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Indian efforts for quality control and standardization of herbal drugs/products
... Many studies on different species have confirmed the same. Mishra (2000), , Mishra and Kotwal (2003, 2004 and Prasad et al. (2002) conducted a number of studies on sustainable harvesting, value addition, processing of some important medicinal plants like Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Achar (Buchanania lanzan Spreng.), ...
... According to Handa (2004), the majority of the medicinal and aromatic plants used by the herbal drug industry come from wild collection. Approximately 90% of India's medicinal plant supply to international market is from wild stocks. ...
... The immature extraction of fruits, roots, tubers, etc. has drastically reduce the quality of the raw product below the critical level. Scientists (Mishra et al. 2002;Prasad et al. 2002;Mishra and Kotwal, 2003, 2004 conducted a number of studies on sustainable harvesting, value addition, processing of some important medicinal plants of central India, viz. Aonla (E. ...
... Moreover, it is mentioned that the replacement and adulteration of raw materials pose a problem for the local community and the herbal industry. 5 Various methods were used to authenticate the drug based on its taxonomic, pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical properties, in accordance with some of the requirements of the herbal monograph. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the primary groups of phytochemicals present in Fagonia Arabica are as follows: saponins 7 , alkaloids 8 , terpenoids 9 , phenolic compounds, tannins, sterols 10 and flavonoids 11 . ...
... Adulteration is often found in the raw materials when purchased from the raw drug market. [1] The need of the hour is to evolve a systematic approach and to develop well-designed methodologies for the standardization of herbal raw materials. Methods of standardization should comprise all phases like correct identity of the sample, organoleptic, pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation and test for the presence of xenobiotics, microbial load, toxicity and biological activity. ...
India is one of the richest countries in terms of biodiversity with variety of agroclimatic zones; from snow-clad mountains to dry deserts; and from lush green forests to coral reefs. Our herbal wealth constitutes more than 8,000 species and accounts for around 50 % of all higher flowering plant species of India; around 70 % of the medicinal plants in the country are spread across the tropical forests of Western Ghats. The demand for medicinal plants is increasing exponentially both in domestic and international market as large number of plants are being used for healthcare products, nutraceutical, phytopharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fragrances, flavours and natural colouring agents. Conversely, an important problem the herbal
industry faces today is the non-availability of genuine herbs in required quantities leading to adulteration and unauthorized substitution which affects the quality of medicines adversely. Ensuring quality, safety and consistency of herbal medicine is an important prerequisite of the industry. An investigative approach that combines taxonomy, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and molecular biology offers a useful platform for the overall quality evaluation of herbal medicines.
... Compounds isolated from the Maytenus genus include the ansa macrolide, maytansine, and related macrolides such as normaytansine, maytanprine and maytanbutine [11]. Other isolated compounds include spermidine alkaloids (celacinnine and celallocinine) and nicotin sesquiterpene alkaloids (maytoline and maytolidine) as well as catechin, procyanidins and phenoldienone triterpenoids [10]. In African traditional medicine, root of Maytenus senegalensis is used in the treatment of cancer; in Asia it is used as an insect repellant while the South American people use it for treating gastro intestinal disorders. ...
