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Antimicrobial activity of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
... coli, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis) and fungi (F. oxysporum, A. niger, Candida spp.) [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. It was found that various solvents used for black pepper extraction affect the different susceptibility of the microorganisms. ...
... In the study by Zarai et al. [42], it was found that piperic acid (MIC in the range 78.12-625 mg/ml) showed higher antibacterial activity than piperine (MIC in the range 312.5-625 mg/ml) against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Piperine showed antifungal activity against F. oxysporum and A. niger [46]. The crude extracts obtained from the black pepper fruit had good anticandidal potential and may be used to treat oral and vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by various species of Candida [47]. ...
... (2) (2021)[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] ...
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a tropical plant, best known for its fruit, used as a spice all around the world. The fruits of black pepper can be processed in various ways, so there are end products such as white, black, red, and green pepper. Black pepper contains many substances such as terpenes, alkaloids, lignans, phenylpropanoids, etc., which are responsible for some of the most important biological activities: antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, bio-enhancing and enzyme inhibitory activities. These activities have also been proven in clinical studies, and probably the future of black pepper research should be based on discovering the most effective way to use the active compounds of pepper for the development of herbal drugs with fewer contraindications than standard drugs. Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to prepare and apply phytoformulations based on the black pepper isolates.
... As detialed in table 3.1: Maximum zone of inhibition was reported with Ethanolic extract of Punica granatum (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)mm, followed by (23-38)mm for methanolic extract. While the manimum inhibition zonewas reprted with Aqueous extract (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)mm. The antibacterial effect of aqueous extracts in this study was comparatively less, but it consider high, figure 3.1.this ...
... In the present study, extracts of Seeds of Piper nigrum have the lowest antibacterial activitywith smallest inhibition zones ranged from (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)mm. It's ethanolic extracts have maximum zones (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)mm, follwed by (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)mm for methanolic extracts. ...
... In the present study, extracts of Seeds of Piper nigrum have the lowest antibacterial activitywith smallest inhibition zones ranged from (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)mm. It's ethanolic extracts have maximum zones (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)mm, follwed by (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)mm for methanolic extracts. While Aqueous extract has no inhibition zone(0.0 ...
A total of 65 clinical samples were collected from patients suffering from wounds infections who admitted to Al-Hilla General Teaching Hospital. Among total 76bacterial isolates were identified,48(63.16%) isolates of S. aureus and all of them 48(100%) were methicillin resistant S. aureus(MRSA) depending on the rsults of antimicrobial susceptibility test of methicillin disc(5mg)and the cultivation on CHROM Agar MRSA Medium. Antibacterial activities of ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extract of Punica granatum, Allium sativum and Piper nigrum agains MRSA. These three plants are mostly used in the prescriptions of folk medicine in Iraq.The antibacterial activity was measured by agar well diffusion Method and all extracts of Punica granatum showed high antibacterial activity with maximum inhibition zone (31-40)mm. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Allium sativum and piper nigrum have antibacterial activity, while their aquesous extracts have no antibacterial activity against MRSA.
... Each The antifungal activity of black pepper aqueous seed extract against (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxisporum, and Penicillium citrinum) was evaluated by food-poisoning techniques according to the method described by [18]. ...
... The planned method of extraction donates accurate, fast, and sensitive method requiring a lesser amount of solvent to use is an active composite against pathogenic bacteria [27]. Moreover, [18] stated that black pepper ethanol extract showed antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial strains. ...
... These results were agreed with [28] who reported the potency of both oil and extract of P. nigrum against diverse food pathogenic fungi using inverted petri plate technique. A study conducted by [18] reported that ethanol extract of black pepper had antifungal activity against four tested fungi and showed maximum antifungal activity towards Fusarium oxisporum. The antifungal compounds found in the plant extracts at lower concentrations were found to be fungistatic while become fungicidal at higher concentrations as reported by [29]. ...
Abstract
Traditional plant - based compounds are seeking more attention in pharmaceutical aspects to treat untreatable diseases because they have no side effect, easy recovery in great amount and a high degree of activity. Spices are extensively used to improve the taste and flavor of food, acquire a broad range of medicinal properties and some of them are known to be antioxidants. The antibacterial activity of aqueous seeds extract of Piper nigrum L. was evaluated against some pathogenic bacteria. The maximum inhibition zone was accounted against Gram negative bacteria Klebsiella oxytoca (21± 0.11mm) and minimum inhibition zone was exhibited against Gram positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (7 ± 0.05mm) while has no activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the aqueous seeds extract completely inhibits Penicillium citrinum growth at 500 μl by using food-poisoning technique and also showed some activity in controlling the mycelial growth of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Aqueous seeds extract of Piper nigrum L. was evaluated against Herpes simplex virus (HSV1) and Coxsackie virus (COXB4) and the results showed that Piper nigrum exert (57.26 and 13.41%) inhibition of plaque of HSV1 and COXB4 respectively. Moreover, the maximum nontoxic concentration (MNTC) for black pepper aqueous seed extract was 2500 μg/ml. The extract shows antioxidant activities with IC50 = 155 μg/ml and total phenolic content of (194.05 mg GA/g extract). These results suggest that aqueous seeds extract of Piper nigrum have significant anti-viral, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity signifying its usage as accepted antimicrobial representative.
... The antimicrobial activity of black pepper remains unclear till date. According to Rani et al. [71], piperine had potential antimicrobial as well as antifungal effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, (A) flavus, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum. Phenolic compounds obtained from fresh black pepper seed extracts [44] have the potential to inhibit the growth of Bacillus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, S. faecalis and (B) cereus [72,73]. ...
... Similarly, BPEO displayed substantial activity against E. coli, B. substilis, and S. aureus [75]. Besides, most of the studies focusing on the antimicrobial effects of BPEO have been conducted disc diffusion method [71,76,77] though; given its intrinsic limitations, the technique requires to be improved through more relevant MIC assays [78]. ...
Background: Black pepper [Piper nigrum (L.), Family: Piperaceae] is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases including; cough, cold, dyspnea throat diseases, intermittent fever, dysentery, stomachache, worms and piles. The pharmacological potential of black pepper is due to the presence of metabolites like phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, terpenoids, etc. The multipurpose use of black pepper dried seeds has several other beneficial health effects that also received in the light of traditional as well as current medicine perspectives. The review aims to discuss the botany, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological properties of piperine and black pepper essential oil (BPEO).
Results: Phytochemical analyses have described the main chemical constituents of black pepper, including carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, vitamin C, tannins, flavonoids and carotenoids. The volatile oil content ranges from 0.4 to 7 % in dried berries. The major constituents of BPEO are sabinene, 3-carene,
D-limonene, α-pinene, caryophyllene, β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, α-thujene, and β-bisabolene. Additionally, piperine is the naturally occurring and principal bioactive alkaloid constituent of black pepper owing to its potential therapeutic properties, including cerebral brain functioning and increased nutrient absorption. The BPEO has several
biological roles, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-obesity, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, gastroprotective, and insecticidal activities.
