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Eclusia moutyi gen. et sp. nov., un foraminifère nouveau du Valanginien du Jura méridional
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... 1. The wall is of a rather constant composition (secreted Mg-calcite with some agglutinated material) and presents a microstructure of diversely oriented microgranular calcitic rhombs (electron micrographs, Septfontaine 1971;Banner et al. 1991). In rare cases (Meyendorffina, Pseudocyclammina, Pseudoeggerella, etc.), the wall is covered by a fine surficial layer of agglutinated quartz grains. ...
... Near the central zone, the partition system generally does not coalesce at the base with the central infill, defining an "annular free zone" connected with the "crosswise oblique stolon system" sensu (Hottinger 1967). This later architectural arrangement is a Bathonian innovation appearing firstly with the genus Meyendorffina and later in the Early Cretaceous Orbitolinids (by homology) and Eclusia (Plate 8.1 (19)(20)) described in Septfontaine (1971), Cherchi and Schroeder (1975). 5. ...
... 1. The wall is of a rather constant composition (secreted Mg-calcite with some agglutinated material) and presents a microstructure of diversely oriented microgranular calcitic rhombs (electron micrographs, Septfontaine 1971;Banner et al. 1991). In rare cases (Meyendorffina, Pseudocyclammina, Pseudoeggerella, etc.), the wall is covered by a fine surficial layer of agglutinated quartz grains. ...
... Near the central zone, the partition system generally does not coalesce at the base with the central infill, defining an "annular free zone" connected with the "crosswise oblique stolon system" sensu (Hottinger 1967). This later architectural arrangement is a Bathonian innovation appearing firstly with the genus Meyendorffina and later in the Early Cretaceous Orbitolinids (by homology) and Eclusia (Plate 8.1 (19)(20)) described in Septfontaine (1971), Cherchi and Schroeder (1975). ...
Waterfalls are conspicuous geomorphological features with heterogeneous structure, complex dynamics and multiphase flows. Swifts, dippers and starlings are well-known to nest behind waterfalls, and have been reported to fly through them. For smaller fliers, by contrast, waterfalls seem to represent impenetrable barriers, but associated physical constraints and the kinematic responses of volant animals during transit are unknown. Here, we describe the flight behaviour of hummingbirds (the sister group to the swifts) and of various insect taxa as they fly through an artificial sheet waterfall. We additionally launched plastic balls at different speeds at the waterfall so as to assess the inertial dependence of sheet penetration. Hummingbirds were able to penetrate the waterfall with reductions in both their translational speed, and stroke amplitude. The body tilted more vertically and exhibited greater rotations in roll, pitch and yaw, along with increases in tail spread and pitch. The much smaller plastic balls and some flies moving at speeds greater than 2.3 m s ⁻¹ and 1.6 m s ⁻¹ , respectively, also overcame effects of surface tension and water momentum and passed through the waterfall; objects with lower momentum, by contrast, entered the sheet but then fell along with the moving water. Waterfalls can thus represent impenetrable physical barriers for small and slow animal fliers, and may also serve to exclude both predators and parasites from nests of some avian taxa.
... 1. The wall is of a rather constant composition (secreted Mg-calcite with some agglutinated material) and presents a microstructure of diversely oriented microgranular calcitic rhombs (electron micrographs, Septfontaine 1971;Banner et al. 1991). In rare cases (Meyendorffina, Pseudocyclammina, Pseudoeggerella, etc.), the wall is covered by a fine surficial layer of agglutinated quartz grains. ...
... Near the central zone, the partition system generally does not coalesce at the base with the central infill, defining an "annular free zone" connected with the "crosswise oblique stolon system" sensu (Hottinger 1967). This later architectural arrangement is a Bathonian innovation appearing firstly with the genus Meyendorffina and later in the Early Cretaceous Orbitolinids (by homology) and Eclusia (Plate 8.1 (19)(20)) described in Septfontaine (1971), Cherchi and Schroeder (1975). ...
