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Pharmacological investigation of antiasthmatic activity of fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate antiasthmatic activity of fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica. Antiasthmatic activity of methanolic extract of fruits of P. emblica was evaluated in guinea pigs and rats. Bronchodilating activity of fruit extract was evaluated against 0.1% histamine aerosol induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. Methanolic extract of P. emblica in dose of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg were administered orally. Spasmolytic activity of fruit extract was studied against contraction induced by histamine (100μg/ml). The mast cell stabilizing activity of methanolic extract of P. emblica fruits (2, 4 and 6mg/ml) and antianaphylactic activity of methanolic extract of P. emblica fruits (200, 400 and 600mg/kg) were investigated against compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation and egg induced anaphylaxis in rats, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of P. emblica fruits (200, 400 and 600mg/kg) was investigated against carageenan induced paw edema in rats. Treatment with methanolic extract of P. emblica showed significant (**P<0.01) protection against histamine aerosol induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. Methanolic extract of P. emblica fruits dose dependently protected the mast cell degranulation induced by compound 48/80. Significant inhibition (*P<0. 05, **P<0. 01) of egg albumin sensitized paw edema was observed and carageenan induced paw edema was observed by administration of methanolic extract of P. emblica as compared to control. Histamine induced contraction of guinea pig ileum was significantly inhibited (**P<0. 01, ***P<0. 001) by fruit extract of P. emblica. All these results suggest that methanolic extract of P. emblica fruits has not only bronchodilating activity but also mast cell stabilizing activity, antianaphylatic activity & anti-inflammatory activity, which could be helpful in preventing asthmatic attacks.
Children are more susceptible to various infections because of underdeveloped immune system as compared to adults. Strengthening the immune system is a natural way to help the body fight against the disease-causing pathogens and immunomodulators can play a major role in this context. Various Ayurveda classics and studies published in journals related to Ayurveda drugs for improving immunity are reviewed and analysed. In Ayurveda, the objective of immune enhancement is achieved through the use of the Amalakyadi Rasayana (an Immunomodulators), as it increases longevity of life, memory, intellect, luxture, complexion, voice, strength of the body functions, strength of all senses and provides the resistance to disease, improves glow and power. Analysis of classical references and various experimental studies show that Amalakyadi Rasayana posse immuno-modulatory, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic activity. Present paper is a review to update knowledge on pharmacological properties, therapeutic actions and possible mode of action of the selected formulation, Amalakyadi rasayana from Yogaratnakara (Rasayanadhikara/17) to enhance the immunity in children. Rasayana is an important part of Ayurvedic therapeutics used to improve the quality of life by strengthening the tissue quality and by reducing the age-related tissue degeneration. This study reveals that Amalakyadi Rasayana have potential to improve or strengthen the immune system in children and thereby can lower down the morbidity rate in children.
Objective: To evaluate the Acute toxicity study and Anti-asthmatic activity of Zeal Herbal Granules. Materials & Methods: In the present study, acute toxicity study was carried out as per OECD guideline 423. Anti-asthmatic activity of Zeal Herbal Granules was investigated against compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation. Percentage mast cell degranulation was calculated at different concentration level i.e.1, 10, 100 and 1000μg/mL. Results: Zeal Herbal Granules showed significant protection of rat mesenteric mast cells from disruption caused by compound 48/80. Significant dose dependent effect was observed in percentage mast cell degranulation at different dose level of Zeal Herbal Granules in comparison to negative control. 26.83% mast cell degranulation was observed at 100μg/mL dose level of Zeal Herbal Granules. Conclusion: The present study revealed that Zeal Herbal Granules has significant anti-asthmatic activity against compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation comparable to that produced by Ketotifen fumarate. There was no lethal and toxic reactions found among the tested animals. Zeal Herbal Granules can be a safe and effective drug for patient with asthmatic complaints.
