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Effect of punica granatum Linn. (Peel) on blood glucose level in normal and alloxan- induced diabetic rats
Abstract
The hydro alcoholic peel extract of Punica granatum Linn. var. arakta was investigated for its effect on blood glucose level in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. The effect was studied at two dose levels, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. The activity was compared with the standard drug glibenclamide (2 mg/kg, orally). The plant extract significantly lowered blood glucose level in both normal (P<o.o5) and diabetic (P<o.o1) rats.
... hypoglycemic activity in STZ-NIC-induced diabetic rats as the extract-treated groups had lower fasting blood glucose levels at the end of the treatment period. Medicinal plants lower blood glucose levels through various mechanisms including enhancing insulin secretion and decreasing intestinal glucose absorption 29 . The hypoglycemic effect shown by the E. tectorius leaf extract could be due to these mechanisms. ...
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and causes loss of vision. Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir. is a tree species that bears edible fruits and is traditionally used to treat diabetes. The study is aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of ethanolic leaf extract of E. tectorius on retinal oxidative stress and aldose reductase levels in STZ-NIC-induced diabetic rats. The leaf extract was orally administered to diabetic rats once a day for about 28 days at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined at regular intervals during the treatment period and retinal superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation levels and aldose reductase activity were assessed at the end of the experiment. Oral administration of E. tectorius leaf extract caused a significant decrease in the fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. The extract also improved the retinal antioxidant status by increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione. The rate of lipid peroxidation was lowered in diabetic rats as a result of treatment with the leaf extract. The diabetic rats treated with the leaf extracts also had lower retinal aldose reductase activity when compared to the untreated diabetic rats. This study suggests that Elaeocarpus tectorius leaf extracts exhibit protective effects and improve the antioxidant status of the retina under diabetic conditions helping in the prevention and management of diabetic retinopathy.
... Rats were fasted overnight (for 12 h) and blood glucose levels were measured by taking blood from tail pricks using a digital glucometer and testing strips (from AccuChek) before the dosing started (as baseline) and once a week thereafter for four weeks. All values were expressed as mg/dl (17). ...
Introduction and Aim: Olanzapine is the most efficacious second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) used in the treatment of schizophrenia and at the same time, it is known to cause metabolic syndrome (MS). The aim was to assess the adequacy of probiotics in fighting the unfriendly impacts of olanzapine treatment such as weight gain, hyperlipidaemia, and hyperglycaemia in the olanzapine-induced MS model in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n=6), and were treated for 28 days as follows: Group-I: normal saline 1 ml/kg/day orally, Group-II: olanzapine 2 mg/kg/day i.p., Group-III: probiotic: 0.6 g/kg/day orally, Group-IV: probiotic: 1.2 g/kg/day orally, Group-V: olanzapine 2 mg/kg/day i.p., + probiotic: 0.6 g/kg/day orally, Group-VI: olanzapine 2 mg/kg/day i.p. + probiotic: 1.2 g/kg/day orally. Bodyweight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and lipid profile were assessed at baseline and the end of each week. Data were analysed by applying repeated measures ANOVA, followed by a post-hoc Bonferroni test. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was a significant increment in the body weight, FBG, total cholesterol, and triglycerides level after olanzapine treatment (p<0.001), and similarly a decline in the body weight, FBG, total cholesterol, and triglycerides level in the probiotic-treated groups (p<0.001). There was a decrease in weight gain and FBG levels caused by olanzapine in the probiotic-treated groups. Conclusion: Probiotics forestalled the advancement of hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, decreased weight, and an increase in FBG levels induced by olanzapine. A long-term evaluation should also be directed to assess probiotics' impact on olanzapine-induced MS and their plausible mechanism.
... Most abundant terpene D-limonene and extract significantly reduced the amount of elevated serum glucose in which extract remain a step ahead of limonene giving the indication that there may be more constituents that possess the power to reduce the serum glucose level in blood. Studies shown that glucose lowering effect of the drug may be due to increased peripheral glucose utilization and also may be due to inhibition of proximal tubular reabsorption mechanism of glucose in kidney 45 . ...