Conclusions: This review examines and presents the appropriate evidence on black pepper and its traditional uses as well as biological activities of BPEO and piperine. Although several previous reports
showed diverse biological effects for piperine and bioactive constitutes of BPEO. Thus, minimal investigations were conducted using animal models, and many of these studies also lacked appropriate experimental setting like doses, control details. Hence, future studies are necessary to understand the mechanism of piperine, BPEO, bioactive constituents and their effects upon their use by animal models and humans with the proper experimental procedure which we can facilitate the protection of human health
from several diseases.
... • Antimicrobial activity. 6,8,9 Medicinal uses Fruit helps treat asthma, chronic indigestion, obesity, sinus congestion, fever, worms and sore throat. ...
Siddha medicine is a classical system of medicine. When the three humours (vatham, pitham, kabam) are in an appropriate balance, the person experiences good health. Any imbalances of the three humours lead to disease. Eraippu noi is otherwise called Ezhuppu noi or Swasakaasam. Eraippu noi is characterized by the tightness of the chest, difficulty breathing in which expiratory breathing sounds resemble musical instruments like flute, loot, or veena, and cold with or without expectoration during cough. The symptoms of Eraippu noi can be correlated with bronchial asthma. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness manifesting as wheezing, cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The exact aetiology of asthma remains unclear and appears to be multifactorial. The risk factors include animals, mites, mould, other allergens, and air pollutants. Siddha literature described many formulations that are indicated for Suvasakaasam. Swasakudori Mathirai is one of them. Swasakudori mathirai is purely an herbal formulation indicated for Suvasakasam/Eraippu noi. The ingredients of Swasakudori mathirai are vellerukkam poo and milagu. The ingredients of this drug mostly have anti-asthmatic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antimicrobial activity. It is easily prepared and safe for all age groups, especially paediatric ones, to manage bronchial asthma. This review further concentrates on enhancing the research on Siddha herbal medicines.
... The antimicrobial activity of pure PE gel and PEESopt gel was performed using the cup plate method. The bacterial strain i.e., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [37] were used for the study. The strain was grown in a sterilized nutrient broth medium for optimum concentration. ...
Natural bioactive compounds have been used to treat various diseases but have some limitations like poor solubility as well as low bioavailability. Piperine (PE) is a natural alkaloid and poor water-soluble compound. The present research work aims to develop PE-loaded binary ethosomes gel (PEES-gel) for the improvement of transdermal delivery. ES was prepared by the hot method and optimized by experimental design software. The phospholipid, cholesterol, and the mixture of alcohols (ethanol and propylene glycol) were taken as independent variables and determined their effect on vesicle size (VS) and entrapment efficiency (EE, %). The optimized PEES (PEESopt) has 187.7 ± 4.63 nm of VS, PDI of 0.253, − 37.3 mV of zeta potential, and 75.12 ± 0.85% of EE. Infrared spectra showed there is no interaction between the drug and excipients. PEESopt was successfully converted into carbopol and HPMC-K100gel. Optimized PEESopt gel (PEESopt-gel2) had excellent viscosity and good spreadability as well as biocompatible with skin pH. PEESopt-gel2 exhibited significantly high and sustained release (86.81 ± 3.12% in 24 h) than PE-gel (51.20 ± 3.63% in 24). PEESopt-gel2 showed high ex-vivo skin permeation (1.99-fold flux) than PE-gel. PEESopt-gel2 exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) high antimicrobial activity than pure PE and PE-gel against tested bacteria. Antioxidant activity results exposed that PEESopt-gel2 displayed a significant (P < 0.05) greater activity than pure PE at each concentration. The findings concluded that PEES-gel is an alternative to synthetic drugs for the topical delivery of PE.
... Various parts of pepper, including secondary metabolites are used as medicines, preservatives, insecticidal and larvicidal agents (Ahmad et al., 2012). According to the available literature and conducted research, pepper exhibits various biological activities, which have been proven through in vitro and in vivo studies of extracts and essential oils: antitumor (Paarakh et al., 2015;Reddy et al., 2015;Zhaomei et al., 2008;Dayem et al., 2016), antimicrobial (Kavitha and Mani, 2017;Rani and Saxena, 2013;Pradhan et al., 1999;Karsha and Lakshmi, 2010;Zhang et al., 2017), hepatoprotective (Zhang et al., 2021) and antidepressant activity (Hritcu et al., 2015). The research conducted by Tiwari and Singh found that the components present in pepper can stimulate the digestive enzymes of the pancreas and intestines and increase the secretion of bile acids (Tiwari et al., 2008). ...
Pepper is one of the most famous and widespread spices in the world. This commercial plant belongs to the Piperaceae family. Depending on the treatment to which the pepper fruit is exposed, we distinguish between black, white and green pepper. In this research, methanolic extracts of different types of pepper (Piper nigrum) and pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) were prepared. Maceration and ultrasonic extraction were used to extract bioactive components from pepper samples. The reduction potential of the extracts was tested using the FRAP method. The efficiency of free radical inhibition was determined by the DPPH method. Pink pepper extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in in vitro conditions. High antioxidant activity was also recorded in green pepper extracts. In general, the extracts showed high potency in neutralizing free radicals.
... It was, however, established that piperine form polar complexes with xenobiotics and nutrients, so it act as a polar molecule. Therefore the compound have proper partitioning due to this they are able to cross the membrane barriers [40][41][42] . The studies also reports neuroregulation of the entire GI tract was affected by piperine as it interacts directly with the intestinal epithelial layer which further affects the absorption of food, nutrients and drugs [43][44] . ...
Black pepper, the 'King of spices' (Piper nigrum L.), is a widely used spice, it has a pungent odour. Plant sources were used in time-honored systems of medicine and daily regular uses, such as in food preparation and cosmetic purposes. This is outstanding to their infinite pharmacological activity with few side effects. Among the variety of species of the Piperaceae family, black pepper is one of the trendiest due to its principle pharmacological component, piperine. Which is an alkaloid that has a wide range of pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-obesity, antitumor, antipyretic, anticonvulsant, anti-thyroid, antifungal, antibacterial, insecticidal, hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, larvicidal, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, bio-availability enhancer, immunomodulator, antiepileptic, antifertility, GI stimulant, lipid metabolism accelerator, anticancer, CNS stimulant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, blood purifier, and antiplatelet activities, etc. Due to some spiritual value of black pepper, it's being admired from ancient times to modern generation. This review article is designed to provide recent advancement of pharmacognosy, pharmacological activities, cell-based studies, other traditional use and role of Nutraceuticals.
... To avoid evaporation and sunlight exposure, All mixes were stored in sanitized beakers that were wrapped in aluminum foil for three days at room temperature. After three days, mixtures were filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and maintained at 37°C in an incubator until all of the organic solvents had fully evaporated., after that, the produced extracts were dissolved in DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) 20% to prepare the gradual concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) which needed for anti-Candida investigations [24,25] . ...
