No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Abstract
Sesamin (SES), as one of the most abundant lignans in sesame seed and oil, exhibits multiple functions. The anti-aging effect of sesamin on D-galactose (D-gal)-induced senescent mice model and its mechanism of action were evaluated. The effects of sesamin (50 or 100 mg kg-1) on senescent mice were investigated by observing the changes of body weight, motor and memory ability, liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, the proliferative response and IL-2 production of splenocytes induced by ConA, the levels of macrophage proliferative response and IL-1, NO production by macrophage were observed. Results showed that age-related alternations of both motor and memory activity were ameliorated in the treatment group. Treatment with sesamin significantly increased the body weight, hepatic SOD and GSHpx activities, GSH content, the proliferative response and IL-2 production of splenocytes induced by ConA. Treatment with sesamin significantly decreased hepatic MDA content, the levels of macrophage proliferative response and IL-1 and NO production. In conclusion, sesamin has anti-aging effect on D-gal induced senescent mice, which might be related to its improvement of brain function, antioxidative activity and immunomodulatory effects.
... Sesamin was also reported to elevate mice hepatic glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione levels, while it decreased the malondialdehyde equivalents and the production of NO and IL-1. Thus, it exerted promising antioxidant, anti-aging, and immunomodulatory effects and improved the brain functions [46]. The neuroprotective effects of sesamin on the Parkinson's disease model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned mice were also assessed. ...
Oxidative stress is usually associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of cold-pressed oil (CPO) from black pepper (Piper nigrum) fruits was performed and its neuroprotective effects were evaluated for the first time. The analysis of CPO revealed the presence of the lignan sesamin (39.78%), the alkaloid piperine (33.79%), the monoterpene hydrocarbons 3-carene (9.53%) and limonene (6.23%), and the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene (10.67%). Black pepper hydrodistilled oil (HDO) was also comparatively analyzed by GC–MS to show the impact of oil isolation by two different methodologies on their components and class of compounds identified. HDO analysis revealed 35 compounds (99.64% of the total peak areas) mainly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons (77.28%), such as limonene (26.50%), sabinene (21.36%), and β-pinene (15.53%), and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (20.59%) represented mainly by β-caryophyllene (19.12%). Due to the low yield obtained for HDO (0.01% v/w), only CPO was chosen for the evaluation of its neuroprotective potential. Alzheimer-type dementia was induced in rats by scopolamine intraperitoneal injection (1.5 mg/kg/day) for seven days. CPO was administered orally (100 mg/kg) for a week before scopolamine administration and then concomitantly for another week. Donepezil (1 mg/kg, orally) was used as a reference drug. CPO administration significantly improved the rat behaviors as evaluated by the Morris water maze test, evident from prolongation in time spent in the platform quadrant (262.9%, compared to scopolamine) and increasing in the crossing time by 18.18% compared to the control group. The rat behavior tested by passive avoidance, showed prolongation in the step-through latency compared to control. Moreover, CPO significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalents by 22.48%, 45.41%, and 86.61%, respectively, compared to scopolamine. Furthermore, CPO administration decreased scopolamine-induced elevated acetylcholinesterase levels in rats’ hippocampi by 51.30%. These results were supported by histopathological and in silico molecular docking studies. Black pepper oil may be a potential antioxidant and neuroprotective supplement.
... In a mice senescence model, induced by chronic subcutaneous injections of D-galactose, oral administration of sesamin suppressed the decline of cognitive and motor capabilities, the loss of body weight, the changes in liver enzyme activities, and the increase of liver malondialdehyde and other markers of oxidative stress [344]. The suppression of age-related cognitive decline by oral administration of sesame lignans was independently confirmed in a different senescent-accelerated mice strain [322]. ...
Major lignans of sesame sesamin and sesamolin are benzodioxol--substituted furofurans.
Sesamol, sesaminol, its epimers, and episesamin are transformation products found in processed
products. Synthetic routes to all lignans are known but only sesamol is synthesized industrially.
