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Hyogo Framework for Action and Urban Disaster Resilience
... Populations in rural areas move to cities in search of employment and better living conditions since there are existing infrastructure encourages investment in industry and commerce; increased standards of health and nutrition; increased life expectancy and lower infant mortality; the perception that the city offers better education, training, employment and leisure opportunities; and the occurrence of natural and human induced hazards in rural areas (Malalgoda and Amaratunga, 2015). Matsuoka and Shaw (2014) have explored that urban population, urban setting, urban structures, compact urban forms, and urban dependence on rural areas, urban primacy, urban informal settlement, urban economic imbalances, urban services, urban natural environment, urban built environment, and urban governance and management lead to urban risks and major challenges for Asian countries in future. According to Deely, et al., (2010), people are concentrating in large cities with poor housing with lack of basic protective infrastructure, hence will cause to generate higher urban risks. ...
Risk-sensitive urban development is an innovative planning approach that can transform the way cities are built in order to face the uncertainties that arise from climate-induced disaster risks. There are many actions taken by individuals, households, communities, urban development companies and relevant regulatory bodies to manage the risk through the risk sensitive urban development methods. However, there is a disconnection between the existing urban development projects and urban risk management process. Therefore, urban developers and disaster risk managers should understand each other and collaborate in order to provide a solution for this disconnection. In this regard, identifying the state of the art of a risk sensitive urban development is beneficial for both urban development and disaster management authorities to achieve their objectives. This study therefore explores the state of art revealing indices, models, concepts, tools and approaches which guide both urban developers and disaster managers to achieve risk sensitive urban development. A systematic literature review using PRISMA method covering the publications from 2017 to 2022 was carried out to identify the state of the art in risk sensitive urban development. Having followed a systematic filtering process, a total of 45 out of 281 research contributions have been considered for an in-depth analysis. The study found storm surge disaster loss (SSDL), GRaBS assessment tool and early warning systems as the key approaches of risk sensitive urban development which can lead both urban developers and disaster managers to synchronise their ideas to achieve risk sensitive urban development.
... Hyogo Framework Action (HFA) was established in Indonesia as a comprehensive process for mitigating, managing and responding to disaster. It is in line with the international disaster management framework, which was developed using local wisdom in each area (Matsuoka & Shaw 2014). ...
Disaster prone II in Mt. Slamet, Indonesia presents the highest risk for human settlement. To live in this natural disaster-prone area, specific household characteristics are essential. Household capitals and transformation in process and structure were supported by the disaster management framework. However, households in disaster prone II area had limited assets and were required to identify factors influencing disaster management. To study the factors influencing household disaster management capacities, this research, using the sample measurement of Becker and Hursh-Cesar, collected data of 538 households spread across five villages in the disaster prone II area of Mt. Slamet. Sequential mixed methodology combining both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used: samples in the Rukun-Warga-level area were collected by a two-stage stratified random sampling, and to choose the sample of households systematic random sampling was employed. Path analysis through Stata was carried out to analyse the direct and indirect factors supporting disaster management capacity, and multicollinearity was tested before path analysis. This research found direct and indirect effects of household characteristics and household capitals on disaster management. This could be influenced by the transformation in process and the structure of the local government. The quantitative result has been confirmed by the result of the qualitative methodology. Social capital owned by households in disaster-prone area supports disaster management practices. The household relationship and networking access has been strongly supported by disaster management capacities. Disaster management capacities of households in disaster prone II areas could be improved by both internal and external factors. Internal factors include supporting the household members’ health and increasing the size of land and vehicle owning. Meanwhile, external factors has been applied by the policy published by government as to improve the social and cultural belief of households.
Background: South Africa, like many other nations, faces a myriad of natural and man-made
During a crisis moment like a natural disaster, people tend to rely on the mass
media to get up-to-date information and stay informed. However, when media are
covering crisis news, they lose some objectivity and rather than providing balanced news
coverage, media may become critical towards the government and private sectors for
their participation in disaster response and recovery processes. This thesis investigated
the print media coverage of Hurricane Harvey and utilized data from three newspapers:
the New York Times (online); the Wall Street Journal (online) and the Houston Chronicle.
This study examined how media used frames to set an agenda during their coverage of
Hurricane Harvey. By examining the media’s use of descriptor, quotes, wording, and
images, this research explored how media assigned a tone for government and private
sectors for their role in Harvey’s response and recovery. Finally, it tested an
operationalized definition of disaster capitalism and discussed the usefulness of the term
in the context of news media studies. Findings revealed that the human interest frame
received the most media attention and the morality frame received less attention.
