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Public private partnerships, neoliberal globalization and democratization

Authors:
63
4. Public private partnerships, neoliberal
globalization and democratization
Mark Ginsburg
INTRODUCTION
           
    -



  




economic policies at local, national and global levels tend to undermine the




   

   
democratic process becomes impossible. (2005, p. 172)
INCREASED POPULARITY OF PUBLIC PRIVATE

-
           
           
 

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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/4/2016 10:21 AM via UNIV OF NORTH
CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
64 Public private partnerships in education
  -



-

    


-



-
nership both as a concept and programmic tool in reaction to changing priori-

    

   



-


 -
-

          



-


 
also World Economic Forum 2005).


 public-
private partnership   

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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/4/2016 10:21 AM via UNIV OF NORTH
CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
Public private partnerships, neoliberal globalization and democratization 65
    -
ment agencies, multi- and bilateral development organizations, nongovern-
       


OF PARTNERS

-

1   
   -


 
   -
 private sector 

  government  

emphasis added)
        

         
        
  



-
     -

  
and private sectors have been mobilized to contribute to education in Macedonia.
       
        
        
  


Copyright © 2012. Edward Elgar Publishing. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under
U.S. or applicable copyright law.
EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/4/2016 10:21 AM via UNIV OF NORTH
CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
66 Public private partnerships in education
-
           
-
          
 

          
-
  -


FOR PARTNERS
   -
 


-


-
  


   



Table 4.1 Types and levels of partnering organizations


 National International
Public (government)


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CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
Public private partnerships, neoliberal globalization and democratization 67

         
  
 

sector have established and maintained their programs using resources gener-
          
2002, p. 40).
    
  

        
        
    

          
 


    

  
   

  


   
           
   
   


 -



         


           
     2      
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/4/2016 10:21 AM via UNIV OF NORTH
CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
 Public private partnerships in education
           



         
  




  




-
  
         
Table 4.2 Types and levels of involvement of an organization within a PPP


None  Medium 
Financial resources
Contributor
Recipient



Service or product




Strategies
Budget
Personnel
Evaluation
Copyright © 2012. Edward Elgar Publishing. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under
U.S. or applicable copyright law.
EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/4/2016 10:21 AM via UNIV OF NORTH
CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
Public private partnerships, neoliberal globalization and democratization 
    

-

  

  -
       
-
  
         

        -

            
-


Comparative educators and other social scientists have engaged increas-


 

           

-

  




  
-
        -

  


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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/4/2016 10:21 AM via UNIV OF NORTH
CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
70 Public private partnerships in education

     





economically
efcient
-

   
        -

          





other strategies and purposes. One such purpose is privatization and the encourage-
  -
         
-
    


-
-

-
         

          -


   

        
           
   
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CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
Public private partnerships, neoliberal globalization and democratization 71
   
  -
      


 



-

-


   


  
         


-
          
         
 
         


report subtitled Public-Private Alliances for Transformational Development,
        

         -
 




          
   
        

at the same time.
Copyright © 2012. Edward Elgar Publishing. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/4/2016 10:21 AM via UNIV OF NORTH
CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
72 Public private partnerships in education

   



-

    -



    
         




             
   
 

          
         
    




 



          
-



-
  
       
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/4/2016 10:21 AM via UNIV OF NORTH
CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
Public private partnerships, neoliberal globalization and democratization 

   
  
   -




-
         
   



     





  -

-

 




 
  
-

 

-

       
    -

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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/4/2016 10:21 AM via UNIV OF NORTH
CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
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74 Public private partnerships in education


   




  


     




  
-


  -
-

          
          

CONCLUSION
  


-
  -
          


            


or undermine democratization at local, national and global levels. Such

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CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
Public private partnerships, neoliberal globalization and democratization 75




  
and
 
-

NOTES
 
   

            


 
something, to not do something, or to not even consider doing something such that their action
      


            
-

-

REFERENCES
      Education Development in
Equatorial Guinea: An Action Plan
Report on the Business and
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September 2006
       MK Connects:
Macedonia Links Education and Connectivity    

     Critical
Sociology, 33



       Globalisation, Societies
and Education, 6
Copyright © 2012. Edward Elgar Publishing. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under
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AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
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76 Public private partnerships in education
Dynamics of Private Sector Support for Education:
Experiences in Latin America     

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
 in S. Schirm (ed.), Globalization: State of the art and perspectives,

Comparative Education Review, Special issue
46 (1).