The evaluation of in-vitro anti-Candida activity was done for Ricinus communism leaves extracts which are yielded by the extraction with different organic solvents (methanol, chloroform, and a combination of these solvents((1:1; v/v); methanol/chloroform)) against four Candida species(tropicalis, kefyr, glabrata, and albicans) by agar well diffusion method. In the present study, the results showed that all tested extracts possessed anti-Candida activity against all examined strains, but the leaves extracted by a combination of methanol and chloroform exhibited the best anti-Candida potentiality when compared with methanol or chloroform solvent which is separately used in the extraction process, in addition to that the anti-Candida activity of all leaves extracts was varied depending on the Candida species susceptibility and the concentration of the extract which used in every treatment, in addition to that the minimum inhibitory concentrations data of the combined solvents extract were (13, 18, 22, and 24% for Candida glabrata, tropicalis, kefyr, and albicans respectively.
... Fungicidal effect of extracts may be due to the lysis of fungal cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane due to the liberation of antimicrobial products. It was also reported that plant lytic enzymes act on the fungal cell wall causing breakage of B-1,3 glycan, B-1,6, glycan and chitin polymer [14,47]. ...
In vitro study was carried out to test the efficacy of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem), Nicotiana tabacum Linn. (Tobacco), rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Ginger) leaves of Carica papaya Lam. (pawpaw) and seeds of Piper nigrum Linn. (Black pepper) and a chemical fungicide (mancozeb) at three concentrations of plant extracts (30, 60 and 90 g/L) and mancozeb (4, 8 and 12 g/L). The concentrations were amended in potato dextrose agar (PDA). A. Niger was isolated from rotted tissues of yam tubers obtained from Kadarko in Keana Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The research was conducted at Advanced Plant Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. Results revealed that P. nigrum and Z.officinale were the best in fungi toxicity against A. niger at their respective concentrations throughout the period of incubation. This was followed by C. papaya, A. indica and N. tabacum respectively. Mancozeb gave 100 % inhibition at all concentrations tested throughout the period of incubation. Though all the extracts at all concentrations produced significant inhibitory effect (P ≤ 0.05) on mycelial growth of A. niger; the concentrations of 60 g/L and 90 g/L of the plant extracts and 4 g/L of mancozeb were considered more effective and are therefore, recommended for the control of A. niger. This has shown that there is high potential in these natural plant products for the control of yam disease if properly harnessed to replace chemical fungicide which are often harmful to the environment, toxic to man and very costly to purchase. Keywords: A. Niger; Concentrations; Fungitoxic; Inhibition; Mancozeb; Plant extracts;
... It has antibacterial characteristics, and its antibacterial and antifungal properties have been investigated in labs by various specialists. The antibacterial movement of piper nigrum was tried by agar well dispersion strategy and fungicidal action by poisoned food method [16]. The rough piperine removes from piper nigrum exhibited most extreme antibacterial movement in contrast to multidrug safe gram-positive microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus (DIZ-18 mm) and antifungal action toward Fusariumoxysporum (DIZ-14 mm). ...
Black pepper has a scientific name of‘piper nigrum’is an unripe fruit of peppercorn which is dried, it is a flavor enhancer in food, besides also has health benefits, it contains bioactive compound piperine which adds a spicy taste to it being an antioxidant it reduces risk of various life-threatening illnesses (atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease and neurological conditions) and also increases bioavailability of various nutrients, piperine at any given dose weakens memory impairment, in low dose piperine potentially increases neuronal density in hippocampus. Black pepper boosts HCL in stomach and has antispasmodic properties. Active compounds present play a significance in stimulating leucocytes increasing immunity against various pathogens. It is given along with iron supplements to improve its bioavailability without any adverse reaction. Piper Nigrum given in significant amount enhances learning and memory inadequacy related to AlCl, also exhibits anticholinesterase activity preventing nerve degeneration. In the ongoing COVID scenario biologically active compounds in piper nigrum: piperdardiine and piperanine are markedly effective against COVID‐19, hence is preferred as a medication. Black pepper rectifies the lipid profile, along with degree of total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride in patients with cardiovascular diseases, piper nigrum being prosperous in having constituents of vanadium in it contributes in boosting and recovering fron cardiac function after a myocardial infarction and dealing with pressure overload–induced hypertrophy by inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatases. Piper nigrum can boost melanocyte proliferation and bring back pigmentation to depigmented skin, therefore this could possibly be the treatment for vitiligo. Alkaloid constituent of black pepper, bring to bear anticancer properties in a wide range of malignancies.
... Moreover, black pepper contains 8% moisture, 10% protein, 10.2% lipid, 66.5% carbohydrate, 4.6% ash and vitamins [30]. Since olden times, Piper nigrum has been used aroma and flavour, as well as for medicinal purposes in many parts of the world [31]. Although Nagavekar and Singhal [32] noted that the antimicrobial activities of Piper nigrum are due to the presence of oleoresins, in general, the antimicrobial activity of black pepper is primarily due to piperine [33]. ...
The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of black pepper (BPE) and cinnamon bark (CE) extracts against E. fergusonii was assessed in pasteurized full cream milk during and post-fermentation. The milk was fermented with 1% (v/v) of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus (NCIMB 11778) and Streptococcus thermophilus (NCIMB 10387) (approx. 106 cfu/mL each) and incubated and stored at 25 °C for 5 days (144 h) or at 43 °C for 24 h and then stored at 25 °C for 120 h. The milk was spiked with E. fergusonii at the start of fermentation by the lactic acid bacteria (pre-fermentation contamination) for after fermentation (post fermentation contamination). BPE and CE were applied at concentrations based on their minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5% and 0.25% respectively as follows: 0.5% BPE alone; 0.125% BPE with 0.1875% CE; 0.25% BPE with 0.125% CE; 0.375% BPE with 0.0625% CE; 0.25% CE alone. Results showed that during fermentation at 25 °C, E. fergusonii grew to a similar level (approx. 109 CFU/mL) in control samples and 108 CFU/mL when BPE or CE were added alone. Whereas, in the samples with the combined essential oils, the bacterium grew to 106–107 CFU/mL only. During the milk fermentation at 43 °C, E. fergusonii grew to approx. 109 CFU/mL in samples without treatment. However, it was not detected in samples containing mixed BPE with CE after 8, 10 and 12 h of fermentation. Subsequent storage at 25 °C resulted in undetectable levels of the bacterium in all the samples treated with BPE or CE after 24 h of storage. These results indicated that BPE in combination with CE reduced growth during fermentation and was bactericidal during storage.
... It is found in India, Sumatra, Indonesia regions [18][19][20]. Studies showed that Black pepper has a dynamic activity like antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeurogenosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium ox-ysporum, Aspergillus flavus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [21]. It also helps in stimulation of circulatory system. ...
Nature provided us with different products like fruits, flowers, vegetables, spices, herbs and so on. People utilize them since ancient times. Among them spices play key role in the lives of people and are used in rituals and in traditional medicines, beside using as food additives, preservatives and flavoring agents. People use spices to cure various infectious diseases like cancer, diabetes, viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection. At present, entire world is combating the coronavirus disease by utilizing different means. Scientific communities are trying to develop vaccines. Numerous evidences suggested that some common spices have the ability to reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome – coronavirus). One of the main factor to prevent the infection is to boost the immunity power, which is possible by using the spices in our diet chart. Spices also possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study discusses how the spices and their components act as anti-inflammatory agents and prevent infection. The review work is done to find out different beneficial activities of spices, identify the phytochemicals that are responsible for their activities. Aim of this review is to acquaint researchers and international communities with the functions of spices and their bioactive components which are responsible in minimizing the infectivity rate and how the spices are controlling the immune system in combating the diseases. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, spices, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, Nrf2
... It has become a target of many studies for its ability to block human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 activity, enhancing drugs bioavailability [8,9]. PIP activity has been reported as anti-inflammatory [10], antimicrobial [11], antifungal [12], analgesic [13], antipyretic and antioxidant [14]. Moreover, prior studies have shown synergistic activity between PIP and classical anti-TB drugs [15]. ...
