ArticlePDF Available

The relationship between income, expenditure and household savings in Peninsular Malaysia

January 2012
Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics 15(1):168-189

Authors:

Rahmah Ismail

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Norlinda tendot abu bakar

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Income, expenditure and savings are interrelated. The expenditure incurred on the various needs is vital to enhance the health status and welfare of households. On the other hand, savings are essential for future use. According to the theory of consumption, consumption patterns vary according to income levels of households; higher income household tends to allocate smaller percentage for daily needs such as food and clothing and higher spending on luxury goods The percentage of.saving is low at low income levels, increased as income increased and then decreased again when the income continues to grow. This paper aims to analyze the relationship between income, expenditure and savings of households in Peninsular Malaysia. The analysis is based on 4003 households interviewed in the year 2007/2008. The sampling frame is the number of households in Peninsular Malaysia and the sample was selected using the proportionate stratified sampling method according to the percentage of households in each state in Peninsular Malaysia. The analysis indicated that the elasticity of income-expenditure is highest for rental expenses and loan payments, as well as health, while the lowest elasticity was recorded for daily needs. This implies that a majority of household expenditures are allocated to rental and loan payments and healthcare expenses when there is an increase in income. In terms of saving, most households allocate only a small proportion of their income for savings, while there are some households without any savings and some even spend more than their income.

: Average Monthly Household Income by Ethnic Group and Strata

…

: Average Monthly Expenditure Per Household By Stratum

…

: Average Monthly Expenditure and Total Income of Households

…

: Average Monthly Expenditure and Income of Households by Strata

…

Continued)

…

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ffi lvlalaysian Journol Of Consumer And Family

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

INCOME,

BXPENDITURE

AND HOUSEHOLD

SAVINGS IN PENII\SULAR MALAYSIA

Rahmah Ismail

Norlinda Tendot Abu Bakar

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Abstract

Income, expenditure and savings are

interrelated. The expenditure incurred on

the various needs is vital to enhance the

health status and welfare of households.

On the other hand, savings are essential

for future use. According to the theory of

consumpfion, consumptton patterns vary

according to income levels of households:

higher income household

tends to allocate

smaller

percentage

for daily needs

such as

food and clothing and higher spending on

luxury goods The percentage ofsaving is

low at low income levels, increased as

income increased and then decreased

again when the income confinues to grow.

This

paper aims to analyze the relationship

befween

income, expenditure and savings

of households

in Peninsular Malaysia. The

analysis is based on 4003 households

interviewed in the year 2007/2008. The

sampling frame ls the number of

households in Peninsular Malaysia and

the sample was selected using the

proportionate stratified sampling method

according to the

percentage ofhouseholds

in each state in Peninsular Malaysia. The

analysis indicated that the elasticity of

income-expenditure

is highest for rental

expenses and loan payments, as well as

health, while the lowest elasticity was

recorded for daily needs. This implies that

a majority of household expenditures

are

allocated to rental and loan

payments

healthcare expenses when tltere is

increase in income. In terms of

most households allocate onlv a

proportion of their income

for

while there ore some households

any savings and some even spend

thon their income.

Keywords: income, expediture,

sovings,

household

Introduction

According to a report published

Economic Planning Unit (2007)

average household income in Malaysia

increased

from RM 3,249 per

month

2004

to RM3,686 per

month in 2007.

The

average

household income in urban

had increased by a larger amount

RM4,356 per month in 2007 compared

RM3,956

per

month

in 2004. The

income

of rural households

also

increased

from RM2,69l per month in 2004

RM2,283

in 2007. In the

same

period,

the

averaqe household income of Bumi

rose

by 5.2 per cent to RM3, 156

month, while the Chinese

households had

their income increased

by 3.0 per

cent to

RM4, 853 and Indian households

experienced income improvement

al a ralc,

of 3.2 per cent to RM3, 799 in yeu 2007

(Malaysia

2008).

