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Goat Production in the Tropics
... About 29.17% (N=35) of respondents provided additional feed, such as whole grains and flour, aiming to boost maternal health and post-kidding milk yield-practices supported by Ali et al. (2009) [2] . In contrast, 70.83% (N=85) did not offer extra care, depending on free grazing and natural foraging, which may reflect economic constraints or traditional confidence in the animal's self-sufficiency, particularly in arid environments (Devendra and Burns, 1983) [8] . All respondents allowed pregnant goats to graze freely, recognizing the importance of movement for physical health during gestation, consistent with findings by Kebede et al. (2015) [19] . ...
... By this age, kids begin consuming "top straw," a locally valued high-quality fodder crucial for their growth, indicating awareness of the nutritional shift from milk to solid feed. This practice aligns with established husbandry guidelines recommending weaning at 3 to 4 months when kids can meet their nutritional needs through solid feed (Devendra and Burns, 1983; NRC, 2007) [8] . Proper early weaning supports faster growth and improved feed efficiency (Peacock, 2005) [43] , outcomes that appear to be achieved through these indigenous methods using local resources. ...
... By this age, kids begin consuming "top straw," a locally valued high-quality fodder crucial for their growth, indicating awareness of the nutritional shift from milk to solid feed. This practice aligns with established husbandry guidelines recommending weaning at 3 to 4 months when kids can meet their nutritional needs through solid feed (Devendra and Burns, 1983; NRC, 2007) [8] . Proper early weaning supports faster growth and improved feed efficiency (Peacock, 2005) [43] , outcomes that appear to be achieved through these indigenous methods using local resources. ...
This study investigates traditional goat husbandry practices among rural women in Bikaner district, Rajasthan, a region with a high goat population per the 2019 livestock census. A sample of 120 rural women aged 50 and above, each owning 6-7 goats, was selected from four randomly chosen villages within the Bikaner Panchayat Samiti. Data were collected through structured interviews and expert questionnaires from 20 professionals in animal science and Ayurveda. Analysis revealed predominant reliance on traditional practices such as open grazing and feeding local fodder, many of which aligned with scientific recommendations. Positive evaluations were given to traditional heat detection, natural breeding, climate-based goat tying, and milk boiling in clay pots. However, certain practices, like the use of the knuckling milking method and not tying the navel cord, were deemed unscientific. The findings highlight the scientific basis of most traditional practices while underscoring the need for further research on uncertain or unscientific methods to enhance sustainable goat husbandry.
... Progesterone plasma concentrations are very low on the day of oestrus. In the tropics, mean duration of estrus periods ranges between 17-48 hours (Devendra and Burns, 1970) (Table 4), and this duration is influenced by breed, age, season, and the presence of the buck (Jainudeen et al., 2000). Elmansoury et al. (2013) studied the effect of different levels of energy and protein supplementation in Sudanese Nubian goats and found that animals receiving low levels of energy presented a delay in appearance of estrus signs following synchronization. ...
... In a study conducted by Hasan and Shaker (1990), authors found that fertility is improved when using horned rather than polled Damascus bucks during the breeding season. Some authors attribute this to the genetic link between the locus for the presence of horns and the fertility characteristics of bucks (Devendra and Burns, 1970). Therefore, it is better to select replacement sires that are horned, and all bucks from two polled parents should be excluded from the breeding flock. ...
... Some authors found that an increase of body weight by 1 kg prior to mating increased litter size by 3.8% (Getahun, 2008;Girma, 2008). For tropical breeds, litter size varies between 1.08 and 1.75 (Devendra and Burns, 1970;Girma, 2008). ...
While goats are an important pillar of livestock and agriculture sectors in East and Horn of Africa, little research is being published and access to unpublished data is very difficult. This working paper attempts to review the male and female reproductive characteristics of goats in 11 countries of East and Horn of Africa (Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda), and to summarize studies that have looked at the improvement of reproductive performance of goats, and applications of reproductive biotechnologies, such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer. A section of this paper is dedicated to reviewing the main diseases affecting the reproduction of goats, and analyzing prevalence and main risk factors. This working paper is a first step to fill a gap in knowledge related to reproduction in goats. The volume and quality of information between countries varied considerably, so there are some disproportions in reporting findings and results for certain traits.
... A goat is considered a multifunctional animal and an untapped meat source with qualities ideal for sustainable red meat production. Goats are highly adaptive to extreme environments, considering production, reproduction, and disease resistance [3][4][5][6]. For example, goats can survive heat stress and prolonged water deprivation [7,8], and in areas with little land space [9]. ...
... The carcass characteristic determines the meat quality and value of the animal before it reaches the consumer. Among ruminants, goat carcass has been described to contain proportionately less fat with more carcass muscle and bone than sheep [4,21,28,29]. A breed that can produce significant carcass yield and high saleable meat is more valuable. ...
... Solaiman et al. [42] reported that a Kiko kid was comparable to a Boer kid regarding carcass characteristics. Other meat breeds superior for goat meat production are the Galla in East Africa [43] and the Katjang in South East Asia [4]. ...
Goat meat could be a sustainable source of red meat. Its farming requires minimal input, is suitable for free-range farming, and produces a healthier red meat option as it is lean. Although goat meat has advantages for meat production, it still needs to be established as a valuable part of the meat trade market. But, currently, goat meat production is less specialized; there is less intense breed selection for premium meat production, and often the animals are farmed with a multifunctional purpose, such as for their meat, fiber, and milk. The less structured goat meat industry contributes to the inconsistent quality of goat meat. This paper attempts to describe the characteristics of popular goat breeds and indigenous goats as a source of meat and the potential of various goat breeds for meat production. Additionally, this paper presents goat meat’s quality and physicochemical and sensory attributes that are relevant to understanding the unique attributes of goat meat. Much work is needed for the goat meat processing industry to develop its potential.
... When properly managed, the breed's pregnancy rates frequently surpass 90%, demonstrating its excellent fertility. Additionally, females can increase their contribution to the production of meat and skin by breeding twice a year [6,8,10,14]. Average goat gestation period is fairly constant at around 146 days [8]; factors such as season, year, and sire can influence its duration [81]. ...
... Additionally, females can increase their contribution to the production of meat and skin by breeding twice a year [6,8,10,14]. Average goat gestation period is fairly constant at around 146 days [8]; factors such as season, year, and sire can influence its duration [81]. Likewise, there has been no discernible impact of sex, birth type, or season on gestation time [12]. ...
Black Bengal goat belongs to the Bovidae family and is found throughout the Bangladesh, West Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa regions of northeastern India. It is estimated that more than 90% of goat population in Bangladesh comprised the Black Bengal, the remainder being Jamunapari and their crosses. Higher prolificacy, fertility, resistance against common diseases, adaptability to the adverse environmental condition, early maturity, and superiority in the litter size are some of the outstanding features of Black Bengal goat. We have highlighted the Black Bengal goat genome, their production and management system including housing, feeding, nutrition, disease prevalence and control system, productive and reproductive performance potentials, present breeding scenarios and breeding strategies for genetic improvements, initiatives for the conservation, adaptation of modern reproductive biotechnologies, socioeconomic contribution to scale up the rural livelihoods, alleviate poverty, enhance food security and empower women in Bangladesh.
