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... For the above-mentioned results, the toxicological evaluation of mangiferin could be extrapolated to the human evaluation in which a single dose of mangiferin 900 mg was administered orally to adults and did not cause observable side effects or changes in clinical symptoms or variations in the blood biochemical parameters (Hou et al. 2012), and in addition to presenting no risk after ingestion, they also proved to be beneficial, as they reduced body weight in obese and overweight subjects (McLendon et al. 2013). These findings were supported by the study conducted by Na et al. (2015) who administered single doses of 300 mg/day of mangiferin evaluating changes in serum lipid profiles in overweight and hyperlipidemia patients and did not observe side effects or changes in liver enzymes or renal variables among participants after of a 12-week procedure. ...
... Although, more studies are needed to confirm the non-toxic nature of mangiferin, the doses so far evaluated are safe for human administration, since, in addition to the fruits contained in this compound such as mango, mainly, they are widely consumed by humans and have been shown to have beneficial health effects and present synergistic effects by decreasing or eliminating the toxicity of other drugs (McLendon et al. 2013;Naraki et al. 2021). However, mangiferin is expected to have few or no toxic effects, especially when administered orally (Gold-Smith et al. 2016). ...
... As we discussed in our previous review [92], small amounts of MGF are probably quite safe to humans, for MGF is contained in the fruit of mango, which is widely consumed by humans and benefits human health [35,93]. For instance, mango extracts have been tried in humans and have proved to be not only safe, but also beneficial, as it reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects [93]. ...
... As we discussed in our previous review [92], small amounts of MGF are probably quite safe to humans, for MGF is contained in the fruit of mango, which is widely consumed by humans and benefits human health [35,93]. For instance, mango extracts have been tried in humans and have proved to be not only safe, but also beneficial, as it reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects [93]. Pure MGF has been tried on humans, as well. ...
... As we discussed in our previous review [92], small amounts of MGF are probably quite safe to humans, for MGF is contained in the fruit of mango, which is widely consumed by humans and benefits human health [35,93]. For instance, mango extracts have been tried in humans and have proved to be not only safe, but also beneficial, as it reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects [93]. ...
... As we discussed in our previous review [92], small amounts of MGF are probably quite safe to humans, for MGF is contained in the fruit of mango, which is widely consumed by humans and benefits human health [35,93]. For instance, mango extracts have been tried in humans and have proved to be not only safe, but also beneficial, as it reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects [93]. Pure MGF has been tried on humans, as well. ...
The identification of biologically active and potentially therapeutically useful pharmacophores from natural products has been a long-term focus in the pharmaceutical industry. The recent emergence of a worldwide obesity and Type II diabetes epidemic has increased focus upon small molecules that can modulate energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity and fat biology. Interesting preliminary work done on mangiferin (MGF), the predominant constituent of extracts of the mango plant Mangifera indica L., portends potential for this pharmacophore as a novel parent compound for treating metabolic disorders. MGF is comprised of a C-glucosylated xanthone. Owing to the xanthone chemical structure, MGF has a redox active aromatic system and has antioxidant properties. MGF exerts varied and impressive metabolic effects in animals, improving metabolic disorders. For example we have discovered that MGF is novel activator of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, leading to enhancement of carbohydrate utilization in oxidative metabolism, and leading to increased insulin sensitivity in animal models of obesity and insulin resistance. In addition, recent unbiased proteomics studies revealed that MGF upregulates proteins pivotal for mitochondrial bioenergetics and downregulates proteins controlling de novo lipogenesis in liver, helping to explain protective effects of MGF in prevention of liver steatosis. Several chemical studies have achieved synthesis of MGF, suggesting possible synthetic strategies to alter its chemical structure for development of structure-activity relationship (SAR) information. Ultimately, chemical derivatization studies could lead to the eventual development of novel therapeutics based upon the parent pharmacophore structure. Here we provide comprehensive review on chemical features of MGF, synthesis of its derivatives, its pharmacokinetics and biological activities.