168

The Relationship behreen lnconre. Expenditue and Household Sartugs in Peninsular .l{alarsia

The increase in average

household

in Malaysia should not be

as an indicator that allows for

ted spending.

It is only a parameter

the economic status of the household.

ld spending on the other hand

the pattern of consumption as

as household savings. Expenditure

consumption are interrelated.

iture is the amount of income

for the purchase

of goods or

while the consumption can be

as the expenses

for the goods or

that are typically used by

(Hendrerson

& Pole, l99l).

ion can be divided into several

ies, namely,

consumer services,

r durables and non-durable

soods

addition, the total expenditure and

mnsumption varies according to strata,

uban and rural areas,

gender of the head

f household,

age, number of household

nembers, types of expenditure and

tousehold

income (Fabiosa & Soliman

1008; Ong & Tee 2004; Phipps

& Burton

1998;Rogers

1988; Xu & Ravindal

2007).

lowever, many researchers failed to

btermine the relationship between family

ize

and

family expenses

(Forsyth

1960).

This paper aims to discuss the

llationship

between expenditure as well

s savings and households income in

bninsular

Malaysia. The analysis was

ased on 4003 household

data which was

ollected

in200712008. Besides,

this paper

iscusses the influences of income on a

urge of household spendings, including

lucation.

health.

utilities and rent.

Household Income in Malaysia

The problem of unequal growth and

income

distribution have

existed ever since

independence

until now despite the various

policies that have been developed and

implemented. Although economic growth

has improved following the various efforts

undertaken, the issue of imbalanced

income distribution remains a major

concem of many parties.

For example,

the

income share of the lowest 40 per cent of

households

declined

from 14.0

per cent in

1999

to 13.5 per cent in 2004.

While the

top 20 per cent of households, its share

rose from 50.5 per cent to 51.2 per cent

(Malaysia

2006)

Average monthly household

income of Malaysia by state is shown in

Table 1. In 1990, the highest monthly

average income was in the Federal

Tenitory of Kuala Lumpur at RMl, 823

per month followed by Selangor

(RMl,

658 per month) and the lowest was in

Kelantan,

which was

RM7l2 per

month. In

2002, the Federal Territory of Kuala

Lumpur had the highest

average

household

income averaging at RM4, 930.00,

followed by RM4, 406.00 in Selangor,

Penang RM3, 496 and Johor RM2, 963.

The average household income is the

highest in the Federal Territory of Kuala

Lumpur because Kuala Lumpur is the

capital and centre of economic growth.

These statistics clearly indicate the

disequilibrium in income distribution

between the states

in Malavsia.

169

mMalaysian Journal Of Con,sumer And Family Economics

Table L: Average Household Monthly Income by State

State Average Monthly Income (RM)

1990 1995 2002

Iohor 1.t52 2,r38 2.963

Kedah 749 t,295 1,966

Kelantan 7t2 1,091 t,6'74

Melaka 1,084 1,843 2,650

State Sembilan 1.083 r,'76',7 2,739

Pahang 96r r,436 r,991

Perak 9',73 1,436 2,t53

Perlis 8t'7 1.158 2,006

Pulau Pinane r,326 ')')")\ 3.496

Sabah

(termasuk

Wilavah

Persekutuan Labuan) r.266 t.647 2.406

Sarawak l, l9l 1,886 2,5t5

Selansor 1,658 3.162 4.406

Terenssanu '759 t.ltj 1,83',7

Wilavah

Persekutuan

Kuala Laumour t.823 3.371 4.930

Source : Malaysia

2005

The overall average monthly

household income was RM2, 472 in 1999

and RM3, 249 in 2A04 at current prices.

The average annual growth rate for the

average household income between the

period at current

prices was 5.6 per cent

while it was 4.1 per cent at the constant

prices. Besides, the average household

income in urban and rural areas differs

greatly. For example, the average

household income for urban and rural

areas in 1999

were RM3, 103 and RMl,

718 respectively

at current prices. This

number increased

to RM3, 956 and RMl,

875 respectively for urban and rural areas

(see

Table 2).