... Puerto-Rico Saasen Devendra and Burns (1983) 27 Pakistan Piamir Abbas (2003) 14 Mauritius Anglo-Nubian Devendra and Burns (1983) (2000) Adamawa (Nigeria) 460 280 Midau et al. (2010) Similarly, in the mountains, the milk yield is greater in the rainy season at 1,535 ml/day compared with the dry season at 960 ml/day. However, the opposite trend can be observed in urban areas, with goats producing more milk in the dry season at 650 ml/day than in the rainy season at 625 ml/day. ...
... Puerto-Rico Saasen Devendra and Burns (1983) 27 Pakistan Piamir Abbas (2003) 14 Mauritius Anglo-Nubian Devendra and Burns (1983) (2000) Adamawa (Nigeria) 460 280 Midau et al. (2010) Similarly, in the mountains, the milk yield is greater in the rainy season at 1,535 ml/day compared with the dry season at 960 ml/day. However, the opposite trend can be observed in urban areas, with goats producing more milk in the dry season at 650 ml/day than in the rainy season at 625 ml/day. ...
We examined the socioeconomic importance of goat farming on the island of Socotra. The study included 154 participants from various areas. These data were collected via a questionnaire and statistically analyzed using the Bayesian approach and Kruskal–Wallis test to offer insights into the subject matter. The collected data included important quantitative parameters, such as feeding, watering, herd composition, milk production, and mortality, as well as subjective parameters, including the breeders’ reasons for keeping goats. Our study revealed that the main reason for keeping goats on Socotra Island is livelihood purposes (60%), followed by cultural reasons (22%), whereas 18% of respondents keep goats as a companions. In terms of herd composition, generally a Socotri family keeps an average of 107 individuals per herd, of which 59% are adult females, 32% are young under six months, and 9% are adult males. Reproduction patterns indicate that the goats breed twice a year, primarily in May and October. For milk production, goats on Socotra produce an average of 368 ml/day on an annual basis, and the highest production is observed in the mountains. The study also revealed that goats are primarily slaughtered for social reasons, such as family attendance and weddings (55%). According to the respondents, the main cause of mortality in goats was disease (40%). The results of this study have implications for understanding the management of goat farming on the island and conserving the island’s biodiversity.
... Their adult weight ranges between 27-60 Kg. Because of their size surplus kids would be suitable for meat production (Mason and Maule, 1960;Devendra and Burns, 1970). ...
... Acceptability of goat meat: While some countries and communities discriminate against goat meat, other communities even prefer goat meat to meat of cattle and sheep (Devendra and Burns, 1970). Acceptability of meat is so much influenced by local custom and preference that it is almost impossible to apply a universally acceptable standard. ...
... Their adult weight ranges between 27-60 Kg. Because of their size surplus kids would be suitable for meat production (Mason and Maule, 1960;Devendra and Burns, 1970). ...
... Acceptability of goat meat: While some countries and communities discriminate against goat meat, other communities even prefer goat meat to meat of cattle and sheep (Devendra and Burns, 1970). Acceptability of meat is so much influenced by local custom and preference that it is almost impossible to apply a universally acceptable standard. ...
The total population of goats in the world is about 738.2 million heads, while the population of goat in Africa is approximately 218.6 million heads. The goat population in Sudan is estimated to be 42.526 million heads. The total meat production from the goat in the world is about 3.8 million tones, while in Africa the total production of meat from goats is about 851,000 tones. The Sudanese goats produce about 118,000 tones of meat per year. The goat population is mainly in devolping countries where little is done to raise the awareness of the potential of this small ruminant to stimulate its introduction into animal research and economic development programmes. Population in Sudan can be classified into four major groups: Nubian, Desert, Nilotic and dwarf (or tagger) goats. The latter three groups are very excellent meat producers, however the first is famous for milk production, but the males are reported to produce good carasses. Goat meat is most important product from goats in the tropics andit is widely consumed. The colour of goat meat is usually dark red and it is somewhat coarse in texture. The fat content is usually sparse and the fat is white in colour. The sparse covering of fat on the meat and thetendency of the fat to be concentrated more in the viscera is acharacteristic of the species. There is often strong odour especially in the meat of the uncastrated old male goats. There is an emerging demand for goat meat as a gourmet item. In addition, health concerns regarding red meat do not apply to goat meat which compares favourably with chicken in terms of calories and protein, but is lower in total and saturated fat. Nowadays strategy in Sudan is focusing towards increase the awareness and cultureof utilizing goat meat, to spare beef and mutton for export.
... The indigenous Matabele goat is descended from numerous breeds introduced from northern Bantu tribes [1] . The breed is primarily found in Matabeleland North province (Nkayi, Lupane, Umguza, Bubi, Hwange, and Tsholotsho districts); Matabeleland South province (Matobo, Mzingwane, Insiza Gwanda, and Beitbridge districts); and some parts of Midlands province (Mberengwa district) [2] . ...
... The Sabi is renowned for its toughness, fertility, and resistance to a number of regional maladies and pests. Devendra and Burns [1] noted that indigenous Sabi sheep mature at adult weights of 35 kg for ewes and 45 kg for rams. ...
Measurements of live weight in goats and sheep are an important source of information for a range of scientific fields and applications in animal husbandry activities. The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between body weight and body measurements and to predict live body weight from body measurements in indigenous Matabele goats and indigenous Sabi sheep at Matopos Research Station in Zimbabwe. For this purpose, data on body weight (BWT) and linear body measurements (LBM) such as heart girth (HG), body length (BL), wither height (WTH) and rump height (RH) were collected from randomly selected females of each species of the age of 4 years. The corresponding means, standard deviations (SD), and coefficients of variation (CV) were determined for body weight and linear body measurements. Bivariate correlations between bodyweight and linear body measures characteristics were also determined. Simple and multiple regression were used to develop a model to predict BWT using linear body measures. Indigenous Matabele goat females' CV ranged from 15.77% to 22.68%, while indigenous Sabi sheep females' CV ranged from 19.16% to 19.37%. The CV was calculated by dividing the mean by the standard deviation. At 4 years of age, the mean BWT of the indigenous Sabi sheep and female Matabele goat were 35.96 ± 0.83 kg and 27.90 ± 0.66 kg, respectively. In indigenous Matabele goat females, the average linear body measures were HW (74.20 ± 0.53 cm), WTH (48.55 ± 0.53 cm), BL (47.53 ± 0.61 cm), and RH (57.50 ± 0.88 cm). The mean values for native Sabi sheep were 63.33 ± 0.70 cm, WTH (52.00 ± 0.80 cm), BL (51.26 ± 0.78 cm), and HW (85.56 ± 1.04 cm). The results showed a strong and positive correlation between BWT and linear body measures in female indigenous Matabele goats. The phenotypic correlation values were HG (r = 0.79), BL (r = 0.70), WTH (r = 0.68), and RH (r = 0.56), in decreasing order. In indigenous Sabi sheep the phenotypic correlation for BWT and linear body measurement was high and positive for HG (r = 0.73) with positive and moderate to low with WTH (r = 0.41), BL (r = 0.32) and RH (r = 0.36). Again, the results also indicated that ARTICLE INFO CITATION Assan N, Musasira M, Mpofu M, Mwareya N. Species dependent correlation analysis and regression models of body weight on linear body measures in indigenous sheep and goats of Zimbabwe. Advances in Modern Agriculture 2023; 4(2): 2388. 2 HG had a high and positive phenotypic correlation with BL (r = 0.53) while modest correlation was observed with HG and WTH (r = 0.41) and HG and RH (0.32). The optimal regression models for easily measuring body weight using HHG are BWT = −46.711 + 1.006HG (R 2 = 60%) and BWT = −15.209 + 0.586HG (R 2 = 53%) for indigenous Matabele goats and indigenous Sabi sheep, respectively. It is recommended that smallholder farmers use HG measurements to estimate body weight in both indigenous Sabi sheep and indigenous Matabele goat females at the age of 4 years.
