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A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula Edited by: Ministry of Agriculture (Malaysia)
... 14 Parimartha (1995:137-138); Clarence- Smith (2002Smith ( , 2004a ponies, rather than idealized Indic types (Wade 2009b:167). Some horses may already have been in Java in the seventh century, but the evidence is equivocal (Knapen 2001:294;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. By the thirteenth century, 'hill ponies' were employed for riding inland in Java (Chao Ju Kua 1911:77). ...
... Southeast Asian envoys to China in the seventh century specifically requested horses. Although it is not clear whether such requests were always heeded, Champa received fairly regular presents of horses from Song emperors from the late tenth century (Wade 2009b:165-168;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. ...
... Colonial efforts in the Malay world fared no better. The British in Penang mated Arab or Persian stallions with Sumatran mares around 1830, but soon gave up these experiments (Burkill 1966(Burkill :1217. The Dutch were scarred by the Java War, as the metropolitan government had decided to abolish cavalry and -978-90-04-28805-8 Downloaded from Brill.com08/03/2023 01:47:40AM via free access horsed artillery in 1825, just as the island was about to explode into a destructive rebellion that lasted till 1830. ...
... 14 Parimartha (1995:137-138); Clarence- Smith (2002Smith ( , 2004a ponies, rather than idealized Indic types (Wade 2009b:167). Some horses may already have been in Java in the seventh century, but the evidence is equivocal (Knapen 2001:294;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. By the thirteenth century, 'hill ponies' were employed for riding inland in Java (Chao Ju Kua 1911:77). ...
... Southeast Asian envoys to China in the seventh century specifically requested horses. Although it is not clear whether such requests were always heeded, Champa received fairly regular presents of horses from Song emperors from the late tenth century (Wade 2009b:165-168;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. ...
... Colonial efforts in the Malay world fared no better. The British in Penang mated Arab or Persian stallions with Sumatran mares around 1830, but soon gave up these experiments (Burkill 1966(Burkill :1217. The Dutch were scarred by the Java War, as the metropolitan government had decided to abolish cavalry and -978-90-04-28805-8 Downloaded from Brill.com08/03/2023 01:47:36AM via free access horsed artillery in 1825, just as the island was about to explode into a destructive rebellion that lasted till 1830. ...
... 14 Parimartha (1995:137-138); Clarence- Smith (2002Smith ( , 2004a ponies, rather than idealized Indic types (Wade 2009b:167). Some horses may already have been in Java in the seventh century, but the evidence is equivocal (Knapen 2001:294;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. By the thirteenth century, 'hill ponies' were employed for riding inland in Java (Chao Ju Kua 1911:77). ...
... Southeast Asian envoys to China in the seventh century specifically requested horses. Although it is not clear whether such requests were always heeded, Champa received fairly regular presents of horses from Song emperors from the late tenth century (Wade 2009b:165-168;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. ...
... Colonial efforts in the Malay world fared no better. The British in Penang mated Arab or Persian stallions with Sumatran mares around 1830, but soon gave up these experiments (Burkill 1966(Burkill :1217. The Dutch were scarred by the Java War, as the metropolitan government had decided to abolish cavalry and -978-90-04-28805-8 Downloaded from Brill.com08/03/2023 01:47:36AM via free access horsed artillery in 1825, just as the island was about to explode into a destructive rebellion that lasted till 1830. ...
... 14 Parimartha (1995:137-138); Clarence- Smith (2002Smith ( , 2004a ponies, rather than idealized Indic types (Wade 2009b:167). Some horses may already have been in Java in the seventh century, but the evidence is equivocal (Knapen 2001:294;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. By the thirteenth century, 'hill ponies' were employed for riding inland in Java (Chao Ju Kua 1911:77). ...
... Southeast Asian envoys to China in the seventh century specifically requested horses. Although it is not clear whether such requests were always heeded, Champa received fairly regular presents of horses from Song emperors from the late tenth century (Wade 2009b:165-168;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. ...
... Colonial efforts in the Malay world fared no better. The British in Penang mated Arab or Persian stallions with Sumatran mares around 1830, but soon gave up these experiments (Burkill 1966(Burkill :1217. The Dutch were scarred by the Java War, as the metropolitan government had decided to abolish cavalry and -978-90-04-28805-8 Downloaded from Brill.com08/03/2023 01:47:40AM via free access horsed artillery in 1825, just as the island was about to explode into a destructive rebellion that lasted till 1830. ...
... 14 Parimartha (1995:137-138); Clarence- Smith (2002Smith ( , 2004a ponies, rather than idealized Indic types (Wade 2009b:167). Some horses may already have been in Java in the seventh century, but the evidence is equivocal (Knapen 2001:294;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. By the thirteenth century, 'hill ponies' were employed for riding inland in Java (Chao Ju Kua 1911:77). ...
... Southeast Asian envoys to China in the seventh century specifically requested horses. Although it is not clear whether such requests were always heeded, Champa received fairly regular presents of horses from Song emperors from the late tenth century (Wade 2009b:165-168;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. ...
... Colonial efforts in the Malay world fared no better. The British in Penang mated Arab or Persian stallions with Sumatran mares around 1830, but soon gave up these experiments (Burkill 1966(Burkill :1217. The Dutch were scarred by the Java War, as the metropolitan government had decided to abolish cavalry and -978-90-04-28805-8 Downloaded from Brill.com08/03/2023 01:47:21AM via free access horsed artillery in 1825, just as the island was about to explode into a destructive rebellion that lasted till 1830. ...
... 14 Parimartha (1995:137-138); Clarence- Smith (2002Smith ( , 2004a ponies, rather than idealized Indic types (Wade 2009b:167). Some horses may already have been in Java in the seventh century, but the evidence is equivocal (Knapen 2001:294;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. By the thirteenth century, 'hill ponies' were employed for riding inland in Java (Chao Ju Kua 1911:77). ...