Different solvent extracts of Emblica officinalis fruits were assessed for antioxidant activity, and it was seen that the methanol and water extracts showed the highest activity. Foam cell formation, the basis of atherosclerotic plaque formation, was prevented by only the methanol and water extracts of Emblica and not by acetone, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts in RAW 264.7 cell lines. Gene expression studies showed that CD36 scavenger receptor expression was downregulated and ABCA1 (cholesterol efflux receptor) expression was upregulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner with the upregulation seen at 12 and 24 h time points. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis for methanol and water extracts showed coumaric acid to be the next abundant compound followed by caffeic acid after myricetin and gallic acid, which were also present in other extracts in high amounts. A high correlation was seen between caffeic acid, gallic acid, coumaric acid and total antioxidant capacity.Practical ApplicationsEmblica officinalis fruits, commonly incorporated in various food products, has been known to be a “wonder fruit” since ancient times and has been known to dissolve atherosclerotic plaque in arteries. However, the precise molecular mechanism of its action has not been elucidated yet. Furthermore, a systematic study of the extraction system is yet to be done. The present work attempts to shed some light on these questions to form a basis for further research on this precious, but under exploited fruit, and also to promote its consumption on a large scale.
Objective: To evaluate the antiasthmatic activity of leaves of Vitex negundo. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract (AE) and various fractions like petroleum ether (PF), aqueous (AF) and ethyl acetate (EAF) of leaves of Vitex negundo were prepared. The antiasthmatic activity of AE, PF, AF and EAF was evaluated by various experimental models like mast cell degranulation by compound 48/80, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and egg-albumin induced asthma. Dexamethasone (5mg/kg) was used as a reference standard. Results: AE, EAF, and AF showed significant protection of rat mesenteric mast cells from disruption caused by compound 48/80. Animals treated with AE, EAF, and AF showed significantly lesser the amount of dye leakage as compared to control animals at the site of heterologous antibody injection. Animals treated with AE, EAF, and AF showed significantly lesser the amount of eosinophils, serum bicarbonate level and lung body weight ratio and significantly higher tidal volume as compared to untreated, egg-albumin sensitized animals. Conclusion: Present study concluded that AE, EAF, and AF of leaves of Vitex negundo are found to be effective in various experimental models of asthma. Stabilization of mast cells, inhibitory effects on immediate hypersensitivity reactions and antieosinophilic activity appear to be involved in its mode of action.
To evaluate the effect of ethylacetate fraction (Fr-Et) and methanolic fraction (Fr-Me) obtained from Cressa cretica L.(C. cretica) L. on experimental models for bronchodilatory activity and mast cell stabilising activity.
The effect of Fr-Et and Fr-Me were studied on acetylcholine and histamine aerosol-induced broncospasm using guinea pigs as experimental animals. Also, the effects of these fractions were evaluated on the isolated guinea pig tracheal preparations. Besides this mast cell degranulation effect was assessed using egg albumin and compound 48/80 on rat peritoneal mast cells.
Significant increase in preconvulsion time was observed due to pretreatment with the fractions when guinea pigs were exposed to histamine and acetylcholine aerosol. Fr-Et and Fr-Me significantly increased the preconvulsion in a dose depended manner that suggestive of bronchodilating activity. Fr-Et and Fr-Me exhibited a significant concentration dependant relaxant effect on guinea pig trachea pre-contracted with CCh, K(+) and histamine. The results revealed that Fr-Et to be more potent than Fr-Me in relaxing histamine and K(+) and calcium induced contraction than CCh induced contractions. Studies on the fractions in protecting mast cell degranulation, which were elicited by the egg albumin as well as synthetic compound 48/80 revealed both the fractions significantly protect the mast cell degranulation, which release mediators such as histamine and proinflammatory cytokines through various stimuli in a dose depended manner.
Thus our study established the bronchodilator activity, and mast cell stabilizing activity which are important mediators that provoke or sustain in asthma.