It is widely acknowledged that life has adapted to its environment, but the precise mechanism remains unknown since Natural Selection, Descent with Modification and Survival of the Fittest are metaphors that cannot be scientifically tested. In this unique text invertebrate and vertebrate biologists illuminate the effects of physiologic stress on epigenetic responses in the process of evolutionary adaptation from unicellular organisms to invertebrates and vertebrates, respectively. This book offers a novel perspective on the mechanisms underlying evolution.
Capacities for morphologic alterations and epigenetic adaptations subject to environmental stresses are demonstrated in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Furthermore, the underlying cellular-molecular mechanisms that mediate stress for adaptation will be elucidated wherever possible. These include examples of ‘reverse evolution’ by Professor Guex for Ammonites and for mammals by Professor Torday and Dr. Miller. This provides empirical evidence that the conventional way of thinking about evolution as unidirectional is incorrect, leaving open the possibility that it is determined by cell-cell interactions, not sexual selection and reproductive strategy. Rather, the process of evolution can be productively traced through the conservation of an identifiable set of First Principles of Physiology that began with the unicellular form and have been consistently maintained, as reflected by the return to the unicellular state over the course of the life cycle.
... 1. The wall is of a rather constant composition (secreted Mg-calcite with some agglutinated material) and presents a microstructure of diversely oriented microgranular calcitic rhombs (electron micrographs, Septfontaine 1971;Banner et al. 1991). In rare cases (Meyendorffina, Pseudocyclammina, Pseudoeggerella, etc.), the wall is covered by a fine surficial layer of agglutinated quartz grains. ...
... Near the central zone, the partition system generally does not coalesce at the base with the central infill, defining an "annular free zone" connected with the "crosswise oblique stolon system" sensu (Hottinger 1967). This later architectural arrangement is a Bathonian innovation appearing firstly with the genus Meyendorffina and later in the Early Cretaceous Orbitolinids (by homology) and Eclusia (Plate 8.1 (19)(20)) described in Septfontaine (1971), Cherchi and Schroeder (1975). ...
The goal of this chapter is to discuss old problems and recent polemics related to the famous Cope’s, Dollo’s and Haeckel’s rules. The first concerns phyletic size increase: that sort of trend is observed in a multitude of phyla and shows several exceptions during periods of environmental stress. The second rule is discussed with some details because evolutionary reversions of trends are also frequent during stress episodes. The third trend, terminal addition, is very common and one can observe numerous cases where characters that are added late in phylogeny are also the first to be deleted during external stress phases. The addition of new elements at the end of ontogeny is frequently concomitant with size increases (Cope’s trend).
... 1. The wall is of a rather constant composition (secreted Mg-calcite with some agglutinated material) and presents a microstructure of diversely oriented microgranular calcitic rhombs (electron micrographs, Septfontaine 1971;Banner et al. 1991). In rare cases (Meyendorffina, Pseudocyclammina, Pseudoeggerella, etc.), the wall is covered by a fine surficial layer of agglutinated quartz grains. ...
... Near the central zone, the partition system generally does not coalesce at the base with the central infill, defining an "annular free zone" connected with the "crosswise oblique stolon system" sensu (Hottinger 1967). This later architectural arrangement is a Bathonian innovation appearing firstly with the genus Meyendorffina and later in the Early Cretaceous Orbitolinids (by homology) and Eclusia (Plate 8.1 (19)(20)) described in Septfontaine (1971), Cherchi and Schroeder (1975). ...