Regarding tone, this study found that the media’s overall tone for government response
was neutral. However, the tone for the federal government was slightly negative, while
the tone for city and state level of government was slightly positive. Finally, this research
found that several indicators of disaster capitalism appear in the print media coverage and
they made significant impacts both on media’s frames and tone. For example, frames like
“disaster profiteering” and “price gouging” showed how for-profit organizations took
advantage of the crisis and exploited the situation for more profit. However other frames
related to disaster capitalism did not receive much attention. Further, previous studies
showed an extent of privatization was initiated in the aftermath of several natural
disasters like the Haiti earthquake and Hurricane Katrina, but apart from growing private
investment in buying out flooded homes, this study did not find any significant example
of privatization in the aftermath of Harvey. By examining the media’s tone, frame and an
operationalized definition of disaster capitalism, this research contributes to the media
literature on disaster studies.
Afetlerin ekonomi ve toplumlara olan kısa ve uzun dönem etkileri yapılan çalışmalar ile ortaya konmuştur. Küreselleşmenin yaygınlaşması ile afet etkilerinde meydana gelen değişikliler küresel ve yerel ekonomilerin üzerinde etkiler oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma kent ortamında meydana gelen afetlerin etkilerini küreselleşme ışığında ele alacaktır. Kentler kuruldukları ilk çağlardan bu yana doğal afetlerden etkilenmiştir. Doğal faktörlere göre planlanan kentler küreselleşme çağında yeni afet çeşidleri nedeniyle tehdit altındadır. Küreselleşmenin gelişmekte olan ülkelere sağladığı kazançlar tartışılıyor olsa da, bu çalışma sanayileşmiş ekonomilerin gelişmekte olan ülkeler ile bağını kurarak afet etkilerini inceleyecektir. Afetin makroekonomi üzerine etkileri ihmal edilmemeli, afet yönetimi topluma ve toplumun esnekliğine (resilience) odaklanmalıdır. Kent küçük ve sınırlanmış coğrafyalarda yaşayan topluluklara inşa edilmiş çevrelerde hizmet eden altyapıların, diğer yapıların ve binaların tümüdür. Kentli kent alanları dâhilinde ilgili sistemeler çerçevesinde kurulu sosyal işlevler tarafından desteklenmektedir. Sermaye stoku iş merkezlerini kapsayan ekipmanları, altyapıyı ve ekonomik ilişkileri yönlendiren birikimdir. Afet kent içerisinde yaşayanları ve kurulu sermaye stokunu doğrudan etkileyen sonuçları doğurur.
Part of the Book:
The City in Need: Urban Resilience and City Management in Disruptive Disease Outbreak Events
https://www.springer.com/cn/book/9789811554865#aboutBook
Over the last 50 years, the cost of natural disasters has increased globally and in Indonesia (EM-DAT 2012). We therefore need more systematic efforts in trying to reduce disaster risks. In 2005, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction created the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005–2015: ‘Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities’, in order to enable a more systematic planning, implementation and evaluation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) activities. In this paper, we examine Indonesia’s success in improving DRR by reviewing the country’s progress in implementing the HFA Priorities for Actions. This includes an analysis of the drivers, challenges and emerging issues in building resilience to natural hazards. The study is undertaken through literature reviews and interviews with 26 representatives of key organisations in DRR and climate change adaptation (CCA) in Indonesia. Our findings indicate that the building disaster resilience in Indonesia has been, to a large extent, driven by the existence of the necessary regulatory policies and frameworks and the participation of various non-government stakeholders. Impediments to process include a lack of capacity and capability for DRR at the local government level, a lack of systematic learning and a lack of commitment from government to mainstream DRR into broader development agendas. Emerging pressing issues that are likely to challenge future resilience building activities include the integration of DRR and CCA and urban risk governance.
Recent natural disasters show that it is almost always the poorest who are worst affected. The rapidly urbanizing cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America present unprecedented concentrations of poverty, and in so doing mark new levels of vulnerability.
Increasing urbanization brings new challenges to reducing the threat of disaster. Yet disasters are often ignored until they strike, when the damage has been done and relief is the only response. The situation is compounded by the separation of urban programming from disaster management. In a future context of increased urban growth, however, marked by an inevitable increase in urban disasters, new approaches that ‘mainstream’ disaster mitigation into urban development interventions at all levels are needed.