Aim: To evaluate the modulatory effect of piperine (PIP) on streptomycin (SM) activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Materials & methods: SM and PIP minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and combinatory activity were determined in Mtb H37Rv and in susceptible and resistant clinical isolates. Ethidium bromide accumulation assay and relative quantification of efflux pumps genes (rv1258c, rv1218c and rv2942), after SM and SM+PIP combination exposure, were also performed. Results: PIP concentration of
25 μg/ml (1/4× MIC) was able to inhibit efflux pumps activity, to modulate SM activity in Mtb, and conducted changes in the relative quantification of efflux pumps genes. Conclusion: SM+PIP combination was able to rescue the SM susceptible MIC values in SM resistant Mtb.
... P. betle leaves have exhibited activity against Streptococcus pyogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli. Further, Piperine extracted from P. nigrum fruits and the crude extract has showed the antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli [23]. ...
The Genus Piper comprises with many economically and medicinally important species in which essential oil is one of the major secondary metabolites responsible for medicinal properties of these plants. The present study was aimed to investigate volatile chemical constituents and in vitro antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils extracted from leaves and fruits of eight Piper species found in Sri Lanka. Plant specimens were collected from natural habitats and cultivations. Essential oils were extracted using steam distillation method and subjected to gas chromatographic analysis. Identification of the volatile chemical constituents was performed by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Antioxidant activity was tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing power assay (FRAP). Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilizing method was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. To evaluate the antibacterial activity, agar well diffusion assay was conducted for five Piper species and were tested against three pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. As the major volatile constituents of Piper nigrum, β-caryophyllene (60.5-9.1%), caryophyllene oxide (8.49-1.3%), α-copaene (7.4-3.1%), cadina-1,(10)-4-diene (4.3-2.1%), (n)-trans-nerolidol (5.9-0.5%), 4-epi cubedol (11.0-0.5%) and β-linalool (5.7-0.7%) were identified. P. betle was dominated by safrole (39.7-33.0%) and eugenol (43.2-27.4%). Piper longum, P. chuvya and P. sylvestre contained (n)-trans-nerolidol (12.7-0.2%, 66.5% and 41.2% respectively) as the major compounds. P. betle, P. chuvya and P. longum leaves had high antioxidant activity when compared with the standard Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Furthermore, P. betle exhibited high anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the standard (Aspirin). P. nigrum and P. betle showed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Moreover, P. betle exhibited significant activity against B. Subtilis. The bioactivity test results revealed that some of the Piper species available in Sri Lanka are potential sources for developing new herbal drugs.
... The dried fruits and roots in the form of decoction were extensively used in acute and chronic bronchitis by traditional practitioners. Scientific reports also revealed that it has potent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties (Parmar et al. 1997;Khajuria et al. 1998;Sunila and Kuttan 2004;Palaksha et al. 2013;Rani 2013;Moon et al. 2016;Zhai et al. 2016). Grange and Davey (1990) conducted an experiment against human M.tb H37Rv strain and revealed that ethanolic extract of P. nigrum inhibited the growth of TB strain at 1 : 80 dilution. ...
Tuberculosis (TB), is one of the deadliest infectious‐diseases of human‐civilization. Approximately one‐third of global‐population is latently‐infected with the TB‐pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). The discovery of anti‐TB antibiotics leads to decline in death‐rate of TB. However, the evolution of antibiotic‐resistant, M.tb‐strain, and the resurgence of different immune compromised diseases re‐escalated the death‐rate of TB. WHO has already cautioned about the chances of pandemic‐situation in TB endemic countries unless the discovery of new antitubercular drugs, i.e., the need of the hour. Analysing the pathogenesis of TB it was found that M.tb evades the host by altering the balance of immune‐response and affects either by killing the cells or by creating inflammation. In the pre‐antibiotic era, traditional medicines were only therapeutic measures for different infectious‐diseases including tuberculosis. The ancient‐literatures of India or ample Indian traditional knowledge and ethnomedicinal‐practices are evidence for the treatment of TB using different indigenous plants. However, in the light of modern scientific approach, anti‐TB effects of those plants and their bioactive‐molecules were not established thoroughly. In this review, focus has been given on five bioactive‐molecules of different traditionally used Indian ethnomedicinal plants for treatment of TB or TB‐like symptom. These compounds are also validated with proper identification and their mode of action with modern scientific approaches. The effectiveness of these molecules for sensitive or drug‐resistant TB‐pathogen in clinical or preclinical studies were also evaluated. Thus, our specific aim is to highlight such scientifically validated bioactive compounds having anti‐mycobacterial and immuno‐modulatory activity for future use as medicine or adjunct‐therapeutic molecule for TB management.
... It is effective in periodic fever (Ghani, 2011;Ibn Baitar, 1999;Khan, 2014;Baghdadi, 2005;Khan, 2018). Its activity as antimicrobial is proved (Rani et al., 2013). Piperine is the active constituent in Piper nigrum. ...
levated core body temperature above the normal range (>38 °C) is considered as fever. According to Unani Medicine, Ùummä (fever) is a transient state that initiates at first in the heart and spreads along with Rüù and Dam (blood) of vessels across the body leading to the malfunctioning of normal body function. In this condition, body temperature is higher than that of exercise and anger. It is caused by Ùarärat Gharéba Ajnabiyya. There are a number of single drugs and compound formulations which are used in fever in Unani Medicine. Dawä'-i-Hiltét is described in various Unani classical books. It is basically indicated in Ùummä al-Rib'. Ùummä al-Rib' is a type of Ùummä 'Ufüné. There are four ingredients in this formulation: Hiltét (Gum of Ferula foetida Regel.), Mur Makké (Gum of Commiphora myrrha Nees), Filfil Siyäh (Fruits of Piper nigrum L.) and Sudäb (Leaves of Ruta graveolens L.). In the compound formulation Dawä'-i-Hiltét, all the four ingredients are Däfi'-i-Ùummä and Däfi'-i-'Ufünat.
... It is effective in periodic fever Khan, 2014;Baghdadi, 2005;Khan, 2018). Its activity as antimicrobial is proved (Rani et al., 2013). Piperine is the active constituent in Piper nigrum. ...
Efficacy of Unani Regimen in the treatment of Yaraqan (Jaundice)- A case report
... The plant is used in traditional medicine as aphrodisiac, carminative, stomachic, antiseptic diuretic agent and for the treatment of cough, rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, melanoderma and leprosy. Piperine which is the major chemical constituent of piper nigrum has antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Alternaria alternata, A. niger, A. flavus and Fusarium oxysporum (Rani et al, 2013). The cold water and hot water extracts of the Piper nigrum showed an antibacterial activity against the gram positive organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and gram negative bacteria include E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. typhae. ...