Citrus limetta risso (Rutaceae) has been frequently used in Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and promotion of weight loss. Studies also indicated towards the antihyperlipidemic potential of Metformin. This study was performed on high fat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemia in murine models in both presence and absence of diabetes which was induced by dose of 30mg/kg. Hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding rats with HFD for 28 days. Antihyperlipidemic effect of Citrus limetta peel extract (400mg/kg) and its main terpene component D-limonene (400mg/kg) was evaluated and compared with the effect of Metformin (200mg/kg) by the measurement of body weight gain, body mass index(BMI), food efficiency ratio, fasting blood glucose, Lee’s index, heart to body weight ratio, serum lipid profiles (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, VLDL-Cholesterol), end organ weights (Liver, heart, kidneys and visceral fat pad) and antioxidant enzymes such as Thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione (GSH). Histomorphological studies were also carried out. Citrus limetta extract, D-limonene and Metformin significantly reduced the weight gain percentage, total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL and increased the level of HDL-cholesterol and antioxidant enzyme level in liver tissue, also controlled the other parameters’ value within their normal ranges. Histomorphological study of fat tissue shows the normalization of swollen and slight deteriorated cells in the treated groups as compared to control groups. This study concludes that Citrus limetta extract and D-limonene have the antihyperlipidemic activity.
... It has been revealed that pomegranate has the capability to prevent prostate cancer, inflammation, reductions of blood pressure, anemia, and arthritis [17][18][19]. Pomegranate also has been proved to serve as an anti-allergic and anti-diabetic [20][21][22][23]. Therefore, current study included biochemical, molecular and histopathological examinations in order to validate the protective effects of pomegranate supplementation on kidney damage as a result of diabetes induced oxidative stress and kidney injury. ...
... It has been well documented that pomegranate peel polyphenols have striking functional properties including antioxidant and antidiabetic (Gautam & Sharma, 2012) activities. The antioxidant activity of phenolics is mainly due to their redox properties that make them act as reducing agents, hydrogen donors, singlet oxygen quenchers, and they also may have a metallic chelating potential. ...
... Antimicrobial activities of pomegranate peel extracts have been proved against staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica [10]. Hydro alcoholic extracts of pomegranate peels showed anti -diabetic activities by significantly reducing blood glucose level of normal and diabetic rats [12][13]. In general, the pomegranate has been widely used in removing parasites as a parasiticide, and also used in treating ulcer, diarrhea, hyperacidity, dysentery, bleeding and microbial infection. ...
The purpose of this study was to prove insecticidal effect from ethanol extracts of root peel, stem peel and fruit peel of pomegranate(Punica granatum L.) on house dust mite. The insecticidal effects of each extracts on house dust mit were applied by direct contact method at different concentrations(1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625㎎/40㎕) and exposure time of 24hours. At the concentration of extract 1㎎/40㎕, a complete mortality of 100% was observed from the root peel, stem peel, and fruit peel of pomegranate. At the concentration of extract 0.5㎎/40㎕, the high mortality of 88.00%, 100% and 93.10% was observed from the root peel, stem peel and fruit peel of pomegranate, respectively. At the concentration of extract 0.25㎎/40㎕, the highest mortality of 89.50% wasobserved from the root peel, followed by 83.25% in stem peel and 57.00% in fruit peel. At the concentration of extract 0.125㎎/40㎕, 68.30%, 55.00% and 69.57% of mortality were observed from root peel, stem peel and fruit peel of pomegranate, respectively. By the results, the ethanol extracts of root peel, stem peel and fruit peel of pomegranate were shown to present a highly powerful insecticidal effect on house dust mite. GC/MS analysis was used to identify pseudopelletierine, which is known as insecticidal active component in pomegranate. As the result, pseudopelletierine was found in the root peel. In order to verify the insecticidal effect of pomegranate, the insecticidal effects of the authentic pseudopelletierine and 11 terpene compounds contained in root peel, stem peel and fruit peel of pomegranate were measured. From the results, pseudopelletierin presented a higher insecticidal effect on house dust mite at the concentration higher than 0.5㎎/40㎕. The camphor showed a great mortality over 90% at all concentrations and delta-3Carene also showed a high mortality, which was higher than 70% at all concentrations. The beta-Pinene, trans-Caryophyllene, gamma-Terpinene showed the mortality of 80% or higher at the concentration ranged from 1㎎/40㎕to 0.125㎎/40㎕, and camphene showed the mortality of 60% or higher at all concentrations.