Livelihood methodologies being practised by an increasing number of developmental organizations take account of the threat of disaster as intrinsic to developmental strategies. Livelihoods offer one approach that unifies understandings of both disaster management with development planning. Such an approach has major policy implications for decision makers aiming to make cities truly sustainable.
This paper discusses insights from post-tsunami early warning system (EWS) development in Thailand, Sri Lanka and Indonesia by analysing selected elements of resilience, based on the Coastal Community Resilience (CCR) framework, and by dis-tinguishing between the cognitive, normative and procedural dimensions of EWSs. The findings indicate that (1) recent calls to develop participatory and people-centred EWSs as promoted by the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005 – 2015 have not been sufficiently translated into action in the implementation of national policies and strategies for early warning; (2) policy and guidance places significantly more emphasis on the procedural compared to the normative and cognitive dimensions of EWSs; (3) practitioners engaged in early warning and disaster risk reduction operate in contexts shaped by multiple stakeholder agendas and face considerable challenges in negotiating diverse needs and priorities; and (4) few platforms currently exist that enable stakeholders to coordinate and reconcile agendas, negotiate joint targets, share knowledge and critically reflect on lessons learnt, and to improve the integration of early warning with other priorities such as livelihoods improvement, natural resource management and community development.
Disasters and environmental degradation create serious problems all around the world. They are inherently linked, but little attention is paid to their interaction, particularly at local levels. The degree of integration of disaster management and risk analysis with environmental management programs in relation to human vulnerability has been examined in Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Viet Nam. Unsustainable agricultural practices, and inappropriate development programs have contributed substantially to the increase of disaster risks. On the other hand, disasters damage natural resources and reduce environmental quality, indirectly contributing to increasing poverty which in turn, adds to the vulnerability of both natural and human systems, so further increasing disaster losses. Notwithstanding, in Viet Nam, there is a big gap between disaster and environment management policies and programs. In order to bridge the gap, an integrated approach in which environment-disaster linkage, rural–urban linkage, and poverty are brought into focus as core aspects of disaster management.
Today, 370 million people live in cities in earthquake prone areas and 310 million in cities with high probability of tropical cyclones. By 2050, these numbers are likely to more than double. Mortality risk therefore is highly concentrated in many of the world’s cities and economic risk even more so. This paper discusses what sets hazard risk in urban areas apart, provides estimates of valuation of hazard risk, and discusses implications for individual mitigation and public policy. The main conclusions are that urban agglomeration economies change the cost-benefit calculation of hazard mitigation, that good hazard management is first and foremost good general urban management, and that the public sector must perform better in generating and disseminating credible information on hazard risk in cities.
This book contains 26 short papers from a conference of the same name held in Oxford in 1990, which attempted to define an international agenda to achieve safer low-income dwellings in the course of this decade, designated as International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction by the UN. The papers cover recent experiences of post-disaster shelter and housing provision, review what has been achieved, what needs disseminating and what needs implementing, and assess topics for further development. The examples cover urban as well as rural housing, and many emphasize that neither vulnerability nor post-disaster reconstruction of small dwellings can be addressed solely as a physical problem. Six of the longer papers are abstracted separately. -M.Amos
The importance of community-based organizations to support relief works in the aftermath of disasters is widely recognized as indispensable in providing quickly the needed help for affected populations (Bajek, Matsuda, & Okada, 2008; Nagasaka, 2008; Norris, Stevens, Pfefferbaum, Wyche, & Pfefferbaum, 2008; Shaw & Goda, 2004; Suzuki, 2006). Although communities’ involvement in rescue operations is essential, their role in rehabilitation and future disaster preparedness activities is equally important in the process of forming a disaster-resilient society (Nagasaka, 2008). Furthermore, the level of interaction between local authorities and communities within different phases (preparedness, relief, and rehabilitation) of the disaster management cycle requires attention to effectively implement community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR).
Integrating scientific and local knowledge within disaster risk reduction (DRR) using methods that encourage knowledge exchange and two‐way dialogue is a difficult yet important task. This article shows how participatory mapping can help in fostering integrative DRR through the involvement of a large range of stakeholders. It draws on a project conducted in the municipality of Masantol, Philippines that is regularly affected by flooding and other natural hazards. Participatory 3‐Dimensional Mapping, or P3DM, has been used for both risk assessment and DRR planning. P3DM facilitates the interpretation, assimilation and understanding of geo‐referenced data by making them visible and tangible to everyone. Given that maps are scaled and geo‐referenced, P3DM also helps in incorporating both local and scientific knowledge through a two‐way dialogue in DRR.