... Southeast Asian envoys to China in the seventh century specifically requested horses. Although it is not clear whether such requests were always heeded, Champa received fairly regular presents of horses from Song emperors from the late tenth century (Wade 2009b:165-168;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. ...
... Colonial efforts in the Malay world fared no better. The British in Penang mated Arab or Persian stallions with Sumatran mares around 1830, but soon gave up these experiments (Burkill 1966(Burkill :1217. The Dutch were scarred by the Java War, as the metropolitan government had decided to abolish cavalry and -978-90-04-28805-8 Downloaded from Brill.com08/03/2023 01:47:40AM via free access horsed artillery in 1825, just as the island was about to explode into a destructive rebellion that lasted till 1830. ...
... 14 Parimartha (1995:137-138); Clarence- Smith (2002Smith ( , 2004a ponies, rather than idealized Indic types (Wade 2009b:167). Some horses may already have been in Java in the seventh century, but the evidence is equivocal (Knapen 2001:294;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. By the thirteenth century, 'hill ponies' were employed for riding inland in Java (Chao Ju Kua 1911:77). ...
... Southeast Asian envoys to China in the seventh century specifically requested horses. Although it is not clear whether such requests were always heeded, Champa received fairly regular presents of horses from Song emperors from the late tenth century (Wade 2009b:165-168;Burkill 1966Burkill , I:1216. ...
... Colonial efforts in the Malay world fared no better. The British in Penang mated Arab or Persian stallions with Sumatran mares around 1830, but soon gave up these experiments (Burkill 1966(Burkill :1217. The Dutch were scarred by the Java War, as the metropolitan government had decided to abolish cavalry and -978-90-04-28805-8 Downloaded from Brill.com08/03/2023 01:47:36AM via free access horsed artillery in 1825, just as the island was about to explode into a destructive rebellion that lasted till 1830. ...
... Garcinia cowa is also used for gum resin but more for medicinal use in Thailand, Malaysia and India. A non-drying oil similar to kokum butter, is extracted from the seeds of Garcinia indica, Garcinia morella and Garcinia cambogia for use in cooking and confectionary (Thomas,1965;Burkill, 1966). Species of Garcinia are used as medicine like after childbirth medication, menstrual problems, dysentery and fever in traditional system of medicine (Burkill, 1966). ...
... A non-drying oil similar to kokum butter, is extracted from the seeds of Garcinia indica, Garcinia morella and Garcinia cambogia for use in cooking and confectionary (Thomas,1965;Burkill, 1966). Species of Garcinia are used as medicine like after childbirth medication, menstrual problems, dysentery and fever in traditional system of medicine (Burkill, 1966). Some species has potential properties for treatment of HIV (Rukachaisiriked et al., 2003) and cancer (Nabandith et al., 2004). ...
... 3,8,10,18,21 It has been used as an astringent to treat dysentery and sprue, and also for the treatment of bowel complaint, rheumatism, dysuria and haematuria in many South East Asian countries. It is also an ingredient of a preparation used to make barren women fertile (Burkill, 1966;Dey, 1984). 6,9 Conclusion: ...
... It is also an ingredient of a preparation used to make barren women fertile (Burkill, 1966;Dey, 1984). 6,9 Conclusion: ...
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz commonly known as Dhawa or Dhataki, is an important medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in various systems of medicine for its therapeutic properties such as-dysentery, leprosy, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, toothache. It has been used as astringent to treat dysentery and also for the treatment of bowl complaint and rheumatism. Pharmacognostical studies encompass the macroscopic and microscopic evolution of the plant material, including its botanical description, organoleptic properties and anatomical features, which aid in the identification and authentication of the plant. Physicochemical studies involve the determination of various physicochemical parameters such as foreign matter, ash values, extractive values. These parameters provide valuable information regarding the chemical composition and quality standards of Woodfordia fruticosa, facilitating its standardization and quality control in herbal drug. Overall, the Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical studies outlined in this study serve as a comprehensive reference for researchers and organizations engaged in further exploration of medicinal potential of Woodfordia fruticosa, paving the way for the development of therapeutic agents and herbal drugs.
... f. & Thomson, locally known as 'meribut daun besar', is a small evergreen tree that typically grows 10-15 m tall in Peninsular Malaysia. It can be found in primary and secondary rainforests, forest edges, inland hills, and freshwater swamp forests in Peninsular Malaysia and deciduous monsoonal forests in northern and southern Thailand [4]. Phytochemical studies of this species have yielded terpenoids, 5-oxonorporphines and alkaloids [5][6][7][8]. ...
... Rhizome of ginger has been used as medicine in Chinese, Indian and Arabic herbal traditions since ancient times. It is used as carminative or ant flatulent, diaphoretic, antispasmodic, expectorant, peripheral circulatory stimulant, astringent, appetite stimulant, anti-inflammatory agent, diuretic and digestive aid, etc (Burkill, 1996). Moreover, ginger imparts flavor and pungency to food and beverages and is consumed as fresh paste, dried powder, slices preserved in syrup, candy (crystallized ginger) or as flavoring tea. ...
Proximate and Phytochemical composition of ginger were analysed to find out its utility as a potential feed/feed additive for ruminant livestock. The results of proximate analysis revealed the presence of dry matter (97.20%), crude protein (11.36%), crude fibre (12.28%), ether extract (5.90%), Nitrogen free extract (60.29%) and ash (7.37%). However, the quantitative phytochemical analysis indicated a higher presence of oxalate and flavonoid, compared to other phytochemicals that is tannins, saponnins, alkaloids and phenols. The presence of these primary and secondary metabolites indicated that the plant would serves as feed/feed additives for ruminant livestocks when used in appropriate quantity.
... xvi Opioid withdrawal and alcohol withdrawal treatment Traditionally M. speciosa is used to treat opioid and alcohol withdrawal treatment (Burkill, 1935;Havemann-Reinecke, 2011). Therefore, its principal alkaloid mitragynine was scientifically tested for its role in alleviating opioid and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. ...
