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Medico-Ethnobotanical Uses of Phyllanthus fraternus Webst. (Family - Euphorbiaceae) from Western Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Objective: Present study reports ethnomedicinal uses of Phyllanthus fraternus as collected from Aligarh, Badaun, Bulandshahar, Farrukhabad and Hatharas districts of Western Uttar Pradesh. Materials and methods: Data were gathered by interviewing local medicine men in rural areas of the districts surveyed. Results and discussion: A total of twenty five claims are recorded. A new term "Ethnophyto-morphopharmacology" to describe the ethnomedicinal uses of different morphological plant parts is coined and introduced.
... Whereas P. fraternus and P. amarus have six and five prominent tepals, respectively, P. niruri has six very minute tepals (Sen et al. 2011;Sarin et al. 2014). P. fraternus is used for the treatment of malaria (Burkill 1985;Chanda et al. 2011;Khan and Khan 2004;Sittie et al. 1998) and related symptoms such as chronic pyrexia, chills, intermittent fever, painful joints and diarrhoea (Khan and Khan 2004). The plant is also used as spasmolytic to alleviate griping in dysentery, other painful spasmodic affections of the intestines (Burkill 1985), and to treat dysmenorrhoea (Khan and Khan 2004). ...
... Whereas P. fraternus and P. amarus have six and five prominent tepals, respectively, P. niruri has six very minute tepals (Sen et al. 2011;Sarin et al. 2014). P. fraternus is used for the treatment of malaria (Burkill 1985;Chanda et al. 2011;Khan and Khan 2004;Sittie et al. 1998) and related symptoms such as chronic pyrexia, chills, intermittent fever, painful joints and diarrhoea (Khan and Khan 2004). The plant is also used as spasmolytic to alleviate griping in dysentery, other painful spasmodic affections of the intestines (Burkill 1985), and to treat dysmenorrhoea (Khan and Khan 2004). ...
... P. fraternus is used for the treatment of malaria (Burkill 1985;Chanda et al. 2011;Khan and Khan 2004;Sittie et al. 1998) and related symptoms such as chronic pyrexia, chills, intermittent fever, painful joints and diarrhoea (Khan and Khan 2004). The plant is also used as spasmolytic to alleviate griping in dysentery, other painful spasmodic affections of the intestines (Burkill 1985), and to treat dysmenorrhoea (Khan and Khan 2004). The leaf is used as a diuretic and as laxative (Burkill 1985). ...
The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases including malaria is commonplace in Ghanaian traditional medicine, though the therapeutic claims for most plants remain unvalidated. Antiplasmodial activity of the aqueous extracts and successively obtained petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of the whole Phyllanthus fraternus plant, the leaves of Tectona grandis, Terminalia ivorensis and Bambusa vulgaris, and roots of Senna siamea were studied against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 and chloroquine-resistant W2 strains. The aqueous extracts were assessed against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for cytotoxicity, and the organic solvent fractions against human O+ erythrocytes for haemolytic effect. Both extracts and fractions demonstrated antiplasmodial activity to varied extents. The aqueous extract of T. ivorensis was the most active (3D7, IC50 0.64 ± 0.14; and W2, IC50 10.52 ± 3.55 μg/mL), and together with P. fraternus displayed cytotoxicity (CC50 6.25 ± 0.40 and 31.11 ± 3.31 μg/mL, respectively). The aqueous extracts were generally selective for 3D7 strain of P. falciparum (selectivity indexes (SIs) ≥3.48) but only that of S. siamea was selective for the W2 strain (SI > 2.1). The organic solvent fractions also displayed antiplasmodial activity with the methanol fractions of P. fraternus and T. grandis, and the fractions of B. vulgaris showing activity with IC50 below 1 μg/mL against P. falciparum 3D7 strain; some fractions showed haemolytic effect but with low to high selectivity indexes (SI ≥ 4). The results while justifying the traditional use of the plant materials in the treatment of malaria, however, suggest their cautious use.
... Present communication, dealing with medicobotanical uses of A. aspera in treatment of gynaecological disoeders, is part of an extensive study conducted in five districts of western Uttar Pradesh viz., Aligarh, Badaun, Bulandshahar, Farrukhabad and Hatharas (Khan, 2002;Khan and Alam, 2003;Khan and Khan, 2004). The study area was selected due to dearth of ethnobotanical information on these districts as evident from literature (Jain, 1991). ...