Meanwhile,the income distribution

in Malaysia can also be observed

by ethnic

and strata. Table 2 indicates that the

household income of Bumiputera

increased from RMl, 984 per month

1999 to RM2, 711 in 2004 at cunent

prices. The percentage average annual

growth between the years 2000-2004

recorded at 6.4 percent. Meanwhile,

constant

price with 1999 as the base

year,

the average gross household income

per

month for the Bumiputera was RMl, 984

in 1999 and RNIZ, 522 in 2004. The

Chinese ethnic group has a higher aver:age

household income compared to the other

ethnic groups. While other ethnic group

had the highest

average

annual

growth rate

of I1.0 per cent at current

prices

and

9.4

percent in constantprices

i999.

r70

The Relationship between Income, Expenditure and Household Savings in Peninsular Malaysia

Table 2: Average Monthly Household Income

by Ethnic Group and Strata

Ethnic

Group

and Strata

At Current

Price

(RM) Average

Anual

Growth Rate

(yo)2ooo-

2004

At Constant

Price

ofYear 1999

(RM)

Average

Anual

Growth

Rate

(yo)2000-

2004

t999 2004 1999 2004

Bumiputera r,984 2,7II 6.4 1,984 ) \)) 4.9

Chinese 3,456 4.437 5.1 3.456 4,127 3.6

Indian 2,702 3,456 5.0 2,702 3,2r5 3.5

Others r,371 2,312 11.0 r,371 2,r50 9.4

MALAYSIA 2,472 3,249 5.6 2,472 3,O22 4.t

Urban 3,103 3,956 5.0 3,103 3,680 3.5

Rural 1,718 1,875 1.8 1,718 1,744 0.3

Source: Ivlalaysia 2008

usehold

Expenditure in Malaysia

average monthly household

is shown in Table 3. The

ibution

of expenditure is based on the

I expenditure categories, namely, food

non-alcoholic

beverages:, alcoholic

and tobacco; clothing and

housing,

water, electricity,

gas

rvE.'uvSv..rb''!*w^,

other fuels; furnishings,

household

uipment and maintenance; health,

communications; recreation

rvices

and culture;

restaurants

and

hotels

well as miscellaneous

goods and

rvices. The total average monthly

expenditure increased from

I, 161 n 199311994

to about

RM2,

in2004/2005. The same applies to the

rage household

expenditure

in urban

rural areas.

The total expenditure

for

areas

increased

by RM342 in the

2004/2005

when comoared to the vear

. While in rural areas, the average

expenditure only increased by

RM31 in the year

200412005

compared to

1998/1990.

It can be seen that a large

proportion

of expenditure was spent on

foods and non-alcoholic beverages with

the increasing amount of RM276 per

month in 1993/94

to RM393 in the year

200412005. Expenditure on housing,

water,

electricity,

gas and other fuels also takes

up the second largest percentage

expenditures by the Malaysian

households

apart from foods and beverages.

Expenditure

on this group

was

RM245

per

month in 1993/94

and

increased

to RM430

per month in 200412005. Looking at the

stratum, the expenditure

for urban areas

higher compared

to rural areas. As shown

in Table 3,

the expenditure

for the

housing,

water, electricity, gas and other fuels

expenses

for urban areas

is higher

than the

expenditure

for foods and non-alcoholic

beverages.

This indicates that a bulk of of

household expenditure is for housing,

water, electricity, gas

and other fuels.

t7l

?qE

tI Malaysran Journal Of Consumer And Family Economtcs

Table 3: Average Monthly Expenditure Per Household

By Stratum

Expenses Group Total

RM @ercentage) Urban

RM @ercentage) Rural

RM @ercentage)

1993t94 1998t99 2004105 1998t99 2004/05 1998t99 2004t0s

Foods andNon-

alchohol beverages 276

(23.7) 368

(22.6) 393

(20.1) 370

(1e.0) 407

(17.8) 366

(28.8) J0)

(28.r)