Sarvavishadi Thaila (SVT) is one of the widely used
herbal preparations in the traditional system of medicine in
srilanka. It has been used in the treatment of different type of
diseases such as Thundikeri (Tonsilitis), Sarpavisha (Snake
bites), Keetavisha (Insect bites), Ratharoga (Skin diseases),
Krimiroga (Worm infections), Arshas (Haemorrhoids), Ullogam
(Trush), Vruna (Ulcers), Vidradhi (Abcess) & Granthi shotha
(Edema). Its formula is consisting with many herbs, oils, spices
& minerals which are having different therapeutic Activities.
Reviewing of antibacterial and antifungal effect of the medicinal
plants used in this formula is the key objective of this study.
Review is highlighted that the many studies reveal that the
antibacterial and antifungal activities of the medicinal plant used
in the formula of sarvavishadi thaila.
... The plant is used in traditional medicine as aphrodisiac, carminative, stomachic, antiseptic diuretic agent and for the treatment of cough, rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, melanoderma and leprosy. Piperine which is the major chemical constituent of piper nigrum has antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Alternaria alternata, A. niger, A. flavus and Fusarium oxysporum (Rani et al, 2013). The cold water and hot water extracts of the Piper nigrum showed an antibacterial activity against the gram positive organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and gram negative bacteria include E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. typhae. ...
- Sarvavishadi Thaila (SVT) is one of the widely used
herbal preparations in the traditional system of medicine in
Sri Lanka. It has been used in the treatment of different type of
diseases such as Thundikeri (Tonsilitis), Sarpavisha (Snake
bites), Keetavisha (Insect bites), Ratharoga (Skin diseases),
Krimiroga (Worm infections), Arshas (Haemorrhoids), Ullogam
(Trush), Vruna (Ulcers), Vidradhi (Abcess) & Granthi shotha
(Edema). Its formula is consisting with many herbs, oils, spices
& minerals which are having different therapeutic Activities.
Reviewing of antibacterial and antifungal effect of the medicinal
plants used in this formula is the key objective of this study.
Review is highlighted that the many studies reveal that the
antibacterial and antifungal activities of the medicinal plant used
in the formula of Sarvavishadi Thaila.
... contains pungent alkaloids such as piperine [3]. Piperine has also shown anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antiarthritic, anti-tumor and antibacteria activities [4][5][6][7][8]. Piperine's taste is sharp, peppery and leaves a burning sensation because it is reported to activate human transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) which is similar to the capsaicin effect [9]. ...
Background:
Piper chaba Hunt. is used as an ingredient in Thai traditional preparation for arthritis. Its isolated compound is piperine which shows anti-inflammatory activity. Piperine produces a burning sensation because it activates TRPV1 receptor. The TRPV1 activation involved with the analgesic and adjuvant effect. P. chaba Hunt. has not been reported about TRPV1 activation and adjuvant effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of P. chaba extract and piperine on TRPV1 receptor, which is considered as a target for analgesic and their adjuvant effects to support the development of an analgesic drug from herbal medicine.
Methods:
The effect of P. chaba extract and piperine on HEK cells expressing TRPV1 channel was examined by calcium imaging assay. Adjuvant effects of P. chaba extract and piperine were investigated by a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) model in mice.
Results:
P. chaba extract induced calcium influx with EC50 value of 0.67 μg/ml. Piperine induced calcium influx with EC50 value of 0.31 μg/ml or 1.08 μM. For mouse CHS model, we found that 1% piperine, 5% piperine, 1% P. chaba extract and 5% P. chaba extract significantly enhanced sensitization to FITC as revealed by ear swelling responses.
Conclusion:
P. chaba extract and piperine activated TRPV1 channel and enhanced contact sensitization to FITC.
... Piper nigrum Piperaceae Fruit Antimicrobial [139] 104 ...
ANTI-ASTHMATIC ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS
... The results showed that using of Ceratophyllum demersum at their MIC concentration of 1000 ppm was sufficient to completely prevent the growth of all microbial isolates for up to 6 months ( Table 2). These results were similar to those of [22] who evaluated the antimicrobial activity of piperine against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum and found out that the active ingredient in Piper nigrum has an inhibitory effect on these pathogens. [23]. ...
All materials of cultural heritage, including paper degradation over time. Microbial contamination with fungi and bacteria can cause a significant damage to old manuscripts as well as a health threat to the librarians. Most of the biological damage is started in poor environmental conditions for storage and display. However, conservation slows down the rate of microbial deterioration. This work aimed to eliminate the effect of microbial deterioration on old manuscripts. The effect of the extract of Ceratophyllum demersum L. Using the fumigation method was studied. The applied doses of the plant extract did not cause any observable alterations or color changes to the old manuscripts. A dose of 200 ppm of the plant extract was the efficient concentration in eliminating microbial growth. Brushing, sparing and fumigation methods were tested for treating microbial deterioration of the old manuscripts. Fumigation using plant extract was found to be the ideal method for its application on damaged archeological papers.
... In addition to piperine other alkaloids such as piperidine and piperettine are responsible for most of the advantageous effects of this spice. In Ayurveda, seeds of black pepper used as traditional medications for cough, cold, digestive problems, cholera, anti-rheumatoid, asthma and sinusitis problems 28 . It also gives a beneficial role in the treatment of various other diseases such as constipation, insomnia, earache and pneumonia, tooth decay, anti-influenza, anti-rheumatoid, anti-arthritis and antispasmodic. ...
Spices are not much more expensive and widely available nowadays, and they contain the massive capacity for protected human health. In India and
other developing countries, a human can use spices for the cure of diseases instead of allopathic drugs because herbal drugs have no side effects for
human health. In ancient times people used seeds spices as spices for making curries, pickle, bakery products and other food additives. Spices contain
various phytochemical compounds or secondary metabolites, which are beneficial for many disorders of human health; thus, the scientist has the
challenge to enhance or stable the medicinally active compounds which are present in spices. Seed spices belong to various families, and each spice has
its pharmaceutical effects. Cumin, fennel, coriander and fenugreek are the major seed spices crop whereas ajwain, nigella belongs to minor seed spices.
Essential oils and extract of seed spices contain various active compounds which are helpful in cure and prevent various diseases.
Keywords: spices, essential oils, pharmaceutical effects
Keedari thailam is the polyherbal Siddha formulation extensively used for puzhuvettu as external medicine mentioned in the Siddha literature “Theraiyar thaila varka surukkam”. The ingredients of keedari thailam are Poduthalai (Phyla nodiflora Linn), elumichai (Citrus limon Linn), nallennai (sesame oil) and milagu (Piper nigrum Linn). Puzhuvettu can be considered as alopecia areata according to conventional medicine. Due to adverse effects in the treatment of conventional medicine, world is looking for the management of alopecia in traditional medicines for safe drug use. In clinical practice, the ingredients present in the keedari thailam have effective in the treatment of alopecia areata. Hence, this study endeavors to review the essential data focusing on the actions, phytochemistry and pharmacological studies of ingredients of the keedari thailam. Through this extensive review on Siddha literatures and recent research reports, scientific validation has been carried out on various pharmacological actions and therapeutic benefits of each ingredient of keedari thailam. This review revealed the presence of antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, anti inflammatory, analgesic, anti cancer and anti diabetic activities in the ingredients of keedari thailam.
