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DP Finishing with polycarboxylic acid and phosphono-based catalysts
Abstract
Improvements in dimensional stability and crease resistance of cellulose fabrics can be gained through esterification reactions with polycarboxylic acids (PCA) as a new generation of formaldehyde-free agents. Most PCA reagents are preferable to N-methylol agents though more expensive as they supply additional end-use advantages. PCA reagents for easy care performance of cotton fabrics are discussed. Two different forms of phosphonic acid on crosslinking effects are investigated. The experimental fabric treatment is described, wet pickup and fabric whiteness evaluated and other performance parameters studied. The results of whiteness test are reported and comparisons with sodium hypophosphite (SHP) are made. Wrinkle recovery and mechanical properties are similarly recorded. CA appears to be the most widely implemented in formaldehyde-free DP finishing among the environmentally acceptable and lowcost PCA presently available. Blends of CA and butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) are reviewed, and the possibility of reducing SHP is the major outcome of this research.
... If the polycarboxylic acid contains three or more carboxyl groups all the three forms could be appear in a single molecule. 32 The ester carbonyl and carboxyl carbonyl bands overlap in the spectra of the BTCA treated fabric and the both peaks occurs in the range between 1690 and 1760 cm −1 . In Figure 3(b), band at 1719 cm −1 represent both ester carbonyl and carboxyl carbonyl bands. ...
Nanotechnology modifications play a major role in textile industry due to extraordinary properties exhibit in fabrics due to nanomaterials. It offers different functionalities namely self-cleaning, wrinkle resistance, flame retardancy, protection from UV radiations or antibacterial property. Further, it is important to maintain cleanliness in aircraft upholstery always but the airliners have to bear a considerable amount of money to clean up the aircraft upholstery. Interestingly, nanotechnology can provide stain repellence property for fabrics in aircraft upholstery. This study covers a method of developing a stain repellent fabric which was stable even after 25 standard laundering conditions. In this study nanotechnology was used to modify a cotton fabric with stain repellant property. After nanotechnology modification, the surface wettability of the treated fabrics was characterized by static water contact angle measurements before and after 25 washes carried out under standard laundering conditions. Similar testings were carried out for the untreated fabric samples. The static water contact angle for the treated fabric was 161° with the recovery of 97.5% after 25 washing cycles. SEM and AFM micrographs were used to analyze the coatings. Further, the stability of hydrophobicity in the modified cotton fabric after 25 washes was also tested for tea, coffee, and water solutions which are vulnerable stain types in aircraft upholstery. It clearly proved that the modified cotton fabric even after 25 washes showed hydrophobicity for tea, coffee, and water. Therefore, it could be concluded that the developed modified cotton fabric can consider to be used as an aircraft upholstery.
... Total volumetric swelling of untreated fir wood was around 16% and total volumetric swelling of beech Redoslijed uzimanja uzoraka iz~etvrta~a T -samples impregnated by CA solutions and cured at temperature of 140°C / uzorci impregnirani otopinama CA i zagrijavani pri temperaturi 140°C S -samples impregnated by CA solutions and cured at temperature of 160°C / uzorci impregnirani otopinama CA i zagrijavani pri temperaturi 160°C Z -samples impregnated by CA solutions and cured at temperature of 180°C / uzorci impregnirani otopinama CA i zagrijavani pri temperaturi 180°C KT -control samples cured at temperature of 100°C / kontrolni uzorci zagrijavani pri temperaturi 100°C KZ -control samples cured at temperature of 180°C / kontrolni uzorci zagrijavani pri temperaturi 180°C Table 1 Dimensional stability of beech and fir wood achieved using two different chemical treatments and three curing regimes Tablica 1. Stabilnost dimenzija bukovine i jelovine postignuta primjenom dviju razli~itih otopina za impregnaciju i uz tri raz-li~ita re`ima zagrijavanja wood was around 20%. The difference can be explained mainly with lower density of fir wood (0.46 g/cm 3 ) compared to beech wood (0.76 g/cm 3 ). The effect of CA modification on dimensional stabilisation of wood was almost equal using either of catalysts applied. ...
... Polycarboxylic acids (PCA) are formaldehydefree crosslinking agents and BTCA (Butanetetracarboxylic acid) is the most effective among them [19,20,26]. Sodium hypophosphite (SHP) was identified as being the most effective catalyst from the range of catalysts evaluated [21][22][23]. ...
... Polycarboxylic acids (PCA) are formaldehydefree crosslinking agents and BTCA (Butanetetracarboxylic acid) is the most effective among them [19,20,26]. Sodium hypophosphite (SHP) was identified as being the most effective catalyst from the range of catalysts evaluated [21][22][23]. ...
