutchison et al. [12] reported that young larvae of P. gossypiella penetrate in to the young bolls
and flowers two hours after the hatching. The pink bollworm larvae feed on flower buds,
flowers, bolls and seeds, and the termination of growth results in boll rotting, premature or
partial boll opening, reduction of staple length, strength, and increases trash content in the lint.
Sex pheromones are being used to monitor emergences of over winter population of pink
bollworm (a successful technique for monitoring and mating disruptions) [16, 18]. Hummel et al.
[11] identified the sex pheromones for pink bollworm as 1:1 mixture of (Z, Z) and (Z, E) 7, 11
hexadecadienyl acetate, named gossyplure. Boguslawski [4] used sex pheromones and
pesticides in different plots for control of P. gossypiella, and found sex pheromones more
successful than pesticides. Being cold blooded organisms, the effect of temperature on insects
largely overwhelms the influence of environmental aspects [3]. Temperature exerts great impact
upon the total number of eggs and on the ovipositional behavior of insects [5]. More often
rainfall may have a negative impact on the insect population because eggs and neonates of
some insects may be dislocated or killed by rain [14]. Its population increases during rainy
season and population drop with increase in temperature. Different stages of the insect
prolonged developmental period during winter and coloration also changes with change in
temperature and humidity [17]. Insects are capable of surviving only within certain
environmental limits, so one can predict the occurrence of peak activities of a given pest
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
through better understanding of preferred environmental
factors. Therefore, the current studies were conducted to
monitor the population of P. gossypiella and its relationship
with weather factors.
2. Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted for three consecutive years
(2009 to 2011) at Entomological Research Sub-Station,
Multan to monitor the population fluctuation of P. gossypiella
and impact of weather factors on its population. Six
pheromone traps each charged with Gossyplure were installed.
Each trap was installed with the help of bamboo stick at the
height of 1.22-1.55 m from the ground level. The data for
moth catches were recorded fortnightly. The lure was changed
after 15 days interval regularly. To evaluate the effect of
weather parameters on the population of P. gossypiella,
weather data were obtained from the nearby observatory at
Multan.
Statistical Analysis
The data obtained were graphed using MS-Excel-2010 along
with weather parameters. The data was transformed using
square root transformation for calculating correlation and
regression coefficients to check the role of weather parameters
on the population fluctuation of P. gossypiella.
Y=0.5+x
Where x is the number of P. gossypiella.
3. Results
The results (fig. 1) showed relative influence of weather
factors on the population fluctuation of P. gossypiella. It is
evident from the figure that moth catches of P. gossypiella
trapped were very low (almost zero) during Jan-March of first
year. Maximum moth catches were observed on 30-04-2009
(1.10 moths/trap) at moderate weather conditions (29.89 oC,
51.21% R.H.). Second and third highest peaks of P.
gossypiella population were observed on 15-04-2009 (0.86
moths/trap) and 30-10-2009 (0.78 moths/trap) respectively. No
moth catches were recorded for other months.
During second year of study (fig. 2), moth population was
observed in two peaks i.e. mid-April to mid-May and mid-
October to December. No population was noticed for
remaining months. However, maximum population of 1.00
moth/trap was recorded on15-12-2010.
During 2011, 1.13 moths/trap were observed on 30-04-2011
followed by 0.40 moths/trap on 30-10-2011. Moth catches
remained very low during other period of the year (Fig. 3).
Simple linear correlation was also carried out to know the
relationship between moth population and weather factors as
depicted in Table 1. All the weather factors showed non-
significant correlation with the pest population. Therefore, no
conclusion was drawn from these results.
Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that weather
factors exhibited 15.37% role on population fluctuation during
2009 (Table 2). Table 2 depicted the regression coefficient
values to check the impact of weather factors on moth
population. It is evident from the results that weather factors
exhibited 15.37% role on population fluctuation during 2009.
Minimum impact on moth population was exerted by rainfall
(0.31%) followed by maximum temperature (0.91%) while
relative humidity had great impact (6.93%). During 2010,
weather factors contributed 72.75% variation in population
fluctuation of moth catches which is statistically significant.
Rainfall had maximum role (25.57%) in defining population
variation during this year. Weather factors had non-significant
impact on population fluctuation during 2011 and exerted
12.64% role only. On cumulative basis, the impact of weather
factors was very low (8.92%).
Fig.1: Moth catches of pink boll worm per trap versus weather factors during 2009 at Multan agro-ecosystem.
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Fig.2: Moth catches of pink boll worm per trap versus weather factors during 2010 at Multan agro-ecosystem.
Fig.3: Moth catches of pink boll worm per trap versus weather factors during 2011 at Multan agro-ecosystem.