International Social Science Journal, 54

   Comparative
Education Review, 48
       
Development in Practice, 17
         
School Leadership and Management, 26
Public-Private Partnerships
in Infrastructure
The Global Resurgence of Democracy

          
    Brown Journal of World
Affairs, 14
Democracy on Trial
      Working Together for a Change: Government,
Civic, and Business Partnerships for Poverty Reduction in Latin America and the
Caribbean

Nonprot and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36
Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics

            
The Political
Dimension in Teacher Education
Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History. Politics and Education,


Public Administration Review, 67
    -

-
American Behavioral Scientist, 43 (1), 107
    
    Globalisation, Societies and Education, 6 (4),

Transforming Power: Domination, Empowerment, and Education,

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CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
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Public private partnerships, neoliberal globalization and democratization 77
The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy
W.W. Norton.

American Behavioral Scientist, 43

Social
and Political Philosophy,    


Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader,

-
Harvard Business Review, 80
         

     

Evolving Partnerships: The
Role of NGOs in Basic Education in Africa

       Harvard
Business Review, 74
-
Journal of Planning Education and Research, 24
   Captive State: The Corporate Takeover of Britain 
Macmillan.
For the Good of the
People: Using Public-Private Partnerships to Meet America’s Essential Needs

The Role and Impact of Public-
Private Partnerships in Education
          
Fundación para la Educación Ricardo Ernesto Maduro Andreu (FEREMA),
         Formas de
Participación del Sector Privado en la Educación Hondureña, Tegucigalpa,

Critical Choices: The United Nations, Networks and the
Future of Global Governance
-
   Comparative Education
Review, 46
-
American Behavioral Scientist, 43
The Social Contract, 
Savas, E. (2000), Privatization and Public–Private Partnerships

 Education for Public Democracy   


Public Administration, 83
Copyright © 2012. Edward Elgar Publishing. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under
U.S. or applicable copyright law.
EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/4/2016 10:21 AM via UNIV OF NORTH
CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
 Public private partnerships in education
 
School Leadership and Management, 26

  -
International Journal of
Educational Development, 30
  
American Behavioral Scientist, 43
Globalization and Education: Integration
and Contestation across Cultures
 
 The Amoral Elephant  


Public Administration Review, 62
New Partnership
Initiative: A Strategic Approach in Development Partnering  
USAID.
         

  

    

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
   
Journal of International Business Studies, 37

Governance, 17
World Economic Forum (WEF) (2005), Partnering for Success: Business Perspectives
on Multistakeholder Partnerships
World Economic Forum (WEF) (2006), Annual Report 2006/2006 