... Melting points were measured by comparing them with those reposted in the literature. The 1 H-NMR (500 MHz) and 13 C-NMR (100 MHz) spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 500 Spectrometer. Chemical shifts were reported in ppm and CDCl3 as solvent. ...
The genus Piper, belonging to the Piperaceae family, includes over 2,000 species, many of which are widely recognized for their significant economic and medicinal value. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals isolated from the leaf extract of Piper crassipes. Soxhlet extraction of the dried powdered leaves was employed to extract the phytochemicals using a polarity gradient of hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol. The phytochemicals were obtained using chromatography techniques and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis (IR, NMR, and MS) and comparison with the literature. Furthermore, the isolated phytochemicals were evaluated for their DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The isolation successfully led to the identification of ten phytochemicals: asaricin (1), chavibetol (2), dillapiole (3), β-sitosterol (4), 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (5), 4',5,7-trimethoxyflavone (6), N-(3-phenylpropanoyl)pyrrole (7), chavicol (8), N-isobutyl-(2E,4E,14Z)-eicosatrienamide (9), and 4-allyl resorcinol (10). Among the isolated phytochemicals, compounds (8) and (10) showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 189.3 and 195.8 µmol/L, respectively. This study offers important insights into the antioxidant potential of P. crassipes constituents, highlighting further opportunities to explore their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.
... Botanically called cocos nucifera L. is a multiple-purpose tropical fruit that the tree is used for timber, leaves as handicrafts, and also used as important raw material in producing wine, coconut oil, vinegar, charcoal, coconut milk/cream, coir, beverages, and so on. Because of its enormous uses in day-to-day life, the tree is known as the tree of life (Burkill 1966). Coconut is cultivated in all the tropical and coastal regions around the world. ...
... Apart from the ornamental value, this plant has also been exploited for treating bacterial infections, namely otitis media . Drugs obtained from H. multiflora were reported to treat numerous diseases, including rheumatic arthritis, asthma, intestinal inflammations, and pain (Heyne, 1979;Ambasta and Wickens, 1988;Burkill, 2002). Modernization leads to deforestation, which causes the extinction of exotic plant species. ...
Hoya is a wild ornamental plant with medicinal properties that have been extensively exploited from its natural habitat, causing a reduction at an alarming rate. The current study is aiming to fabricate an affordable and simple-to-use hydroponic system for the conservation and mass production of four Hoya species (H. carnosa, H. kerrii, H. parasitica, and H. longifolia). Tray-based floating and stationary hydroponic systems consist of Hoya plants (cuttings) inserted in a thermocol sheet and suspended in MS nutrient solution. Cuttings derived from mature plants were subjected to full MS (Murashige and Skoog), 1/2 MS, 1/3 MS, and 1/4 MS nutrient media for growth optimization. Subsequently, the ½ MS nutrient medium with explants was further augmented with different concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 µM) of auxins like 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), indole acetic acid (IAA) and IBA (2.5 µM) optimized for rooting. A combination of 1/2 MS + IBA (2.5 μM) proved to be the optimal medium for rooting in Hoya species when compared to all other treatments.
Further, improvements in root number were recorded with augmentation of 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM of Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4). Half MS nutrient solution with 2.5 µM IBA and 100 μM ZnSO4 resulted a maximum of 15 roots in H. carnosa, 20 in H. parasitica, 38 in H. kerrii, and 19 in H. longifolia. The effect of 5.0 µM GA3 (Gibberellic acid) was also evaluated on bud break in rooted plants. Foliar spray of GA3 on acclimatized plants subsequently reduced the bud break time, and the highest reduction of time was observed from 21 d to 7 d in H. parasitica. Transfer of hydroponically raised plantlets was under stress during in vitro to field conditions. Stress markers (MDA, SOD, and CAT) for defense and photosynthetic pigments for better survival of hydroponically grown plants were monitored during acclimatization. MDA content was stable at 60 to 70 d while SOD and CAT activity was stabilized and influenced upon its peak on the same days under the poly-house condition in the propagated Hoya species. Photosynthetic pigments were gradually increased, and maximum values were recorded at 70 d of acclimatization. The present study proposed a reliable protocol for the conservation and mass propagation of most of the Hoya species.
... It is a shrub or tree up to 12 m tall and grows in undisturbed forests at an altitude of up to 1,250 meter. The flowers are fragrant and are used as a perfume [2]. Phytochemical analysis discovered the isolation of alkaloids [3] and flavonoids [4,5]. ...
In total, 35 chemical components, accounting for 91.5% of the total composition, were successfully characterized. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most dominant components and accounted for 47.6% of the total composition. The most abundant components were β-eudesmol (15.9%), α-eudesmol (15.6%), β-selinene (12.2%), β-bourbonene (7.2%), α-gurjunene (6.5%), and valencene (5.5%). In addition, the essential oil demonstrated moderate activity (IC50 158.2 mg/mL) compared with BHT (IC50 43.5 μg/mL).
... Dewasa ini pengembangan obat-obat baru termasuk senyawa yang akhirnya dikomersilkan melalui sintesis, pada umumnya didasarkan pada pengumpulan informasi dari pengetahuan masyarakat tradisional atau yang lebih populer disebut etnobotani (Adriadi dkk., 2022;Farnsworth 1988) Selain pendekatan studi etnobotani, pengembangan melalui kemotaksonomi juga digunakan untuk mengoleksi jenis-jenis tumbuhan yang kaya mengandung golongan senyawa kimia tertentu Pendekatan fitokimia juga dilakukan melalui pengujian kandungan kimia utama seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, terpen dan steroid, saponin, dll (Junaid dkk., 2020 ;Harbone 1973;Farnsworth 1988) Hutan tropika merupakan sumber senyawa kimia yang besar dan dilihat sebagai harta karun tumbuhan obat. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan tersebut masih banyak belum terjamah oleh tangan para ahli, unik atau khas jenisnya sehingga berpotensi sebagai sumber senyawa-senyawa yang diharapkan menjadi 'lead compound' untuk obat baru (Burkill 1966) Hutan di kawasan provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam merupakan salah satu kawasan hutan sumatera yang menarik untuk dipelajari karena minimnya laporan tentang kekayaan hayati yang dikandungnya terutama metabolit sekunder yang menjadi objek identifikasi dalam rangka pencarian sumber bahan obat baru. Sebelum penelitian lebih luas dilakukan di kawasan hutan provinsi Aceh, perlu dilakukan penelitian di kawasan terbatas seperti tumbuh-tumbuhan di sekitar kawasan hutan Sibreh sebagai model, karena hutannya masih alami dan masyarakat masih banyak memelihara tradisi pemanfaatan tanaman yang tumbuh disekitarnya untuk pengobatan berbagai penyakit. ...
ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan inventarisasi tumbuh-tumbuhan obat di kawasan hutan Sibreh kabupaten Aceh Besar yang dilanjutkan dengan identifikasi taksonomi dan skrining kandungan metabolit sekunder dari tetumbuhan terpilih. Metode yang digunakan berupa survey dan wawancara langsung dengan masyarakat yang dilakukan secara acak serta dipandu oleh seorang pawang, sedangkan skrining fitokimia menggunakan metode Siemes, dkk yang dimodifikasi. Skrining fitokimia tetumbuhan yang dipilih berdasarkan frekwensi tersering penggunaannya oleh masyarakat dalam pengobatan. Hasil survey menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat telah memanfaatkan tumbuhan yang ada disekitar mereka secara turun temurun untuk tujuan pengobatan baik dalam bentuk tunggal maupun campuran dan berdasarkan hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa 20 jenis tetumbuhan terpilih memiliki kandungan 1 atau lebih jenis metabolit sekunder seperti kelompok alkaloid, fenol-flavonoid, terpenoid, saponin, dan kelompok antrakuinon. ABSTRACT An inventory of medicinal plants has been conducted in the Sibreh forest area of Aceh Besar district, followed by taxonomic identification and screening of secondary metabolite content of selected plants. The methods used were surveys and direct interviews with the community which were conducted randomly and guided by a shaman, while phytochemical screening used the modified "Siemes" method. Phytochemical screening of selected plants was based on the most using frequency by the community in medicine. The survey results showed that the community had utilized plants around them for generations for medicinal purposes, both in single and mixed forms, and based on the results of phytochemical screening, it was shown that 20 selected plant species contained one or more types of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenol-flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and anthraquinones. Keyword: Inventory of Ethnobotany, Screening of Phytocemistry, Sibreh Forest. PENDAHULUAN Dewasa ini pengembangan obat-obat baru termasuk senyawa yang akhirnya dikomersilkan melalui sintesis, pada umumnya didasarkan pada pengumpulan informasi dari pengetahuan masyarakat tradisional atau yang lebih populer disebut etnobotani (Adriadi dkk., 2022; Farnsworth 1988) Selain pendekatan studi etnobotani, pengembangan melalui kemotaksonomi juga digunakan untuk mengoleksi jenis-jenis tumbuhan yang kaya mengandung golongan senyawa kimia tertentu Pendekatan fitokimia juga dilakukan melalui pengujian
... It is traditionally used as a protective medicine, the decoction of whole plant of Labisia pumila is administered after childbirth, but also before birth to expedite delivery. The decoction is also used for the treatment of dysentery, intestinal gas, and dysmenorrhea, as well as for a condition described as "sickness in the bones" [3]. ...
This study aimed to ascertain the effect of solvents on the extraction of some bioactive compound from Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) leaves was investigated. The main compound identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography was gallic acid. Thus, the solvents tested were water (H 2 O), ethanol (EtOH), ethyl acetate (EA) and hexane (Hex) as the extraction solvents with 40 °C temperature and four hour extraction time using Solid Liquid Extraction (SLE). Result showed that water was the best solvent for extraction of Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) gave higher yield (13.42 wt. %) followed by ethanol (5.96 wt. %), ethyl acetate (2.46 wt. %) and hexane (1.29 wt. %). This is believed to give good information for particular extraction processes in different polarities of solvents.
... The ḥibara is an opulent green garment with stripes of another colour whether red or blue to create a kind of tonal variation across surface of the fabric. 60 While the kisā` is a tunic of patchwork made of different fabrics, which was also named al- Burkill, I. H. (1996). A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. ...
The discourse regarding clothing in Islam regularly emphasizes on divine dress code differentiates between the permissible and the forbidden, as enshrined in Islamic scripture. Possibly, a misconception could prevail within attempts by outsiders of the fraternity of scripture studies. For instance, there is a claim in an English paper “Clothing and Colours in Early Islam: Adornment (Aesthetics), Symbolism and Differentiation” by Hadas Hirsch states that Muslim men are forbidden from wearing yellow, red and colourful clothes. To answer the misconception, this study focuses on hadiths in the chapters on clothing in al-Ṣaḥīḥayn. This study employs a qualitative methodology through content analysis on the paper and contextual analysis on the culled chapters. Ultimately, this study identifies the argument presented by Hirsch and then finds narrations on the mentioned colours for men in the culled chapters. Based on the narrations, these colours are allowed for men since they are not performing pilgrimage ritual and their red dress are not of safflower-based dye. Indeed, the false claim lies in dependence on insufficient texts besides the hindrance in construing archaic words in text of hadith. Hereby, this study stresses on the conveying of teaching from hadith into other languages, especially English should be made by its scholarly fraternity in hadith which can reveal sufficient array of narrations for each topic. In addition, the text which has its Arabic language root back to over fourteen centuries is understandable in the hands of scholars in the field of hadith and Islamic scripture.