... from treatments T1 and T4. Dry matter intake is considered as an important factor in the utilization of roughage by ruminant livestock and is a critical determinant of nutrient intake and performance in ruminants [9]. The crud protein intake was higher in treatment three than other treatments. ...
... This may be due to the higher dry matter intake of animals in treatment three. Because dry matter intake is considered as an important factor in the utilization of roughage by ruminant livestock and is a critical determinant of nutrient intake and performance in ruminants [9]. The higher (55.07%) and lower (52.02%) ...
... The findings of present investigation were principally similar to his conclusion. The findings for the improvement in average Body weight in stall-fed goats are in close agreement with Devendra and Burns (1983) [11] . The goats of Control group fed on grazing only exhibited the lowest body weight gain during the entire period of the experiment, the observation is in close agreement with the report of Saini et al. (1988) [25] . ...
... The findings of present investigation were principally similar to his conclusion. The findings for the improvement in average Body weight in stall-fed goats are in close agreement with Devendra and Burns (1983) [11] . The goats of Control group fed on grazing only exhibited the lowest body weight gain during the entire period of the experiment, the observation is in close agreement with the report of Saini et al. (1988) [25] . ...
The present experiment was carried out for 90 days (3 months) on either sex 72 Osmanabadi goat kids from 16 April 2017 to 15 July 2017 at COVAS, Udgir. The experimental parameters for the present study were T0-8 Hrs Grazing + Concentrate (@ 2% of live body weight : 50% at Morning + 50% at Evening), (@ 2% of live body weight : 50% at Morning + 50% at Evening). Body parameters were Weekly height at wither, Weekly growth in chest girth, Weekly growth in body length, the overall average Body weight gain recorded for the goats of all prescribed age groups for Control, T1, T2 and T3 were 3.36, 6.89, 5.12 and 4.04 kgs respectively. In Osmanabadi goats, grazing alone cannot able to meet the nutritional demand of body, hence malnourishment is the common problem in extensive goat rearing. Overall growth performance in Osmanabadi goat is enhanced by offering adlib green fodder with supplementation of concentrate mixture @ 2% of live weight after 4 hours of range grazing.
... Consumption of goat meat increasing rapidly due to its social acceptability, this sector has tremendous potential in employment generation, income, sustainability and foreign exchange earnings. Black Bengal Goat is globally known for its prolificacy, excellent meat quality, adaptability to hot humid conditions of Bihar [3,5,6,7,11,12,16]. Apart from these Black Bengal goat kids more commonly thrice in two years, twining is more frequent (56.32%) and quadruplet is least (2.11%) as reported by Hassan and co-workers [8]. ...
... Apart from these Black Bengal goat kids more commonly thrice in two years, twining is more frequent (56.32%) and quadruplet is least (2.11%) as reported by Hassan and co-workers [8]. However, Black Bengal goat is reported to be slower growth rate, low producer of milk [7,2,4,10,11] whereas the Boer is the fastest growing breed of goat. Furthermore, Black Bengal is the heritage and pride of eastern and north eastern part of India and a major meat productive animal in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa and Bihar [15,16]. ...
A study was conducted at Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), RPCAU, Pusa, Bihar to investigate the efficacy of frozen semen of Boer, success of AI technique, and conformation of site of semen deposition, conception rate in Black Bengal and performance of their kids under semi intensive system in hot humid climate of North Bihar. For this Ten Black Bengal (Capra hircus) goats (average body weight 21 kg) of second kidding were inseminated with semen of Boer goat with maintaining the standard manage mental practices and found about 60% conception rate which indicate success of cross breeding, conformation site of semen deposition and technique. The Boer semen straw was collected from Bangalore (institute) for Artificial insemination (A.I) in Black Bengal. Thus,it was found that crossbred progeny is superior in comparison to pure breed of Black Bengal in respect of birth weight, weight at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months of age as well as daily weight gain. So, this cross breed (Black Bengal X Boer) may be recommended for farming among the farmers.
... (Riera, 1982) . (Devendra and Burns, 1983) . (Greyling, 1988) . ...
... (Greyling, 1988) . (Hofmeyr et al., 1965;Devendra and Burns, 1983) . (Shelton, 1978;Vann der Westhuysen, 1980) . ...
Currently, several serious challenges such as the growing world population, the problem of climate change, the drought, and the associated decrease in rainfall have led directly to the loss of pastures. In this puzzle, the domestic goat species (Capra hircus) is one of the small ruminants that have minimal water requirements and are very resistant to harsh environments, and have little contribution to livestock species. However, keeping many native races is not cost-effective despite the importance of ecotourism and high levels of adaptability to the environment, and this issue is encouraging agricultural policy makers to open borders to exotic races, mostly without initial research and scientific evidence. Therefore, the first step in confirming the legal importation of an exotic breed is to understand all the details of its breeding and production and reproductive potential, as well as carefully paying attention to its survivability and adaptation to the new environment. In this regard, various countries around the world have started to import, plan and breed Boer goats. The Boer goat is one of the well-known commercial goat breeds that has the characteristics of fertility (large litter size) and high resistance to harsh environments and common diseases due to the desired meat and carcass. Here in this report, the authors try to introduce this candidate for an exotic goat breed with scientific support by talking about its detailed characteristics and the evaluation of its production and reproductive traits and prospects in the world and providing the source of information with the admixture of the highlighted possibilities alongside threats with emphasis on the Iranian state.
... The three breeds of interest in this study represent distinct genetic and phenotypic profiles. The West African Dwarf (WAD) goat is well-adapted to the humid forest zone of southern Nigeria, characterized by its small body size, disease resistance, and tolerance to trypanosomiasis (Devendra and Burns, 1983). The Red Sokoto goat, also known as the Maradi goat, is predominant in the northwestern regions and is highly valued for its fine skin quality and moderate body size (Abdul-Aziz, 2010). ...