Spices are significant part of many meals in the world due to their aroma, taste and color for many decades. Black pepper (P. nigrum) is known as the “King of spices” owing to its antimicrobial, anti-pyretic, anti-cancerous, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, gastroprotective, cardio protective, anti-convulsive and hepato-protective properties. Black pepper is one of the top-notch spices & hold enormous trading shares in the international market due to its high demand in different regions of the world. Black pepper and its derivatives such as piperine, essential oil, methanol extract, acetic acid extract, chloroform and ether extract demonstrated aforementioned properties of P. nigrum. Black pepper along with its derivatives have been documented to fight against different malignancies such as colon, prostate, breast and fibrosarcoma cancer. Black pepper has been found to demonstrate potential scavenging action against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ethanolic and hexane extracts of black pepper has been documented to show substantial pain alleviating actions, thus acting as strong analgesic candidate. Bioactive components of black peppers are extensively used in improving cognitive functioning as well as regulating the motor coordination of brain. Essential oils of black pepper are used as preservative agents for different food packaging as well as used in perfumes due to their aroma. The cultivation of black pepper is increasing day by day despite the several challenges. This chapter will discuss all the possible aspects of black pepper and its pharmacological activities.
Garudan kizhangu ennai is a polyherbal Siddha formulation widely used for various skin diseases, especially alopecia areata, mentioned in the Siddha literature "Siddha vaidya thirattu". Alopecia areata can be correlated with the term "Puzhuvettu" in the Siddha system of medicine. This is a complex autoimmune condition that causes non-scarring hair loss. Nowadays, the prevalence rate of alopecia is higher among children and adolescents. Hence, this review aims to emphasise the potential role of Garudan kizhangu ennai in managing alopecia areata in Siddha. The ingredients of Garudan kizhangu ennai are briefly explained here in Siddha aspects, actions, chemical constituents and pharmacological aspects. All the above information was collected from various scientific articles and books. The scientific studies explored the ingredients of Garudan kizhangu ennai, predominantly possessing antihistamine, antivenom, antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities. This review revealed that the Garudan kizhangu ennai could be effective for managing alopecia areata, and further clinical studies will be needed to prove the drug's efficacy.
P. nigrum L. extracts and the piperine alkaloid have important antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of P. nigrum L. extracts and piperine, a compound isolated from the extracts of P. nigrum L. Extracts obtained via maceration, soxhlet, and purification steps, in addition to isolated piperine, were used in this study. Spectroscopic methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry, were used to characterize piperine. In the microbiological analyses, the extract obtained via maceration-derived sample showed high efficiency in inhibiting Salmonella spp. (MIC < 100 μg/mL). The extract obtained via a soxhlet-derived sample showed promising inhibitory activity against almost all microorganisms, with negligible inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Favorable inhibition coefficients were also observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. (MIC < 100 μg/mL) for the extract obtained via purification of the steps-derived sample. Piperine showed an excellent inhibition coefficient against most microorganisms, with inactivity only observed against P. aeruginosa. Cytotoxicity evaluation assays in cancer cell lines revealed that piperine exhibited inhibitory potential on all tested tumor cell lines, causing a decrease in cell viability and achieving an IC50 of less than 30 μg/mL. The analyzed extracts from P. nigrum L. seeds showed cytotoxic activity against tumor and non-tumor cell lines.
Piper nigrum (black pepper) is used as a spice in modern and traditional cooking; it is also known as King of Spices, among other spices. P. nigrum belongs to the family Piperaceae. In black pepper, the pharmacological property is the presence of specific phenolic components such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, terpenoids, etc. It contains flavoring compounds like alkaloids (piperine). Furthermore, pepper is used to treat various diseases such as cough, common cold, sore throat, etc. Many studies reported that piperine present in black pepper possesses several therapeutic properties, that is, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, enhance the bioavailability, and help to aid digestion. Traditionally, P. nigrum is also used as a culinary ingredient (food), natural preservative (food), flavoring components (cosmetic), and medicine to treat various diseases in pharmacological industries. This chapter mainly focuses on the role of P. nigrum as functional food ingredients and their mechanism of action.
Fenugreek also called as Trigonella foenum graecum, belong to Fabaceae family. It is one of the most common Indian spices that are particularly recognized for its culinary, medicinal, and aromatic properties. Fenugreek is more pronounced for its health-promising properties such as antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Fenugreek is enriched with various chemical constituents that aids in enriching its nutraceutical properties. Its chemical constituents majorly composed of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, fibers, vitamin, and fatty acids. Fenugreek is enhancing human health by providing different bioactive compounds, antioxidant compounds, and hepatoprotective capacity. Fenugreek gel formation property aids in preventing antiulcer as studied with respect to some antiulcer drugs available like omeprazole. Fenugreek is one major kitchen ingredient that controls various metabolic diseases by its different nutraceutical properties. Based on the past evidences, the present review chapter aims to elaborate the nutraceutical properties of fenugreek.
Herbs, Spices and Their Roles in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods gives an overview of the many pharmacological activities associated with herbs and spices, including detailed coverage on their mechanisms and formulations for the food industry. Chapters focus on key ingredients such as Curcuma longa, Piper Nigrum and Trigonella foenum-graecum, with contributors across the globe providing the latest research and advances for each. This is an essential read for scientists who want to understand the fundamental mechanisms behind the bioactive compounds within herbs and spices. The numerous phytochemicals present in plant extracts have multiple pharmacological activities so there is extensive research into new bioactive compounds. The pharmacological activities of herbs and spices have been thoroughly investigated, and it is crucial that the latest research is organized into a comprehensive resource.
Phytochemical study of medicinal plants is essential to determine the presence of active constituents in them. Alkaloids, the largest class, are the most important from medicinal point of view. Alkaloids are low molecular weight nitrogen containing compounds and are typically alkaline. Approximately more than 2000 alkaloids have been isolated so far. They are found in those plant parts where there is great vitality and growth. The medicinal use and their biological source along with family has been discussed in their review.
Piperine is the most important alkaloid molecule present in Piper nigrum. In this study, a simple, rapid, quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique proposed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was optimized and validated for the quantitative estimation of piperine in P. nigrum. Densitometric analysis of piperine was carried out in the absorbance mode at 254 nm. The method gave spot at RF = 0.63, corresponding to piperine in different samples. The limit of detection and limit of quantification per spot were confirmed with the mobile phase toluene‒ethyl acetate (3:2, V/V). Linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot for piperine showed a good linear relationship with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.99077 in the concentration range of 200‒1000 ng per spot. The method was validated for sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and specificity as per the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. This simple, precise and accurate HPTLC method provides a novel approach for the routine analysis of black pepper for quality control and standardization purposes, which may be further useful for industrial perspectives.