... It is a tree of moist, tropical lowlands, where it can be found at elevations up to 1,000 metres. The tree is ranging from 5 to 15 metres in height, predominantly inhabiting regions such as Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Sumatra, and Singapore (Burkill 1966). The chemical composition and biological activities of the leaf oil from K. intermedia have been recently reported with leaf oil displaying significant anti-tyrosinase activity with an IC 50 value of 70.2 µg/ml . ...
Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Knema intermedia has led to the isolation of a new furofuran lignan, intermedianin 1 together with five known lignans, α-cubebin 2, β-cubebin 3, bicubebin A 4, bicubebin B 5, and bicubebin C 6. The characterisation and structural elucidation of the isolated compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with literature data. The antifungal activity was tested using the broth microdilution assay, whereas the microbial biofilms were determined using a semi-quantitative static biofilm. Compound 1 exhibited activity against C. albicans, C. lusitanae, and C. auris, (each with MIC/MFC value 250 µg/mL) and increased the biofilm of C. auris (64.07 ± 3.83%) and Candida lusitanae (62.90 ± 3.41%) when treated with 500 µg/mL.
... & Wyatt-Sm. It is locally known as 'bintangor gunong daun besar' in Malaysia and grows in montane rainforest at an altitude of 1200-1450 m [11]. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports or studies on this species. ...
... The therapeutic properties of Melastoma are well-known and have been established via numerous scientific studies, most notably on M. malabathricum. Older people utilized the leaves, shoots, barks, seeds, and roots of M. malabathricum ethnobotanically to treat cuts and wounds, toothache, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, and stomachache (Burkill, 1966). Scientists have identified bioactive compounds with pharmacological activities such as antinociceptive, antiulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic, antioxidant and anthelmintic by isolating several flavonoids from this plant (Isnaini et, al 2019;Zheng et al., 2021). ...
Melastoma malabathricum, commonly known as senduduk, is a member of the Melastomataceae family. It is well-known for its therapeutic and medicinal properties, deeply rooted in local traditional knowledge and supported by scientific evidence. Often considered a robust plant and even labeled as a weed, M. malabathricum can be easily spotted along roadsides. However, despite its potential value, recent publications have provided limited information about its leaf anatomy. This study aimed to improve species identification by thoroughly examining the leaf anatomical characteristics of M. malabathricum. Leaf samples were collected from 10 different locations in Peninsular Malaysia and subjected to laboratory procedures involving sectioning and staining. The prepared permanent slides were then observed under a light microscope. A total of 35 leaf anatomical characteristics, including 10 types of trichomes, were successfully identified. Important characteristics such as the petiole, midrib, marginal outline, paracytic stomata, and vascular bundle types were systematically documented. Notable discoveries included the presence of hypodermal layers, collenchyma cells, druses, mucilage cells, and medullary phloem, all of which are distinctive anatomical traits of M. malabathricum. During the leaf anatomical analysis, it became evident that the majority of examined M. malabathricum samples displayed substantial similarities with minor variations in the combination of trichome types on the leaf surface. These variations might be influenced by ecological and geological factors. Nonetheless, it is essential to emphasize that the types of trichomes and other anatomical characteristics remained consistent within each sample. Consequently, these findings offer valuable insights into the systematic classification of M. malabathricum through the documentation of leaf anatomy characters. ABSTRAK Melastoma malabathricum, biasanya dikenali sebagai senduduk, merupakan famili Melastomataceae. Ia terkenal dengan sifat terapeutik dan perubatannya, secara mendalam berteraskan pengetahuan tradisional tempatan dan disokong oleh bukti saintifik. Melastoma malabathricum sering ditemui sepanjang tepi jalan dan tergolong dalam kategori rumpai yang tersebar dengan luas. Walaupun tumbuhan ini mempunyai potensi dalam perubatan, namun penerbitan berkaitan maklumat anatomi daunnya adalah terhad. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menambah baik pengecaman spesies dengan memeriksa dengan teliti ciri-ciri anatomi daun M. malabathricum. Sampel daun telah dikumpulkan dari 10 lokasi berbeza di Semenanjung Malaysia dan seterusnya terlibat dengan kerja pemotongan dan pewarnaan di makmal. Kemudian penyediaan slaid kekal dijalankan untuk tujuan pemerhatian di bawah mikroskop cahaya. Sejumlah 35 ciri anatomi daun, termasuk 10 jenis trikom telah berjaya dikenalpasti. Ciri-ciri penting seperti bentuk luaran petiol dan midrib, tepi daun, stomata jenis parasitik, dan jenis berkas vaskular secara sistematik didokumenkan. Penemuan ketara termasuk kehadiran lapisan hipodermal, kolenkima sel, drus, sel musilaj, dan floem medulari, telah dikenalpasti sebagai ciri tersendiri M. malabathricum. Kesemua sampel M. malabathricum yang dikaji menunjukkan persamaan yang ketara dengan variasi kecil dalam gabungan jenis trikom pada permukaan daun. Variasi ini mungkin dipengaruhi oleh faktor ekologi dan geologi. Walau bagaimanapun, jenis trikom dan ciri anatomi lain kekal konsisten dalam setiap sampel. Justeru, kajian ini dapat membuktikan bahawa dokumentasi ciri anatomi daun dapat membantu pengelasan sistematik M. malabathricum.
... Ciri-ciri dan taburan geografi daripada maklumat turath berbahasa Arab tentang al-wars menepati spesis Flemingia grahamiana (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 2023c;Roy, n.d.). Tambahan pula, Burkill (1966) seorang ahli botani tersohor memberi perakuan bagi tatanama tersebut, namun beliau tidak mambawa nama tumbuhan tersebut dalam bahasa Inggeris dan tetap menamakannya sebagai al-wars (Rujuk Rajah 4). ...