Performance of the colored cotton fabrics dyed with sulphur, vat, direct and
reactive dyes was investigated by using two crosslinkers. DMDHEU was used as
formaldehyde based crosslinker and BTCA was assessed as a zero formaldehyde
alternative. Shade change of the fabrics treated with both crosslinkers was
comparable and in acceptable range apart from all sulphur dyes and two
reactive dyes. However, shade change of the sulphur dyed fabrics was
significantly improved when typical sodium hypophosphite based catalyst for
BTCA was replaced with sodium phosphate. In addition, tensile strength and
easy care performance of the crosslinker treated dyed fabric was also
assessed.
... . 그러나 이러한 가공은 고가와 낮은 실용성 및 폐수로 인한 환 DP 경 문제 발생 등의 문제점을 안고 있어 저변 확대 는 되지 못하고 있는 실정이다 [16][17][18][19] . ...
Rayon fabrics were treated with some commercial non-formaldehyde and low-formaldehyde resins, and then their effect on the physicochemical properties of fabrics, including formaldehyde release, tear strength, shrinkage, and wrinkle recovery, were investigated respectively. Rayons treated with non-formaldehyde resin, little formaldehyde release was observed. Considering other factors, the optimal concentration of non-formaldehyde resin was shown to be 11-13%, and curing temperature was . In case of low-formaldehyde type, 9-11% resin concentration and curing temperature of were recommended for optimal finishing condition. The choice and combination of resins and catalysts were also important factors, and preliminary considerations before resin-finishing of rayon are also important to get much better results.
... However, in the presence of SHP, a second mechanism can occur, resulting in formation of a mixed linear anhydride (Gillingham et al. 1999). The number of covalent bonds or linkages which can be formed with cellulose is limited to one less than the number of carboxyl groups in the polycarboxylic acid (Bischof Vukusic and Katovic 2000). Since BTCA can form at least two ester bonds, two macromolecules can be crosslinked effectively (Xu and Shyr 2000). ...
Stimuli-responsive microgel, based on synthetic polymer (poly-NiPAAm) and biopolymer (chitosan), was incorporated onto cotton fabric surface by pad-dry-cure method using 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as crosslinker. In order to assess the moisture management properties of cotton functionalized with responsive microgel, the effects of temperature, relative humidity and concentration of microgel on water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) and moisture content (MC) were quantified. Since the use of experimental design is considered as a highly attractive feature in dealing with experiments and variables of this nature, the effects were quantified by using a central composite design. The regression equations obtained from the statistical analysis allowed the prediction of WVTR and MC at different ambient conditions. Material properties such as crease recovery and whiteness were also measured. The results indicate that both relative humidity and temperature significantly influence studied responses (WVTR and MC), showing that good perspiration can be achieved at lower humidity levels and at higher temperatures. The observed phenomena are attributed to controlled expansion (or contraction) of the surface incorporated microgel, which acts as a sensor of temperature and as a valve to regulate the water vapour permeability of functionalized cotton.
... However, at least two carboxylic acid groups are required for the anhydride formation and consequently ester formation between carboxylic acid and cotton. Carboxylic acids having two carboxylic acid groups like maleic acid and itaconic acid are less effective due to their ability to cross-link only one side of the cotton chain rather than both (Vukusic et al., 2002). Unfortunately, sulphur dyed fabrics are prone to discolouration due to the strong reducing nature of sodium hypophosphite (Choi et al., 1994). ...
... More than 50% of its use amounts to beverages, some 20% to other food applications, 20% for detergent applications, and 10% for other non-food related applications like cosmetics and in the chemical industry. CA is organic acid and one of the polycarboxylic acids, which have been previously used as environmentally friendly Durable Press finishing agent (12)(13)(14). ...
To study the antimicrobial activity of citric acid (CA) and sodium hypophosphite monohydrate (SHP) against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and to determine the influence of conventional and microwave thermal treatments, on the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment of cotton textiles.
Textile material was impregnated with CA and SHP solution and thermally treated by either conventional or microwave drying/curing treatment. Antibacterial effectiveness was tested according to ISO 20743:2009 standard, using absorption method. The surfaces were morphologically observed by scanning electron microscopy, while physical characteristics were determined by wrinkle recovery angles method (DIN 53 891), tensile strength (DIN 53 837), and whiteness degree method (AATCC 110-2000).