Alchohol and

cigarrettes 26

(2.3) 30

(1.8) 35

(1.8) 31

6) 38

(1.7) 29

3) 30

(2.3)

Clothines and

footwears 4l

(3.5) 56

(3.4) 59

(3.0) 6l

13. 1) 64

(2.8) 50

(19.4) 48

B.7l

Housing,

water,

electricity,

gas

and

other energy sources

245

(2r.r) 363

(22.3) 430

(22.0) 464

(23.8) 522

(22.8) 246

(re.4) aA1

(1e.0)

Fumiture, Household

Equipments

and

Maintenance

7) 84

(s.2) 83

(4.3) 99

(s.l) 97

(4.3) 66

l) )0

(4.3)

Healthcare 2l

(1.8) 29

(1.8) 2',7

(1.4) 36

(1.9) -) -)

(1.4) 20

(1.6) t6

fl.2\

Transportation 168

(14.5) 227

(13.e) 314

(16.1) 268

(13.8) 372

(16.3) 181

(14.3) 200

fl5.4)

Communication 24

(2.r) 59

(3.6) 103

(5.3) (4.0) r28

(5.6) 39

(3.1) ]J

(4.

Recreation

and Cultural

Services 53

6) 70

(4.3) 92

(4.7) 88

(4.5) 115

(s.0) 49

e) 48

Education l7

1.5) 3l

fl.9) 38

(2.0) 44

Q.3) 49

(2.1) 15

t.2'l t6

0.2\

Restaurants and

Hotels 145

02.5\ 209

r12.8) 213

(10.9) 278

fi4.3\ 260

(11.4) 130

(10.2) r20

(e.2)

Goods and Services 78

7) 105

(6.4) t6'7

(8.s) 128

(6.6) 200

(8.8) 79

(6.2) r02

(7.8)

Average Household

Monthly Expenses

(0-

12)

l,16l

(100.0) 1,631

(100.0) 1,953

(100.0) r943

(100.0) 2,285

(100.0) 1r270

(100.0) 1,301

(100.0)

) | (4.s)

| (s0) | r:.s)

| (lzl

| ++ | +g I 15 I 16

) | Q.3t I rZ.tt | (1.2)

| (1.2)

ll1

)) | fl4.3)

| (11.4)

| (10

2) | (e2)

l i

I r28 | 2oo | 7e | 102

I I reer

I tssr

I rozr

I rz8)

| (100.0)

l(100.0)

l(100.0) l,t*.rll

distributed to households through

the

enumerators.

The

sampling

frame

is based

the

number

of households

in Peninsular

Malaysia. while the sample

selection

adopted

a proportionate

stratified

sampling

according to the percentage

of households

by state.

Expenses

are

divided

into

five

cateqories- namely dailv expenses,

Source: Department of Statistics

Malaysia 2006, 2007

,2008

Analysis of Income, Expenditures

and Savings:

A Case Study

This section analyse the income,

expenditure and savings based on data

collected

in the

year

2007/2008 from 4003

households in Peninsular Malaysia. The

data

is collected based on questionnaires

t72

The

Relationship behyeen Income, Expenditure

and Household Savings in Peninsular Malaysia

utilities, rent and loan payments, health

(including

health insurance)

and education

(including education insurance). The

selection ofthese five categories are based

on the major expenditure by Malaysian

households (Departrnent of Statistics

Malavsia 2008).

Table 4 illustrates the averilse

of households in Peninsular

by stratum, sex of household

ethnicity. It is found that the

expenditure of the urban

holds amounted to RM2, 484 per

with the distribution of expenditure

RM605 or 24.36

per cent for daily

ities, RM576 (11.23

per cent) for

ilities, RM8I9 {32.97

per cent)

for rent

loan payments,

RM242 (9.74 per cent)

RM 244 (9.82 per cent) respectively

health and education. Meanwhile in the

areas, the largest

expenditure

is for

ily necessities

and utilities, 3I.29 per

and

29.01 per cent respectively.