... Antimicrobial activities of pomegranate peel extracts have been proved against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica (Al-Zoreky, 2009). Hydro alcoholic extracts of pomegranate peels showed anti-diabetic activities by significantly reducing blood glucose level of normal and diabetic rats (Gautam & Sharma, 2012;Najafzadeh, Aghel, Hemmati, & Oulapour, 2011). These previous results indicate that the phenolics of the peel could be used as multipurpose bioactive ingredient. ...
... It has been well documented that PPP and PSO have striking functional properties including antioxidant (Li and others 2006) and antidiabetic (Gautam and Sharma 2012) activities. Incorporation of these valuable by-products into ice cream would eventually improve the functional properties of ice cream, which is generally poor in phenolics and antioxidants compared to plant based foods. ...
Pomegranate peel rich in phenolics, and pomegranate seed which contain a conjugated fatty acid namely punicic acid in lipid fraction remain as by-products after processing the fruit into juice. Ice cream is poor in polyunsaturated fatty acids and phenolics, therefore, this study was conducted to improve the functional properties of ice cream by incorporating pomegranate peel phenolics and pomegranate seed oil. Incorporation of the peel phenolics into ice cream at the levels of 0.1% and 0.4% (w/w) resulted in significant changes in the pH, total acidity, and color of the samples. The most prominent outcomes of phenolic incorporation were sharp improvements in antioxidant and antidiabetic activities as well as the phenolic content of ice creams. Replacement of pomegranate seed oil by milk fat at the levels of 2.0% and 4.0% (w/w) increased the conjugated fatty acid content. However, perception of oxidized flavor increased with the additional seed oil. When one considers the functional and nutritional improvements in the enrichment of the ice cream together with overall acceptability results of the sensory analysis, then it follows from this study that ice creams enriched with pomegranate peel phenolics up to 0.4% (w/w) and pomegranate seed oil up to 2.0% (w/w) could be introduced to markets as functional ice cream. Enrichment of ice creams with pomegranate by-products might provide consumers health benefits with striking functional properties of punicalagins in pomegranate peel, and punicic acid in pomegranate seed oil.
The results suggest that it is worthwhile exploiting the bioactive components of the peel and seed of pomegranate because of the significant improvements in functional properties of ice cream as a result of their incorporation into ice cream. Thus, these pomegranate by-products could be utilized as ingredients in ice cream production and possibly in other related sectors to improve the functional properties of other products.
A Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor teneligliptin hydrobromide is used for lowering blood glucose levels in people with diabetes mellitus. A very straight forward, quick, responsive and accurate UV- Spectrophotometric method of analysis have been developed for assessment of Teneligliptin Hydrobromide in pharmaceutical formulation. Since teneligliptin hydrobromide only absorbs UV in the low wavelength area, it cannot be identify with high sensitivity. Teneligliptin Hydrobromide has shown successful results for various analytical instruments only in the permutation of Taurine and Sodium periodate. The API was derivatives using Taurine and Sodium periodate in water and methanol. Drug exhibited distinct λmax in methanol at 281nm. Linearity was observed in the concentration range 10-80 μg/ml. The method was validated by recovery studies. The methods used are inexpensive and sensitive for the inference of teneligliptin hydrobromide in bulk drug and tablet dosage forms.