The Edge


    -


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AN: 463442 ; Robertson, Susan, Mundy, Karen, Verger, Antoni.; Public Private Partnerships in Education :
New Actors and Modes of Governance in a Globalizing World
Account: s5823000
... Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have gained considerable attention and popularity internationally as innovative management and financing models for public service delivery and modern infrastructure development for sustainable development (Patrinos et al., 2009;Babatunde et al., 2012;Ginsburg, 2012; *Corresponding author. E-mail: ivantwinok@gmail.com. ...
... PPPs enable public and private economic sectors to pool their strengths and expertise within their respective efficiencies and capacities to enhance the delivery of quality public services Boyer and Van Slyke, 2019). Most economies have thus adopted PPPs as neoliberal policy responses and new public management (NPM) practices for promoting greater private sector involvement in public service delivery as government"s role and funding reduce (Ginsburg, 2012;Robertson and Verger, 2012;. Under neoliberalism, PPPs are presumed to enable governments to transfer some operational roles to efficient private sector operators while focusing better on the core public sector responsibilities, such as regulation and supervision (Miraftab, 2004;Olssen and Peters, 2007;Ginsburg, 2012). ...
... Most economies have thus adopted PPPs as neoliberal policy responses and new public management (NPM) practices for promoting greater private sector involvement in public service delivery as government"s role and funding reduce (Ginsburg, 2012;Robertson and Verger, 2012;. Under neoliberalism, PPPs are presumed to enable governments to transfer some operational roles to efficient private sector operators while focusing better on the core public sector responsibilities, such as regulation and supervision (Miraftab, 2004;Olssen and Peters, 2007;Ginsburg, 2012). Thus, PPPs are viewed as viable collaborative arrangements and policy reforms for reducing government"s fiscal and administrative burdens in public infrastructure development and service delivery through increased private sector participation (Cheung et al., 2012;Kim, 2017). ...
Article
Full-text available
There is a dearth of phenomenological interpretive studies in public-private partnership (PPP) policy in education service delivery. The limited extant literature on PPPs in education hardly explores insights into how stakeholders understand them, and what they perceive as critical success factors (CSFs) for their implementation in the context of developing countries. The overarching purpose of this study is to explore the stakeholders' perceptions of PPP policy in universal secondary education (USE) and its CSFs in Uganda. It employed the interpretive paradigm and the participants were purposively selected from government bodies, partnership private schools and local communities. Document review and interviews were used as the data collection methods while the resultant data were analyzed using content and thematic techniques. The findings reveal that most stakeholders' understandings of the PPP in USE were diverse and context-specific; and that most school-based stakeholders implemented this policy without clearly understanding its origin, goals and guidelines. While most government-based stakeholders perceived the policy as successful, the majority of school-based stakeholders deemed it unsuccessful. The majority of stakeholders perceived regular policy reviews, commitment to partnership roles, sufficient funding, the selection of partners with adequate capacity, effective policy communication, regular policy monitoring and strong enforcement mechanisms as its CSFs. In view of the findings, it can be inferred that unless appropriate policy reforms and best practices informed by these findings are undertaken, the success and sustainability of PPP policy in USE would remain uncertain.
... According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Growth (OECD), this is a partnership between the government and one or more private partners that the private partners offer the service in such a manner that the goals of government service delivery are compatible with the benefits of private partners, and the effectiveness of this agreement relies on a sufficient transition of risk to private partners. The idea behind PPP is that both the public and private sectors will be better served if they share their resources, skills, and expertise (Ginsburg 2012). PPP can help the economy recover from short-term shocks and play an important role in global socioeconomic development. ...
Article
Full-text available
This paper takes a global look at the main reasons why both public and private entities wish to collaborate on infrastructure projects in the form of public private partnerships. It uses a crosscountry panel regression for five South Asian countries between 1997 and 2018. The study finds that PPPs tend to be more common in countries with higher GDP per capita and larger market size. The study suggests that countries with rising exchange rate and countries where governments suffer from heavy external debt burdens are less likely to have PPPs. Countries with substantial foreign exchange reserves and development aid, are found to be less eager to pursue PPPs. The study provides evidence of the importance of the rule of law and control of corruption. Finally, the financial crisis of 2007-2008 is not proved to have negative effect on PPP flows to South Asian countries, manifesting their strong resilience to financial crisis shocks.
... Robertson, Verger 2012) question the legitimacy of PPP as a tool of governance, and other critics (e.g. Ginsburg, 2012) position PPP as an instrument that undermines democratic forms of politics. ...