Topik al-Ṭibb al-Nabawiy agak mendapat tempat dalam perbincangan ilmiah kontemporari. Begitupun ia masih berkisar sekitar beberapa tumbuhan yang sudah dikenali tanpa mengetengahkan sebilangan besar nama-nama arkaik dalam teks hadith. Walhal dalam peradaban Islam silam, kelestarian pengetahuan bidang perubatan tentang tumbuhan bermanfaat terpelihara dalam kupasan ilmiahnya. Bagi memaparkan budaya peradaban tersebut, kajian berbentuk kualitatif digunakan. Pengumpulan data diusahakan dengan menjalankan kajian kepustakaan menggunakan sumber induk Kitāb al-Ṭibb, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhāriy (KṬṢB) dan al-Tadhkirah, diikuti sumber-sumber lain sebagai sokongan. Seterusnya, bagi mengolah data yang dikumpul, pendekatan analisis kontekstual dipilih bagi menjelaskan maksud perkataan arkaik bagi nama tumbuhan perubatan dalam KṬṢB. Kemudian analisis tekstual dipilih untuk mengenalpasti kelestarian pengetahuan tentang tumbuhan tersebut dalam al-Tadhkirah. Hasilnya, kajian ini dapat mengumpul enam tumbuhan perubatan daripada perkataan arkaik dalam KṬṢB; iaitu akar gobo, gandum, akar pucuk, al-wars, zaitun liar dan papirus. Tumbuhan yang disarankan oleh Nabi s.a.w. pada kurun ke-7M sebenarnya terus dikenali dari generasi ke generasi hasil daripada legasi keilmuan dan karya gharīb al-hadīth. Meninjau kepada kitab perubatan bernama al-Tadhkirah oleh al-Anṭākiy yang dihasilkan pada kurun ke-17M, enam tumbuhan tersebut dikenali dan diperakui nilai perubatannya. Kajian dalam skop yang terhad ini merupakan satu usaha menyerlahkan tumbuhan perubatan yang kurang dikenali. Kelestarian dalam menguasai makna perkataan arkaik bagi tumbuhan perubatan adalah penting sebagaimana amalan peradaban silam. Sebenarnya, masih terdapat banyak herba perubatan dalam nama arkaik yang disebut oleh Nabi s.a.w. Demikian juga dengan nama arkaik bagi bahan yang digunakan dalam perusahaan tekstil, campuran kosmetik dan perubatan veterinar. Kajian seterusnya boleh diusahakan dengan memilih mana-mana kompilasi hadith. The topic on prophetic medicine indeed gains certain attention in contemporary research. However, the discourse does revolve around several well-known medicinal plants, instead of accentuating the predominant others which are shrouded in archaic words. Conversely, as applied in the bygone Islamic civilization, the knowledge about beneficial plants in the fraternity of medicine was preserved within its discourse. To disclose the scholarly culture of the meant civilization, this study employs a qualitative approach, as it collects data through literature review, being Kitāb al-Ṭibb, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhāriy (KṬṢB) and al-Tadhkirah as main sources supported by other related references. Then, the data will be interpreted through contextual analysis to learn the meanings of each archaic word related to medicinal plant in KṬṢB. Furthermore through textual analysis, the sustainability of knowledge regarding the plants in al-Tadhkirah can be traced. Ultimately, this study manages to find six medicinal plants which are shrouded in archaic words of KṬṢB; namely great burdock, common wheat, Indian costus, al-wars, wild olive and papyrus. The medicinal plants which were recommended by the prophet p.b.u.h. in the 7th century CE remained known across past generations as a result of scholarship legacy and provision of dictionaries of archaic words. As referring to the book on medicine called al-Tadhkirah by al-Anṭākiy dated to 17th century CE, the six medicinal plants were known and their medicinal properties were recognized. Actually, this study which is set on the limited scope is a move to unveil the lesser-known medicinal plants. The sustainability in acquiring the meaning of archaic words which shroud medicinal plants as exemplified by past civilization is crucial. In fact, there are many medicinal herbs hidden inside archaic words of the saying of the prophet. There are as well archaic names for substances utilized in apparel industry, cosmetic concoction and veterinary medicine. Further research can be achieved to trace them in compilation of hadith.
... The name "Fig" is the most common one for this fruit. F. Carica's leaves, fruits, and roots are used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of conditions, including those related to the digestive system (indigestion, colic, loss of appetite, and diarrhea), the respiratory system (sore throats, cough, and bronchial problems), the inflammatory system, the cardiovascular system, and the immune system [20,21]. Whether consumed fresh, dried, or cooked into jam, the fruits of the F. carica tree are delicious in any form. ...
This work detect bioactive compounds and their derivatives in fig Leaves found in Iraq, chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), an analytical technique for identifying the presence of many compounds in a given sample. The dried plant powder weighed 250 grammes, and it was soaked in Hexan, which was diluted to 1500 millilitres, with intermittent shaking, at room temperature. Filtration of the Hexan-soluble components occurred after 3 days. Utilizing a rotary evaporator, the filtrate was concentrated by evaporating it at a low temperature and high vacuum. A dark greenish residue was obtained. The residue evaporated to dryness and then submitted to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. To differentiate the various physiologically active components, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to detect many types of high and low molecular weight chemical entities in crude extracts of fig leaves hexane fraction. The presence of several distinct components was discovered using GC/MS. The results show fig leaves contain 7 compounds Major bioactive chemicals contained in fig leaves were discovered and described spectroscopically in the hexane fraction of the plant. As a result, the discovery of many physiologically active chemicals in plant leaf extracts calls for more biological and pharmacological research.
... The polypore Bjerkandera adusta contains a good amount of unsaturated fatty acids, ergosterols of medicinal value, and phenolic organic compounds and is highly recommended as a supplementary food or nutraceutical (Küçükaydi and Duru, 2017). Many members in the genus Lentinus are edible (Burkill, 1966;Chin, 1981;Karunaratha et al., 2011;Seelan et al., 2015). The species Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. is widely consumed in Central Africa as a nutrient source (Watling, 1993). ...