Biosynthesis of furofuran lignans begins with the dimerization of coniferyl alcohol, followed by the
formation of dioxoles, oxidation, and glycosylation. Most genes of the lignan pathway in sesame
have been identified but the inheritance of lignan content is poorly understood. Health-promoting
properties make lignans attractive components of functional food. Lignans enhance the efficiency
of insecticides and possess antifeedant activity, but their biological function in plants remains hypothetical. In this work, extensive literature including historical texts is reviewed, controversial issues are critically examined, and errors perpetuated in literature are corrected. The following aspects are covered: chemical properties and transformations of lignans; analysis, purification, and
total synthesis; occurrence in Seseamum indicum and related plants; biosynthesis and genetics; biological activities; health-promoting properties; and biological functions. Finally, the improvement
of lignan content in sesame seeds by breeding and biotechnology and the potential of hairy roots
for manufacturing lignans in vitro are outlined.
... Accordingly, SSM can significantly improve the lifespan of flies. SSM also plays a major role in antifatigue effects [7,8] and immunity regulation [9]. SSM supplementation may become essential for people who value long-term care and health supplementation. ...
Sesamin (SSM) is a water-insoluble compound that is easily eliminated by liver metabolism. To improve the solubility and bioavailability of SSM, this study developed and characterized a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for the oral delivery of SSM and conducted pharmacokinetic assessments. Oil and surfactant materials suitable for SNEDDS preparation were selected on the basis of their saturation solubility at 37 ± 0.5 °C. The mixing ratios of excipients were determined on the basis of their dispersibility, transmittance (%), droplet sizes, and polydispersity index. An SNEDDS (F10) formulation comprising glyceryl trioctanoate, polyoxyethylene castor oil, and Tween 20 at a ratio of 10:10:80 (w/w/w) was the optimal formulation. This formulation maintained over 90% of its contents in different storage environments for 12 weeks. After the self-emulsification of SNEDDS, the SSM dispersed droplet size was 66.4 ± 31.4 nm, intestinal permeability increased by more than three-fold, relative bioavailability increased by approximately 12.9-fold, and absolute bioavailability increased from 0.3% to 4.4%. Accordingly, the developed SNEDDS formulation can preserve SSM’s solubility, permeability, and bioavailability. Therefore, this SNEDDS formulation has great potential for the oral administration of SSM, which can enhance its pharmacological application value.
... Sesamin (20 mg/kg) attenuated neuronal apoptosis and damages in a unilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine model of PD [39]. Sesamin treatment (50 or 100 mg/kg) was reported to possess improvement effects in an aging mice model [40]. Interestingly, (−)-sesamin (25 or 50 mg/kg), the epimeric isomer lignan of (+)-sesamin has also been reported to prevent stress-induced anxiety and memory impairment in a rodent model. ...
Depression is a mood disorder that is related to neuroinflammation and cognition loss. This study is aimed to determine the potential antidepressant effects of (+)-sesamin, a lignan component of sesame, in a mild stress-induced depression mouse model. CD-1 mice were treated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) process and orally administrated with sesamin (50 mg/kg/d) for 6 weeks. Behavioral tests including forced swimming test, tail suspension test, open field test, and elevated plus maze test demonstrated that sesamin treatment inhibited CUMS-induced mice depressant-like behaviors and anxiety, without changing immobility. It was found that sesamin prevented stress-induced decease levels of 5-HT and NE in striatum and serum. Cognitive deficits were assessed using Y-maze and Morris water maze test. Sesamin treatment also prevented stressed-induced memory impairments and neuronal damages. Consistently, sesamin also enhanced synapse ultrastructure and improved expressions of PSD-95 in stressed mice hippocampus with improving neurotrophic factors expression including BDNF and NT3. Moreover, sesamin treatment significantly prevented CUMS-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting over-activation of microglia and expressions of inflammatory mediators including iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β in stressed mice hippocampus and cortex. These results illustrated that sesamin markedly improved CUMS-induced depression and memory loss via inhibiting neuroinflammation, which indicate that as food component, sesamin might be also a novel potential therapeutic for depression.