This study investigated the genetic diversity of three indigenous goat breeds in Nigeria West African Dwarf (WAD), Red Sokoto, and Sahel goats using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on phenotypic traits to identify those with the highest discriminative power. A total of 90 goats were randomly selected, comprising 30 individuals from each breed under the same environmental conditions. Nine morphometric traits were measured: body weight, body length, height at withers, rump length, rump width, front leg length, hind leg length, cannon circumference, and chest (heart) girth. PCA was applied to reduce data dimensionality and identify patterns of trait variation across breeds. The communalities of the traits ranged from 0.687 to 0.939, indicating a high proportion of trait variance explained by the extracted components. Notably, cannon circumference (0.939), front leg length (0.876), and heart girth (0.875) exhibited the highest extraction values. Three principal components with eigenvalues greater than one were retained, accounting for a cumulative variance of 83.60%, thereby confirming the robustness and adequacy of the dataset for morphometric differentiation. The first component (PC1), which explained 52.27% of the total variance, was primarily associated with overall size and body conformation traits such as height at withers (0.904), hind leg length (0.897), and heart girth (0.830). PC2 (18.47%) was dominated by cannon circumference (0.892), while PC3 (12.86%) had rump width (0.759) as the highest loading variable. PCA provided a practical tool for informed decision-making in selection, conservation, and breeding, highlighting traits with strong breed-specific discriminative potential.
... This may be due to effect of breed, management and environment. The variation of BW and LBMs in goats of the same breed are greatly due to environmental factors (Devendra and Burns 1994). ...
The primary goal of the study was to establish models for predicting body weight (BW) using linear body measurements (LBMs) in indigenous Matebele does. BW data were correlated and regressed to body measurements (wither height = WTH, heart girth = HG, body length = BL, and rump height = RH) using linear and multiple linear regression of Statistical Package SS. A total of 127 does of different ages of 2yrs (N=26), 3yrs (N=34), 4yrs (N=32), and 5yrs (N=35) were used in the study. The strongest association (r = 0.89) was observed between HG and BW in 5-year-old females, and (r = 0.73) between WTH and BW. In 2-year-old females, BL was associated with RH (r = 0.89) and WTH (r = 0.88). In does aged 4 years, the coefficients of correlation between BW and all LBMs were high and positive. The best fits were found for all different age groups when all four LBMs were included in the model, with 2yr (R2 = 0.599), 3yr (R2 = 0.624), 4yr (R2 = 0.97), and 5yr (R2 = 0.845). With increasing dam age, predictive power strengthens. In the 4yr age group, linear body measures (R2 = 0.638) and BL (R2 = 0.501) provided satisfactory predictors of body weight as single factors. The findings indicate that the body weight of does in native Matebele goats of different ages could be calculated in the field using linear body measures obtained with a tape measure if there was no available weighing equipment.
... Goats and Sheep are important livestock species in Sudan for their ability of Converting forage, crops and house hold residues into meat, milk and skin (FAO, 1985). They are characterized by early age of maturity, require low inputs for a moderate level of Production and are profitable to keep (Devendra and Burns, 1970). Goats play an important socioeconomic role in rural areas especially for women who are among the most poor resource farmers in Africa. ...
Goats and sheep are vital livestock in Sudan, efficiently converting forage, crops, and household residues into meat, milk, and skin. They mature early, require minimal inputs for moderate production, and are profitable to raise.
This study was meant to determine the prevalence of internal parasites in Goats
in Khartoum State in Sudan. A total of 37 fecal samples from Goats of Al-sagai,
and Al-haq Yousif were screened. Microscopic examination detected 8 samples
(21.6%) were positive to parasite ova of Ascaris and one sample (2.7%) were
positive to coccidian.
Three samples (8.1%) were positive to Schistosoma, five samples (13.5%) were
positive to Fasciola, three samples (8.1%) were positive to Trichuris, one
sample (2.7%) were positive to Teania, four samples (10.4%) were positive to
Oxyuris, and Seven samples (18.9%) were positive to Hook worm.
... Goats were domesticated at first for meat. However, as a dairy animal, the goat is regarded as the oldest, even older than cattle (Devendra and Burns, 1983). Goat (Capra hircus) farming is a vital part of the national economy in many countries and plays a significant role in the socio-cultural life of the rural community and in preserving marginal areas (Willi, et al., 2006) especially in West Africa. ...
... The average range of daily milk production was between 469 and 545 g (Ehoche and Buvanendran, 1983). The matured male and female weighed 27 kg and 25 kg respectively Devendra and Burns (1983). Reported a weight of between 23 and 30 kg. ...
... Goat milk is richer in vitamins and minerals compared to cow milk, particularly appropriate in the diet of the elders, the sick and children [114,115]. Goat milking was practiced, and the lower daily milk yield (DMY) and higher DMY of the indigenous goats were 0.28 liter (Central Highland goats kept at semi-intensive system) and 1.13 liter (Arsi-Bale goats kept at semi-intensive system) (Table 7). However, sheep milking was not practiced except Begait sheep (0.47 liter per ewe per day in the wet season) ( Table 7). ...
1. Introduction Meat, milk, skin, fiber, horn and offal as products and the by-products which comprise of manure as fertilizer, and dung as fuel and for biogas production are the benefits obtained from small ruminants (SRs). Moreover, they also provide indirect benefit (weed control), intangible benefits [1, 2]. SRs are also sources of foreign currency [3] which enhances national agricultural GDP. African sheep have been traditionally classified based on their tail type [4, 5] because the earliest sheep in Africa were hairy thin-tailed and introduced to East Africa, and the second wave of sheep introduction to Africa constitutes fat-tailed sheep entering North Africa via the Isthmus of Suez straits and East Africa via the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb [5]. Africa was the home of 89 breeds and types of goats and there were approximately 570 breeds and types of goats in the world [6]. Ethiopia has diversified topographic features with altitudes ranging from areas below sea level in the Danakil depression to extremes of 4,500 meter above sea level in the Semien mountains [7]. Ethiopia has a large farm A B S T R A C T Globally, small ruminants (SRs) greatly contribute in food and nutrition security. The SRs in Ethiopia are diverse due to the diversified agro-ecologies and greatly contributed to the international SRs gene pools. Ethiopian SRs were under subsistence production and there was no national commercialized production system of SRs because the production system was low-input (mixed crop-livestock, pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems) followed by low-output system, and were not effectively used to contribute in the national food and nutrition security. The review objectives were to provide a synthesized information on the national indigenous goat and sheep genetic resources (IGSGRs) available and their national geographical distributions, on the breeding objectives of IGSGRs, production performances of IGSGRs and on the nationally imported goat and sheep genetic resources and their national impacts. There are controversial numbers of breeds of the IGSGRs, however, there were two more exotic sheep imported (9) than exotic goats (7) used for the national crossbreeding programmes (NCBPs) to improve the national SRs productivity. However, the NCBPs of the SRs were not successful due to incompatibility of the genotypes with the farmers breeding objectives, management methods and the low input production systems due to poor institutional supports. The unsuccessful NCBPs of the SRs were also largely confirmed by the higher national average percentages of the indigenous goat (99.94%) and sheep (99.69%) reports of the national CSA reported in 2016 through 2022. At national level, breeding objective traits of Menz, Bonga, Horro, and Afar sheep breeds were clearly defined, however, production system based participatory breeding objectives and associated selection traits of each goat and sheep populations were not identified. Average age at first mating (AFM) of the reviewed indigenous goats was 7.87 months whilst their average age at first kidding was 14.63 months. AFM of the reviewed indigenous sheep was 8.61 months whilst their average age at first lambing was 15.01 months. Average parturition interval (PI) and litter size at birth (LSB) of the reviewed indigenous goats were 8.91 months and 1.40 whereas the average PI and LSB of the reviewed indigenous sheep were 8.81 months and 1.33, respectively. Average six-month weight (6MW) and yearling weight (YW) of the reviewed indigenous goats were 11.50 Kg and 17.41 Kg whereas the average 6MW and YW of the reviewed indigenous sheep were 16.16 Kg and 21.75 Kg, respectively. Average daily milk yield of the reviewed indigenous goats was 0.65 liter milked for about 3.41 months, however, the reviewed indigenous sheep were not milked except Begait sheep (0.47 liter/ewe/day). Overall, the growth, reproductive and productive performances of the IGSGRs were very poor, and quick genetic and management improvements should be made to enhance their productivity. Research on meat and mutton characteristics and quality aspects of the IGSGRs was ignored. Therefore, national research institutions should be involved in identifying the meat and mutton characteristics and quality parameters of the IGSGRs. Revised national genetic characterizations should be conducted to properly identify the IGSGRs and avoid the controversy in the national breed numbers of both species. Modern breeding and husbandry practices should be used to extensively exploit the diversity and huge populations of the IGSGRs. Genetic improvement and conservation of the IGSGRs should also be of first national priority.