... It is mainly found in terrestrial (primary rainforest, secondary rainforest, freshwater swamp forest) and tropical forests. It is harvested for timber and used for house posts [12]. According to the literature study, phytochemical studies of S. filiforme extracts produced triterpenoid compounds [13], which showed antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiglucoside activity [14]. ...
Chemical components and cytotoxicity of Syzygium filiforme var. filiforme (Myrtaceae) Syzygium filiforme var. filiforme Chantar. & J.Parn. is a plant variety from the dicotyledonous plant family (Myrtaceae). This work is designed to examine the chemical composition and cytotoxicity of Syzygium filiforme essential oil. The essential oil was obtained through hydrodistillation and the volatile components were analysed using gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The cytotoxicity of essential oil was evaluated using an MTT assay. A total of 34 chemical components, which constitute 96.1% of oil content, were successfully identified. The most abundant components were α-cadinol (23.3%), t-muurolol (9.1%), geraniol (6.6%), germacrene D (6.3%), and γ-gurjunene (5.0%). The essential oil exhibited cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines which are HepG2, MCF7, and A549 with the IC 50 values ranging from 70.2-88.1 μg/mL. The current study highlights the potential of the use of essential oils as an alternative to the development of pharmaceutical anti-chemopreventive or cosmetics.
... Leaves Cure cloudy urine in women. Burkill IH [18] 2. ...
... Leaves Cure cloudy urine in women. Burkill IH [18] 2. ...
... It is used in conventional East Asian medicine to improve qi-flow, relieve pain, stop vomiting by warming the stomach and treat asthma (Hajar, 2013). Agarwood was combined with coconut oil and used by Malaysians as a home remedy and in cooked syrup to ease the pain of rheumatism and other types of physical pain (Burkill, 1966). Both Agarwood oil and smoke are commonly used as a perfume in the Mideast (Chakrabarty et al., 1994). ...
Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis lamk.)
... Botanically called cocos nucifera L. is a multiple-purpose tropical fruit that the tree is used for timber, leaves as handicrafts, and also used as important raw material in producing wine, coconut oil, vinegar, charcoal, coconut milk/cream, coir, beverages, and so on. Because of its enormous uses in day-to-day life, the tree is known as the tree of life (Burkill 1966). Coconut is cultivated in all the tropical and coastal regions around the world. ...
Hyperspectral imaging is a technique that captures and analyzes light across a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically from the ultraviolet to the short-wave infrared. It is used to identify and quantify the chemical composition of materials by analyzing their spectral signatures. The technique is based on the principle that different materials reflect and absorb light in different ways, and that these variations in reflection and absorption can be used to identify and quantify the materials. A hyperspectral imaging system captures a wide range of wavelengths of light, and the resulting data is analyzed to identify the materials present in the image. The process of hyperspectral imaging typically involves capturing an image of the target object or scene, which is then analyzed using special software. The software can be used to identify the spectral signature of the object or scene, which can be used to identify the materials present in the image. The software can also be used to produce maps and other visualizations of the data, which can be used to identify patterns and features in the data. It's important to note that hyperspectral imaging is a complex and specialized technique that requires specialized equipment and expertise to properly capture and analyze the data.
... Botanically called cocos nucifera L. is a multiple-purpose tropical fruit that the tree is used for timber, leaves as handicrafts, and also used as important raw material in producing wine, coconut oil, vinegar, charcoal, coconut milk/cream, coir, beverages, and so on. Because of its enormous uses in day-to-day life, the tree is known as the tree of life (Burkill 1966). Coconut is cultivated in all the tropical and coastal regions around the world. ...
Effect of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on growth and yield of Chilli in Prayagraj condition
Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), commonly referred to as the “Queen of Spices”, is a highly valued spice crop, which is known to have its origin in South India and Sri Lanka. It is one of the oldest spices of the world and is the third most expensive spice after saffron and vanilla. Despite its economic importance, in terms of global market price that this crop commands, very scarce genomic information is available for this crop. This severely limits the feasibility and success of various crop improvement endeavours. To overcome this limitation, the genome of the small cardamom variety, Njallani Green Gold was sequenced. This is the first report for the de novo assembled draft genome sequence of small cardamom. The assembled genome length was 1.06 Gb (gigabases), captured in 8000 scaffolds with a N50 of 0.15 Mb. A total of 68,055 gene models were predicted. The whole genome sequence (WGS) was utilized for the development of 2,27,808 SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers, based on flanking sequence information. A few of these were validated by performing molecular profiling of sixty diverse cardamom accessions. The SSR marker EC 49 was identified to possess the highest polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.80. Many other highly polymorphic SSR markers, namely EC 1, EC 33, EC 47, EC 89, EC 90, EC 106, EC 183, EC 193, EC 196 and EC 212 were identified with a PIC value > 0.60. The SSR markers identified will serve as important genomic resources in cardamom. Many of these can be used for marker-assisted breeding for crop improvement and for germplasm characterization. The information on utilization of the SSR loci for generation of markers has been developed into a public database, the ‘cardamomSSRdb’. This database is freely available for use by the cardamom community.
Over centuries, medicinal plants have been vital suppliers of natural products and treatments. Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don emerging as a significant candidate due to its extensive use in traditional medicine across Southeast Asia. This study explores the phytochemical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of Alstonia macrophylla leaf extracts, with an emphasis on ethanolic extract due to its efficacy in extracting a broad range of bioactive compounds. Phytochemical analyses were conducted on extracts prepared using solvents of varying polarities, including Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate, Methanol, Ethanol, Hexane, and Water, to identify key constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and reducing sugars. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract was tested against bacterial and fungal strains (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL. Antioxidant potential was assessed through radical-scavenging assays, and IC50 values were compared to ascorbic acid. High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed to identify and characterize major bioactive compounds. Ethanolic extraction yielded high levels of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and reducing sugars. Antimicrobial testing showed concentration-dependent inhibition, with significant zones of inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli, especially at higher concentrations. DMSO exhibited notable antimicrobial activity, suggesting potential synergistic effects or inherent antimicrobial properties. The ethanolic extract demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity, with IC50 values indicating it as a natural antioxidant but less potent than ascorbic acid. HPTLC and GC-MS analyses revealed key bioactive compounds, such as Benzenemethanol and 19-oxo-12-methoxyechitamidine, with potential antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of Alstonia macrophylla leaf extracts, especially the ethanolic extract, for antimicrobial and antioxidant applications. The identification of unique bioactive compounds through HPTLC and GC-MS offers insight into Alstonia macrophylla’s bioactive profile, supporting its traditional medicinal use and paving the way for further research on isolated compounds for drug development.