Cotton fabric treated with CA and SHP showed significant antibacterial activity against MRSA (6.38 log10 treated by conventional drying and 6.46 log10 treated by microwave drying before washing, and 6.90 log10 and 7.86 log10, respectively, after 1 cycle of home domestic laundering washing [HDLW]). Antibacterial activity was also remarkable against S. aureus (4.25 log10 by conventional drying, 4.58 log10 by microwave drying) and against P. aeruginosa (1.93 log10 by conventional drying and 4.66 log10 by microwave drying). Antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa was higher in samples subjected to microwave than in conventional drying. Antibacterial activity was reduced after 10 HDLW cycles but the compound was still effective. The surface of the untreated cotton polymer was smooth, while minor erosion stripes appeared on the surfaces treated with antimicrobial agent, and long and deep stripes were found on the surface of the washed sample.
CA can be used both for the disposable (non-durable) materials (gowns, masks, and cuffs for blood pressure measurement) and the materials that require durability to laundering. The current protocols and initiatives in infection control could be improved by the use of antimicrobial agents applied on cotton carbohydrate polymer.
... Total volumetric swelling of untreated fir wood was around 16% and total volumetric swelling of beech Redoslijed uzimanja uzoraka iz~etvrta~a T -samples impregnated by CA solutions and cured at temperature of 140°C / uzorci impregnirani otopinama CA i zagrijavani pri temperaturi 140°C S -samples impregnated by CA solutions and cured at temperature of 160°C / uzorci impregnirani otopinama CA i zagrijavani pri temperaturi 160°C Z -samples impregnated by CA solutions and cured at temperature of 180°C / uzorci impregnirani otopinama CA i zagrijavani pri temperaturi 180°C KT -control samples cured at temperature of 100°C / kontrolni uzorci zagrijavani pri temperaturi 100°C KZ -control samples cured at temperature of 180°C / kontrolni uzorci zagrijavani pri temperaturi 180°C Table 1 Dimensional stability of beech and fir wood achieved using two different chemical treatments and three curing regimes Tablica 1. Stabilnost dimenzija bukovine i jelovine postignuta primjenom dviju razli~itih otopina za impregnaciju i uz tri raz-li~ita re`ima zagrijavanja wood was around 20%. The difference can be explained mainly with lower density of fir wood (0.46 g/cm 3 ) compared to beech wood (0.76 g/cm 3 ). The effect of CA modification on dimensional stabilisation of wood was almost equal using either of catalysts applied. ...
Small wooden samples of fir (Abies alba Mill.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were chemically modified by citric acid (CA) as non-formaldehyde cross-linking system reagent and cured by convection heating at three different temperature regimes. Two different CA solutions were used, one with NaH2PO2 and the other with NaH2PO4 as a catalyst. The dimensional stability of the modified wood was determined by the anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) using the water soak/oven dry method. Almost equally large improvement of dimensional stability of wood was attained using NaH2PO4 as when NaH2PO2 was applied as a catalyst.
The formaldehyde-free crease-proof finishing agent 1,2,3,4,-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) was used to treat lyocell fabrics. The effects of BTCA concentration and curing temperature on the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) and tensile breaking strength of lyocell fabrics were discussed. The results showed that with the increase of BTCA concentration and curing temperature, the WRA value of lyocell fabrics increased obviously and the maximum WRA reached 147°, but breaking strength decreased gradually and the minimum strength retention was 68%. The WRA was durable against laundering. The fabric whiteness difference was not obvious and the whiteness retention of all samples exceeded 98%. After further alkali treatment, the WRA of the treated lyocell fabrics decreased and the fracture strength retention recovered to varying degrees (0.45–10.8%). The developed regression equations were found to be in good correlation ( r ² > 92%) with the selected variables (tensile strength, BTCA concentration, curing temperature). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the tensile strength loss of BTCA-treated lyocell fabrics was caused by cross-linking of cellulose molecules and acid degradation. Tensile strength loss that resulted from ester bonding could be restored after hydrolysis in alkaline solution. The recoverable magnitude of tensile strength was related to the curing temperature. A high temperature not only promoted the cross-linking of cellulose macromolecules, but also accelerated the acid degradation of cellulose.
The recent trends in the production and finishing treatments of textile materials to increase human satisfaction and comfort are described. Agents are being developed, which do not only improve properties of textile materials, but provide permanent freshness, antimicrobial influence, protect the skin and prevent UV- radiation. In addition to finishing agents, also fibres are manufactured which provide performance characteristics considerably above standard, aesthetic and thermal characteristics of fashionable products, they are easy-of maintenance and affect human health favourably. The development of comfortable, environment-friendly and intelligent products has provided a serious and profound trend in the garment and textile industry of industrially developed countries.