... An ethno-phyto-morpho-pharmacological analysis (Khan & Khan, 2004) of the claims presented here revealed that thirteen claims made use of plant leaves, eight claims utilized roots, two claims used inflorescence and only one claim reported the use of stem (Fig.1). It is important to note that the extract and decoction of the same organ were used to treat different diseases or conditions. ...
This communication records the ethnomedicinal uses of Achyranthes aspera in management of gynecological disorders in rural areas of Aligarh, Badaun, Bulandshahar, Farrukhabad and Hatharas districts of Western Uttar Pradesh, India. The claims were gathered by interviewing traditional healers, especially women, of the study area. Attempt was made to verify the efficacy of claims with actual beneficiaries, though it was not possible in all cases due to social customs. A total of twenty-three claims are recorded and twelve of them appear to be hitherto unknown.
... In addition, a native practioner has claimed that this plant is very useful Nephroprotective agent 4 . The other species of phyllanthus are known to posse's antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties 5 . Keeping all these facts in view the present study is aimed at giving a scientific basis for the native claims and traditional knowledge. ...
Nephroprotective activity of phyllanthus fraternus against cisplatin and gentamicin induced kidney toxicity in rat's
... In addition, a native practioner has claimed that this plant is very useful Nephroprotective agent 4 . The other species of phyllanthus are known to posse's antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties 5 . Keeping all these facts in view the present study is aimed at giving a scientific basis for the native claims and traditional knowledge. ...
Nephroprotective activity of phyllanthus fraternus
... Jimsom weed (Datura stramonium) has been used as tea for the treatment of asthama 5 . The atropine like substances, hyoscyamine and scopolamine occurring in all parts of the plant act to block acetylcholine which is the predominant neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system 6 . ...
The objectives of present work focuses to check the acute and sub acute toxicity studies for the Achyranthes aspera L methanol extract as per OECD guideline in Swiss mice. The dose of 100, 200, 250 gm/kg body weight methanol extract by administering drug intraperitoneally and recorded the growth, body weight, organ weight, general symptoms, morphological and physiological behavior, mortality. These parameters on various organs system in mice were studied. It was considered necessary to assess its potential health hazard in man and to find the safe and effective dose. The observations of changes in body weight, food and water intake as well as cage side observations were reported. There was no abnormality observed in all groups. The whole plant powder methanol extract of Achyranthes Aspera L were found to be nontoxic.
... The plant Phyllantus fraternus is a pan tropical weed belongs to the family Euphobiaceae (Mehta et al. 2013) known for its hepatoprotective properties (Rastogi and Mahrotra, 1990). The plant is a common weed of cultivated fields; found abundantly in rainy season (Khan and Khan, 2004) and spreads widely in West Africa and other parts of the world employed widely in traditional medicine preparations (Umoh et al., 2013). In Nigeria, it is known among Ibibios and Efik's as ''oyomokiso aman ke edem'', Yoruba as "eyin olobe", Hausa as "geeron tsutsaayee" and Igbo as "Ite knwonwa nazu" and in English as "leaf flower" or "chamber bitter" (Etukudo, 2003;Okujagu et al., 2005). ...
The efficacy of the plant powder of Phyllanthus fraternus was evaluated under tropical storage condition against larvae of the leather beetle Dermestes maculatus. The experiment was in two sets, set A which are in concentration 0g, 1.0g, 2.0g, 2.5g, 3.0g/15g of smoked fish and in B 0g, 3.5g, 4.0g, 4.5g, 5.0g powder admixed with 20g of smoked fish; while all the treatment containing 0g were without plant powder which served as control, all the treatment were in triplicates. Newly emerged (0-72 hours old) larvae of D. maculatus was introduced. Evaluation of the potency of the plant powder was based on the larvae mortality and the adult emergence. The weight losses in fish muscle in the treated and untreated samples were compared as index of fish damage during storage. The result showed that higher plant powder concentration were significantly (P<0.05) effective in killing larvae stage of the insect while at 1st and 2 nd weeks after infestation (WAI) non-significant (P>0.05) was observed except for 1 st WAI in set A treatment. Adult emergence was significantly (P<0.05) inhibited in treated fish in set A and weight loss due to insect infestation was greatly suppressed by the higher dosage rate of the plant powder compared to control. The phytochemical analysis of P. fraternus powder revealed the presence of Tannins, Saponins, Alkaloids and Kelakellani (glycosides), this might be responsible for the larvicidal activity of P. fraternus powder against larval of D. maculatus. This finding revealed that P. fraternus powder toxicity and efficacy is dosage dependent and suggested that the plant could be used by poor resource fish farmers, processors and marketers in protecting smoked-dried fish against D. maculatus during processing, transportation, marketing and storage.
