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Macroseismic study of the 28 December 2006 Kochkor earthquake (M = 5.5, K = 14, I0 = 7) in northern Kyrgyzstan
... For example, the Kungei Ala-Too Ridge grew 10-12 m during the 1911 Kebin earthquake (M S = 8.2, I 0 = X-XI points) in northern Tien Shan! (Bogdanovich et al., 1914;Korzhenkov et al., 2006). Should an earthquake of such force occur today in a densely populated area, buildings would be totally destroyed in an area of hundreds of square kilometers and there would be major damages to building structures in an area of thousands of square kilometers. ...
... We emphasized many times that the ancient destroyed and damaged buildings can be important kinematic indicators of strong historical earthquakes (Korzhenkov andMazor, 1999, 2001;etc.). A procedure that we developed for strong modern earthquakes in the Tien Shan (Bogachkin et al., 1997;Korzhenkov and Lemzin, 2000;Korzhenkov et al., 2006) was used later in studies of the ancient monuments in Israel and Jordan (Korjenkov and Schmidt, 2009;Korjenkov and Mazor, 2014), in Armenia and Georgia (Korzhenkov et al., 2016а, 2016b, in Germany and Russia (Korjenkov et al., 2008;Korzhenkov et al., 2019), in Bulgaria , and in Kazakhstan and Kirgizia (Korjenkov et al., 2003;Korzhenkov et al., 2016Korzhenkov et al., , 2017Korzhenkov et al., , 2017a. This approach has been used lately to obtain important new results in the Crimean-Caucasian region (Vinokurov et al., 2015;Korzhenkov et al., 2016aKorzhenkov et al., , 2016bKorzhenkov et al., , 2017bKorzhenkov et al., , 2017cNikonov, 2016;Belik et al., 2016;Ovsyuchenko et al., 2016Ovsyuchenko et al., , 2017а, 2017bOvsyuchenko et al., , 2019а, 2019bIoganson, 2018;Masslennikov et al., 2017;Gmyrya et al., 2019;Moiseev et al., 2018Moiseev et al., , 2019Molev et al., 2019). ...
... For example, the Kungei Ala-Too Ridge grew 10-12 m during the 1911 Kebin earthquake (M S = 8.2, I 0 = X-XI points) in northern Tien Shan! (Bogdanovich et al., 1914;Korzhenkov et al., 2006). Should an earthquake of such force occur today in a densely populated area, buildings would be totally destroyed in an area of hundreds of square kilometers and there would be major damages to building structures in an area of thousands of square kilometers. ...
... We emphasized many times that the ancient destroyed and damaged buildings can be important kinematic indicators of strong historical earthquakes (Korzhenkov and Mazor, 1999;Korzhenkov and Mazor, 2001;. A procedure that we developed for strong modern earthquakes in the Tien Shan (Bogachkin et al., 1997;Korzhenkov and Lemzin, 2000;Korzhenkov et al., 2006) was used later in studies of the ancient monuments in Israel and Jordan (Korjenkov and Schmidt, 2009;Korjenkov and Mazor, 2014), in Armenia and Georgia (Korzhenkov et al., 2015а, 2016а), in Germany and Russia (Korjenkov et al., 2008;Korzhenkov et al., 2019), in Bulgaria , and in Kazakhstan and Kirgizia (Korjenkov et al., 2003;Korzhenkov et al., 2015bKorzhenkov et al., , 2016b. This approach has been used lately to obtain important new results in the Crimean-Caucasian region (Vinokurov et al., 2015;Korzhenkov et al., 2015а, 2016а, d;Nikonov, 2015;Belik et al., 2016;Ovsyuchenko et al., 2016Ioganson, 2017;Masslennikov et al., 2017;Gmyrya et al., 2019;Moiseev et al., 2018Moiseev et al., , 2019Molev et al., 2019). ...