Purpose: Olanzapine is the most viable second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) used in the treatment of schizophrenia and at the same time, it is the most notorious SGA to cause metabolic syndrome (MS). The target of this study is to assess the adequacy of probiotics in fighting the unfriendly impacts of olanzapine treatment such as weight gain, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia in the olanzapine-induced MS model in rodents.
Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rodents were haphazardly separated into six groups (n=6). The groups were treated for a month as follows: Group-I: Normal saline 1 ml/kg/day orally, Group-II: olanzapine 2 mg/kg/day i.p., Group-III: probiotic-VSL#3: 0.6 g/kg/day orally, Group-IV: VSL#3: 1.2 g/kg/day orally, Group-V: olanzapine 2 mg/kg/day i.p. + VSL#3: 0.6 g/kg/day orally, and Group-VI: olanzapine 2 mg/kg/day i.p. + VSL#3: 1.2 g/kg/day orally. Bodyweight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and lipid profile was assessed at baseline and consequently at the end of each week. Data were analyzed by applying repeated measures ANOVA, followed by post-hoc Bonferroni test. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: There was a noteworthy increment in the total cholesterol and triglycerides level after olanzapine treatment (P<0.01), and similarly a decline in the total cholesterol and triglycerides level in the probiotic treated groups (p < 0.05). There was a decrease in weight increase and FBG levels instigated by olanzapine in the probiotic-treated groups.
Conclusion: Probiotics forestalled the advancement of hyperlipidemia and decreased the weight addition and increment in FBG levels initiated by olanzapine. A long-haul evaluation should be directed to additionally assess the impact of probiotics on MS and their plausible mechanism.
The aim of this study is to improve the stability of ellagic acid, was extracted from the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels (PPs) in an aqueous and hydroalcoholic medium separately, and encapsulate it onto Spirulina microalgae. Composed EA‐Spirulina microencapsules were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). They all showed that there EA was encapsulated onto Spirulina microalgae successfully and EA was nside cell wall of microalgae. After the determination of the amounts of EA encapsulated onto the microalgae by HPLC analysis and Folin‐Chiocalteu method; the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were obtained for the adsorption. Finally, these microencapsules were stored for 21 days at 4ºC for the purpose of EA stability. As a result, microencapsulation helped to maintain the stability of EA succesfully.
Ellagic acid (EA), a naturally occurring bioactive phenolic compound largely found in pomegranate, exhibits significant health benefits due to its antioxidant, antimutagenic, and even anticancerogenic properties. The present work aimed to microencapsulate EA extracted from pomegranate peels. To improve the stability of EA, microencapsulation was applied with Spirulina as a coating material. For this purpose, ethanolic extracts obtained from pomegranate peels were used for microencapsulation. Response surface methodology combined with a three‐level, three‐variable Box‐Behnken design (BBD) was applied to obtain optimum microencapsulation. The microparticles obtained under the optimized encapsulation conditions were further characterized by FT‐IR and SEM. The results confirmed the encapsulation of EA in Spirulina cells. Then, the optimum microparticles were used in an in vitro release study. The results of the in vitro digestion with simulated gastrointestinal fluids could help to determine the content and biological activity of EA. In this study, the effect of encapsulation on the release properties of EA during simulated gastrointestinal digestion was also evaluated. HPLC‐DAD analysis and the Folin‐Ciocalteu and ABTS methods were helpful for characterization of EA in the simulated fluids. The release profile of EA indicated that in simulated intestinal fluid, the release was faster than that in gastric fluid.
Practical Application
This study describes the microencapsulation of ethanolic extracts of pomegranate peel (PP) in Spirulina. This application has been performed to improve the stability and bioavailability of EA in the extracts. Optimum microencapsulation was obtained by response surface methodology with BBD. After the characterization of the obtained optimum Spirulina/EA mixture by FT‐IR and SEM, an in vitro release study was conducted for stability research. The results will guide other researchers working on the determination of the content and biological activity of EA and on optimizing the microencapsulation process.