The difference in gender among

heads of household seems to have a

icant influence on the pattern of

ld spending. In male-headed

lds, the amount of average

y expenses is greater

(RM2218)

pared to female-headed households

1646).

The expenses

for rent and loan

are highest in male headed

lds, amounting to RM676 per

or 30.27

per

cent.

Besides

, Chinese the

expenditure is higher than the

Malay and Indian households. Rent and

loan payments constitute the majority of

expenses

in Chinese households followed

by utility expenses,

daily needs,

as well as

health and education. The average

household income of the Chinese

is hisher

than the other races.

A total of 2,8A2 households

in this

study have 5 or less members.The

highest

expenditure recorded for this category of

household members is for rents and loan

payments, which is 3I.42 per cent of the

total erpenditures. The group expenses for

daily needs is the second

highest, which is

RM525 per month or 25.5 per cent,

followed by utility expenses of RM505

(24.53 per cent) and the lowest is for

educational

expenses of only RM172 (8.35

per cent).

The same pattem is seen in the

number of household

members

of 6 to 10

people except in the expenditure for

education, which is higher compared to

health expenses, which is 9.49 per cent as

compared to 8.38 per cent. For the

household

with more than l0 members,

is found that most of the expenditure

proportion is for daily expenses of 34.05

per cent, followed by utilities expenses

(22.57 per cent), education (19.91 per

cent), rent and loan payments (14.66 per

cent) while health expenses

is the lowest,

amounting ta RNI242 or 8.82 per cent of

total expenditures.

ysla

and

173

fni

till Malaysion Journal Of Consumer And Famil,v Economics

affi

Table 4: Average Monthly Household Expenditure

Expenditure

categories

is high which reflects that the

increase in income will increase health and

education expenses. The implications of

these findings is that the increase in

household income is vital in improving

the welfare of household through

improving their health

and education.

In conclusion, the study on the

household expenditure patterns is

important in explaining how households

allocate their income to consumption and

savings which ultimately determine the

levels of their welfare and quality of lifo.

This research is also important to provide

an accurate depiction to the public and the

govemment about the ability to spend and

save of the general Malaysian society so

that the policies implemented can address

the specific elements that can increase

the

savings and spending capacity of the

community to improve the welfare of

households

of the present

and the future.

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and

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2008.

Egypt's Household Expenditure Pattern:

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Forsyth, F.G. 1960. The Relationship

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Family Size and

Family

Expenditure

Journal of the Royal Statiscal

Society. 123

: 367-397.

Henderson, J.V and W. Poole. 1991.

Principles of Economics. Lexington: DC.

Health and Co.

Expenditure

Category Elasticity

Overall 0.765

Daily Needs 0.477

Utility 0.664

rentals

and

Loan Payment 0.835

Health 0.812

Education 0.516

188

The Relationship behreen Income, Expenditure and Holrsehold Savings in Peninsular Malaysia

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tilil

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The present study was conducted to identify the technological and socio-economic impact of the climate resilient technologies demonstrated at National Innovation for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) village at Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand. Total 100 beneficiary farmers were selected through random sampling. To assess the impact, the ex-postfacto research design, where before and after comparisons on different aspects of NICRA project were done. The difference was tested using t-test and found that it was statistically significant. Findings reveal that the average cultivable land area of NICRA farmers after the project interventions was significantly higher than that of before the implementation of the interventions all through in kharif, rabi and summer seasons. Findings of cropping intensity, employment days, annual savings, expenditure pattern and crop yield were significantly higher in comparison to before implementation of the intervention. Findings of the study exhibited an encouraging impact of the demonstrated technologies in various spheres of farmers life of NICRA village.