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the pharamacognostic parameters for the plant M. senegalensis, to ensure its purity, quality and safety. Methodology: Whole powdered leaves and methanolic extract were used. Pharmacognostic standards were determined according to the guidelines given by the World Health Organization (WHO). Parameters determined are macroscopic and microscopic characters (quantitative and qualitative), physicochemical parameters as well as preliminary phytochemical tests. Results: Macroscopically the leaves of M. senegalensis are alternately arranged with glabrous surface, serrated margin, and a characteristic taste and odor. Microspically, the leaves have stomata that is anomocytic type on both upper (SN= 80.50-70.00-59.50, SI= 10.81-12.72-14.63) and lower epidermis (SN= 101.78-88.50-75.23, SI= 10.65-12.53-14.41), the epidermal cells were polygonal in shape and trichomes were absent. The vein islet number was determined to be 23.46-20.40-17.34 and the vein let termination number was 17.94-15.60-13.26. Transverse sections of the leaves revealed a dorsiventral type having a singled layered epidermis, palisade cell beneath the upper epidermis, with some vascular bundles at the center covered by a bundle carp, and some spongy mesophyll. Chemo-microscopical study revealed the presence of cellulose cell wall, lignified fibers, starch grains, calcium oxalates, fixed oil and fats. Other determinations include: moisture content (9.33 % w/w ± 0.01), total ash (7.83.00 % w/w ± 0.004) acid-insoluble ash (01.67% w/w ± 0.01), alcohol-soluble extractive values (12.00% w/w ± 0.10), and water-soluble extractive values (13.25%w/w ± 0.04). Preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic leave extract reveals the presence alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates and flavonoids. Conclusion: The drug can be stored in powdered form for a long time without worrying about its purity based on the moisture content value obtained. The high digestibility of the plant when eaten is indicated by the low total ash and acid-insoluble ash values obtained (i.e can be safely eaten). The drug may be very significant in the development of phytomedicines, according to the results of the phytochemical screening.
... Since 1999, the global market for herbal supplements exceeded $62 billion, with a $30.4 billion market in Europe, $9.8 billion in Japan, $ 10.4 billion in the ASEAN, $ 6.9 billion in North America and others $4.1 billion (Wakdikar, 2004). In India the value of botanicals related trade is about $10 billion per annum with annual export of US $1.1 billion (Yadav, 2019;Singh et al., 2003), while China"s annual herbal drug production is worth $48 billion with export of $3.6 billion (Patwardhan, Warude, Pushpangadan, & Bhatt, 2006;Handa, 2004). ...
Purpose: The research studied the users’ perception regarding different aspects of herbal medicine in Bangladesh. It provides the popularity, availability and affectivity of herbal medicine that would benefit both the consumer and the manufacturer.
Methodology: The empirical study made use of primary data collected through a structured questionnaire that measured users’ perception regarding 19 specific aspects of herbal medicines. By using convenient sampling technique 157 herbal medicine users are interviewed.
Findings: The study noted that the herbal medicine users prefer herbal medicine over other medicines, believed to use it in future, refer herbal medicine to others, and use it for chronic diseases. They witnessed that the herbal medicine has fewer side effects, made of natural ingredients, and is comparatively cheaper. They noted that the herbal products are easily available and accessible. They happily use it for common diseases and feel that the medicines should be available in public pharmacies. The users opined that the herbal medicines meet their expectations, makes fast recovery, as well as content with the knowledge of the practitioners.
Practical Implications: The research gave insight about the marketability, popularity, and customer retention regarding herbal medicine. The overall positive perception signifies an opportunity for the marketers of herbal medicine in Bangladesh.
Value: Herbal medicine is a globally recognized medication formula. The practice of herbal medicine in Bangladesh is deeply rooted, consistent with our culture, and has flourished vastly. This study is a value-addition in this field.
Limitations: The absence of sample frame made it a little difficult to choose the respondents. Also, accessibility is a problem in the study.
Key words: accessibility and convenience, comparative advantage, customer retention, satisfaction, usage
... In the Sub-Continent of Indo-Pak the native communities and herbal industries generally face the difficulties in proper identification. They are made misguided and deal with completely different taxa (Khan et al., 2011).The raw materials used by the pharmaceutical industry and people are usually obtained from market, which may be contaminated, substituted or adulterated accidently or deliberately (Handa, 2004).The drug identification involves physical, chemical, biochemical and biological features (Alamgir, 2017). Present study designed to carry out various pharmacognostic features of A. maritima todifferentiate and authenticate it on the basis of various physical, chemical, biochemicals, and biological pharmacognostic features. ...