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the bronchodilating effect and bronchial hyperreactivity of alcoholic extract of Taxus baccata Linn. (AET) leaves in experimental animals. Bronchodilator activity of AET was studied on the histamine and acetylcholine aerosol induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs and bronchial hyperreactivity was studied on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the egg albumin sensitized guinea pigs and by histopathological studies. In vitro mast cell stabilizing activity was studied using compound 48/80 as a degranulating agent. Treatment with AET (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o., for 7 days) showed significant protection against histamine and acetylcholine aerosol induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. Significant decrease in the total leukocyte and differential leukocyte count in the BALF of the egg albumin sensitized guinea pigs was observed by administration of AET (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o., for 15 days). AET dose dependently protected the mast cell disruption induced by compound 48/80. These results suggest that AET not only has bronchodilating activity but also decreases bronchial hyperreactivity by decreasing the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the airway and inhibiting the release of histamine like mediators from the mast cell by stabilizing it.
Delphinium denudatum Non L. (Ranunculaceae) commonly known as Jadwar. It is used for various ailments in Indian system of traditional medicines. Methanolic extract of aerial parts was evaluated for antiasthmatic activity. Histamine induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs and egg albumin induced bronchospasm in guinea pig model were performed and various parameters were investigated like PCD time, serum bicarbonate level, differential leukocytes count and histopathological changes in lung. Biochemical estimation like glutathione (GSH) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and total proteins were also checked. The result showed that it significantly increased preconvulsion dyspnoea (PCD) time, decreased differential leukocyte counts and serum bicarbonate level. It decreased the oxidative burden by reducing the MDA level and increasing the GSH level which was imbalanced in asthmatic condition, also shown significant action on total protein level. The drug also reduced the inflammation and dilated the bronchioles. All these data suggested that Delphinium denudatum is having promising antiasthmatic activity.
Plants are always an exemplary source of drugs; in fact many of the currently available drugs were derived either directly or indirectly from them. In the past decade, research has been focused on scientific evaluation of traditional drugs of plant origin for the treatment of various diseases. Since the time immemorial, various herbs are used as antiasthmatic with efficient therapeutic response. Examples of various herbs used in asthma are Adhatoda vasica, Albizzia lebbeck, Artemicia caerulenscens, Boswellia serrata, Calotropis gigantea, Calotropis procera, Cedrus deodara, Clerodendron serratum, Curcuma longa, Eugenia caryophylis, Eleocarpus spharicus, Inula racemosa, Ocimum sanctum, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Piper longum, Sarcostemma brevistigma, Solanum xanthocarpum, Tephrosia purpurea, Tinospora cordifolia, Tylophora asthmatica, Vitex negundo etc. An attempt has been made to review antiasthmatic medicinal plants in the present article.
The present study deals with the effect of ethanolic extract of roots Calotropis gigantea by using various in vivo and in vitro animal models. In vitro model like isolated guinea pig ileum preparation was studies to know basic mechanism by which extract shows relaxant activity. The study shows that extract is effective against histamine induced contraction. Animal studies involve use of histamine induced bronchocontraction. These studies showed significant protection at lower doses while further increase in dose level showed reduced activity. The results of these studies indicated usefulness of ethanol extract of calotropis gigantean in asthma.
Emblica officinalis Geart. fruit is an important dietary source and its use as a medicinal plant has increased many fold over a period of time. A survey of the literature relating to the medicinal uses of E. officinalis fruit reveals it to be one of the widely used medicinal plants. It finds place in folklore medicine, Ayurveda, Unani and other indigenous systems of medicine. Following a large number of claims on the wide range of traditional medicinal properties of the plant, considerable efforts have been made to verify its efficacy as a curative agent through pharmacological investigations. In this study, a comprehensive account of the phytochemical investigation and therapeutic potential of E. officinalis fruit is presented.