Predicting savings adequacy using machine learning: A behavioural economics approach

Article

May 2022
EXPERT SYST APPL

This paper proposes a machine-learning-based method that can predict individuals’ savings adequacy in the presence of mental accounting. The proposed predictive model perceives wealth and consumption, each of which is being divided into three non-fungible distinct classes. The predictive model has found that the mental accounting categories have predictive power on savings adequacy, whereby the emphasis is that the expenditure on luxury items is followed by the total current asset. Savings adequacy is best predicted by the decision tree model based on the Malaysian Ageing and Retirement (MARS) survey data. Surprisingly, it was found that future income and necessities had a lower predictive power on savings adequacy. The findings suggests that individuals, financial professionals, and policymakers should be cognizant that higher likelihood of achieving savings adequacy can be achieved by focusing on accumulation of current asset while lowering expenditure on luxury items.

Journal of Hill Agriculture

Research

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Sitaram Dhiman

Chrysanthemum off season flower production

Response of different chrysanthemum cultivars under natutal and controlled photoperiodic conditions for pot mum production

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2017

Chrysanthemum off season cultivation, natural season cultivation, pot mum production, evaluation of different genotypes/cultivars

The Income-Expenditure-Saving Analyses of the University Students

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2020

The objectives of this study are; i) to identify the students' sources of income and students' income level, ii) to explore students' expenditure pattern and student's expenditure level, and iii) to measure students saving status. 301 university students participated in this study. The instrument used for data collection is questionnaire set, which are constructed by using Google form and distributed through link sharing. The data are analysed by using SPSS version 23 software. The findings of the analyses provide indication that students' sources of income mainly come from government's loan (PTPTN) and parents. The average income level of the students is RM539.70. For expenditure analysis, the main expenditure items are; food and beverages, and accommodation. The students' average expenditure level is 915.94 (with average expenditure level on necessity items is 774.04). With the income and expenditure levels, the calculated saving level is-202.55 (considering expenditure on necessities only) and-344.45 (total expenditures). Based on this finding, we may conclude, the amount of money obtained by the students is relatively low, and insufficient even to cover their expenditure on necessity items. In relating to this, it is recommended the existing amount of PTPTN loan provided by the government to be review, and to be linked with parental income in order to guarantee the welfare and the wellbeing of the student.

Growth and yield of rice as influenced by different planting techniques

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2017

Egypt's Household Expenditure Pattern: Does It Alleviate a Food Crisis?

Book

Full-text available

Jan 2008

We estimated a system of Engel functions for two survey periods, 1999/2000 and 2004/2005, to quantify the impact of changes of income on household expenditure behavior and to investigate how expenditure responsiveness changes with income. We found that rural households have a higher expenditure share for food categories but a lower share for non-food categories compared to urban households. The expenditure share did not change so much between the two survey periods, with only a slight decline in the share of cereals-bread and the non-food category and an increase in the meat-fish-dairy category. All estimates have a good fit, and the total expenditure explanatory variable is significant in all equations. In general, households with lower incomes are more responsive to changes in income for food categories, and less responsive for non-food categories. This is evident with the higher income elasticity of lower-income rural households compared to urban households for food categories. Moreover, elasticities in the 2004/2005 survey period are higher compared to the 1999/2000 period. Per capita real income declined by 37.2% in 2004/2005. This consumption expenditure pattern has an alleviating effect on the impact of a food crisis since a lower real income associated with a food crisis is accompanied by greater responsiveness of households to reduce their demand for food as their real incomes shrink. This adjustment behavior is most obvious in the case of bread and cereals in rural areas, in which the expenditure elasticity increased from 0.50 to 0.91 as per capita income declined.