The light and scanning electron microscopic observations were carried out for anatomical features of leaf, pollens and powder.Microscopic studies provide useful information for identification and authentication of adulteration in A. maritima. Nutritional analysis of A. maritima revealed that life fundamental macromolecules such as carbohydrates (49.63%) crude proteins (13.17%) and crude fibers (21.06%) were present in sufficient quantity while crude fats (4.11%) reported in low quantity. The life essential elements such as Mg (9.472±0.011), Ca (4.152±0.135) and Fe (4.112±0.002) were found in high concentration while heavy metals reported under the safety threshold of WHO. These observations favored A. maritima an alternative of food.Appreciable quantity of phenolics (17.64±0.574) and flavonoids (7.67±0.069) were found while qualitatively active phytochemicals were reported.
The FTIR characterization of A. maritima crude powder revealed chromatogram in 3328.61 to 408.68 frequency range and 24 characteristic peaks on the basis of which different compounds of biological importance were classified. HPLC-UV technique quantifiedand identified six phenolic compounds morin,epigallocatechin gallate, catechin hydrate,ellagic acid, pyrogallol andrutin. Identification of compounds through GC-MS chromatogram revealed the presence of 46 compounds in methanolic fraction however 17 compounds of biological importance were selected.
In-vitro biological evaluation of A. maritima for antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic (12.61±0.113%) and cytotoxic activities (LC50 = 20 μg/ml) suggested that methanolic fractions exhibited the highest activity as compared to chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. The MIC values of 10 or 15 mg/ml were recorded for most of the fungal pathogens. Antibacterial activity revealed 3.75 mg/ml of MIC values against B. subtilis and 1.87 mg/ml against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. In-vivo biological evaluation revealed thatmaximum inhibition was observed for crude extract at 250 mg/kg body weight. The mechanism underlined in-vivo analgesic responses was carried out which revealed that naloxone (morphine and tramadol antagonist) showed no prominent effect while Glibenclamide pretreatment minutely modified the analgesic action. These observations clearly indicted the absence of opiod receptors and involvement of ATP sensitive potassium channels.
... They are made misguided and deal with completely different taxa [9]. The raw materials used by the pharmaceutical industry and people are usually obtained from the market, which may be contaminated, substituted, or adulterated accidentally or deliberately [10]. The drug identification involves physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological features [11]. ...
Gaultheria trichophylla fruit is used by the indigenous people to treat asthma, headache, and as an appetizer in the alpine and sub-alpine regions of Western Himalaya. No studies exist on the antimicrobial significance of this species. The current study describes the phytochemical composition, in vitro cytotoxic, and antimicrobial effects of different extracts of Gaultheria trichophylla. In antimicrobial assay, four different bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) as well as four fungal strains (Helminthosporium solani, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigates) were used. Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the existence of different active compounds. Quantitative phytochemical screening showed the existence of phenolic contents in the range from 3.27 ± 0.44 mg GE/g to 14.17 ± 088 mg GE/g, whereas flavonoids were from 8.08 ± 0.48 mg QE/g to 26.9 ± 0.23 mg QE/g. The elemental analysis quantified essential minerals of life importance such as Na (3.24 ± 0.05 µgg−1), Mg (1.93 ± 0.08 µgg−1), and Ca (1.83 ± 0.056 µgg−1), while none of the heavy metal levels were high from the permissible limit of WHO. Cytotoxic assay showed moderate activity in terms of LC50 of (50 μg/mL) for methanolic extracts. Antifungal assay of methanolic and other extracts against different tested fungal strains showed a zone of inhibitions from 29 ± 1.154% to 86.66 ± 0.09%. As an antibacterial, the MIC values were from 7.5 mg/mL to 15 mg/mL for the tested extracts. The observed biological potentials were at the expense of its phytochemical composition, however, further confirmation in animal models and responsible phytochemical isolations in pure form is needed.
... At the collection of raw material stage, the herbal medicine industry face challenges of adulteration and substitution and often fail microbial load assessment tests due to poor collection and storage practices as many raw materials are sourced from the wild and/or purchased from the market. [2][3][4] The World Health Organization (WHO) lays emphasis on some basic parameters involving morphological and phytochemical assessment of crude drugs towards the development of a quality control profile throughout the shelf life of the herbal product. For herbal medicines, attention is thus paid to quality indices as determined by organoleptic and microscopic evaluation, moisture and ash content; extractive values; qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluation through chromatographic studies and microbiological assessment. ...