... In rats and hamsters, MGF was shown to be able to reverse HFD-mediated increases in cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) in plasma and liver [9,10]. In humans, treatment with extract from African mango for over a period of 10 weeks resulted in significant weight loss of up to 12 kilograms in overweight and obese subjects, accompanied with improvements in total cholesterol, LDL and fasting blood glucose [59]. MGF or the extract containing MGF appears to exert several beneficial metabolic effects in animals and humans. ...
... Although the present study was conducted in mice and the expression profiles between mouse and human may differ, our additional data obtained in cultured human hepatocytes (data not shown), as well as the data shown by others [10], strongly suggest that MGF could exert similar effects on those proteins in humans. The potential application of MGF as a nutraceutical or pharmaceutical agent benefiting human health is supported by a recent report that mango extracts containing MGF as the main component induces weight loss in overweight and obese humans, accompanied by improved fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles [59]. ...
Chronic over-nutrition is a major contributor to the spread of obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Development of therapeutics has been slow compared to the speedy increase in occurrence of these metabolic disorders. We have identified a natural compound, mangiferin (MGF) (a predominant component of the plants of Anemarrhena asphodeloides and Mangifera indica), that can protect against high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia in mice. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby MGF exerts these beneficial effects are unknown. To understand MGF mechanisms of action, we performed unbiased quantitative proteomic analysis of protein profiles in liver of mice fed with HFD utilizing 15N metabolically labeled liver proteins as internal standards. We found that out of 865 quantified proteins 87 of them were significantly differentially regulated by MGF. Among those 87 proteins, 50% of them are involved in two major processes, energy metabolism and biosynthesis of metabolites. Further classification indicated that MGF increased proteins important for mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative activity including oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 (Dhtkd1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 (Cox6b1). Conversely, MGF reduced proteins critical for lipogenesis such as fatty acid stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (Acac1). These mass spectrometry data were confirmed and validated by western blot assays. Together, data indicate that MGF upregulates proteins pivotal for mitochondrial bioenergetics and downregulates proteins controlling de novo lipogenesis. This novel mode of dual pharmacodynamic actions enables MGF to enhance energy expenditure and inhibit lipogenesis, and thereby correct HFD induced liver steatosis and prevent adiposity. This provides a molecular basis supporting development of MGF or its metabolites into therapeutics to treat metabolic disorders.
... IG also reduced a significant amount of % body fat (p < 0.05) and waist circumference (p < 0.01) in obese patients. Moreover, it was reported to bring improvements in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol level [53]. The inhibitory effects of IGOB131 on murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed a reduction in intracellular triglyceride levels and G3PDH activity, indicating that IGOB131 plays an important role in the control of adipogenesis [54]. ...
Background and objectives: Obesity has become a global health issue, more precisely, a pandemic throughout the present world due to its high prevalence in the recent era. Increased risk of morbidity and mortality in obese patients can be attributed to its association with the development of different life-threatening conditions. Plants are considered one of the most important sources of bioactive molecules which are used against a wide range of health disorders. This systematic review explores the efficacy as well as the safety profile of commonly used medicinal plants in the management of obesity that may help people to maintain a healthy weight. Methods: This review is based on comprehensive literature searches from PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords-"plants in obesity", "plants used in weight reduction" or keywords that are similar to those. Medicinal plants which have been clinically proven for their anti-obesity effect have only been selected for this study and attempts to investigate beneficial effects and adverse effects along with their mechanism of action have also been taken in this review. Results: A significant reduction of weight in both human and other animals are exhibited by the extracts of Phaseolus vulgaris, green coffee, Yerba Mate, green tea, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and the combination of Cissus quadrangularis/Irvingia gabonensis. All of those plant extracts seemed to work on different physiological pathways and none of those extracts showed any notable adverse effects in human or animal models. Conclusion: Our review suggests that the discussed medicinal plants are effective in reducing the weight of obese patients without causing notable adverse reactions. Although further study is necessary to confirm their exact molecular mechanism and safety in human use.