The study addresses disaster risks in Delhi through a resilience approach. It utilizes the Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) tool, which assesses disaster resilience from five dimensions: physical, social, economic, institutional, and natural. Each dimension comprises 5 parameters, and each parameter consists of 5 variables. The study is carried out in the nine revenue districts of Delhi and reveals that East Delhi is least resilient and New Delhi is most resilient. The CDRI analysis in East Delhi points out the urgent need to focus on key parameters such as housing and land use, population, intensity and frequency of natural hazards, ecosystem services, and land use in natural terms. On the other hand, New Delhi is the most resilient due to all five dimensions, where most significant parameters responsible for its high resilience are housing and land use, population, income, employment, intensity and frequency of natural hazards, ecosystem services, and land use in natural terms. In addition, the overall results of all nine districts show an inverse relationship between resilience score and population density. For example, districts with higher population density show low resilience and vice versa. Moreover, districts located on hazard-prone areas show low resilience. For example, East Delhi and North East Delhi scored low resilience because they both are situated on the Yamuna flood catchment areas. The study further develops key suggestions that are required to address disaster risk in all nine districts of Delhi and discusses future implications of CDRI to address city’s vulnerability. The approach’s distinctness is reflected through its consideration of micro-level diversities and presents some implications to resilience.
Climate and disaster resilience mapping has been discussed in detail in Chapter 3. The Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) as a comprehensive and well-structured methodology for measuring the resilience of cities is presented, as well as the differences between CDRI and various assessment tools. The resilience of cities, or their agglomerations or subzones, is being measured because cities are seen to be at a suitable level to efficiently initiate action, especially in developing countries where unplanned or haphazard urbanization is a major risk factor. But for climate and disaster resilience mapping to be of value, it should be followed by action planning. Having a vision for the future and charting a course to achieve it is what action planning is about. Studies have consistently shown that vision, planning, and goal setting can positively influence cities’ organizational performance. Action planning can compel future thinking, highlight new opportunities and threats, and refocus a city's mission. Productive action planning focuses on the most critical problems, choices, and opportunities. Action planning requires time and a process. If used effectively, it is a powerful tool for self-management and goal-based achievement. Action planning typically includes deciding who is going to do what and by when and in what order for the city to reach its long-term goals. The design and implementation of the action planning depend on the nature and needs of the city.
Risk reduction in cities of fast developing nations is both an opportunity and a big challenge. It is an opportunity because cities are considered efficient spatial forms of human habitation where smart interventions can be optimized. However, involvement and ownership of urban society is a big challenge. This paper illustrates these challenges and opportunities with an example of India's largest city – Mumbai. It discusses Mumbai's key drivers of risk, contributing factors to vulnerabilities and places it in the context of the 2005 flood – a disaster of a scale never experienced before. Citizen–government partnerships emanating from community-based small-scale initiatives for improving neighborhood's environment are analyzed. The paper concludes that there are enormous benefits in scaling up the participatory approaches, which result in reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing resilience of cities. Urban risk reduction will remain a daunting task if not built around these existing strengths of cities and their citizens.
The pace of urbanization in the developing world is led by Asia. Over the next 25 years, Asia's urban population will grow by around 70% to more than 2.6 billion people. An additional billion people will have urban habitats (ADB, 2006).
The “Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and communities to disasters” (HFA) was adopted at the UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction (January 2005, Kobe, Japan). The HFA specifies that disaster risk is compounded by increasing vulnerabilities related to various elements including unplanned urbanization. Across the HFA, important elements on urban risk reduction are mentioned as one of crucial areas of work to implement the HFA. In particular incorporating disaster risk reduction into urban planning is specified to reduce the underlying risk factors (Priority 4).
Urban resilience is a fairly new but rapidly emerging area of interest. Academia as well as the professional and practitioner communities are increasingly engaged in understanding the characteristics of resilience in complex urban issues. The year 2007–2008 was a historical milestone in human history for two reasons. First, the percentage of urban population to total population in the world touched 50 percent; second, the works of climate scientists were recognized as being so significant that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2007. Both events are closely associated with and provide special impetus to further research into and understanding of urban resilience, which this chapter discusses further in the following sections.