... China's annual herbal drug production is worth US $48 billion with export of US $3.6 billion [18] . ...
Herbal medicines are popular. They are extensively used in the developing world, where in many places they offer a more widely available and more affordable alternative to pharmaceutical drugs. Increase in herbal medicines popularity brought concerns and fears over the professionalism of practitioners, and quality, efficacy and safety of their treatment methods and products from herbal and natural sources available in the market. Most research has focused on clinical and experimental medicine (safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action) and regulatory issues, to the general neglect of public health dimensions. Public health research must consider social, cultural, political, and economic contexts to maximize the contribution of herbal medicine to health care systems globally. The regulatory framework for herbal medicines and dietary supplements is currently under review. A new system for registration of traditional herbal medicines will ensure that marketed products meet standards for quality and safety. At present, the pharmaceutical quality of many complementary medicines is a cause for concern. In 1991 WHO developed guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicine. Suggestions for herbal medicine standardization are out lined. The scenario and perception of herbal medicine are discussed. The public's belief that herbal and natural products are safer than synthetic medicines can only be ascertained by imposing regulatory standards on these products that should be manufactured using these Good Practices. Implementing standard operating procedures (SOP) leading to Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), Good Supply Practice (GSP) and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for producing these medicinal products from herbal or natural sources. This article presents a systematic review on herbal medicine including historical background,
... The raw materials are often adulterated when purchased from the market. 3 Across the globe, herbal industries and local communities generally face the problems of adulteration and substitution at the raw material stage. 4 In this study, the herbal drug Artemisia annua was selected as a case study for methods of authenticating it based on taxonomic and pharmacognostic analysis. ...
... In developing countries, herbal drugs play an important role in primary health care programs. Majority of medicinal plants used by the herbal drug industry and local communities come from wild collection (Handa, 2004). The raw material used by the drug industries and local communities are generally procured through market channels and is sometimes found adulterated ( Sultana et al., 2011). ...
A comprehensive account on standardization of herbal drug Nigella sativa L. (Tukhm‐e‐Kalonji) by using microscopic as well as pharmacognostic parameters. In the field of herbal medicines, the main issues are quality, purity, and effectiveness, as in many cases herbal drugs are knowingly or unknowingly substituted or adulterated with similar species or varieties. In herbal market the seeds of N. sativa are commonly adultered with seeds of Allium cepa L. intentionally or accidentally due to their similar morphology. In the present study, the microscopic characterization of herbal drug was done by morphological, palynological, and anatomical features. A great diversity was found in anatomical features of two species, as irregular epidermal cells, actinocytic stomata, and nonglandular trichomes were found in N. sativa while in A. cepa epidermal cells were rectangular in shape, stomata type was paracytic, and trichomes were absent. Pharmacognostic characterization was made by fluorescence analysis and physiochemical parameters. Physicochemical parameters like moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, and water insoluble ash were also evaluated. The above parameters, being reported to the first time for the studied plant species, and are significant towards establishing the microscopic and pharmacognostic standards for future identification and authentication of genuine herbal drug.
Research highlights
• Microscopic Investigations for the standardization of herbal drug Nigella sativa L. (Tukhm‐e‐Kalonji).
• Pharmacognostic techniques are potentially significant for the standardization of herbal drug Nigella sativa in comparison with its adulterant.
• Useful for preparation of standards for herbal pharmacopeia.
... The value of botanical related trade in India is about US$10 billion per annum with the annual export of US$1.1 billion (Singh et al. 2003). China's annual herb drug production is worth US$48 billion with annual export of US$3.6 billion (Handa 2004). India is ranked third in the herbal medicine category with less than 2% global market share. ...