... [43] Furthermore, McLendon and groups demonstrated that African mango has the potential to decrease BP (−3.75 mmHg), body weight, fasting blood glucose, and improve lipid profile in obese participants (214 subjects). [44] eugenia jaMbolana laM. ...
Hypertension (HTN) is a serious health problem worldwide and worse than other cardiovascular diseases. HTN is a chief risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, aortic aneurysm, peripheral arterial disease, and renal vascular disease. Herbal medicines are used by about 75% to 80% of the world population, in primary health care because of their enhanced tolerability and minor side effects. The consumption of fruits is advised for good health as a result of their high fiber, antioxidant, mineral, vitamin, and phytochemical contents. Of the many fruiting trees, indigenous to India such as mango ( Mangifera indica ), black plum ( Eugenia jambolana ), pomegranate ( Punica granatum ), and amla ( Emblica officinalis ) are useful in preventing HTN and in the treatment of HTN in validated preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, efforts are made to collate the fruits' antihypertensive effects and their important phytochemicals. Efforts are also made to address the underlying mechanism/s responsible for the beneficial effects of these fruits in HTN prevention and treatment.
... Rats treated with MGF at dose as high as 500 mg/kg of body weight / day for 30 days did not show respiratory distress, hair loss, restlessness, convulsions, laxative, coma, weight loss, etc. [50,57]. Although more studies are necessary to confirm the nontoxic nature of MGF, small amount is probably quite safe to humans, as MGF containing fruit, mango, has been consumed by humans and benefits human health [57][58][59]. The effects of MGF at higher doses in humans require further investigation. ...
Natural products have long been and continue to be attractive source of nutritional and pharmacological therapeutics. Interest in natural compounds as potential therapies for metabolic syndrome have recently focused on hydroxylated aromatics, such as resveratrol. Another compound of interest in this regard is mangiferin, the predominant constituent of extracts of the mango plant Mangifera indica . Mangiferin has documented antioxidant, cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, pilot studies indicate bioactivity of this compound in mediating insulin sensitivity and modulating lipid metabolism. In this review we provide information on what we know about the impact of mangiferin on important biological processes involved in metabolic disorders.
Seventeen compounds of diverse classes including four flavonoid glycosides, five ellagic acid derivatives, and eight other metabolites were isolated from the methanolic extract of the defatted seed kernel of Irvingia gabonensis. Among the isolates, quercetin 3-O-methyl-4'-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1) and 3,3'-di-O-methyl-4'-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosylellagic acid 4-sulfate ester (5) were found to be previously undescribed. Structure elucidation was mainly achieved by the interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS spectral data. Though compound 6 was previously reported, its 13C NMR data is being reported herein for the first time. To the best of our literature search knowledge, this is the first phytochemical report on I. gabonensis seed kernels.
Due to the high content of bioactive compounds, herbal teas are being investigated as adjuvant in chronic disease management. Studies have shown that mango leaf tea contain mangiferin, total phenolics and antioxidants, compounds with many functional properties. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the anti-obesity effects of tea from Mangifera indica L. leaves, Ubá variety (TML), in obese rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). For this, adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n = 8): the control group (fed AIN-93 diet), obese group (fed a HFD) and treated group (fed a HFD and supplemented with TML for 8 weeks). We analysed biometric measures and serum biochemical parameters of metabolic control, inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers, histomorphometry of visceral adipose tissue and mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PPAR-γ), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). The consumption of TML (24.7 ± 2.1 mL/day) exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, increasing total antioxidant capacity and interleukin-10 serum concentrations, reduced abdominal fat accumulation, upregulated PPAR-γ and LPL and downregulated FAS expression. Our data suggest that TML has therapeutic potential in treating obesity and related diseases through regulating the expression of transcriptional factors and enzymes associated with adipogenesis.