As a result of studies conducted in the city of Derbent, it is established that its monumental fortification structures erected at the end of the 560s AD underwent numerous strong seismic shocks during their existence. The number and approximate ages of the strong seismic events that affected Derbent throughout its history are determined by the age of the deformed stone masonry. Five episodes of seismogenic destructions are identified. Clockwise rotations around the vertical axis along the interblock joints at the segment of the Sasanian masonry of the curtain wall and the tower of the southern wall of the citadel are noted to occur in late Sasanian and early Arab times (from the 6th century to the beginning of the 8th century). They were large in value and caused by seismic action. Numerous cases of rebuilding and relaying in the defensive walls of the city are also revealed. The building works during the Arab period, especially in the 8th century, described in written sources, were probably caused not only by the military confrontation of the Arab Caliph-ate and the Khazar Khaganate (the Arab-Khazar wars), which led to the damage of some segments in the defensive walls, but also by seismic activity. At the boundary of the Arab period and the rise of the Derbent Emirate (8th-11th centuries), a significant seismogenic rupture occurred in the upper part of the northern wall of the city between the citadel and the Dzharchi-Kapi Gate. The character of dislocations corresponds to seismic shocks from the northwest. It is established that the repair and building works on reinforcing the defensive walls in the Sasanian citadel by later masonry (including rustication) were performed during the existence of the Derbent Emirate and in the Seljuk period. These works could be not only a consequence of destruction during the confrontation between the Derbent emirs with the city elite and the Shirvanshah state, which is described in the Tarikh al-Bab chronicle, but also as a result of the seismic destructions in the fortifications. The destruction and repair of the Juma Mosque occurred in the middle of 14th century (the 1360s). The seismic shocks, resulting in the destruction, arrived from the north. This destruction apparently caused the subsequent building activity in the Derbendi Shirvanshah period in the 15th century, especially during the reign of Khalilullah I (1417-1462), which was described in the building inscriptions and the typical features of Shirvan architecture (the Orta-Kapi Gate, Minaret Mosque). The women's bathhouse, which was damaged by seismic vibrations propagating in submeridional direction, was repaired at the end of 18th century. The tectonic displacement of the basement blocks in the dugout of Peter the Great dates to this period as well.
... (1) determining the genesis of deformations of archeological monuments; (2) estimating local seismic intensity; (3) localizaing earthquake epicenters by a method independent of seismic networks and which supplements the latter; (4) identifying zones of seismically induced compressive and tensile deformations; (5) expanding the record of historic earthquakes by hundreds and thousands of years. This method was calibrated when studying the strong Kochkor-Ata and Suusamyr earthquakes (1992) and the 2006 Kochkor earthquake in Kyrgyzstan (Korzhenkov and Mazor, 1999;Korzhenkov and Lemzin, 2000;Korzhenkov and Mazor, 2001;Korzhenkov et al., 2006;etc.). We used the method during archaeoseismological studies in Armenia (Korzhenkov et al., 2015), Germany (Korzhenkov et al., 2008;etc.), ...
... Kazakhstan (Korzhenkov et al., 2003;etc.), Kyrgyzstan (Korzhenkov et al., 2006;etc.), and Russia (Vinokurov et al., 2015). ...
Archaeological, archaeoseismological, and seismotectonic studies were carried out in Salachik,
the ancient capital of the Crimean Khans, on the outskirts of the modern city of Bakhchysarai, Crimea. The
following damage and deformations of medieval buildings were observed: leaning building walls, protruding
elements of building structures, rotation of fragments of walls and building blocks around the vertical axis,
considerable deformations of arch structures, and cracks running through several rows of building blocks.
These deformations are of a seismogenic nature. Traces of at least two strong ancient earthquakes were
revealed in the medieval monuments of Salachik. Based on analysis of kinematic indicators, it is found that
the maximum seismic intensity (VIII ≤ I0 ≤ IX points) was due to an earthquake occurred in the west. Based
on historical seismologic data, one of the two earthquakes is dated April 30, 1698. Also, structural damage to
buildings in Salachik was caused by Crimean earthquakes in 1927. The findings can be used for a comprehensive
assessment of seismic hazards on the Crimean Peninsula.