... Goat milk is richer in vitamins and minerals compared to cow milk, particularly appropriate in the diet of the elders, the sick and children [114,115]. Goat milking was practiced, and the lower daily milk yield (DMY) and higher DMY of the indigenous goats were 0.28 liter (Central Highland goats kept at semi-intensive system) and 1.13 liter (Arsi-Bale goats kept at semi-intensive system) (Table 7). However, sheep milking was not practiced except Begait sheep (0.47 liter per ewe per day in the wet season) ( Table 7). ...
The field data collection was conducted before the war (before October 2020) in Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to determine the relationships between the linear body traits (LBTs) and body weight of the indigenous sheep, and to develop regression equations for predicting live body weights of each population. Begait (173), Rutanna (151) and Arado (164) sheep of sample animals were randomly involved in the field data collection. Dentition was used to determine the age of the animals and were from one permanent pair of incisor up to four pairs of permanent incisors. The data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. The indigenous sheep populations were kept under low input extensive production system. The overall mean direct field weighed live body weights of the Begait, Rutanna and Arado sheep populations were 40.4±0.49 Kg, 48.3±0.94 Kg and 28.3±0.29 Kg, respectively. The correlations (P<0.01) between LBTs and direct field weighed live body weights of the indigenous sheep revealed that the LBTs could be used as indirect selection traits and could also be used to predict the live body weights of the indigenous sheep in areas where weighing scale is not available by using different regression equations. Chest depth (ChD = 0.817) and chest girth (ChG = 0.880) in Begait, ChD (0.874) and ChG (0.913) in Rutanna, and ChD (0.705) and ChG (0.788) in Arado sheep were among the highly significantly (P<0.01) correlated LBTs with the body weights of the indigenous sheep populations. Except in male Rutanna, chest girth or chest circumference could be solely used to predict the live body weights of the indigenous sheep breeds. This characterization work revealed that the Rutanna sheep (a transboundary breed) could be primarily used for mutton production due to their large live body weights. Genetic characterization of the indigenous sheep populations should be conducted for the identification of economically important candidate genes of the populations.
... While in male live weight ranges from 40-48 Kg and wither height ranges from 69-83 cm. These goats are primarily producer of meat and skin (Devendra and Burns, 1983). Kidding is non-seasonal and kidding interval is less than 12 months. ...
... g/kg BW 0.75 /day or 3.08% of the goat's BW. Devendra and Burns [17] stated that the DM consumption of local tropical goats ranged from 1.8-3.8% of body weight or equivalent to 40.5-127.3 g/kg BW 0.75 while NRC [18] stated that goat dry matter consumption was 2-3.8% of body weight. ...
... retention time(Meenhan et al. 2021), resulting in the observed high DM digestibility coe cients of 0.77 to 0.79. The DM intake of dairy goats is about 3 to 7% of body WT(Devendra and Burns 1970;Steel 1996), with dairy goats in temperate environments consuming DM amount of about 5-7% of body WT compared to 3% in meat goats(Otieno et al. 2016). The breed-environment interaction is important in the total DM consumption(Otieno et al. 2016), whereby the indigenous dairy goat breeds in the tropics consume DM of about 3.3%, with the exotic breeds introduced in the tropics, and goats in the temperate regions, consuming about 3.6 and 5.0% body WT DM, respectively(Otieno et al. 2016). ...
Dairy goats are an important source of nutritious milk. The main basal feeds for dairy goats in Kenya are Napier grass and crop residues that are low in nutrients, and therefore they need energy and protein supplementation to enhance milk production. Dairy meal is the main protein and energy supplement for dairy animals. Relevant information on the appropriate amount of dairy meal to supplement the basal diet to feed dairy goats, the daily total dry matter intake and milk production upon supplementation is scarce in Kenya. Therefore, a concentrate with a crude protein content of 160 gkg-1 DM and metabolizable energy content of 10 MJkg-1 DM was constituted to represent the dairy meal, and fed to lactating Toggenburg dairy goats on Napier grass basal diet, at supplementation levels of 0, 150, 300 and 450 g/goat day-1 in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The basal and total dry matter intake by the goats were 0.86-0.99 and 0.99-1.31 kg DM/goat day-1, respectively, with a milk production of 306.8-476.9 mL/goat day-1. The dry matter and organic matter digestibility of the diets were 767-786 and 792-804 gkg-1 DM, respectively. It was concluded that farmers feed the energy and protein concentrate at 300 g/goat day-1, as it resulted in the highest daily milk production.
... Goats are among the main meat-producing animals, and goat meat (chevon) has huge domestic demand, with no social, cultural, and religious restrictions in India. This breed provides certain management benefits because of its small size, tranquil nature, and low demand for housing [2,3,4]. The BBG is extremely adapted to harsh climate conditions and unusable ground where producing crops or raising dairy animals is unthinkable [5]. ...
The aim of the study was to compare the body condition score of Black Bengal goats reared under different rearing system and mortality rate between semi-intensive and intensive system under field condition. A total of 100 farmers were interrogated for fulfilling the parameters relevant to the purpose of current study. Age-wise classification of BBG were done into four groups, i.e., 1-3 month, 4-6 month, 7-12 month and 13-24 month of age to evaluate the body condition score among three rearing system. The present study found no substantial difference in the age group among 1-3 month, 4-6 month, 7-12 month of age managed under different system of rearing. However, a significant (p<0.05) difference was found in the age group of 13-24 month between semi-intensive and intensive system of rearing. It was observed that goats managed under intensive system was higher in body condition score by 6.81 % when compared to semi-intensive system of rearing. With subject to mortality rate, the average no. of goats died per year was comparatively higher in semi-intensive (1.20±0.10) than intensive (1.04±0.09) system of rearing under field condition. However, the mortality rate showed no significant (p<0.05) difference between the two system of rearing under field condition. From the current findings, it may be reported that the intensive system of rearing is better in terms of body condition score as well as minimizes the mortality rate of Black Bengal goat.