Table 1: Correlation coefficients (r) between trapped population of pink bollworm and weather factors during various study years
Weather Parameters 2009 2010 2011 Cumulative
Maximum Temperature (oC) 0.206 (0.334) 0.022 (0.881) 0.017 (0.892) 0.106 (0.623)
Minimum Temperature (oC) 0.225 (0.290) -0.041 (0.783) -0.065 (0.594) -0.007 (0.972)
Average Temperature (oC) 0.214 (0.314) -0.008 (0.955) -0.024 (0.844) 0.046 (0.829)
Relative Humidity (%) -0.334 (0.111) -0.081 (0.590) -0.088 (0.466) -0.133 (0.534)
Rainfall (mm) -0.022 (0.918) 0.252 (0.087) 0.201 (0.094) 0.207 (0.331)
Table 2: Multiple Linear Regression showing impact of weather factors on trapped population of pink bollworm during 2009-2011
Year Regression Equation, y R2 (%) Impact (%) P
2009 Y=0.504 + 0.0497x1 4.25 4.25 0.334
Y=0.728 – 0.025 x1 + 0.049x2 5.16 0.91 0.573
Y=1.310 + 1.11 x1 + 0.726 x2 - 2.28x3 8.12 2.96 0.629
Y=3.07 + 0.35 x1 + 0.383 x2 - 1.02 x3 - 0.184x4 15.05 6.93 0.516
Y=3.27 + 0.26 x1 + 0.345 x2 - 0.88 x3 - 0.205 x4 + 0.029x5 15.37 0.32 0.663
2010 **Y= 0.924 - 0.0262 x1 1.31 1.31 0.003
Y=0.019 + 0.295 *x1 - 0.2296*x2 26.54 25.23 0.965
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
*Y= -2.77 - 3.66* x1 - 2.825** x2 + 8.34*x3 46.79 20.25 0.018
*Y= -3.14 - 3.64 8x1 - 2.837 **x2 + 8.36 *x3 + 0.0275x4 47.18 0.39 0.047
*Y= -2.89 - 4.27 **x1 - 3.133 **x2 + 9.44 **x3 - 0.0087 x4 + 0.1758**x5 72.75 25.57 0.016
2011 **Y=0.688 + 0.0143 x1 0.70 0.7 0.690
Y=0.273 + 0.186 x1 - 0.1302x2 11.96 11.26 0.246
Y=0.247 + 0.15 x1 - 0.158 x2 + 0.09x3 11.96 0 0.754
Y=-0.11 + 0.19 x1 - 0.168 x2 + 0.07 x3 + 0.0309x4 12.39 0.43 0.936
Y=-0.15 + 0.22 x1 - 0.155 x2 + 0.01 x3 + 0.036 x4 - 0.026x5 12.64 0.25 0.921
Cum. **Y=0.721 + 0.0098x1 0.20 0.2 0.000
Y=0.345 + 0.1459 x1 - 0.0958x2 5.32 5.12 0.163
Y=0.302 + 0.077 x1 - 0.140 x2 + 0.14x3 5.34 0.02 0.556
Y=0.383 + 0.047 x1 - 0.150 x2 + 0.19 x3 - 0.0074x4 5.36 0.02 0.620
Y=0.490 - 0.121 x1 - 0.223 x2 + 0.46 x3 - 0.0212 x4 + 0.0766x5 8.92 3.56 0.523
Where:
x1 = Maximum Temperature (oC) x2= Minimum Temperature (oC)
x3 = Average Temperature (oC) x4 = Relative Humidity (%)
x5 = Rainfall (mm) R2= Coefficient of determination
4. Discussion
Weather factors are source of variation in population
fluctuation of pink bollworm. In 1994, Jha and Bisen [13]
recorded that seasonal incidence of pink bollworm was largely
influenced by the weather factors. The results revealed high
population of pink bollworm during April and October-
November which are supported by Chaudhary and his co-
workers[6] who reported that maximum population of Pink
bollworm was observed during October, when the temperature
ranges 25.0-35.0 oC and relative humidity ranges from 45.0-
55.0% and there was no rain fall. These findings are in line
with Kae et al. [15] who worked on the population of P.
gossypiella, according to his observation maximum population
took place from July-September. Our findings are also in
accordance with Gupta et al. [9] who reported that peak
populations of adult males were observed from the 2nd
fortnight of August to the 1st week of November and peak
larval populations were observed from the 2nd week of October
to the 2nd week of December. The total rainfall (mm) reduced
adult male populations and total rainfall and temperature
reduced larval populations. These results are also at par with
another study of Gupta et al. [10] who observed that pink
bollworm peak population was noticed between third week of
August and second week of November, indicating six peaks.