Microbial resistance and greater prevalence of new and old pathogens with limited capacity of antibiotics and other chemical products (including bactericides, fungicides) have raised considerable concerns in the treatment of pathogenic microbes. A lot of studies have recently been aimed at finding promising solutions to overcome these problems. Nature has ever been a reliable potential provider of medicative plants that contain various active medicinal biomolecules and possess biological activity against a variety of diseases. These plants synthesized biomolecules that acted as their natural protection mechanism and were also used in medicinal, agrochemicals, and pharmaceutical applications. They possess antimicrobial properties that are associated with their capacity to generate several secondary antimicrobial metabolites that can provide an alternative control measure. Plant biomolecules possess various mechanisms of action to conduct possible antimicrobial activities against susceptible and resistant pathogens. Implementation of an alternative control measures using plant biomolecule antimicrobials measure is worth pursuing to overcome the menace. This can be done to reduce the incidence of diseases and pathogens resistance for food security and safety. Planning and implementing successful strategies for disease management is necessary to guarantee sustainable crop production systems. Taking these into account, it can be concluded that plant biomolecules are a valuable source of bioactive compounds with strong antimicrobial activities that may be used as an alternative control measure. Consequently, the aim of this chapter is to have a description of the different kinds of plant biomolecules, their applications and antimicrobial activity that might help researchers to develop new treatments against different plant and animal diseases for food security and safety.
Despite the threat of coronavirus infection, the Siddha system of medicine, India's traditional medicine, plays an important role in southern India, particularly in Tamilnadu. It contributed considerably not only in the first wave of Covid-19, but also in the second wave. The Government of Tamilnadu developed Siddha COVID-19 treatment centers for asymptomatic, mild, and moderate COVID-19 positive patients in 2020. The TPEC COVID Care Centre initiated at Vellore also one of the Centers that can be managed by Siddha medicines and Siddhar's Yogam. As of July 14, 2021, about 4525 COVID positive patients had been treated with Siddha integrated treatment at Vellore alone in the first and second waves. Kaba Sura Kudineer, Thalisathy Review Article Thillaivanan et al.; JPRI, 33(44B): 504-516, 2021; Article no.JPRI.73602 505 Vadagam, Amukkara Chooranam Mathirai, Bramanandha Bairavam Mathirai, and Adathodai Manapagu are indeed the five Siddha classical preparations used to manage the symptoms of COVID-19 positive patients at TPEC COVID Care Centre in Vellore. This Siddha medical practice is effective in conditions of symptoms and helps in the reduction of clinical outcomes. A pilot study at the same site confirmed the Siddha classical preparation's safety and effectiveness. A feedback analysis study performed at the same center also revealed that the above-mentioned Siddha classical preparations are beneficial in symptomatic treatment without causing any side effects. The medicines utilized in this study are typically proposed in other COVID care centers also in Tamilnadu. This review attempted to analyze the preclinical and clinical efficacy of Siddha Classical medicines used at that Centre for the management of COVID-19.
Despite the threat of coronavirus infection, the Siddha system of medicine, India's traditional medicine, plays an important role in southern India, particularly in Tamilnadu. It contributed considerably not only in the first wave of Covid-19, but also in the second wave. The Government of Tamilnadu developed Siddha COVID-19 treatment centers for asymptomatic, mild, and moderate COVID-19 positive patients in 2020. The TPEC COVID Care Centre initiated at Vellore also one of the Centers that can be managed by Siddha medicines and Siddhar’s Yogam. As of July 14, 2021, about 4525 COVID positive patients had been treated with Siddha integrated treatment at Vellore alone in the first and second waves. Kaba Sura Kudineer, Thalisathy Vadagam, Amukkara Chooranam Mathirai, Bramanandha Bairavam Mathirai, and Adathodai Manapagu are indeed the five Siddha classical preparations used to manage the symptoms of COVID-19 positive patients at TPEC COVID Care Centre in Vellore. This Siddha medical practice is effective in conditions of symptoms and helps in the reduction of clinical outcomes. A pilot study at the same site confirmed the Siddha classical preparation's safety and effectiveness. A feedback analysis study performed at the same center also revealed that the above-mentioned Siddha classical preparations are beneficial in symptomatic treatment without causing any side effects. The medicines utilized in this study are typically proposed in other COVID care centers also in Tamilnadu. This review attempted to analyze the preclinical and clinical efficacy of Siddha Classical medicines used at that Centre for the management of COVID-19.
Plants are very useful source of various bioactive compounds which have direct or indirect use in the treatment of various human ailments from the time immemorial, human civilization have been exploring and using various plants and plant products to cure the deadly diseases. Vayugulika is a medicine is formulated based on Kerala Ayurveda practice. It is used in treating indigestion, anorexia, hicup. Cold, cough, rhinitis, asthma and bronchitis Colic abdominal pain. Sprain, convulsions, epilepsy and nerve disorders. It is used as adjuvant along with other Ayurvedic medicines in wide variety of diseases. The phytomedicines are safe and environmental friendly. Infact many indigenous and local communities are immense reservoirs of traditional knowledge that can benefit biotechnology, agriculture, pharmaceutical development and health care. The present study intends to provide an overview of the phytochemical constituents present in the Ayurvedic medicine Vayugulika with special emphasis on their pharmacological action.
Introduction
Plants have been used for thousands of years to treat health disorders, to prevent diseases including epidemics, to flavor and conserve food. It is estimated that 250 to 500 thousand plant species are present on the earth, out of which only 10% is used as a source of food by humans and animals
Objective
In the present work, antibacterial activity of five different Indian spices: turmeric, clove, pepper, cinnamon and garlic were investigated against pathogens isolated from wound samples.
Method
The unknown bacteria were identified by different types of morphological and biochemical techniques such as serial dilutions, spread plate methods, morphological studies and biochemical tests. The swabs of the patients were inoculated in 10 mL of sterile nutrient broth and incubated at 37oC for 24 h. The antibacterial activities of these Indian spices were evaluated using the disk diffusion method. A suspension of the microorganisms to be tested was spread on nutrient agar and MacConkey agar medium. The filter paper discs were placed on the agar plates, which were saturated with extract of spice. The plates were then incubated at 37oC for 24 h.. After incubation, the zone of inhibition was determined by evaluating the diameter of the zone of inhibition.
Results
The antibacterial activities of these Indian spices were evaluated using the disk diffusion method and the inhibitory zones were recorded. It was clear from the result that cinnamon had a larger inhibition zone against P1NA3, P1MAC1 and least with P2NA2. Garlic showed a larger zone of inhibition against P2NA2, P3NA3 and least for P1MAC1. Clove had maximum zone of inhibition against P1MAC2 and least with P3NA3. These spices showed zone of inhibition somewhat close to the control antibiotic drug ampicilline.
Conclusion
P1MNC2 showed a maximum zone of inhibition with clove (3 cm) at 100%. P2NA2 showed the highest antibacterial activity with garlic (3.6 cm) at 100% and minimum with cinnamon (1.1cm) at 20%. P3NA3 showed maximum antibacterial activity result with garlic (4.2 cm) at 100% and minimum with clove (1.2cm) at 20%. Spices are economical, more accessible to most of the population in the world. So, medicinal plants should be encouraged to use as potential sources of new drugs.