Purpose: Pomegranate has been reported to exhibit medical properties such as antimicrobial, antimutagenic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Especially the pomegranate peel as a by-product of the juice industry possesses more polyphenols with an antioxidant effect than the pomegranate flesh does. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the pomegranate peel on the quality characteristics of steamed bread. Methods: Steamed bread containing pomegranate peel was prepared with 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% replacements of wheat flour with pomegranate peel powder, respectively. Results: The pH of dough significantly decreased from 5.66 to 4.42 with the amounts of pomegranate peel powder rising. After a 1st fermentation, the pH of all groups decreased. With an increase of the pomegranate peel powder level, the fermentation tension decreased from 42.83 mL to 29.03 mL. In addition, the volume, the specific volume, and moisture decreased as the pomegranate peel powder content level heightened. For color, steamed bread added with 7% pomegranate peel powder displayed low lightness but high redness and yellowness. In texture analysis, hardness and chewiness of the steamed bread rose as the pomegranate peel powder content increased, while the springiness and cohesiveness declined. Both total polyphenol and DPPH radical scavenging activity significantly increased with growing levels of pomegranate peel powder. In a sensory evaluation, the group with 1% pomegranate peel powder added showed the highest sensory preference scores for color, flavor, chewiness, taste, and overall acceptability. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that steamed bread prepared with the addition of 1% pomegranate peel powder is the most optimal product for appropriate quality characteristics.
Phenolic compounds are widely distributed in the plant realm. They are secondary metabolites, which have several effects on human health, such as antimicrobial, antimutagenic, anticancer, antitumor and anti-inflammatory due to its bioactivity. Moreover, they also scavenge radicals, chelate metals, quench oxygen atoms and can act as ion or hydrogen donors. Some phenolic compounds exhibit good antioxidant activity as pure compounds incorporated in foodstuffs, while others depend on synergism to carry out the protective effects. This is a drawback and at the same time an opportunity for the industry.
Polyphenols are a challenging issue in nutrition and pharmacology, not just because of its diverse natural sources and its physiological action and health protection interest, but also because of all the technological potential development induced by polyphenol delivery objectives.
This chapter provides an up-to-date overview about the sources and classification of phenolic compounds, the potential applications, trends and benefits of phenolic compounds in the field of food industry as well as in human nutrition, and the challenges to delivery systems, especially encapsulation techniques.
The cerebellum is the part of the brain most involved in controlling motor and cognitive function. The surface becomes convoluted, forming folia that have a characteristic internal structure of three layers including molecular, Purkinje cell, and granular layer. This complex neural network gives rise to a massive signal-processing capability. Cholesterol is a major constituent, derived by de novo synthesis and the blood-brain barrier. Cholesterol is tightly regulated between neurons and glia-that is, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes-and is essential for normal brain development. The axon is wrapped by myelin (cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycosphingolipids) and made up of membranes of oligodendrocytes, separated by periodic gaps in the myelin sheath, called nodes of Ranvier. Hypercholesterolemia is associated with increased oxidative stress and the development of neurotoxicity and Alzheimer's disease. Treatment with natural products has been found to support improved brain function and reduce low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol level. Fish oil is one such product; among the many plant products are: Morus alba leaves, fruit, and bark; pomegranate fruit and peel; Barley β - glucans; date palm; and Allium sativum. The therapeutic potential was discussed in relation with the antilipidemic drugs, statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors).
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The hypoglycaemic activity of Punica granatum Linn. (Family Punicaceae) seed extract on rats made diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) was investigated. The methanol extract of the seed at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg, and chlorpropamide 200 mg/kg was administered to STZ diabetic rats. The seed extract (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg, orally) caused a significant reduction of blood glucose levels in STZ induced diabetic rats by 47% and 52%, respectively, at the end of 12 h. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.