... In the current findings highest prevalence of Fasciola infection was detected in cattle with poor body condition followed by medium and good body condition scores. The high prevalence of Fasciola infection in poor body condition animals could be justified by the fact given by Devendra and Marca (1983) who indicated animals of poor body condition were susceptible to parasitic diseases. The significant variation in the prevalence of fasciolosis in relation to body condition could be further justified by the fact that Fasciola worms are known to suck blood and tissue fluid and even damage the parenchyma of the liver due to the migrating immature worms (Marquardt et al., 2000). ...
A cross sectional study was conducted to determine prevalence and associated risk factors with fasciolosis in cattle at Jima Rare district, Ethiopia from June 2022 to November 2022. Examinations of the fasciolosis egg were performed by using sedimentation techniques. A total of 380 faecal samples from cattle were subjected to coprological investigation. Out of this 133 were positive for egg of Fasciola with an overall prevalence of 35% (133/380). The prevalence was 21.7% (20/92), 57.5% (54/94), 48% (46/96) and 13.3% (13/98) in Lenca Guracha, Dile kolba, Bebala and Misoma Dangago respectively. The variation of prevalence among kebeles were showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The prevalence rates of fasciolosis based on sex were 35.5% (64/185) in females was higher when compared to 34.6% (69/195) in male sheep. However, the difference is not statistically significant (P>0.05; X2 =0.03). Higher prevalence rate in adults 35.5% (65/181) was recorded when compared to young animals 34.2% (68/199). However, the difference is not statistically significant (P>0.05; X2 =0.13). The prevalence rate among body condition is indicates that 43.2% (63/146), 34.8% (47/135) and 23.2% (23/99) in cattle with poor body condition, medium and good respectively. The analysis of data showed statistically significant (P<0.05; X2 =10.3). As conclusion bovine fasciolosis was prevalent in district, thus causing major economic loss in the study area. Hence, control strategies targeted on the parasite and the intermediate hosts as well as implementation of appropriate grazing management in the study area were warranted.
... They are distributed throughout West Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in India and Bangladesh (Husain, 1999). Problems like slower growth rate, low milk production, and a higher rate of kid mortality (Devendra and Burns, 1983) hamper the full exploitation of the productive potential of Black Bengal goats. The peripartum period, including 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition, is considered critical because several metabolic changes and adaptations mark this phase of the new physiological status of the animal (Tharwat et al., 2013). ...
... The concentrate mixture, wheat straw and DMI intake as g/ day, % live weight and % metabolic body weight are within normal range as given in Tables 4 and 5 indicating no significant variation in between groups at different periodic intervals in both trials that are in concordance with the reports of Devendra and Burns (1983) and Ajitpaul et al. (2010) suggesting no negative effect on the palatability of the feed upon substitution of LMM @ 15%. ...
The current research was undertaken to scrutinize the effect of leaf meal mixture as concentrate mixture in the ration of goats. Leaf meal mixture (LMM) was prepared using equal quantities of ten top-foliages namely Acacia nilotica, Celtis australis, Ficus palmata, Ficus religiosa, Grewia optiva, Melia azadarach, Morus alba, Quercus incana, Salix alba and Zizyphus jujube obtained from district Poonch of Jammu region in western Himalayas. The LMM prepared was substituted for 15% in the concentrate mixture being fed to the goats. The study constituted of two trials. Concentrate mixture offered to the animals was in mash and multi-nutrient block in first and second trial respectively. A total of twelve non-descript, adult male goats were selected for each trial. Goats of 0–14 months age (27.71 ± 2.96 kg live body weight) of for first trial while goats of 12–16 months age (27.02 ± 2.93 kg live weight) for second trial were divided into control and treatment groups as per randomized block design and fed ad-lib wheat straw and concentrate mixture @ (20 g/kgW0.75). No significant variation was observed (p > 0.05) in body weight, feed and DM intake among all groups in both trials. Comparable intake as well as digestibility of various nutrients like DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, NDF, ADF and TDN were found between the two groups during individual trials. There was a positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance among all experimental animals in both the trials. Serum enzymes ALT, AST and haemato-biochemical parameters like total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) showed no significant differences during both trials in all groups, being within normal physiological levels. However, haemoglobin concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in treatment group with respect to the control group in first trial. On the basis of current results, it can be established that leaf meal mixture can successfully be used to replace concentrate mixture up to 15% in the ration of goats without expecting any adverse impacts on their growth and overall health.
... The concentrate mixture, wheat straw and DMI intake as g/ day, % live weight and % metabolic body weight are within normal range as given in Tables 4 and 5 indicating no significant variation in between groups at different periodic intervals in both trials that are in concordance with the reports of Devendra and Burns (1983) and Ajitpaul et al. (2010) suggesting no negative effect on the palatability of the feed upon substitution of LMM @ 15%. ...
The current research was undertaken to scrutinize the effect of leaf meal mixture as concentrate mixture in the ration of goats. Leaf meal mixture (LMM) was prepared using equal quantities of ten top-foliages namely Acacia nilotica, Celtis australis, Ficus palmata, Ficus religiosa, Grewia optiva, Melia azadarach, Morus alba, Quercus incana, Salix alba and Zizyphus jujube obtained from district Poonch of Jammu region in western Himalayas. The LMM prepared was substituted for 15% in the concentrate mixture being fed to the goats. The study constituted of two trials. Concentrate mixture offered to the animals was in mash and multi-nutrient block in first and second trial respectively. A total of twelve non-descript, adult male goats were selected for each trial. Goats of 0–14 months age (27.71 ± 2.96 kg live body weight) of for first trial while goats of 12–16 months age (27.02 ± 2.93 kg live weight) for second trial were divided into control and treatment groups as per randomized block design and fed ad-lib wheat straw and concentrate mixture @ (20 g/kgW0.75). No significant variation was observed (p > 0.05) in body weight, feed and DM intake among all groups in both trials. Comparable intake as well as digestibility of various nutrients like DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, NDF, ADF and TDN were found between the two groups during individual trials. There was a positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance among all experimental animals in both the trials. Serum enzymes ALT, AST and haemato-biochemical parameters like total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) showed no significant differences during both trials in all groups, being within normal physiological levels. However, haemoglobin concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in treatment group with respect to the control group in first trial. On the basis of current results, it can be established that leaf meal mixture can successfully be used to replace concentrate mixture up to 15% in the ration of goats without expecting any adverse impacts on their growth and overall health.
... Cattle, goat and buffalo reared in open or extensive systems showed higher prevalence of parasite which is in agreement with studies of Rabbi et al. (2011). Most of the ruminants are reared in rural areas in scavenging or semi scavenging system (Devendra, 1970). In this type of rearing, goats graze on the fields. ...