Abstract
Phyllanthus fraternus (PF), a plant from the Euphorbiaceae family, is used extensively in ayurvedic formulations for its significant medicinal properties. When PF is administered alongside conventional drugs, there could be potential herb-drug interactions between the active compounds and the genes involved in drug transport and metabolism. Hence, this study was designed to investigate potential herb-drug interactions, focusing on elucidating their functional and pharmacological mechanisms, using an integrated approach of metabolite profiling and network pharmacology. We utilized LC-MS to generate metabolite profiling of PF and network pharmacology for predicting key targets and pathways. This comprehensive analysis involved the construction of networks illustrating the relationships among compounds, targets, and pathways and the exploration of protein-protein interactions and protein-ligand interactions. In this study, a total of 79 compounds were identified in LC-MS, such as alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, lignans, phenolic acids, tannins, terpenoids, and fatty acids. The identified compound’s physicochemical properties were predicted using SwissADME. Network analysis predicted 1076 PF-related genes and 1497 genes associated with drug transport and metabolism, identifying 417 overlapping genes, including 51 related to drug transport and metabolism. Based on the degree of interaction the hub targets like ABCB1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 were identified. In the compound-target-pathway network, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl)-phenol; 5-Methoxy-N-[(5-Methylpyridin-2-yl) sulfonyl]-1h-Indole-2-Carboxamide; and E,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-diol possessed more interactions with the targets. This study helps identify bioactive compounds, essential targets, and pathways potentially implicated in these interactions, laying the foundation for future studies (in vitro and in vivo) to verify their potential to explore their clinical implications.
Keywords: Phyllanthus fraternus; bioinformatics; herb-drug interaction; network pharmacology; metabolite profiling; molecular docking; molecular dynamics
Achyranthes aspera Linn (Amaranthaceae), commonly known as Apamarga, is a commonly available plant in India. It is traditionally known as Latjira, and Prickly chaff. Different constituents are find in different part of the Achyranthes aspera (e.g. Saponins A and B, amino acids, hentriacontane, hormones ecdysterone and Petrol extract of shoot 17-pentatriacontanol). Some alkaloids and fatty acids are also indicates. Therefore its use in the treatment of different type of acute and chronic disease. Whole plants of Achyranthes aspera have pharmacological activity .
The traditional drug knowledge provides a platform to further modern research as it provides a comprehensive and multi-therapeutic view of the indigenous medicinal plants based on traditional practices. The present study aimed for exploring the flora of Indo-Gangetic plains in the context of ethnopharmacological practices by keeping in view the rich biodiversity of the region. The study comprised only significant medicinal plants in terms of their therapeutic efficacy and conservation practices adopted by local people having 114 medicinal plant species belonging to 67 families. There is ample scope for experimenting with innovative drug designing from ethnopharmacological knowledge.
Infectious diseases have been a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Among infectious diseases fungal diseases are often neglected, however, these become serious public health concerns and can cause life-threatening diseases. Candidiasis is one of the fungal infections affecting millions of people worldwide. Current landscapes of its infections are now shifted from Candida albicans to other non-albicans Candida (NAC). C. tropicalis is one such NAC and it is the second most prevalent infection in tropical countries. Similarly, C. auris is one of the emerging pathogens globally. Recent trends have suggested these NAC are resistant to the existing antifungals. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics, increase in the number of immunocompromised patients contributes to its advent. Since the existing therapies are rigged with side effects and are often toxic, new substitutes are required. Plant-based compounds are one of the popular choices and were used in traditional medicines since time immemorial and are often mentioned in Ayurveda, Yunani, Siddha, Chinese medicines, etc. Geographical distribution plays an important role in the identification of medicinally important plants and trees. In this review, we have highlighted the plants from one of the ecological diverse niches located in the Assam region, India. Due to its ideal climate, soil, temperature, and rainfall, the region is particularly rich in plant species and is located in the northeast part of India. This review examines the infections caused by Candida spp and plant substances that could be used as antifungal agents and their mode of action.