In the present study, for the first time, we report the effectiveness of gibberellic acid (GA3) coating on the expansion of postharvest shelf-life in green chilli (Capsicum annum L.). The fruits were coated with GA3 dipping in 1, 2 and 3 ppm for 30 s and then stored at 4 ± 1 °C. Fruits without any GA3 coating were considered as control. All the treated and control fruits were stored as such for 45 days and throughout the storage period (with every nine days intervals) the multiple enzyme and antioxidants (associated with storage) such as titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, ferrous ion chelating activity, reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content and enzymatic study of polyphenol oxidase and pectate lyase activity were assessed. The fruits coated with all three levels of GA3 showed a significant delay in change of skin colour, decline in titratable acidity, total phenolic and ascorbic acid content, increase in enzyme and antioxidant activities during the cold-storage in comparison to the control fruits. GA3, used as the coating in green chillis, eventually showed beneficial roles in decelerating the mechanism of ripening. The results further indicated that the 2 ppm of GA3 concentration served superiorly than the 1 ppm or 3 ppm throughout storage and provided expanded shelf-life of green chilli.
... The value of botanical related trade in India is about US$10 billion per annum with the annual export of US$1.1 billion (Singh et al. 2003). China's annual herb drug production is worth US$48 billion with annual export of US$3.6 billion (Handa 2004). India is ranked third in the herbal medicine category with less than 2% global market share. ...
Medicinal plants have been used worldwide for centuries to maintain health and to treat diseases, more so chronic diseases. However, adulteration and use of spurious materials as substitutes have become a major concern for users and industry for reasons of safety and efficacy. Therefore, authentication of medicinal plants is of utmost importance. Morphological, anatomical, chemical and DNA markers solve the problem by differentiating the genuine material from the adulterants, substitutes and spurious drugs. DNA markers use nucleotide sequences to identify species; it takes preference over the other two markers being not age dependent, tissue specific and having a higher discriminating power. Therefore, characterization of plants with such markers is an ideal approach for identification of medicinal plant species and populations/varieties of the same species. Availability of certified taxonomic specimens in herbaria are certainly required for unambiguous confirmation through final visual comparison and analysis.
... The major source of herbs for local people and the herbal drug industry is wild source. Adulteration is often found in the raw materials when purchased from the market (Handa, 2004). It is also reported that herbal industry and local residents face the problems of adulteration and substitution at a raw material stage (Ahmad et al., 2010). ...
Gaultheria trichophylla Royle (Ericaceae) has long been used for various ailments in traditional systems of medicines; most importantly it is used against pain and inflammation.
This study determines various pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards helpful to ensure the purity, safety, and efficacy of medicinal plant G. trichophylla.
Intact aerial parts, powdered materials, and extracts were examined macro- and microscopically and pharmacognostic standardization parameters were determined in accordance with the guidelines given by the World Health Organization (WHO). Parameters including extractive values, ash values, and loss on drying were determined. Preliminary phytochemical tests, fluorescence analysis, and chromatographic profiling were performed for the identification and standardization of G. trichophylla.
The shape, size, color, odor, and surface characteristics were noted for intact drug and powdered drug material of G. trichophylla. Light and scanning electron microscope images of cross section of leaf and powdered microscopy revealed useful diagnostic features. Histochemical, phytochemical, physicochemical, and fluorescence analysis proved useful tools to differentiate the powdered drug material. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of important phytoconstituents such as gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin.
The data generated from the present study help to authenticate the medicinally important plant G. trichophylla. Qualitative and quantitative microscopic features may be helpful for establishing the pharmacopeia standards. Morphology as well as various pharmacognostic aspects of different parts of the plant were studied and described along with phytochemical and physicochemical parameters, which could be helpful in further isolation and purification of medicinally important compounds.
... The increase in demand for herbal medicines may lead to indiscriminant and unscientific collection, misidentification, and adulteration without any standards for quality of the material. According to Handa (2004), the majority of medicinal plants used by the herbal drug industry and local communities come from wild collection. The raw material used by the drug industry and communities in large cities, towns and regions is generally procured through market channels and is sometimes found adulterated. ...