A prevalence study was conducted on helminthes infestation in ruminant in Rajbari district of Bangladesh. A total of 5397 animals of different age, sex at different management systems were examined. The overall prevalence of helminthes infestation in cattle, goat and buffalo are 52.40%, 55.24% and 91.43% respectively. Trematode infestation of Fasciola, Paramphistomum, Schistosoma were found 20.84%, 7.47% and 4.13%, respectively in cattle whereas 10.37%, 2.56% and 3.17% in goat and 23.96%, 16.87% and 11.24% in buffalo. Nematode infestation of Ascaris, Haemonchus, Strongylus and Trichuris were found 9.48%, 2.79%, 4.46% and 1.12%, respectively in cattle; 15.61%, 12.56%, 5.24% and 0.49% in goat, and 12.05%, 11.91%, 5.76% and 3.35% in buffalo, respectively. Cestode infestation of Moniezia and Taenia were found 1.12% and 0.99% in cattle; 4.76% and 0.49% in goat, and 4.02% and 2.28% in buffaloes, respectively. The highest prevalence rate was recorded in animal aged over 3 years in comparison to 0-1 year and 1-3 year. The male were the most susceptible than female. Indigenous breed was more susceptible to helminthes infestation that exotic/cross breeds. Prevalence of helminthes infestation was higher in ruminants reared in open system than confined system. The overall helminthes infestations in ruminant was found highest in November (14.89%) and the lowest prevalence was recorded in October (6.71%). The study suggests the helminthes infestation was widely prevalent in ruminant of Rajbari district and deserve treatment and control measures against them.
... Payne and Wilson (1999) also reported that dressing percentage increases with increasing the proportions of concentrate in the ration. According to Devendra and Burns (1983), dressing percentage is described as the proportion of carcass weight to body weight and it assists in assessing the meat proportion of the animals subjectively. ...
The experiment was carried out at Mekelle University livestock farm, Tigray, Ethiopia. Twenty four male yearling Highland sheep with an average live weight of 162.4kg (mean standard deviation) were used in the experiment. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of concentrate supplementation with mixtures of wheat bran (75%) and cotton seed cake (25%) on performance of highland sheep. The experimental design was a randomized complete Block design (RCBD) with four treatments and six replications. The experiment was carried out for 90 days after 21 days of feed adaptation period. At the end of the feeding trial digestibility trial was carried out for seven consecutive days followed by evaluation of carcass parameters. There was significantly higher (P<0.05) total DM intake in the supplemented group than the control treatment. Similarly, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) among all treatments in CP intake due to the increased level of supplementation. Digestibility of DM, OM and CP were also significantly higher (P<0.05) for rams supplemented with the higher level of concentrate mixture than the control treatment. The feed conversion efficiency was significantly (P<0.05) higher for the high level of supplement as compared to the other treatments. The mean values of slaughter weight, empty body weight and rib-eye area were significantly (P<0.05) higher for the 200 and 250 g/d supplemented treatments than the control Generally the present study indicated that supplementation of Tigray highland rams with concentrate mixture had an effect on performance of sheep and the effects were relatively more pronounced on rams supplemented with the highest level of concentrate mixture. Therefore, supplementation of WS with 250g DM concentrate mixture is biologically more efficient.
... Comparison with objective rainfall data (Fig. 6) and literature (Chaplin et al. 2017) shows strong agreement Monthly calendar results were highly plausible Availability of cow milk Animal production literature explains how cow milk production in African pastoralist systems follows rainfallpatterns and availability of pasture (Jahnke 1982). Monthly calendar results were highly plausible Availability of goat milk Animal production literature explains how goat milk production in African pastoralist systems follows rainfall patterns, breeding management and availability of browse (Devandra and McLeroy 1982). Monthly calendar results were highly plausible Availability of own-produced sorghum Agriculture literature explains the seasonality of the rain-fed crop production, including sorghum production in dryland areas of Africa and specifically in Karamoja (Robinson and Zappacosta 2014). ...
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The Karamoja region of northeast Uganda had been characterized by high levels of acute malnutrition (AM) for decades, despite substantial aid investment in nutrition programmes. Participatory epidemiology (PE) was used to understand the seasonality of child AM from the perspective of women agro-pastoralists and understand their knowledge and prioritization of the causes of child AM. Women provided highly plausible descriptions and analysis of monthly variations in the occurrence of AM, livelihood factors related to the temporal variation in AM occurrence, the root causes of AM and relationships between these causes. Overall, AM was strongly attributed to declining livestock ownership and access to cow milk and normalized gender discrimination. Monthly calendars revealed important monthly patterns in AM, births and women's workload that had not been previously reported. There was significant agreement (p < 0.01) between independent women's groups (n = 16) for the monthly calendars and causal diagrams, indicating strong reproducibility of the methods. Triangulation indicated good validity of the monthly calendar method. The PE approach demonstrated that agro-pastoralist women with limited formal education could describe and analyse the seasonality of AM and related factors and identify and prioritize the causes of AM. Indigenous knowledge should be valued and respected, and nutrition programmes should shift the emphasis towards far more participatory and community-based approaches. The timing of conventional nutrition surveys in agro-pastoral settings should be based on an understanding of the seasonality of livelihoods.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13570-023-00269-5.
... Pakistan is ranked 4th in the world's goat population with 78.2 million heads (FAO, 2020) comprising 36 goat breeds (Khan et al., 2008). Among these breeds, the Beetal goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) is famous in the plains of Punjab for its body color (black, red, and white), weight (45-65 kg), and milk yield (~2 liters) (Devendra and Burns, 1983;Teufel et al., 1998;Khan and Ashfaq, 2018). The average age at first kidding, kidding rate, and the number of kids per kidding in Beetal goat is 15 months (Hasnain, 1985), 1.07 kidding per year, and 1.5 kids per kidding (Zafar, 1990), respectively. ...
... The single born kids' higher survivability from this study is in close accordance with the findings of Getachew et al. (2015) and Devendra and Burns (1983). This may further be ascribed to the low body weight of the kids born as multiple births when compared to those born single (Naude and Hofmeyr, 1981). ...
... The age and weight at puberty was studied by Devandra and Burns, 1983, in Saanen kids and found that they achieved puberty earlier and more synchronized (P<0.05) than Anglo-Nubian kids (12). There were no significant differences between the Anglo-Nubian and Saanen kids when comparing the proportion of adult body weight at which the goat's reached puberty, 50.9% against 45.1%, accordingly. ...
The Beetal goat or Lahori goat is a breed from the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is used for milk and meat production. It is similar to the Jamnapari goat and the Malabari goat. Beetal goats have been widely used for improvement of local goats throughout the subcontinent. These goats are also adapted to stall feeding, thus are preferred for intensive goat farming. The Beetal goat and the Malabari goats are usually compared for their body characteristics. The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of beetal goat reproduction under different management techniques. Based on reproductive effectiveness and growth parameters, the results of two goat production management systems, namely (1) seasonal breeding and (2) year-round breeding, were compared. The study was performed out during a one-year period. The data was collected from two farms for this study, the 1st farm was the private farm known as Noor-Hussain Goat Farm in Raiwind and 2nd farm was Bahadurnagar Research Institute in Okara which is run by the government. Adult goats (n=72+) were collected for this study and their reproductive and productive traits were examined (2-bucks with each flock).