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In the focus of the research stay an interdisciplinary, self–developed model – M&M model –, which prescribes the dispersion of portfolio from achievements of system theory and chaos theory. At the first stage of optimization, this model was compared with other distributions to search for the optimal distribution of a portfolio. At the second stage of optimization, one has analysed the restructurings, as decision–making processes, in order to already compare strategic lifecycle planning. The model and the procedures would like to show interdisciplinary ways in the field of portfolio management, which rational decisions can be made in an irrationally changing environment. The entropy of nature, as a natural order, in the decision–making process seems to be rewarding, as the study demonstrates that you can significantly improve the profitability and asset growth of a restructured portfolio. But most interestingly, as a result of the research, it has emerged that there is such a (ir)rational distribution that can be more profitable and recoverable without human (automatic) ordered distributions or even restructurings. So my research should contribute to the optimization of decision-making processes and use a heuristic model to break the entropy of nature into investment decisions. Diversification and lifecycle planning are already strategic decisions, managing a portfolio as a system can contribute to deductibles, self–development and sustainability. In a post–crisis period and simultaneous global interest rate environment, the demand for simultaneously profitable and crisis–proof investments has increased sharply. To this would like to carry the self–developed, heuristic M&M model, as optimization aid and based on it the Rolling Nuts Method, as a continuous value–added process. Keywords: entropy, investment strategies, portfolio lifecycle, portfolio management, system theory JEL Codes: C61, G11, O16, P41
Article
The article examines the use of public-private partnership in education, one of the most important in the social sphere. The experience of using public-private partnership projects in foreign countries, such as Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Japan and the Republic of Korea, is analyzed. The mechanisms of cooperation between the state and the private partner are described, and the positive sides are shown on concrete examples of functioning public-private partnership projects in the world. A qualitatively distinctive feature of the pattern of interaction between the state, business and educational institutions is that it should take into account the impact of PPP on society through the social orientation of educational services, as well as the implementation of public functions and implementation of state educational policy. PPP's priority areas are innovation-oriented infrastructure projects and projects in the fields of science, technology and education. Strategic partnership of educational institutions, research organizations and enterprises is expressed in long-term agreements and programs of cooperation in research and education; namely staff, resources and financial support for joint activities; purposeful training of personnel at enterprises; conducting joint research, research and development work; creation of joint structures of educational, scientific and innovative profiles. Forms of partnership cooperation are the development of technology parks, resource centers and technology transfer centers, which provides for public-private partnership in the field of research, project efforts to create innovative products, modernization of technological processes and more. It is believed that PPPs will ease financial constraints, as the private sector itself makes huge investments within PPPs. As the private and public sectors complement, the overall resource base should increase. As the resource base increases, access to education will improve and the quality of education will improve. In the absence of PPPs with limited public resources, the education system can be severely affected. In such circumstances, PPP is seen as the main, though not the only option for the development of education.
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All over the time managers tried to find the most appropriate strategy to differentiate their marketing offer and create a sustainable competitive advantage for their firms. So, this paper aims to highlight the importance of marketing logistics and increase the understanding of how firms can create a sustainable competitive advantage through effective implementation of marketing logistics operations. To achieve the research purpose, a desk research was conducted, and a literature survey was carried out on the main concepts of supply chain management and marketing management. Literature resources were collected by using various databases as Scopus, Science Direct, and other search tools. The main results indicate that the firms attitude towards logistic activities has changed from considering logistics as a cost center seeing it as an efficient system that can reduce costs and have a positive impact on product affordability and availability. Since the relationship between marketing activities and supply chain management activities through marketing logistics resulted in achieving a high level of customer service by effectively coordinate booth functional areas activities toward achieving customer satisfaction.
Chapter
By examining the literature on global governance theory, and its application to the field of education, this chapter revisits normative principles for the global governance of education. It focuses in particular on global education policy discourse and examines the concept of education as a global public good as it has been referred to by some of the main international actors such as the UNDP and the World Bank. Considering the limits of the framework of global public goods, this study discusses the extent to which the principle of education as a global common good may orientate the global governance of education with a view to revisiting existing hierarchies of power within global structures and strengthening more democratic processes at a global level.
Chapter
This chapter examines the complex phenomenon of privatization and identifies tensions related to the difficulty in finding a shared definition of what is “public” and what is “private” in education. It provides a systematic description of how the involvement of non-state actors in education, especially at the compulsory level, has been evolving since the 1990s in different regions worldwide. This chapter further identifies some of the most significant rationales behind education privatization and investigates one particular form of education privatization which is influenced by neoliberal ideologies and market principles. It cautions against the potentially adverse impact that market approaches can have on equity and social justice, on democratic policy-making and governance, and on the societal/collective purposes of education.