The quality assurance of Neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.), a traditional herbal drug of global importance used for the treatment of different ailments, was studied. At global, regional, national and local levels, the end users of this drug face the problem of adulteration. Two different species are commercially marketed in the Indo-Pak Subcontinent under the same trade name of Neem. One is Azadirachta indica and the other is Melia azedarach L., both belonging to Meliaceae. In this study, a commercially available drug sample of Neem was authenticated by using basic and advanced Taxonomic and pharmacognostic analysis. Authentication, quality and standardization of this drug were achieved using morphology, organoleptography, pharmacogonistic markers, UV and IR analyses, SEM of pollen and anatomical investigations. This study contributes towards the global recognition and international acceptance of Neem as an herbal drug.
... Japan, Hong Kong, Korea and Singapore are major importers of TCMs and represent 66% of Chinese plant drug exports (Report of the Chinese Ministry of Commerce, 2003). The annual Chinese herbal drug production is estimated at $48 billion, with estimated exports of $3.6 billion (Handa, 2004). ...
There is growing recognition of the potential role for nutraceuticals and dietary supplements in helping to reduce health risks and improve health quality. In the global marketplace nutraceuticals and functional foods have become a multi-billion dollar industry and estimates within Canada suggest that the Canadian nutraceutical and functional food industry has potential to grow to $50 billion US. In this paper we examine current nutraceutical and functional food literature from a Canadian perspective to identify the potential for distinctive niche markets and growth of the industry in Canada as well as it's potential contribution to international markets. Internationally, significant limitations to growth in this area are resulting from a necessity to properly label and assess the health effects of nutraceutical and functional foods. Food safety, quality, and a better understanding of interactions among foods, medicines and dietary supplements are central requirements in Canada for development of less restricted access to our national markets and for successful expansion into the international marketplace. Exploitation of genetic and ecotype variability associated with natural populations of nutraceutical and functional foods, in particular plants, has potential to allow us to develop niche markets distinctive to Canada which are of value to consumers throughout the world. Many variants of plants exhibit population-based broad range productivity for specific chemical constituents. Selection for consistent production of high and low productivity of active plant components within specific ecological regions will allow development of alternative nutraceuticals and functional foods with distinctive and more reliable health and food properties. We believe that development of nutraceuticals and functional foods with distinctive genetic and ecotype traits has potential to deliver unique products to Canadians and the world at large. These commodities have potential to stabilize economic return to local producers without having to compete with generic products already being marketed. Development of better characterized and research proven products will help enhance consumer confidence in nutraceutical and functional food products in Canada and in the rest of the world.
... In 2001, US $17.8 billion was spent in the United States on dietary supplements and US $4.2 billion of it was spent on botanical remedies (De Smet 2002). In India, the value of botanical-related trade is about US $10 billion per annum with an annual export of US $1.1 billion (Singh et al. 2003), while China's annual herbal drug production is worth US $48 billion with an export of US $3.6 billion (Handa 2004). Presently, the United States is the largest market for Indian botanical products accounting for about 50% of the total exports. ...
Hormones, antibiotics, vitamins and several other chemicals have been tested in aquaculture operations for various remedies. Even though they give positive effects, they cannot be recommended due to their residual and other side effects. The alternative herbal bio-medicinal products in the aquacultural operations, that have the characteristics of growth promoting ability and tonic to improve the immune system, act as appetite stimulators. They increase consumption, induce maturation, and have antimicrobial capability and also antistress characteristics that will be of immense use in the culture of shrimps and other fin fishes without any environmental and hazardous problems. Herbal compounds such as phenolics, polyphenols, alkaloids, quinones, terpenoids, lectines and polypeptides have been shown to be very effective alternatives to antibiotics and other synthetic compounds. The present paper is presented after a careful review of more than 50 herbal plants for their biological effects such as growth promotion, immunostimulation, antistress, antibacterial, antifungal, antivirals, appetite stimulators and aphrodisiac.
... The primary benefits of using plant-derived medicine are relatively safer than synthetic drugs and offer profound therapeutic benefits.[3] Single and polyherbal preparations have diverse range of bioactive molecules and play a dominant role in the maintenance of human health since ancient times.[4] More than 1500 herbal preparations are sold as dietary supplements or ethnic traditional medicines.[5] ...