... (1) determining the genesis of deformations of archeological monuments; (2) estimating local seismic intensity; (3) localizing earthquake epicenters by a method independent of seismic networks and which supplements the latter; (4) identifying zones of seismically induced compressive and tensile deformations; (5) expanding the record of historic earthquakes by hundreds and thousands of years. This method was calibrated when studying the strong Kochkor-Ata and Suusamyr earthquakes (1992) and the 2006 Kochkor earthquake in Kyrgyzstan (Korzhenkov and Mazor, 1999;Korzhenkov and Lemzin, 2000;Korzhenkov and Mazor, 2001;Korzhenkov et al., 2006;etc.). We used the method during archeoseismological studies in Armenia (Korzhenkov et al., 2015), Germany (Korzhenkov et al., 2008;etc.), ...
Archeological, archeoseismological, and seismotectonic studies were carried out in Salachik, the ancient capital of the Crimean Khans, on the outskirts of the modern city of Bakhchysarai, Crimea. The following damage and deformations of medieval buildings were observed: tilted building walls, shifted elements of building structures, rotation of fragments of walls and building blocks around the vertical axis, considerable deformations of arch structures, and fissures running through several rows of building blocks. These deformations are of a seismogenic nature. Traces of at least two strong ancient earthquakes were revealed in the medieval monuments of Salachik. Based on analysis of kinematic indicators, it is found that the maximum seismic intensity (VIII ≤ I
0 ≤ IX points) was due to an earthquake occurred in the west. Based on historical seismologic data, one of the two earthquakes is dated by April 30, 1698. Also, structural damage to buildings in Salachik was caused by Crimean earthquakes in 1927. The findings can be used for a comprehensive assessment of seismic hazards on the Crimean Peninsula.
... The features of seismic damage to building structures used in this study were preliminarily calibrated in a study of the strong Kochkor-Ata, Suusamyr (both in 1992) and Kochkor (2006) earthquakes in Kyrgyzstan (Korzhenkov and Mazor, 1999;Korzhenkov and Lemzin, 2000;Korzhenkov et al., 2006), then methods developed on this basis for the search and identification of seismogenic damage to archaeological objects and parametrization of the seismic effects that caused them were successfully used in archaeoseismological studies not only in Kyrgyzstan (Korzhenkov et al., 2016b, d, f;Strelnikov and Korzhenkov, 2020), but also in Armenia , Bulgaria Korzhenkov et al., 2020c, d;Minchev et al., 2020), Germany (Korjenkov et al., 2008), Georgia , Israel (Korjenkov and Erickson-Gini, 2003;Korzhenkov and Mazor, 2014), Jordan (Al-Tarazi and Korjenkov, 2007;Korjenkov and Schmidt, 2009), Kazakhstan , Russia (Gmyrya et al., 2019;Korzhenkov et al., 2020b), and Uzbekistan (Korzhenkov et al., 2019е, 2020. ...
We have conducted a complex of archaeoseismological works in the ancient town of Myrmekion, which belonged to the Bosporan Kingdom (Crimea). Numerous instances of destruction and deformation of buildings were revealed in archeological excavations: ruptures displacing walls, significant tilt of entire walls of the buildings, and rotations of wall fragments and individual stones around the vertical axis. This deformation complex indicates their seismogenic origin. We have revealed traces of a few strong earthquakes (three to five during the first millennium BCE and two during the first centuries CE). For some, we were able to reveal the directions of maximum seismic oscillations. The intensity of the seismic oscillations were I 0 ≤ IX. The obtained data could serve for more reliable seismic hazard assessment for the Crimean Peninsula, as well as for assessment of the contribution of natural disasters to the development of civilization.
... We have accumulated valuable experience in inves- tigating paleoearthquakes specifically in Kyrgyzstan ( Korzhenkov et al., 2013Korzhenkov et al., , 2014Rodkin et al., 2015;Smekalkin et al., 2015). The available instrumental data and materials of field epicentral investigations of present-day earthquakes which have occurred in Kyr- gyzstan in recent years laid the groundwork for identi- fying the distinguishing features of seismic damages (Korzhenkov and Lemzin, 2000;Korzhenkov and Mazor, 1999a, 1999b, 1999cBogachkin et al., 1997; Ghose et al., 1997;Korzhenkov et al., 2006;etc.). In addition, these explorations provided extensive mate- rials for archeoseismologic research ( Korzhenkov et al., 2015aKorzhenkov et al., , 2016aKorzhenkov et al., , 2016b) and laid the groundwork for typifying the seismogenic damages discovered in ancient towns and their interpretation in terms of the seismic intensity and direction that seismic waves arrive from (Korjenkov and Erickson-Gini, 2003;Mazor and Korjenkov, 2001;Al-Tarazi and Korjenkov, 2007;Korzhenkov and Mazor, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c, 2014Korjenkov and Schmidt, 2009;Korjenkov et al., , 2006Korzhenkov et al., 2009Korzhenkov et al., , 2012Korzhenkov et al., , 2013Korzhenkov et al., , 2014). ...