In this chapter the objective is to link the causes (risks) with the need of disaster resilient entities (urban areas) in an era in which the climate is changing and natural hazards are likely to occur more frequently and more severely (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007). The previous chapters defined what a resilient city is and how it can be understood, but another question may arise subsequently: how to measure a disaster resilient city? This is what this chapter is about: to develop a tool that is capable of adequately addressing the vulnerable parts of a city's functional system, and additionally, its responsive capacity to cope with a potential disaster. This tool – named Climate Disaster Resilience Index, which is only the process of measurement, or Climate Disaster Resilience Initiative (CDRI), which encompasses all aspects of this approach – shall demonstrate how different functionalities of a city can be assessed in a comprehensive single attempt. Accordingly, the CDRI is more than just a tool to measure the condition of a city at a certain point of time; it also has the wider ambition to lead communities and local governments onto a path of sustainable development that ought to increase the overall resilience level of their city to climate-related disasters. As a result, the CDRI tool shall serve as an urban planning tool depicting the sectors within an urban context that are more or less resilient.
The international agenda on disaster risk reduction (DRR) advanced significantly in the last two decades. In the late 1980s, increasing losses in development gains from disasters prompted a global movement toward DRR. The United Nations declared the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) to contribute to technical and scientific buy-in and to make DRR agenda imperative. The “Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action” adopted at the first United Nations World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR) in 1994 through the mid-review of IDNDR provided the first blueprint for disaster reduction policy guidance focusing on social and community orientation. At the end of the IDNDR in 1999, the United Nations General Assembly established International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) as the successor mechanism of IDNDR within the United Nations to promote increased commitment to DRR and strong linkages to sustainable development.
Climate and climate-related hazards such as floods, storms, and droughts have served as trigger events for more than 75% of the disasters that have occurred globally over the past decade. Proportionately, these disasters affect the least developed countries most intensely, proving to be especially harmful to poverty stricken populations. In the future, a changing climate is likely to exacerbate these effects and could make development unsustainable in many places. It is necessary to develop the capacity of all countries to combat hazards so that they do not become disasters. The international framework connects climate change and development, mainly within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Millennium Development Goals and Hyogo Framework for Action on Disaster Risk Reduction, and most recently the Declarations of the G8 and the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate provide further mandates for action. Climate hazards are now clearly linked with issues such as food security, migration, and national security. The linking of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction provides a framework for responding. The development of capacity for knowledge-based reduction of hazards and disasters risk demands an integrated approach that recognizes the changing nature of natural hazards. Further, capacity development must also recognize the limitations in governmental response and facilitate alternate ways to overcome barriers. For example, the role of resilience is examined in order to demonstrate the tools available for policymakers and individuals, to respond to hazards as they occur. The path forward to sustainable development depends on investments in the development and then the utilization of knowledge-based, integrated approaches that factor in the future in balance with the present needs of societies. WIREs Clim Change 2010 1 871–884 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.77
For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
Jishu-bosai-soshiki, or Jishubo for short, with a literal meaning of “autonomous organization for disaster reduction”, is a neighborhood association for
disaster preparedness and rescue activity. In this paper, the role of Jishubo in the context of participatory disaster management in Japan is discussed. Although the formation of Jishubo is not legally mandated, local governments exercise a great deal of persuasion on the inhabitants of their community to organize
and participate in disaster management activities. Therefore, participants in Jishubo activities tend to be guided and mobilized with a soft touch by local governments rather than being truly self-motivated,
with the objective of reducing disaster risks in their residential areas. There have been several studies on community participatory
management conducted in a number of countries, including New Zealand, the USA and Europe, which will serve as a reference
in our study. However interesting, the cultural comparison of the “Western” and “Japanese” approaches to community disaster
management, is beyond the scope of this paper, the aim of which is to determine a case of community disaster management in
Japan. This paper addresses the background behind the development of Jishubo and discusses the uniqueness and limits of this softly mobilized participatory movement in Japan. Based on a case study in
Kishiwada City, Osaka, the motivations driving people to participate in disaster management activities organized for Jishubo members is examined. In conclusion, we derive some policy implications and suggest possible approaches for improving the
effectiveness of Jishubo and increasing the motivation of people to participate. We also propose that the roles of administrative bodies in Japan,
such as non-profit organizations, be better incorporated into community’s participatory disaster reduction activities.
The command and control approach is compared with the Emergent Human Resources Model (EHRM) approach to emergency management. Four decades of systematic research shows that a rigid, bureaucratic command and control approach to emergency management generally leads to an ineffective emergency response. Previous studies and our own research suggest that flexible, malleable, loosely coupled, organizational configurations can create a more effective disaster response.