In Ayurveda, various herbal preparations are clinically used to prevent or cure infectious diseases. Herbal preparations such as Triphala churna, Hareetaki churna, Dashmula churna, Manjistadi churna, Sukhsarak churna, Ajmodadi churna, Shivkshar pachan churna, Mahasudarshan churna, Swadist Virechan churna and Pipramool churna were investigated by preparing their organic solvent extract for antibacterial potential against enteric bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella typhimurium and Proteus vulgaris, respectively. In the present study, Triphala churna, Hareetaki churna, Dashmula churna were potent antibacterial agents against S. epidermidis, P. vulgaris, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. typhi. The study supports the use of these herbal preparations not only as dietary supplements but also as agents to prevent or control enteric bacterial infections.
... In 2001, US $17.8 billion was spent in the United States on dietary supplements, US $4.2 billion of it for botanical remedies (14). In India the value of botanicals related trade is about US $10 billion per annum with annual export of US $1.1 billion (15) while China's annual herbal drug production is worth US $48 billion with export of US $3.6 billion (16). Presently, the United States is the largest market for Indian botanical products accounting for about 50% of the total exports. ...
Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine (TIM) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remain the most ancient yet living traditions. There has been increased global interest in traditional medicine. Efforts to monitor and regulate herbal drugs and traditional medicine are underway. China has been successful in promoting its therapies with more research and science-based approach, while Ayurveda still needs more extensive scientific research and evidence base. This review gives an overview of basic principles and commonalities of TIM and TCM and discusses key determinants of success, which these great traditions need to address to compete in global markets.
Traditional medicinal systems have extensively used Primula macrophylla (Primulaceae) to treat a variety conditions, including bronchitis, asthma, joint pain, fever and so forth. This study determines various pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards helpful to ensure the purity, safety, and efficacy of medicinal plant P. macrophylla . In experimental section the Intact aerial parts, powdered materials, and extracts were examined macro‐ and microscopically and pharmacognostic standardization parameters were determined in accordance with the guidelines given by the World Health Organization. Parameters including extractive values, ash values, and loss on drying were determined. Preliminary phytochemical tests, fluorescence analysis, and chromatographic profiling were performed for the identification and standardization of P. macrophylla . The results of macroscopic studies revealed that leaves are farinose, alternating, foliage, toothed and flowers are unbranched, hermaphroditic, large, herbaceous, round, non‐woody stem, roots are adventitious. Length of leave is 11 cm, flower 3 cm, stem 38 cm and root 18 cm. Odor is clove or Eucalyptus like, irritating smell and has pungent/ bitterness. Qualitative analysis confirmed that carbohydrates are not present and saponins, terpenoid, flavonoid, phenolic, phytosterol and fixed oils are not present. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) showed the trace amounts of Pb (1.604 mg/L), As (−12.91 mg/L), Hg (7.102 mg/L), and Cd (0.226 mg/L) present. The internal structure of the plant was examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The plant cross‐sectional scans revealed several useful botanical properties. LM and SEM revealed important diagnostic features including stomata, phloem, xylem, spiral vessels, and trichomes and so forth. We conclude that the data generated from the present study help to authenticate the medicinally important plant P. macrophylla . This study is helpful for establishing the pharmacopeia standards in accordance with WHO guidelines.
The medicinal plant market knows a large expansion, especially for Asiatic species. Material herb-drug can be subjected to unintentional or intentional adulteration. Bupleurum rigidum is a Chinese medicinal plant used in the treatment of hepatitis and intermittent fever. The species is represented in Algeria, where no study has been carried out to date on its quality control. The present study aimed to investigate their pharmacognostic characteristics. Morphoanatomic studies were performed to record authentication features. Ash content, extractive value, phytochemical composition were evaluated. Bupleurum rigidum revealed a thick root, a branched stem, and lanceolate and ribbonshaped leaves. The herb-drug has a rancid odour and bitter taste. Anatomy was characterised by the presence of secretory canals in all aerial parts. Palisade tissue in the midrib and on both sides of the lamina. The powder analysis showed the presence of epidermis cells with anisocytic stomata. Preliminary phytochemical tests gave strongly positive reactions with triterpenoids and saponins. TLC profile indicated the presence of important spots in the medium frontal ratio zone. Saponins gave a rate of 10% followed by phenols with 5% content. The results gave valuable data to establish the complete monography of the whole plant. The study act as a platform for the identification and development of quality control parameters of the species.