Weather parameters viz., average temperature and average
humidity had significant positive impact on the population
build-up of pink bollworm male moths. The total rainfall,
however, had significant but negative impact on its population
build-up whereas our results indicated average temperature
had non-significant negative impact during 2010 and 2011 but
negative impact during 2009 and when computed on
cumulative basis. This anomaly in results may be attributed to
difference in weather conditions of both areas. The results of
Balasubramanian et al. [2] also in conformity with our findings
who reported that Significant positive correlations were found
between the incidence of these pests and the maximum
temperature and hours of sunshine. Significant negative
correlations were found between pest incidence and minimum
temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative
humidity, intensity of rainfall and number of rainy days.
5. Conclusion
From the present investigation, it can be concluded that
population of pink bollworm builds up during moderate
environmental conditions i.e. April and November-December.
So it is the best time to take preventive measures to keep its
population in check. Also weather conditions greatly influence
the population of pink bollworm so regular inspection of the
pest is necessary.
6. References
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bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) males
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... gossypiella) (Siddiqui et al., 2019(Siddiqui et al., , 2022Wan et al., 2012). Bollworms if neglected can cause heavy damage to cotton resulting in 20-30 % of yield reduction (Ahmed, 1980;Ali et al., 2016), however, these losses can be significantly reduced with the adoption of Bt cotton. Benefits of Bt crops expressing Cry toxins are enormous, like reduced requirement of synthetic insecticides, lower production costs, improved yield, higher income, and compatibility with integrated pest management program. ...
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Cotton has been one of the most important cash crops in Pakistan, but its production is adversely affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Insect pests such as pink bollworm present a colossal vulnerability to such a financially important commodity. Bt toxins have been widely used to safeguard agricultural plants against notorious insect pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm, and they have proven to be effective in reducing chewing insect pests. However, its efficacy has been challenged due to the development of resistance in insect pests against Bt toxins such as cry1Ac and this poses a significant risk to the long-term adoption of these Bt crops. Resistance in insect pests against Bt toxin Cry1Ac is developed due to the mutations in the midgut receptors such as cadherin. In this study first 56 amino acids which also includes helix alpha-1 portion from N-terminus of the cry1Ac were removed and the gene was commercially synthesized following codon optimization. Modified cry1Ac was used to develop transgenic plants of Nicotiana tabacum and insect bioassays were conducted to check the efficacy of Cry1Ac through leaf bioassays. Cry1Ac, a modified Bt toxin, was produced pET-28a (+), and diet bioassays were performed using purified protein at various doses against Pectinophora gossypiella. Based on the insect mortality and LC50, the Cry1AcM3 form of the modified toxins was shown to be more potent than the other modified versions (Cry1AcM1, Cry1AcM2), with more than 80% mortality against resistant pink bollworm at 1.25g/mL and an LC50 of 0.48. The results suggest that modified toxin cry1Ac may be useful in controlling population of pink bollworm resistant against cry1Ac.
... All other weather factors have a significant impact on PBW moth population buildup except rainfall. The results are not confirmed by the results of Ali et al. (2016) who noted positive relation between maximum temperature and rainfall, while minimum temperature, mean temperature and humidity had a negative impact on the PBW moth population. ...
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Pectinophora gossypiella is the most potential pest among all bollworms of cotton crop. Studies were conducted to find the Pink Bollworm (PBW) moths population in pheromone traps installed near different harboring sites. Pink Bollworm larvae overwinter in cotton seeds or in soil. From these sources moth emerges, that affect the next season crop. The sex pheromone traps charged with Gossyplure [(Z, Z) and (Z, E) 7, 11 hexadecadienyl acetate] were installed on four potential sites of PBW to catch the moths. Data regarding PBW moths catch in sex pheromone traps were recorded on weekly basis while metrological factors effecting PBW moths catch were recorded on daily basis. Relationship between the moths catch and weather factors were computed by simple correlation. The results concluded that maximum mean moths catch were recorded in those traps that were installed near cotton sticks heaps i. e 85.61 followed by cotton field 24.47. The lowest average number of moths catch was captured in traps of cotton seed store 1.22. The highest moths mean population 3.87 was trapped in the month of September from cotton field traps, however no moth was recorded during the month of December among all the sites. The moths catch in traps installed near cotton sticks heaps site has positive correlation with mean maximum and minimum temperature while has non-significant correlation with relative humidity and rainfall. Cotton sticks heaps are the major harboring sites of PBW infestation to the successive cotton crop.