BACKGROUND: Background research interest focuses on medicinal herbs such as Cinnamomum verum and Piper nigrum extracts can be used to trap the microbes from the atmosphere. To collect bark of Cinnamomum verum and Piper nigrum plants and make a dry powder. To perform Phytochemicals analysis for the extracted powder. To perform antimicrobial susceptibility test and MIC against different strains. To develop herbal coated tissue paper. METHODOLOGY: The bark of Cinnamomum verum and Piper nigrum were collected and finely powdered. Different extracts of C. verum and P. nigrum (10 μl to 40 μl) were loaded on to the wells of MHA and incubated at 37 ˚C for 24 h to determine the MIC. Highest antimicrobial concentration of the herbal extract was coated on the tissue by spraying method. Discussion: The microbial load was significantly decreased in library after exposure of herbal extract. CONCLUSION: The Research work concludes that 30 μl concentration of C.verum and P. nigrum is effective to reduce the microbial load in our library atmosphere. The developed filter paper can be placed in the library environment since it is eco-friendly and cost effective.
Ayurveda is the science of life having wide description of Krimighna dravya in its literature. Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India published by the Ministry of AYUSH is a monograph of single drugs; which is very popular for all stack holder of Ayush system of medicines. This article details the review of single drugs mentioned in API part I (Vol I to VI) and their screening for Krimighna (antimicrobial) properties. Present article also aims for validating classical fact with published scientific research work.
Antibiotics are the chemical substances secreted by microorganisms used for treating several types of other microbial diseases. However, a repeated as well as regular use of the antibiotics against particular microorganisms results in the antibiotic resistance. Bacteria, fungi, parasites, and even viruses possess such mechanisms of resistance. Until now, an admirable range of contemporary drugs are being derived from plant metabolites. Any single plant in fact represents a library of hundreds to thousands of architecturally and stereochemically complex chemicals, termed phytochemicals. Therefore, to inhibit antimicrobial resistant (AMR) microbes, plant products are recommended widely by the experts and users. Moreover, the membrane proteins that were accountable for antibiotic efflux can be effectively treated by plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs). Also their use in combination with the existing commercial antibiotics exhibits superior antimicrobial activities, and hence is helpful in controlling the menace of AMR. This chapter discusses in detail about the consequences of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the development of more active PDAs.
The fish parasites Saprolegnia spp. (Oomycota) and Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinophyceae) cause important losses in freshwater and marine aquaculture industry, respectively. The possible adverse effects of compounds used to control these parasites in aquaculture resulted in increased interest on the search for natural products with antiparasitic activity. In this work, eighteen plant-derived compounds (2′,4′-Dihydroxychalcone; 7-Hydroxyflavone; Artemisinin; Camphor (1R); Diallyl sulfide; Esculetin; Eucalyptol; Garlicin 80%; Harmalol hydrochloride dihydrate; Palmatine chloride; Piperine; Plumbagin; Resveratrol; Rosmarinic acid; Sclareolide; Tomatine, Umbelliferone, and Usnic Acid) have been tested in vitro. Sixteen of these were used to determine their effects on the gill cell line G1B (ATCC®CRL-2536™) and on the motility of viable dinospores of Amyloodinium ocellatum, and thirteen were screened for inhibitory activity against Saprolegnia spp. The cytotoxicity results on G1B cells determined that only two compounds (2′,4′-Dihydroxychalcone and Tomatine) exhibited dose-dependent toxic effects. The highest surveyed concentrations (0.1 and 0.01 mM) reduced cell viability by 80%. Upon lowering the compound concentration the percentage of dead cells was lower than 20%. The same two compounds revealed to be potential antiparasitics by reducing in a dose-dependent manner the motility of A. ocellatum dinospores up to 100%. With respect to Saprolegnia, a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was found for Tomatine (0.1 mM), Piperine and Plumbagin (0.25 mM), while 2′,4′-Dihydroxychalcone considerably slowed down mycelial growth for 24 h at a concentration of 0.1 mM. Therefore, this research allowed to identify two compounds, Tomatine and 2′,4′-Dihydroxychalcone, effective against both parasites. These compounds could represent promising candidates for the treatment of amyloodiniosis and saprolegniosis in aquaculture. Nevertheless, further in vitro and in vivo tests are required in order to determine concentrations that are effective against the considered pathogens but at the same time safe for hosts, environment and consumers.
The antibacterial effect of methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), Jalapeno (Capsicum annuum), Thai hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) and Habanero (Capsicum chinense) on Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae was determined using the agar diffusion technique. The hotness of pepper was measured by determining the Scoville units of the peppers. We hypothesized that pepper has antibacterial property and that this property is correlated to it hotness. Our results show that all peppers used in the study have antibacterial activity on a variety of bacteria. Methanol and ethanol extraction was more effective than water in determining antibacterial properties of the peppers. The hotness of pepper does not appear to be correlated to its antibacterial effect. The results of the study do not justify the potential use of pepper for the preservation of food.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bioactive compounds (BACs): linalool (LIN) and piperine (PIP) on chicken meat characteristics. The meat was treated with 500, 1000 ppm of BACs, vacuum packaged and stored at 4 °C for 8 days. Physicochemical characteristics, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), microbiological status, and sensorial (electronic-nose based) properties were investigated. Both BACs significantly increased the redness (a*) and chroma (C*) values in meat compared to increased lightness (L*) and higher TBARS in control. Although both BACs showed overlapping aroma profile, the E-nose was able to distinguish between the different meat groups. LIN with various dilution ratios, particularly 1:10 (v:v), showed in vitro growth inhibition against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus, concomitantly Listeria monocytogenes required 1:80 (v:v) to be inhibited, and no inhibition was detected for Pseudomonas lundensis. In contrast, PIP at different dilutions did not exhibit inhibitory activity. Regarding aerobic mesophilic counts (AMC), less than 7 log CFU g−1 were recorded except for control showing higher log. Both BACs have potential to improve quality characteristics and increase the shelf life of meat and meat products.
Increased demand for food to feed the ever-growing population led to development and adoption of synthetic chemicals as a quick and effective strategy of managing crop pests and diseases. However, overreliance on synthetic pesticides is discouraged due to their detrimental effects on human health, the environment, and development of resistant pest and pathogen strains. This, coupled with increasing demand for organically produced foods, stimulated search for alternative approaches and botanical pesticides are particularly gaining importance. Botanical pesticides are efficacious in managing different crop pests, inexpensive, easily biodegraded, have varied modes of action, their sources are easily available and have low toxicity to non-target organisms. Their varied modes of action are attributed to the phytochemical composition in different plants. Therefore, they can be incorporated into integrated pest management systems and contribute to sustainable agricultural production. Nevertheless, botanical pesticides have not been fully adopted due to challenges in formulation and commercialization which are attributed to lack of chemical data and positive controls. Many publications have featured botanical pesticides with skewed interest towards management of insect pests. This review brings together information regarding botanical pesticides, their phytochemical composition and mechanisms of action against pests of importance in agricultural production. The paper also presents chemistry data of selected botanical pesticides, their biodegradation, role in integrated pest management and the challenges facing their adoption and utilization for sustainable crop pest management. Keywords: Botanical pesticides, Integrated pest management, Phytochemicals, Mechanism of action
"Evaluation of phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents on Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger".
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.