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The purpose of the study was to set out whether there are similarities on the young persons’ attitude to the field of turism, while considering them in groups based on their origin countries, as consumers in the tourism area.The study has been carried out in five European countries, Albania, Macedonia, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, by using the questionnaire as method of investigation. The researches carried are based on the answers given by 391 persons with ages of between 18 and 34. There have been followed details regarding the attitude of young people when they choose a tourist destination (criteria for choosing the destination, information manner, other matters). The attitude displayed by young persons is gradually more often influenced by the globalization phenomenon and that can be seen in their behavior as consumers of tourism industry services. Thus, we found numerous similarities in their opinions, regardless of their origin country. However, when directly comparing the groups based on origin countries, we have also noticed some differences in connection to their intentions or criteria for choosing the destination or the type of tourism. This paper emphasizes the questions in the questionnaire and the existence or lack of some differences between the responses submitted by the young persons and their statistical significance.
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All over the time managers tried to find the most appropriate strategy to differentiate their marketing offer and create a sustainable competitive advantage for their firms. So, this paper aims to highlight the importance of marketing logistics and increase the understanding of how firms can create a sustainable competitive advantage through effective implementation of marketing logistics operations. To achieve the research purpose, a desk research was conducted, and a through literature survey was carried out on the main concepts of supply chain management and marketing management. Literature resources were collected by using various databases as Scopus, Science Direct, and other search tools. The main results indicate that the firms attitude towards logistic activities has changed from considering logistics as a cost center seeing it as an efficient system that can reduce costs and have a positive impact on product affordability and availability. Since the relationship between marketing activities and supply chain management activities through marketing logistics resulted in achieving a high level of customer service by effectively coordinate booth functional areas activities toward achieving customer satisfaction.
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SMEs have several exceptional attributes that differentiate it from larger commercial enterprises. They are smaller and therefore they are more flexible to adapt their processes and strategies to market changes, and to respond to new market difficulties with greater ease and innovation. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the challenges of supply chain management (SCM) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and highlight main challenges they face in turbulence markets. To achieve this purpose, a desk research was conducted, and a through literature survey was carried out on the main concepts of supply chain management. The resulted summary was that in case of Palestine, SMEs are facing many difficulties and risks due to the instability in political and economic factors. This instability is due to movement restriction imposed from the Israeli side, limited firm access to natural resources, restrictions on products imports and exports, weak transportation infrastructure and weak government supporting policies. On the other hand, the SMEs in Palestine also suffering from some internal issue as insufficient financial resources, underdeveloped production process, lack of managerial expertise, and lack of marketing capabilities and skills.
Chapter
This section addresses the role of the private sector in agricultural Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), and its capacity to drive innovation and Research and Development (R&D) — elements that are crucial to fuelling growth in the agricultural sector. The private sector plays a particularly critical role in spurring agricultural R&D, especially when combined with public sector initiatives within mature markets with strong Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) to protect returns on investment. The key to a successful PPP lies in combining the different objectives and aims of the public and private sectors in order to bring about a synergy effect – a co-operative mechanism whereby both public and private sectors share the financial burdens of R&D. This synergy effect enables returns on investment by taking advantage of the private sector's technical expertise, and the public sector's knowledge of local needs and networks. This section also discusses the issues that may arise when implementing PPPs, including increased liability exposure and the potential erosion of IPR. As we demonstrate, effective PPP strategies must recognise the differences in objectives and capabilities across the public and private sectors, while acknowledging that returns on investment are essential to creating and fostering innovation. PPPs must also promote enabling, science-based frameworks in favour of prohibitive regulatory frameworks. Finally, we recommend an increase in public spending in order to foster innovation and make new technologies more widely available.
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The essential role of the public sector in all PPPs-whether PFI project, joint venture, or other partnership structure-is to define the scope of business; specify priorities, targets, and outputs; and set the performance regime by which the management of the PPP is given incentives to deliver-and, in the case of PFI projects, also to pay for-the services. The essential role and responsibility of the private sector in all PPPs is to deliver the business objectives of the PPP on terms offering value for money to the public sector.
Book
This book summarizes the lessons of the first year of an ongoing learning program, Partnerships for Poverty Reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean, cosponsored by the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme and the Inter-American Foundation. The program aims to promote and facilitate collaboration among the governments, businesses and civic organizations of the region in initiatives to reduce poverty. The book is divided into four chapters, the first chapter introduced the subject. The second and third chapters analyse information collected in six countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and present a number of lessons on the benefits from, and enabling conditions for, public-private-civic partnerships for poverty reduction. Chapter four presents the conclusions, in which it is argued the partnership approach provides an attractive and necessary alternative to poverty reduction.