Planktic foraminifera, unicellular microzooplankton with a calcitic shell, have produced an exceptional fossil record, revealing an invaluable archive of biodiversity, morphological and evolutionary changes. The evolutionary lineage starting from Trilobatus Spezzaferri 2015 (= “Globigerinoides”) culminating in Orbulina universa d’Orbigny 1839 is a fascinating example of peramorphic spherisation lineage (increasing involution, coupled with increasing shell curvature). This chapter focuses on the extreme morphological variability observed in the Orbulina group in some horizons from Chélif Basin in Algeria, just preceding the well-known Messinian (Late Miocene) salinity crisis in the Mediterranean basin. Surprisingly, in such horizons, spherical Orbulina universa lineage end-member specimens coexist with ancestor-like morphotypes, such as Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann 1951 and the supposed extinct Praeorbulina Olsson 1964, as well as with malformed specimens. Many authors considered in fact that Praeorbulina last occurred within the Langhian stage in the Middle Miocene. A similar recovery of individuals which show an intergradation between a typical Orbulina morphology and morphologies close to the ancestors Orbulina suturalis and Praeorbulina was also reported in Last Glacial Maximum sediments from the northern Arabian Sea. In this Late Pleistocene case, AMS 14C data showed clearly unreworked character of this “Praeorbulina-like” populations. We discuss the possible link between this extreme morphological plasticity of Orbulina group in specific time horizons and possible stress conditions of the water column.
... 1. The wall is of a rather constant composition (secreted Mg-calcite with some agglutinated material) and presents a microstructure of diversely oriented microgranular calcitic rhombs (electron micrographs, Septfontaine 1971;Banner et al. 1991). In rare cases (Meyendorffina, Pseudocyclammina, Pseudoeggerella, etc.), the wall is covered by a fine surficial layer of agglutinated quartz grains. ...
... Near the central zone, the partition system generally does not coalesce at the base with the central infill, defining an "annular free zone" connected with the "crosswise oblique stolon system" sensu (Hottinger 1967). This later architectural arrangement is a Bathonian innovation appearing firstly with the genus Meyendorffina and later in the Early Cretaceous Orbitolinids (by homology) and Eclusia (Plate 8.1 (19)(20)) described in Septfontaine (1971), Cherchi and Schroeder (1975). 5. ...
The microgranular/agglutinated imperforate larger foraminifera (ILF, chiefly “lituolids”) of Mesozoic shallow marine carbonate shelves are a polyphyletic group of K-strategists, ecologically homogeneous inhabitants of the photic zone (nutrient poor) and hosting symbionts as their larger porcelaneous recent equivalents. They contrast with deeper water “lituolid” taxa and other deeper marine dwellers (hyaline perforate and planktonics r-strategists). They are narrowly linked to the carbonate platform history and evolution, birth and demise (correlated to paleotectonics or sea-level variations), and global climatic or volcanic events, OAE, etc.
... 1. The wall is of a rather constant composition (secreted Mg-calcite with some agglutinated material) and presents a microstructure of diversely oriented microgranular calcitic rhombs (electron micrographs, Septfontaine 1971;Banner et al. 1991). In rare cases (Meyendorffina, Pseudocyclammina, Pseudoeggerella, etc.), the wall is covered by a fine surficial layer of agglutinated quartz grains. ...
... Near the central zone, the partition system generally does not coalesce at the base with the central infill, defining an "annular free zone" connected with the "crosswise oblique stolon system" sensu (Hottinger 1967). This later architectural arrangement is a Bathonian innovation appearing firstly with the genus Meyendorffina and later in the Early Cretaceous Orbitolinids (by homology) and Eclusia (Plate 8.1 (19)(20)) described in Septfontaine (1971), Cherchi and Schroeder (1975). ...
Herein we emphasise how environment, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography play key roles in the evolution of organisms. Nineteenth-century ammonoid biochronology led to the definition of the Mesozoic stages. Their beginning and end are bound by the biggest mass extinctions of Earth history. This study deals with the initial Triassic stages that needed a remarkably short biotic recovery time. The Lower Triassic stages, all named after nineteenth-century researchers of the Himalayas, are the Griesbachian, Dienerian, Smithian and Spathian.