The essential oil revealed the presence of 28 components with a constitution of 92.5%. It was characterized by a high content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (72.6%). The essential oil was revealed by its richness in β-caryophyllene (28.2%), δ-cadinene (12.8%), α-cadinol (6.8%), α-amorphene (6.2%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (5.4%).
A total of 27 chemical components were successfully characterized accounting for 93.7% of the total composition. Monoterpene hydrocarbons and phenylpropanoids were the most dominant components, accounting for 35.6% and 32.0% of the total composition, respectively. The most abundant components were eugenol (19.5%), methyl eugenol (12.5%), limonene (7.2%), p-cymene (7.0%), α-pinene (6.2%), and benzyl benzoate (5.8%).
this study was designed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil of Syzygium variolosum (King) Chantar. & J.parn. and their cytotoxicity, acetylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities. in total, 32 chemical components were identified in the essential oil, which made up 98.9%. the essential oil is mainly composed of β-elemene (20.2%), bicyclogermacrene (13.5%), viridiflorol (11.1%), globulol (8.6%), and selin-11-en-4α-ol (5.3%). acetylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated with the Ellman method, mushroom tyrosinase, and lipoxygenase enzymes, respectively, while cytotox-icity was assessed using an mtt assay. the results showed that essential oil gave significant percentage inhibition (i%: acetylcholin-esterase 35.2%, antityrosinase 42.5%, lipoxygenase 48.6%). Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines, HepG2, mCF7, and a549, with iC50 values ranging from 90.2 to 95.2 μg/mL. the current study highlights the potential of the use of essential oils as an alternative to the development of pharmaceutical antichemopreventives or cosmetics.
The tree species in the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve has been identified. There were 39 plant species from 27 families. Publication of the benefits of each tree species in Martelu Purba Nature Reserve has not been well done. The trees have good potential for further exploration to discover their real benefits for human welfare. This research aims to identify the benefits of the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve. The method used in this study was an exploratory method of tree species in the Ancient Martelu Nature Reserve, and then the benefit categories of each type were determined with reference to the book Indonesian Useful Plants by K. Heyne. Based on research results, the benefits of trees are classified into six categories: raw materials for medicines, food sources for humans and animals, trees to improve environmental conditions, heavy and light construction materials, natural dyes, and paper-making materials. Each type has more than one benefit. Around 35%, or 24 species, are used for consumption; as many as 29%, or 20 species, are used as medicinal plants and as building materials. 21%, or 14 species; besides that, there are tree species for which the local community uses the sap and Gamblea malayana (MRHend.) CBShang, Lowry & Frodin as a phytoremediation plant.
The chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Alphonsea elliptica (Annonaceae) growing in Malaysia was investigated for the first time. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterized by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 45 components (98.4%) were successfully identified in the essential oil, which were characterized by high proportions of β-caryophyllene (20.2%), β-elemene (8.6%), α-humulene (8.5%), germacrene D (7.2%), and bicyclogermacrene (6.0%). The cytotoxicity of the essential oil was evaluated using an MTT assay. The essential oil exhibited cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines, which are HepG2, MCF7, and A549, with the IC50 values 75.2, 65.8, and 68.5 μg/mL, respectively. The tested essential oil showed moderate in vitro lipoxygenase activity with an IC50 value 64.8 μg/mL. The present study highlights the potential of using essential oil as an alternative for developing chemopreventive or cosmetic agents for the pharmaceutical industry.
Makalah ini mengkaji kamus Melayu yang paling tua berdasarkan data yang dicatatkan oleh Antonio Pigafetta pada tahun 1521. Kamus ini disusun oleh Pigafetta sendiri (1522–1524) dan diterbitkan sebahagiannya pada tahun 1536. Naskhah Pigafetta ini (Manuskrip Ambrosiana) disimpan di Milan, Itali (Roberston 1906). Hanya beberapa sarjana abad ke-20 yang mengkaji data leksikal ini. Namun begitu, atas beberapa sebab, identifikasi makna dan sumber kosa kata ini belum dijejaki dengan tuntas. Pada hari ini, 500 tahun sesudah kajian lapangan Pigafetta, terdapat bahan baharu yang dapat dimanfaatkan. Makalah ini meninjau beberapa data dalam kamus Pigafetta untuk memahami situasi sosiolinguistik di Nusantara Timur pada zaman itu, serta menjejaki makna dan sumber data pada tahun 1521.
Polyalthia hookeriana King is commonly found in Malaysia and Singapore. The GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of the leaves essential oil revealed the presence of twenty-seven components constituting 93.4%. The most abundant components of the essential oil were spathulenol (26.5%), β-caryophyllene (15.2%), caryophyllene oxide (10.5%), bicyclogermacrene (9.0%), and germacrene D (6.1%). The studied essential oil was able to inhibit AChE activity by up to 60%.
Goniothalamus holttumii J.Sinclair is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 31 components, accounting for 97.5% of the total composition, were successfully characterized. The major components identified were β-eudesmol (29.8%), γ-eudesmol (12.5%), (E)-nerolidol (9.2%), bicyclogermacrene (5.5%), β-caryophyllene (5.2%), α-eudesmol (5.0%). Tyrosinase inhibition activity of the essential oil was significant, producing 74.5% inhibition, respectively, yet the values were lower than the positive control, kojic acid (94.8%).
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.