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oil seed with edible and potentially nutritional and medical uses in most countries and may show variability for bioactive concentrations. The objective of this study was to evaluate seed production weights, numbers, oil, protein, lignan, tocopherol, and fatty acid concentrations in seeds from 8 randomly diverse sesame genotypes with various seed coat colors over two years. Oil analysis were conducted using NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) on a Bruker mq-one minispec. Protein was measured by combustion on an Elementar Rapid N Exceed nitrogen analyzer. Lignan and tocopherol compounds were prepared and analyzed by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) on an Agilent 1100. Fatty acids were separated by gas chromatography on an Agilent 7890A with a 15 m DB23 analytical column and FID (flame ionization detector). The bioactives and 1000 seed weights were significantly influenced by genotype, except for heptadecenoic acid (17:1), while total seed weight, total seed numbers, sesamolin, γ-tocopherol, and oleic acid (18:1) were influenced by year. Oil, protein, δ-tocopherol, and margaric acid (17:0) showed a year x genotype interaction. Significant 1000 seed weights ranged from 1.8 to 3.3 g while oil and protein concentrations significantly ranged from 29.43–54.69% and 13.92–21.76%, respectively. Sesamin and sesamolin ranged significantly from 0.55 to 8.98 mg/g and tocopherols ranged from 0 to 239.58 μg/g. The major unsaturated fatty acids, oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids significantly ranged from 26.60 to 54.85 % while the minor unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 0.13 to 0.89 %. The saturated fatty acids significantly ranged from 0 to 10.58 %. Several correlations were observed among the bioactives. The 8 sesame genotypes can be used in breeding programs to develop new cultivars with enhanced bioactives.
Sesamin, a major lignan in sesame seeds, has multiple functions such as cholesterol-lowering and anti-hypertensive activities. To investigate the effect of sesamin on gene expression in the liver, a DNA microarray analysis was carried out. The ingestion of sesamin dissolved in olive oil up-regulated the expression of 38 genes, 16 of which encode proteins possessing a lipid-metabolizing function, and 16 of which encode proteins possessing a xenobiotic/endogenous substance metabolizing function. In particular, sesamin significantly increased the expression of beta-oxidation-associated enzymes in peroxisomes and auxiliary enzymes required for degradation, via the beta-oxidation pathway, of unsaturated fatty acids in mitochondria. The ingestion of sesamin also resulted in an increase in the gene expression of acyl-CoA thioesterase involved in acyl-CoA hydrolase and very-long-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase. Interestingly, it induced the expression of the gene for aldehyde dehydrogenase, an alcohol-metabolizing enzyme. These results suggest that sesamin regulates the metabolism of lipids, xenobiotics, and alcohol at the mRNA level.
Our previous study revealed the presence of some potent antioxidative components other than γ-tocopherol and sesamol in sesame seed and oil. In the present study, the effective components were extracted from mashed sesame seed with acetone, followed by removal of triglycerides by freezing. The acetone extract showed strong antioxidative activity with the thiocyanate method and gave 4 active antioxidative substances after a series of chromatographic separations. The molecular formulae were determined to be C20H20O6 (PI), C20H20O7 (P2), C20H18O7 (P3) and C10H10O4 (P4). Compounds PI and P4 were respectively identified as a bisepoxylignan analogue and trans-ferulic acid. Though preliminary structural data for P2 and P3 indicate them to be a sesamolin analogue and a sesamin analogue, respectively, work is currently underway to confirm this. The antioxidative activities were in the order of P3 > P2 > P1 > P4. The same components were also obtained from the 80% ethanol extractable polar fraction of the sesame oil cake treated with β-glucosidase, which suggested the presence of the active substances also as their glycosides in sesame seed.