... All other weather factors have a significant impact on PBW moth population buildup except rainfall. The results are not confirmed by the results of Ali et al. (2016) who noted positive relation between maximum temperature and rainfall, while minimum temperature, mean temperature and humidity had a negative impact on the PBW moth population. ...
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... Arshad et al. (2015) reported the incidence of pink bollworm was high at the end of August which is SW 31 as in our findings. Ali et al. (2016) did not supported our results as he reported a positive correlation of high temperature and rain with moth catches of pink bollworm with 72.75% impact of weather factors. According to our findings Shinde and Patil (2018) also found a negative association of high, low temperatures and humidity with moth trapping in pheromone traps. ...
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The pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive insects attacking cotton fields worldwide. It acquired resistance against most of the conventional pesticides. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic and developmental effects of Novaluron (concentration range: 5.0-0.05 ppm) on this insect pest. LC50 values were estimated in 0.187 ppm and 0.765 ppm, after treatment of newly hatched and full grown larvae, respectively. Novaluron exhibited a retarding effect on the development, especially after treatment of full grown larvae, since larval and pupal durations had been remarkably prolonged, in a dose-dependent manner. Novaluron failed to affect the metamorphosis after treatment of the newly hatched larvae but disrupted it after treatment of full grown larvae (larval-pupal intermediates). The pupation was considerably hindered, especially after treatment of full grown larvae. The pupal morphogenesis was deranged (deformed pupae) after treatment of only newly hatched larvae. Therefore, Novaluron forms an important component in the integrated pest management program for this insect pest which has developed resistance to the majority of conventional insecticides.
... manilensis (Hu et al., 2012) [56] ; Kinoprene against Culex pipiens (Hamaidia and Soltani, 2014) [57] ; Flufenoxuron and Methoprene against Agrotis ipsilon (Khatter, 2014) [58] and Lufenuron against Tribolium castaneum (Gado et al., 2015) [59] . Recently, IGRs of different categories exhibited varying degrees of toxicity against larvae of some insects, such as Pyriproxyfen against Spodoptera mauritia (Resmitha and Meethal, 2016) [60] ; Lufenuron and Methoxyfenozide against T. castaneum (Ali et al., 2016) [61] ; Methoxyfenozide against Culex pipiens (Hamaidia and Soltani, 2016) [62] ; RH-5849 and Tebufenozide (RH-5992) against Ephestia kuehniella (Tazir et al., 2016) [63] ; Lufenuron against Glyphodes pyloalis (Aliabadi et al., 2016) [64] and Helicoverpa armigera (Vivan et al., 2016) [65] ; Fenoxycarb against Corcyra cephalonica (Singh and Tiwari, 2016; Begum and Qamar, 2016) [66,67] ; Carbaryl and Buprofezin against Paracoccus marginatus (Khan, 2016) [68] ; Chlorfluazuron, Cyromazine, Lufenuron, and Precocene I against Ctenocephalides felis (Rust and Hemsarth, 2016) [69] ; Methoprene and Pyriproxyfen against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus [70] ; Cyromazine appeared to be effective tool for controlling the muscid flies (M. domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans and Fannia canicularis) since considerable mortalities were recorded (Donahue et al., 2017) [71] . ...
Article
Full-text available
Abstract The pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive insects attacking cotton fields world-wide. It acquired resistance against most of the conventional pesticides. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic and developmental effects of Novaluron (concentration range: 5.0 -0.05 ppm) on this insect pest. LC50 values were estimated in 0.187 ppm and 0.765 ppm, after treatment of newly hatched and full grown larvae, respectively. Novaluron exhibited a retarding effect on the development, especially after treatment of full grown larvae, since larval and pupal durations had been remarkably prolonged, in a dose-dependent manner. Novaluron failed to affect the metamorphosis after treatment of the newly hatched larvae but disrupted it after treatment of full grown larvae (larval -pupal intermediates). The pupation was considerably hindered, especially after treatment of full grown larvae. The pupal morphogenesis was deranged (deformed pupae) after treatment of only newly hatched larvae. Therefore, Novaluron forms an important component in the integrated pest management program for this insect pest which has developed resistance to the majority of conventional insecticides.