Fir wood (Abies alba Mill.) and beech wood (Fagus silvatica L.) were chemically modified with citric acid (CA) and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as catalyst. The effect of chemical modification on dimensional stability of wood and the effect on colour changes of wood has been investigated. Wood modified with dimethyloldihydroxyethyl-eneurea (DMDHEU) and magnesium chloride as catalyst was used for comparison. For the purpose of thermal treatment after the impregnation step, a microwave treatment was performed and compared with classical method. Dimensional stability of modified wood was analysed by Anti Swelling Efficiency (ASE) using the water soaking method. The results revealed that wood treated with citric acid (CA) showed improved ASE by about 40 %, equally good on both wood species. Equally good ASE results have been obtained by using the microwave on wood modified with CA, but the ASE was lower in a case of DMDHEU application. The influence of curing temperature and applied agent on colour stability have also been spectrophotometrically measured and expressed as ΔE.
The antibacterial properties of a cotton textile material treated with an easy-care finishing agent, citric acid (CA), has been evaluated. Antibacterial activity of the finished products was determined according to ISO 20743:2005 before and after five washing cycles. Antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive {Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative {Escherichia coll) bacteria. Bactericidal activity of cotton samples was additionally tested according to EN 1276:1997 under "dirty" conditions. Antibacterial activity of CA-treated cotton material was found to be in the same log range as fabric treated with a quaternary ammonium (Quat) agent currently on the market. It is therefore possible to use CA for antimicrobial finishing.
Wood specimens of fir (Abies alba Mill) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were chemically modified using polycarboxylic acids (PCA), cured by convection heating or microwave treatment and analyzed by HPLC. A new nonformaldehyde cross-linking system was composed of citric acid (CA) and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), which are representative polycarboxylic acids (PCAs). These reagents require phosphono-based catalysts, so a sodium hypophosphite (SHP) catalyst was used in this study. The effects of PCA treatment were compared with a previously introduced 1,3-dimethylol 4,5-dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU) treatment. The dimensional stability of the modified wood was determined in terms of the anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) using the water soak/oven dry method. The results revealed an improvement in ASE for wood modified with PCA compared to modification with DMDHEU. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of bound acids were performed by HPLC. Further intensification of the wood modification process and an increase in the quality of wood-based materials were achieved using microwave treatment. Among other benefits, the formation of crosslinks between the wood and the reagent components led to an improvement in the tensile strength retention, particularly in combination with the microwave treatment.
An encouraging option to meet the goal of achieving “smart” liquid management properties of textiles is the functional finishing by application of microgel based on stimuli-responsive polymers. This surface modifying system shows specific volume phase-transition (swelling and shrinking) which can be triggered by various stimuli (temperature, pH, humidity etc.). The following aspects are reported: the synthesis and characterization of a microgel using the temperature responsive polymer (poly-NiPAAm) and pH-responsive biopolymer (chitosan); the methods for incorporating microgel to cotton, both previously activated and non-activated (with crosslinker); the assessment of pH-, temperature- and humidityresponsiveness of new advanced textile material. The results presented could serve as a proof of the concept and provide a guideline for application of microgel as a surface modifying system in general, with the aim to upgrade the regular textile material quality by providing highly attractive feature of stimuli-responsiveness.
Hydroxysuccinic acid, better known as malic acid, is comparable to citric acid in availability, cost, and ecological acceptability. When activated by moderate amounts of butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), it can serve as a nonyellowing formaldehyde-free durable press (DP) finishing agent. The DP performance and durability to alkaline laundering were increased by a variety of polymeric additives, such as a polyacrylamide, a polyurethane, or a high-density emulsified polyethylene. With the latter polymer as fabric softener, the malic acid-BTCA treatment afforded DP fabrics equivalent in whiteness to conventionally finished fabric. Moreover, the breaking strength retention in treated fabric was markedly increased by some of the additives, while tearing strength retention remained the same. The beneficial effect of amides and of high-density polyethylene was also evident with a BTCA finishing treatment in the absence of malic acid. Since high-density polyethylenes are generally made emulsifiable by high temperature oxidation to introduce carboxyl, keto, and hydroxyl groups into the polymer chain, the possibility is considered that such modified polyethylenes may be crosslinked or grafted to cotton cellulose under the conditions of malic acid-BTCA finishing.
Citric acid finishes were modified with additives that improve both the performance and whiteness imparted by this durable press (DP) reagent. The rate and extent of the improvement in whiteness of treated cotton depended on the additives used and whether or not a process rinse was applied. Under the most favorable conditions, final whiteness index values were virtually identical to those of untreated fabric. Tartaric acid was used as a coreactive additive at mole ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 with citric acid. Formation of a cellulose-reactive 1:1 alternating copolymer in situ in the cotton fibers may account for higher DP appearance ratings and increased wrinkle recovery angles imparted with the 1:1 mole ratio. Use of methyl hydrogen silicone as fabric softener in such mixed finishes led to higher DP performance, greater wrinkle resistance, and higher final whiteness index than did low density polyethylene.