Present study aims to carry out the quality standards and safety profile of stem bark of Tecomella undulata as per WHO guidelines and comparative evaluation with its adulterant Aphanamixis polystachya. Quality standards and safety profile parameters were performed as per WHO guidelines and comparative investigation is based on morphology, powder microscopy and HPTLC (High performance thin layer chromatography) fingerprinting using betulinic acid as an analytical marker. All the quality standards and safety profile parameters (Heavy metals, aflatoxins, microbial load and pesticidal residues) were found within the limit. Physiochemical parameters such as total ash value were 6.5 and extractive value was found highest in chloroform and lowest in hexane in cold and hot extraction. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed presence of glycosides, naphthoquinone, triterpenic acids and phenolic compounds. Comparative study of stem bark showed upper surface of T. undulata was like a crocodile skin with easily detachable fibres from the bark while A. polystachya have comparatively smooth upper surface and strongly adhered fibres with stem bark morphologically. Microscopically T. undulata contain prismatic calcium oxalate crystals with rare presence of sclereids and absence of stone cells as compared to powder of A. polystachya which showed rosette shaped calcium oxalate crystals with abundant sclereids and stone cells. HPTLC fingerprinting profile with betulinic acid indicated its presence in T. undulata and absence in A. polystachya. This study will guide in establishment of quality standards and identification of T. undulata with its commercial adulterant A. polystachya. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. All rights reserved.
Zanthoxylum armatum (Rutaceae) fruit, bark and leaves are used for various conditions of ailments in traditional systems of medicine since ancient times.
This study is designed to lay down the various pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards which will be helpful to ensure the purity, safety, and efficacy of this medicinal plant.
Various methods including macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, and phytochemical methods were applied to determine the diagnostic features for the identification and standardization of intact and powdered drug of Z. armatum leaf, fruit, and bark.
The shape, size, color, odor, surface characteristics were determined for the intact drug and powdered materials of leaf, bark and fruit of Z. armatum. Light and electron microscope images of cross-section of leaf and powdered microscopy revealed useful diagnostic features. Histochemical, phytochemical, physicochemical including fluorescence analysis of powdered drug proved useful to differentiate the powdered drug material. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed the presence of important phytoconstituents such as gallic acid and rutin.
The data generated from this study would be of help in the authentication of various parts of Z. armatum, an important constituent of various herbal drug formulations. The qualitative and quantitative microscopic features would prove useful for laying down pharmacopoeial standards. Morphology as well as various pharmacognostic aspects of different parts of the plant were studied and have been described here along with phytochemical, physicochemical studies, which will help in authentication and quality control.
Ayurveda is the most ancient system of traditional medicine of the world has been practicing in India. It has been facing constant challenges like standardization and pharmacokinetic profile of biomarkers in the Ayurvedic formulations. Due to these challenges there will be a potential decrease in the global herbal market. Presently Indian herbal market is about US 10 billion per annum. Thus there is an urgent need of standardization and pharmacokinetics of the Ayurvedic formulations in order to achieve the uphold position in the global market. Pharmacokinetics which deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the biomarkers or the new drug entity is the one of the regulatory requirement for an investigational new drug approval. Bioactive guided pharmacokinetic approach method is needed for Ayurvedic system of medicine to determine the pharmacokinetics of relevant markers in the formulation having number of markers. Also non compartmental analysis method should be applied for the analysis of pharmacokinetics of biomarkers from Ayurvedic formulations for successful pharmacokinetic evaluation. In this review we have explored the importance of pharmacokinetics in Ayurvedic system of medicine and integrated approaches for the pharmacokinetics in Ayurvedic system of medicine.
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