Sesamin is drawing research attention, due to its effects on the various body regulators. Currently there are two methods employed to separate sesamin: solvent extraction and steam stripping, but both methods have disadvantages in large-scale manufacturing systems. An innovative method for sesamin extraction from sesame oil has been unveiled in this paper, which employs macroporous resin as an adsorbing surface. The final product, sesamin crystal, has been obtained by crystallization of the desorption product. The concentration of sesamin in the desorption product was 9.7%, nearly 20-fold greater than in the starting sesame oil. After further refining, the concentration of sesamin in the final crystalline product reaches 76%. The procedure described in this paper demonstrates that a high concentration of sesamin can be obtained by employing resin adsorption.
In an experiment with C57BL/6J model mice having insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) induced by streptozotocin, the
glucans obtained from Maitake fruit-body were found to suppress activation and proliferation of macrophages and consequently
to inhibit the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and IL (interleukin)-1 β, which are β-cell destruction factors, suppressing
their production to 0.17 and 0.33, respectively, relative to the control mice. In addition, the glucans caused proliferation
and activation of B cells, as detected by flow cytometric analysis of whole spleen cell lymphocytes. Cytokine secretion from
whole spleen cells was also investigated by ELISA, which showed that IFN-γ production was suppressed while IL-4 production
increased. These glucans, acting in the diabetic mice, accelerate recovery of Th2 cell functions, regulate the balance between
Th1 cells and Th2 cells, and consequently repress the cytotoxic reaction. In spite of the effect of the glucans on the immune
reactions, IDDM itself does not show any favorable signs of recovery. For the result, some other factors are suggested to
be acting in the complex immunity network in relation to IDDM generation.
This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).Reason: It has been drawn to the Editors' attention that this paper contains significant parts copied (without citing the reference) from a previously published paper: Biologically Active Components and Nutraceuticals in Peanuts and Related Products: Review. Joel Isanga and Guo-Nong Zhang, Food Reviews International, 23 (2007) 123–140. As it duplicated previously published material, we must retract the paper published in Trends in Food Science & Technology.
Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) extract (UD) has long been known to have anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. UD has been also known to have protective effects on damaged tissue, inflammation and bone among other functions. Effects of UD on inflammatory and immune responses and its mechanisms in collagen-induced inflammation (CII) rat were studied. Hind paw volumes of rats were measured by volume meter; lymphocyte proliferation, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level was determined by 3-(4,5-2dimethylthiazal-2yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay. Antibodies to collagen type II (BC-II) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There was a marked secondary inflammatory response in CII model, which accompanied with the decrease of body weight and the weight of immune organs simultaneously. The administration of UD (20, 80, 150mg/kg, intragastrically×10 days) inhibited the inflammatory response and restored body weight and the weight of immune organs of CII rats. Lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production of CII rats increases, together with IL-1 and TNF-α in peritoneal macrophages and synoviocytes. The administration of UD (20, 80, 150mg/kg, 10 days) reduced above changes significantly. UD had no effect on the concentration of antibodies to BC-II. From the results, it was concluded that UD possesses anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities and has a therapeutic effect on CII rats.
Since it is too difficult to study aging of the organism as a whole, most investigators try to focus on a specific physiological system that exhibits age-dependent functional changes, in the hopes that elucidation (in biochemical and developmental terms) of the mechanism of senescent change will provide insight into the aging process itself. The immune system is among the most maleable of such models, in that well-defined cell types will produce well-defined molecules with predictable functions in vitro and in vivo. The increasing power of basic immunological science should, in the next decade, permit an increasingly fine appreciation of how aging leads to immune decline. This expanding conceptual framework will then suggest new ideas about the role of immunosenescence in degenerative, infectious, and neoplastic illnesses and may also generate increasingly rational strategies for therapeutic intervention.