The Suatkan pottery center was located in the mountainous region of Crimea in the proximity of one of the medieval centers of economic and political life in this region formed around Mangup and Eski-Kermen fortresses. This center specialized in ceramic building materials, i.e., roof tiles. An archeological excavation of Suatkan has recovered two pottery kilns in the territory of the production center; one of them (kiln 12) has specific deformations caused by seismic effect. It features systematic southward-oriented failures of arch structural elements of its firing chamber and rotations of parts of a partition lining of its heating chamber. Our investigations revealed that kiln 12 was destroyed as a result of a strong earthquake. The seismic nature of the kiln destruction is supported by a dissimilarity in deformations to other known medieval kilns from the Southwestern Crimea (in Chersonesus, on the outskirts of the Mangup and Bakla fortresses, and in the area of Sudak) and to earlier kiln 10 of the Suatkan center unearthed further down the slope, which, by the time kiln 12 was in operation and destroyed had been completely graded to the surrounding terrain under heavy destruction layers. Regretfully, the precise timing of the destruction of kiln 12 cannot be determined in the context of the archeological find; it can only be approximated as the beginning of the 10th century to the middle of the 13th century. Provided that the maximum seismic vibrations that led to its destruction propagated from the south-southeast, that is, from side of the South Crimean seismogenic zone, the most likely earthquake to have caused this destruction appears to be an event that occurred in the early years of the 11th century. The local intensity of seismic shakings was I = VII-VIII degrees on the MSK-64 scale.
Moraines studied in the Chon-Kyzylsuu River valley (southeastern Lake Issyk-Kul region, Tien Shan) were mobilized during historic and prehistoric large earthquakes. Seismic triggers of moraine mobilization included the M > 8 Kebin earthquake of 1911 and prehistoric events that produced rockslides, landslides, and multiple fault scarps. Rockslides in the Chon-Kyzylsuu basin are located in the hanging wall of the Terskey border thrust fault. The observed deformation results from at least four prehistoric earthquakes in the second half of the Holocene (early 20th century BC, early 11th century BC, middle 8th century BC, and early 2nd century BC), with local shaking intensity I ≥ 7.
The northern Tien Shan is the northern front of the Himalayan mountain belt, which resulted from the collision between the Indian and Eurasian Plates. This region encompasses the most active seismic zones of the orogen, which generated the strongest (M > 8) earthquakes. Since there are scarcely any written accounts, the only way to trace back strong earthquakes is the paleoseismologic method. Since 1984 we have been studying the northwestern Issyk Kul’ basin, where there are differently directed anticlines, which constitute the Kungei meganticline. Here, several active tectonic structures (faults, folds) are located, whose development was accompanied by strong earthquakes. Our field studies of 2008 in the Iiri-Taldybulak Valley, along the adyrs (foothills) of the Kungei-Ala-Too Range, revealed two unknown historical earthquakes. The first one, which occurred along the southern rupture in the late 7th century A.D., gave rise to a seismic scarp; the latter broke through the river floodplain and a tash-koro (ancient settlement). The second one, which occurred along the northern rupture in the late 9th century A.D., increased the height of the seismic scarp, existing on the Early Holocene and older terraces. Note that this region already records a strong seismic event around 500 A.D. Archeologic data have revealed one more strong earthquake, which took place in the 14th century A.D. Note that the above-mentioned strong seismic events are coeval with the decline of the nomadic cultures (Wusun, Turkic, Mogul) in the northern Tien Shan and Zhetysu (Semirech’e).
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