Powders and methanolic extracts of Clerodendrum capitatum, Phyllanthus fraternus and Tithonia diversifolia were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.). Plant materials were tested for contact toxicity, oviposition and adult emergence at rates of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g (w/w) for plant powders and 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ml/20 g (v/w) of cowpea seeds for plant methanolic extracts. The results of the plants powders showed that T. diversifolia was the most effective as it caused 55.0, 60.0, 67.5, 100.0% and 100.0% mortality at the concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g/20 g of cowpea seeds within 24 h of application. The least effective plant powder was C. capitatum which evoked the insect mortality of 77.50% at rate 5.0 g within 24 h of exposure. Similar trend of results were obtained on the plant methanolic extracts. Extracts caused more mortality, prevented oviposition and emergence of adult cowpea beetle, more than the plant powders. The calculated lethal dose (LD50 and 90) and concentrations (LC50 and 90) of the plant powders and methanolic extracts showed that T. diversifolia had the lowest values while C. capitatum had the highest across all period of exposure. Tithonia diversifolia methanolic extract completely inhibited oviposition and adult emergence at concentrations 0.2–2.0 ml. Tithonia diversifolia powder and methanolic extract were found to be the most effective in protecting cowpea seeds against C. maculatus. This can be a better alternative to synthetic insecticides since it is abundant in our environment.
Aim: Present study reports ethno-medicinal uses of Securidaca longepedunculata as collected from Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Information was obtained by interviewing folk medical practitioners in the surveyed area. Results and Discussion: A total of twenty results and their ethno- medicinal uses of the different plant parts to treat diseases are documented.
Present communication records ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta prostrta (L.) Linn. gathered from 5 districts of western Uttar Pradesh. It also presents the results of the screening of 5 Eclipta prostrta crude extracts for antibacterial activity against 18 human pathogenic bacteria. Standard methods of ethnobotanical explorations were followed and first hand information was collected by interviewing traditional medicine men/wise women. Antibacterial activity was determined by Standard Disk Diffusion method. A total of 33 claims were recorded from the study area. An attempt has been made to correlate the ethnomedicinal claims, gathered in this study with the already known pharmacological properties and antibacterial activity of crude extracts of this species. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed antibacterial activity against maximum number of bacteria tested, followed by aqueous, benzene and petrol extracts.
Achyranthes aspera Linn. of family Amaranthacae is a miraculous folk herbal medicinal plant distributed throughout the India. All parts of the plant; root, stem, leaves and seeds are used as medicines for treatment of different diseases. A. aspera is used by the ethnic communities in their traditional system of medicines for remedy of different types of diseases, such as diabetes, piles, rheumatism, cancer, renal disorder and many more. It is chemically rich with its diverse content of bioactive compounds, like saponin, oleanic acid, achyranthine, ecdysterone, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids, as multipurpose medicinal agents. Large numbers of works have been done on this valuable plant but the detailed information covering the various aspects is not sufficient. Therefore, the present paper gives a detailed account of Phyto-chemical and therapeutic uses of plant highlighting the great potential of the plant to be integrated into conventional medical practices and also the bioactive compounds needs to be isolated for drug designing.
Ethnobotany has attracted many researchers in the modern era in order to find novel and cheaper approaches to alleviate the human sufferings. Since ancient times, plants are used traditionally for cure. In the last few years herbal practices have attained global relevance. Among the different important plant families, the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) is well known for its therapeutic potential. Different plants are used in folk medicinal practices in different forms to treat several diseases. Plants belonging to Euphorbiaceae are common in Pakistan and used for different purposes. The present communication deals with the different ethnomedicinal uses reported in the peer reviewed articles of the various species present in Pakistan.