The antihypertensive effect of sesamin, a lignan from sesame oil, was examined using salt-loaded and unloaded stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). The animals at 6 weeks of age were separated into a salt-loaded group and an unloaded group. Salt-loaded animals were maintained on 1% NaCl drinking water. Each group was further divided into two groups: normal-diet group and sesamin-diet group. Systolic blood pressure of all animals was monitored once weekly. At the end of the feeding periods, cardiovascular hypertrophy and renal damage were evaluated. In the salt-loaded group, sesamin feeding significantly suppressed the development of hypertension, and efficient suppression was maintained from 9 to 26 weeks (e.g., 215+/-4 vs. 180+/-4 mmHg, at 17 weeks old). The left ventricle plus septum weight-to-body weight ratio was slightly but significantly lowered by sesamin feeding. When the degree of vascular hypertrophy of the aorta and superior mesenteric artery was histochemically evaluated, wall thickness and wall area of these vessels were significantly decreased by the sesamin feeding. Histological renal damage such as thickening of the tunica intima and fibrinoid degeneration of the arterial wall were often observed in the normal-diet group, but this damage was efficiently reduced in the sesamin-fed animals. On the other hand, in the salt-unloaded group, only a slight and nonsignificant suppressive effect of sesamin on the development of hypertension was observed. Although the wall area of the aorta was significantly decreased by the sesamin feeding, other vascular parameters were not ameliorated. The incidence of histological renal damage tended to decrease in sesamin-fed animals, but these alterations were not statistically significant. Thus, sesamin feeding was much more effective as an antihypertensive regimen in salt-loaded SHRSP than in unloaded SHRSP, thereby suggesting that sesamin is more useful as a prophylactic treatment in the malignant status of hypertension and/or hypertension followed by water and salt retention.
The effects of sesamin, one of the most abundant lignans in sesame seed, on hepatic fatty acid oxidation were examined in rats that were fed experimental diets containing various amounts (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5%) of sesamin (a 1:1 mixture of sesamin and episesamin) for 15 days. Dietary sesamin dose-dependently increased both mitochondrial and peroxisomal palmitoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) oxidation rates. Mitochondrial activity almost doubled in rats on the 0.5% sesamin diet. Peroxisomal activity increased more than 10-fold in rats fed a 0.5% sesamin diet in relation to rats on the sesamin-free diet. Dietary sesamin greatly increased the hepatic activity of fatty acid oxidation enzymes, including carnitine palmitoyltransferase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, acyl-CoA oxidase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. Dietary sesamin also increased the activity of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase and delta3,delta2-enoyl-CoA isomerase, enzymes involved in the auxiliary pathway for beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids dose-dependently. Examination of hepatic mRNA levels using specific cDNA probes showed a sesamin-induced increase in the gene expression of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation enzymes. Among these various enzymes, peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase and bifunctional enzyme gene expression were affected most by dietary sesamin (15- and 50-fold increase by the 0.5% dietary level). Sesamin-induced alterations in the activity and gene expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and acyl-CoA oxidase were in parallel with changes in the mitochondrial and peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA oxidation rate, respectively. In contrast, dietary sesamin decreased the hepatic activity and mRNA abundance of fatty acid synthase and pyruvate kinase, the lipogenic enzymes. However, this lignan increased the activity and gene expression of malic enzyme, another lipogenic enzyme. An alteration in hepatic fatty acid metabolism may therefore account for the serum lipid-lowering effect of sesamin in the rat.
Certain receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors reduced the phagocytic capacity of rat macrophages, without influencing the binding of bacteria to macrophage surface. The NO production of elicited rat macrophages was also decreased due to the inhibition of the expression of NOS II. The most potent inhibitory compound was PD166326 (6-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-phenylamino)-8-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one) belonging to a family of RTK inhibitors of broad spectra. These impairing effects could be explained by the apoptosis inducing property of the inhibitor, evidenced by the destroyed mitochondrial membrane potential. The MTT cell viability test indicated a slight, but significant injury of macrophages. In addition to this compound, two other tested RTK inhibitors caused less marked impairment of macrophage functions, while four compounds were not efficient on macrophages at all. Nevertheless, these damaging effects of the inhibitors did not reduce the anti-tumor effect of the RTK inhibitors on COS 7 cells as evidenced by MTT test and apoptosis study. However, these side effects may be important when RTK inhibitors are selected against tumor growth, indicating that certain inhibitors may impair the immune defense during therapeutical application.