SUMMARY In the present investigation, we studied the effect of alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) seed kernels on various experimental models of bronchial asthma. Significant (P < 0. 05) increase in preconvulsion time was observed due to pretreatment with M. oleifera when the guinea pigs were exposed to either acetylcholine (Ach) or histamine aerosol. This bronchodilating effect of M. oleifera was comparable to ketotifen fumarate. Spasmolytic effect of M. oleifera was also observed by dose dependent inhibition of ideal contractions induced by Ach, 5HT, histamine and BaCl . Alcoholic extract of M. oleifera produced significant dose dependent protection by egg albumin and compound 48/80 induced mast cell degranulation. Pretreatment with alcoholic extract of M. oleifera also decreased carrageenan induced rat paw edema, which was comparable to that of standard diclofenac sodium. Minimum inhibitory concentration for alcoholic extract of M. oleifera was low as compared to cold-water extract and hot water extract when antimicrobial activity was tested against various respiratory pathogens like Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococus aureus (S. aureus) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Our data suggest that antiasthmatic activity of M. oleifera seed kernels may be due to its bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, mast cell stabilization and antimicrobial activity.
There is a high prevalence of usage of complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of bronchial asthma which is considered as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Abutilon indicum G. Don. (Fam: Malvaceae) is abundantly found as a weed throughout the tropical parts of India. It is reported to have anti-inflammatory action and is used internally for inflammation of the bladder. Our previous clinical studies done on Indian asthmatic patients have proved the effectiveness of Abutilon indicum (A. indicum) in bronchial asthma. The objective of our present investigation was to determine the mechanism of action of A. indicum in the treatment of bronchial asthma by carrying out various experimental studies. In the present study, methanolic extract of aerial parts of A. indicum did not show bronchodilating activity against histamine and acetylcholine induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. A. indicum also did not show any inhibitory effect on agonist induced contractions of guinea pig ileum and tracheal chain preparations. However it was found to have significant mast cell stabilizing effect (p
Leaves of Cassia alata (family: Caesalpiniaceae) are ethnomedically claimed as anti-asthmatic. In the current study we aimed to investigate the anti-allergic activities of hydro-methanolic extract of Cassia alata (Linn.) and its constituents rhein and kaempferol on triple antigen/sheep serum-induced mast-cell degranulation in rats.
Antiallergic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia alata along with its two components rhein and kaempferol was evaluated using in vivo mast cell stabilization assay. Inhibitory effect on lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme was also evaluated in vitro. Further chemical standardization of Cassia alata extract was done using rhein and kaempferol by HPTLC-densitometric method.
The hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia alata significantly inhibited mast cell degranulation at 200mg/kg dose. Both chemical constituents rhein and kaempferol also showed potent (>76%) inhibition of mast-cell degranulation at 5mg/kg. Extract and rhein inhibited LOX enzyme with IC(50) values of 90.2 and 3.9μg/mL, respectively, whereas kaempferol was inactive.
Our results suggest that Cassia alata exhibit anti-allergic activity through mast cell stabilization and LOX inhibition. Thus, Cassia alata or its active constituents could be potential alternative treatment for allergic diseases.
The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the whole plant of S. orobanchioides were evaluated for antihistaminic and mast cell stabilizing activities. Both extracts inhibited histamine-induced contractions of the guinea-pig ileum at the concentration range of 2.5-25 microg/ml in a dose-related manner. At 25 microg/ml, both extracts inhibited the response of histamine (0.5 microg/ml) almost completely. The effect of these two extracts on the degranulation rate of sensitized peritoneal cells of albino rats when challenged with antigen (horse serum) was studied. Triple vaccine was used as adjuvant. Ketotifen and prednisolone were used for comparison. The ethanolic extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight was found to significantly inhibit degranulation of mast cells to an extent of 52.14+/-3.24 and 67.96+/-3.70%, respectively. At the same doses, the aqueous extract showed 42.09+/-2.91 and 60.67+/-3.50% reduction in degranulation of mast cells, respectively. Hence, both extracts markedly protected the rats against antigen-induced challenge of mast cells.