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Full-text available
Background Pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella ) is a destructive insect pest of cotton crops in China and globally, which is actively predated on by Orius strigicollis . Studies on the fitness or survival of O. strigicollis fed on P. gossypiella at different temperatures have not been reported. The fitness of O. strigicollis may be well explained using two-sex life table parameters. Thus, the present study provides important insights for the effective biocontrol of P. gossypiella . Methodology Considering the importance of fitness parameters and biocontrol, the present study explores the feeding potential and age-stage, two-sex life table traits of O. strigicollis on P. gossypiella eggs at different temperatures (24, 28 and 32 °C) in the laboratory. Results The intrinsic rate of increase ( r ) was higher at 28 °C (0.14 d ⁻¹ ) than at 24 °C (0.0052 d ⁻¹ ) and 32 °C (0.12 d ⁻¹ ). Similarly, the net reproductive rate ( R 0 ) was higher at 28 °C (17.63 offspring) than at 24 °C (1.13 offspring) and 32 °C (10.23 offspring). This concluded that the maximum feeding potential and growth capacity of O. strigicollis could be attained at 28 °C when fed on P. gossypiella eggs. O. strigicollis adults preferred to feed on P. gossypiella eggs compared with first instar larvae. Based on these results, the present study suggests that O. strigicollis represents a promising biological control agent against P. gossypiella eggs in cotton fields.
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This chapter discusses the effects of climatic change on the population dynamics of crop pests. The “greenhouse effect” may lead to a notable rise in global mean temperature and also changes in patterns of precipitation and wind. Such changes in climate and weather could profoundly affect the population dynamics and status of insect pests of crops. Climatic factors, notably temperature, directly affect the survival, development, reproduction and movement of individual insects and thus the potential distribution and abundance of a particular pest species. In temperate regions, the distribution and survival of many pests is often limited by low temperatures and particularly by the cold conditions which occur in winter. Climatic change may affect host plants in several ways; for example drought stress may cause changes in plant chemistry and plant structure which may increase or decrease the plant's suitability as a host. In temperate climates, warmer conditions will tend to favor many natural enemies but whether they play a more effective role in control will also depend upon the responses of the pest to changed climatic conditions. To provide a realistic assessment of whether a particular pest will or will not become more widespread and abundant, requires consideration of the overall pest-host plant-natural enemy relationship and how this is likely to alter under different climatic conditions and over varying time scales.
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A presence-absence egg sampling plan for pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), developed to provide a more accurate index of moth (target stage) activity, was evaluated during 1986 to determine whether egg sampling rather than conventional larval sampling provided more optimal timing of insecticide applications. The large-scale field test (260 ha) consisted of 16 commercial fields, ca. 16.2 ha each, in the Palo Verde Valley, Calif. Of the eight fields that were treated based on egg sampling (treatment threshold, 6 to 8% egg-infested bolls), an average 35% seasonal reduction in insecticide use was obtained when compared with larval sampling. Despite the reduction in insecticide use, PBW larval infestations were not significantly different in fields sampled for eggs and fields sampled for larvae from June to September. Lint yields as well as lint quality parameters were also not significantly different between the two sets of fields. Economic and environmental benefits of a 35% reduction in insecticide use is discussed.
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Owing to their mode of action, neem derivatives could be very suitable for integrated pest management. They are primarily feeding poisons for nymphs/larvae of phytophagous insects, and therefore show a considerable selectivity toward natural enemies of pests, especially parasitoids, and also toward numerous predators. The relatively short residual life of active principles of neem derivatives may be considered a disadvantage from a purely economic point of view, especially in cases of a longlasting pest pressure. From the ecological standpoint, however, products with such properties will not disturb ecosystems and consequently will not cause outbreaks of new pests, as longlasting insecticides are apt to do. -from Author
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Propylure, 10-n-propyl-trans-5,9-tridecadienyl acetate, and deet, N,N,-diethyl-m-tolumide, were previously reported as the sex pheromone and a sex pheromone activator, respectively, of the pink bollworm. Neither chemical in three extracts of female moth abdomen tips could be detected by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. These compounds, alone or in combination, exhibited little or no biological activity in the laboratory or in the field. Hexalure, cis-7-hexadecenyl acetate, a synthetic attractant for pink bollworm males, could not be detected in female moth abdomen tip extracts. The pink bollworm sex pheromone was identified as a mixture of cis,cis and cis,trans isomers of 7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate.
Effect of climatic factors on the seasonal incidence of the pink bollworm on cotton crop. Annuals of plant protection
  • R C Jha
  • R S Bisen
Jha RC, Bisen RS. Effect of climatic factors on the seasonal incidence of the pink bollworm on cotton crop. Annuals of plant protection Science. 1994; 2:12-14.
Raining and relative humidity: key factors to suppress Earias vittella (Fabricius) infestation on 'okra' crop
  • J R Kadam
  • V M Khaire
Kadam JR, Khaire VM. Raining and relative humidity: key factors to suppress Earias vittella (Fabricius) infestation on 'okra' crop. J Ent Res. 1995; 19:201-205.