The Relationship Between Family Size and Family Expenditure

Article

Jan 1960
J Roy Stat Soc

F. G. Forsyth

Results of the Ministry of Labour's 1953-54 Household Expenditure enquiry are used to test whether the expenditure differences between different sizes of family can be explained by an equivalent scale hypothesis. The Engel curves for four homogeneous types of family household are fitted to 12 broad commodity groupings making up total household expenditure. A number of different mathematical expressions are used for the Engel curves to test their fitting powers and to choose one for the test of the hypothesis. The test is carried out in two stages. The full model embodying the hypothesis is given, but in the first stage no attempt is made to estimate the constants which represent the family composition effects. For all the family types least-square regressions are fitted to the expenditures on all 12 commodities and analyses of variance are carried out which throw some light on the performance of the model. The results of this stage, while not wholly encouraging, do not condemn the hypothesis out of hand and at least justify proceeding with the next stage. The regression constants calculated in the first stage are used in the estimation of the family composition parameters. The estimation argument leads to the important result that it is impossible, with these kinds of data, to estimate two independent parameters representing respectively the "direct" effect of a change in family size on expenditure and the "indirect" effect through the alteration in the family's standard of living. The model is simplified by including only one parameter for the family composition effect for each commodity and this is calculated and used to derive a set of fitted curves for all family types for all commodities. These are drawn on top of the observed expenditure curves for graphical comparison. It is then obvious that the hypothesis fails to explain the differences in family expenditure over the whole budget.

What''s mine is yours? The influ-ence of male and female incomes on patterns of household expenditur

Article

Nov 1998
ECONOMICA

This paper uses microdata from the 1992 Statistics Canada Family Expenditure Survey to provide evidence that male and female incomes do not always exert identical influences on household expenditures. The novelty of the paper lies in its demonstration that, while incomes may be pooled for some categories of consumption (e.g. housing), the income pooling hypothesis must be rejected for others. We also go beyond simply rejecting the pooling hypothesis to ask how male versus female income is used. Our results stress the on-going importance of traditional gender roles. For example, we find that expenditures on child care increase only with women's incomes-higher male income is not associated with higher expenditure on child care even when both spouses are full-time, full-year paid workers.

Assessing the Reliability of Household Expenditure Data: Results of the World Health Survey

Article

Mar 2009
HEALTH POLICY

The World Health Survey (WHS) which has been implemented in more than 70 countries with standardized questionnaires opens a great opportunity for research on health care financing issues. This study examines the household expenditures and health expenditure collected in the WHS in terms of reliability, consistency between different ways of data collection within the survey and with other types of household surveys. Data used in this study include 50 WHS and 37 other type of surveys, namely the Living Standard Measurement Survey, Household Budget Survey and Income and Expenditure Survey. The analysis consists of comparison of test-retest results; the aggregated and reported total household expenditure and health expenditure; the expenditures from the WHS and other type of surveys. The results from test-retest are fairly similar in the WHS. For health expenditure the average of reported total is lower than the aggregated total while for household total expenditure the estimate is similar from the two measures. Finally the WHS was found to report lower total household expenditure but higher out-of-pocket expenditure comparing with other types of surveys. The study suggests further efforts to standardize the questions in collecting expenditure data in household surveys for the purpose of cross-country and over time comparison.

Principles of Economics

Jan 1991

J Henderson
W Poole

Henderson, J.V and W. Poole. 1991. Principles of Economics. Lexington: DC. Health and Co.

Malaysia Quality of Lfe

Jan 2004

Malaysia

Malaysia. 2005. Malaysia Quality of Lfe 2004. Kuala Lumpur : Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad.

Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan

Jan 2006

Malaysia

Malaysia. 2006. Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan, 2006-2010. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malayisa Berhad.

Kajian Separuh Penggal Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan

Jan 2006

Malaysia

Malaysia. 2008. Kajian Separuh Penggal Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan 2006-2010.Kuala Lumpur : Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad.

Money Attitude, Saving Behaviour and Consumption Pattems Among Young Urban Consumers in Malaysia : An Ethnic and Gender Comparison

Jan 2004
16-28

Ong Fon Sim and Tee Ying Shuang. 2004. Money Attitude, Saving Behaviour and Consumption Pattems Among Young Urban Consumers in Malaysia : An Ethnic and Gender Comparison. Malaysian Jounal Of Consumer and Family Economics, 7:16-28.

Sistem Permintaan Pengguna

Jan 1990

Rahmah Ismail
Idris Jajri

Rahmah Ismail and Idris Jajri 1990. Sistem Permintaan Pengguna. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka.

The relationship between income, expenditure and household savings in Peninsular Malaysia

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