Objective: Present study was intended to document the use of plant based preparations as abortifacient by folk people of five districts of Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: Data were collected by interviewing local traditional medicinemen of different villages. Results and Conclusion: A total of twenty-six claims were obtained. It appears that the knowledge of abortifacient properties of plants is fairly common in the study area but the extent of their actual use is difficult to assess because of social and legal complications involved.
A review of the seaweed resources of South and East Asia may promote current research on the economic marine algae of this
part of the world. The algae have to be regarded as very important in the future economy of a crowded world.
The nativity of Merremia tuberosa is examined with historical, ecological, linguistic, cladistic, and biogeographic data.
All data indicate that the species was originally from southern Mexico and nearby Central America. The closest relatives of
M. tuberosa are M. austinii and M. discoidesperma. Merremia tuberosa was first recorded from Mexico as xixicamátic in the
middle 1500s by Fr. Bernadino Sahagúin; no connection was made between that plant and the Convolvulaceae by subsequent authors.
Plukenet later recorded M. tuberosa in Jamaica in 1691. By 1731 or earlier M. tuberosa was cultivated at the Chelsea Physic
Garden, London, England. Soon afterward, wood rose had been spread around the world and grown for medicine. The roots contain
resins that formerly were used across the tropics and in Europe as laxatives. Now plants are grown for their flowers and ornamental
fruits that are used by florists.
El origen de Merremia tuberosa es examinado por medio de consideratión de datos históricos, ecológicos, lingüísticos, cladísticos
y biogeográficos. Los resultados indican que la especie es originalmente del sudeste de Méjico y cercanias de Centro-america.
Los relativos mas cercanos deM. tuberosa sonM. austinii y M. discoidesperma. Merremia tuberosa fue inicialmente documentada como xixicamátic a mediados de 1500 por Fr. Bernardo
Sahagún. Ninguna conexión fue hecha entre la planta y convolvulaceas por autores subsiguientes. Mas tarde Plukenet documentśM. tuberosa en Jamaica en 1691. En 1731 ó antes,M. tuberosa fue cultivada en el “Chelsea ”Physic Garden Londres, Inglaterra. Pronto después, wood rose fue esparcida alrededor
del mundo y cultivada con propositos medicinales. Las raices contienen resinas que anteriormente fueron usadas como laxantes
atravez de los trópicos y Europa. Hoy en día, las plantas son cultivadas por sus flores y frutas ornamentales usadas por los
floristas.
The genus Coix belongs to the tribe Maydeae (Tripsaceae) of the family Poaceae. The tribe consists of annual or perennial monoecious grasses with the staminate spikelets in 2's or 3's, the carpellate single or in 2's or 3's, both kinds in the same or in different inflorescences. In Coix the carpellate spikelets are in 3's (1 fertile, 2 sterile), each group being enclosed in a more or less hardened, bead-like structure, the involucre, formed from the metamorphosed leaf sheath. The axis of the staminate portion of the inflorescence protrudes from the orifice at the apex of the involucre. Instances are on record in Coix aquatica Roxb. where, abnormally, more or less perfect leaf blades develop at the tip of the involucres (4, 5). We have examined, at Calcutta, the specimen cited by Haines (5)(Watt, from Balasore, Orissa); several involucres have leaf blades on their tips (Fig. 1). This confirms that the involucre is a metamorphosed leaf sheath. Recently, while studying material of Coix and allied genera, we gathered data on this genus during field work and from herbarium sheets, and also from obscure literature. These are of much ethnobotanical interest and are brought together here.
In the drylands of northcentral Mexico campesinos known as ixtleros or talladores gather ixtle, a hard fiber derived from
the uncultivated plants lechuguilla (Agave lecheguilla Torr.), and palma samandoca (Yucca carnerosana [Trel.] McKelv.). Ixtleros
sell most of the fiber they collect, and the region in which ixtle is currently exploited for commercial purposes is called
the Zona Ixtlera. Unsold fiber is converted into rope and brushes in ixtlero communities and used for a variety of purposes.
Various parts of lechuguilla and palma samandoca are also employed to meet local construction, cleansing, and dietary needs.