... 1. The wall is of a rather constant composition (secreted Mg-calcite with some agglutinated material) and presents a microstructure of diversely oriented microgranular calcitic rhombs (electron micrographs, Septfontaine 1971;Banner et al. 1991). In rare cases (Meyendorffina, Pseudocyclammina, Pseudoeggerella, etc.), the wall is covered by a fine surficial layer of agglutinated quartz grains. ...
... Near the central zone, the partition system generally does not coalesce at the base with the central infill, defining an "annular free zone" connected with the "crosswise oblique stolon system" sensu (Hottinger 1967). This later architectural arrangement is a Bathonian innovation appearing firstly with the genus Meyendorffina and later in the Early Cretaceous Orbitolinids (by homology) and Eclusia (Plate 8.1 (19)(20)) described in Septfontaine (1971), Cherchi and Schroeder (1975). ...
In “On the Origin of Species,” Darwin describes the terrain of Patagonia at great length during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. From that experience, he inferred the importance of the environment in understanding the adaptive evolution of flora and fauna. To this day, and despite the passage of time, observations of the interrelationship between the complexity of environmental stresses and their relevance to evolution remain inferential rather than proven through rigorous scientific measurement. In the Galapagos, the Grants have attempted a distinct longitudinal study of the interrelationship between the environment and adaptive phenotype. However, their scrutiny of finch beaks and size is confounded with substantial observational bias, included no rigorous species definitions, and answered no substantive evolutionary questions since no novelty was observed (Grant, P. R., Grant, B. R. How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin’s Finches. Princeton University Press, 2011).
... Also because other time equivalent larger benthic foraminifera do display endemism. For example, Pavlovecina allobrogensis or Eclusia moutyi, both described from the French-Suisse Jura Septfontaine 1971), are unknown from Iran. On the other side, taxa such as Dukhania arabica Henson are unknown from France and Switzerland. ...
Cribellopsis Arnaud-Vanneau (upper Berriasian-Albian) represents a rather simple structured orbitolinid species of which are classically differentiated above all by dimensional and morphological criteria. Previously reported from the Upper Hauterivian-Albian interval, a new species is described as Cribellopsis delicatula n. sp. from the upper Berriasian-lower Valanginian of France, Switzerland ("Jura Mountains"; Vions, Chambotte, and Vuache formations), and Iran (Fahliyan Formation). Known since the sixties from south-western Europe, it has been figured several times since then in open nomenclature. C. delicatula n. sp. is characterized by its high-conical test, and delicate structural elements, combined with a reduced chamber height. Most Valanginian occurrences of the Orbitolinidae (incl. Cribellopsis) are from the former northern Neotethysian margin (Spain, France, Sardinia/Italy, Switzerland, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia). C. delicatula represents the oldest known species of the genus and is here reported from both margins of the former Neotethysian ocean.
Simply based on the distinctly higher number of species of Orbitolinidae in the Cretaceous compared to the Paleogene, the former have witnessed much more taxonomic analyses. Although, there has been a partly very "lively" debate among specialists working on Cretaceous taxa, it is rather broad consensus that the presence/absence of horizontal partitions (= rafters; part of exoskeleton) in the marginal zone is a criterion of specific rank. Recently, however, another taxonomic concept has been used for Paleogene Orbitolinidae by giving this trait generic rank (Fallotella vs. Pseudofallotella). If applied to the Cretaceous, this approach would result in artificial groups and the creation of several new genera for currently used species that both include species with and without rafters (Coskinolinella, Heterocoskinolina, Montseciella, Paracoskinolina, Praedictyorbitolina, Simplorbitolina, Valserina). The present contribution is a plea for a uniform taxonomic approach, preferring the simpler, longer, wider and more natural usage of the "Cretaceous approach". Further difficulties on the taxonomical ranking of Orbitolinidae features are due to their fossil nature (extinct group), as no modern representatives are available for comparisons. This fact also speaks for the use of a pragmatic and uniform approach.
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