... The growth curve of body weight in goat can be affected by breed, sex, nutrition and farming management system. In the breeding system of goat, an inflection point is important to determine the optimum weight and age for reproduction (Devendra & Burns, 1983). The k parameter influences the maturation rate of the animal, indicating the growth rate to reach the asymptote weight. ...
Ettawa crossbred goat is one of Indonesian native goat that kept for meat and milk productions. This research was aimed to predict the growth curve of body weight in Ettawa crossbred goat at 1-24 months of age with Logistic (L) and Gompertz (G) mathematical models. The number of 48 goats (24 males and 24 females) were used in this study and collected from Tambang District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province of Indonesia. Research showed that L and G models have the very high coefficient determination (R 2) value (R 2 >0.90).
... Ruminant animals are important for their social and economic benefit to man (Devendra and Burns, 1983.) Animal protein plays a major role in ensuring good body defense mechanism that its consumption in humans is absolutely necessary (Gillespie, 2003). ...
This study evaluated the fetal losses due to slaughtering of pregnant cows at Lafenwa abattoir in Abeokuta, Ogun State. The ages of the fetuses were determined by measuring body length from head to the hind feet. Structured questionnaires were administered to obtain information on the slaughtered cattle. Data were subjected to descriptive and quantitative analysis. Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used to compare means. The total number of cattle slaughtered during the study period at Lafenwa abattoir was 15, 112 with a monthly average of 3,778 and daily average of 145.91. The White Fulani dominated the population. The total number of cows and pregnant cows slaughtered constituted 76.7% and 10.7% of the cattle slaughtered respectively. Throughout the period of the study, 1,617 fetuses were recovered, out of which 1,056 were recovered in the second and third trimesters. On the average, the percentage of fetal wastage was 10.7%, and one fetus was lost for every seven cows or every nine cattle slaughtered. It was concluded that the law which prohibits the slaughtering of pregnant cows should be enforced and policy efforts must concentrate on instituting routine veterinary checks at control posts and abattoirs.
... This is critical to safeguarding the security of family members. They are prolific and require low inputs for a moderate level of production, reach maturity early and are profitable to keep (Devendra & Burns, 1980). Farmers and pastoralists are increasingly relying on goats as means of survival and a way of boosting their income (Peacock, 2005). ...
... The breeding season has been reported to vary according to their geographical location; it starts when light to dark ratio starts to fall (Thimonier, 1981) i.e. after June 21 st in northern latitudes (Robertson, 1977), and ceases at a time when light to dark ratio is increasing. In the tropics, however, where there is less seasonal variation in daylength, both goat and sheep tend to breed almost throughout the year (Devendra and Burns, 1983;Amoah and Gelaye, 1990). ...
A field visit was made from December 2023 to February 2024 to observe, interact with farmers and obtain the productive and reproductive data from the cooperative and from farmers through survey questionnaire. The CIGIG project has been operational since 2014 A.D. The data collected since that year was used for the study. Since its inception, the project has been working on Khari and Jamunapari crossbreds locally called ‘Khapari’ goat. The best-performing bucks and goats were phenotypically identified and tagged making a population of superior-performing goats within a group of farmers. The selection was made within that population to identify and select the best and cull the poor-performing kids. Selection of nannies within the population is mainly made on a three-month litter weight basis and bucklings for marketing and distribution are selected on a five-month weight basis. The present study focuses on the effect of types CIGIG, CIGIG X Local, and local and non-genetic factors like location, sex, parity of dam, and litter size on productive and reproductive traits of the seed goats and local goats. Altogether 456 goats were used for the study of growth traits and 539 goats were used for the study of reproductive traits. Data related to the production system, growth, and reproductive performance were measured and collected through field visits, and the database maintained by the local cooperatives in the two districts. The data were analysed using the Harvey computer software package. The mean comparison was made using the Duncan Multiple Range Test [DMRT]. The study revealed that goat type is a major factor affecting goats' reproductive and productive traits. The overall least square mean and standard error for age at first kidding, kidding interval, and twinning percentage were 17.51±0.2 months, 9.48±0.1 months, and 52.39±1.3% respectively. The longest age at first kidding, and kidding interval was observed in the CIGIG seed goat types. However, the highest twinning percentage was observed in the CIGIG seed goat types. The goat type significantly affected Growth traits such as birth and weight at five months (p<0.001). The sex of kids significantly (p<0.001) affects their weight at birth and weight at five months. Male goats were heavier than female goats at all stages of development. The parity of the dam significantly (p<0.001) affects kids' birth weight. Litter size at birth significantly (p<0.001) affected birth weight and five-month weight. Among the goat types considered under study, CIGIG seed goat types’ progeny showed the best growth performances with comparable reproductive performance by the seed goat types. This is a novel attempt made by Heifer International Nepal to bring genetic improvement in goats through selective breeding within the goat population managed by a community. This has led to the production of goats with higher productivity and reproductive prolificacy under farmers' management and feeding conditions.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Performa Kuantitatif Kambing Saburai Betina di Kecamatan Sumberejo Kabupaten Tanggamus. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Juni sampai dengan Juli 2022 di lokasi pengembangan kambing Saburai Kabupaten Tanggamus, Provinsi Lampung. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode survei di lokasi peternakan. Data diambil dengan cara purposive sampling dengan mengumpulkan data primer dan sekunder. Peubah yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah bobot badan, panjang badan, lingkar dada,tinggi pundak, dalam dada, lebar dada, tinggi pinggul, dan lebar pinggul. Data yang diperoleh di hitung dan dianalisisi dengan menggunakan uji-t. Hasil penelitian yang telah di hitung dan di analisis dengan menggunakan uji-t secara keseluruhan berbeda nyata. Rataan bobot badan, panjang badan, lingkar dada, lebar dada, dalam dada, tinggi pundak, tinggi pinggul kambing saburai betina umur 1 dan dua tahun di Kecamatan Sumberejo Kabupaten Tanggamus secara berturut-turut adalah (39,40±1,36 kg; 54,13±1,90; 57,70±1,75; 18,36±0,67; 26,66±1,46; 57,84±1,63; 62,10±1,41; 14,72±0,88cm) dan (41,43±2,77 kg; 58,51±3,46; 62,09±1,83; 20,01±1,18; 28,90±1,25; 60,78±1,54; 64,59±1,96; 16,16±1,02 cm). Simpulan bahwa performa kuantitatif (bobot badan, panjang badan, lingkar dada, lebar dada, dalam dada, tinggi pundak, tinggi pinggul dan lebar pinggul) kambing Saburai betina umur 2 tahun lebih tinggi dari pada kambing Saburai umur 1 tahun.
Goats play an important role in the livelihood of the farmer but their frequent encounter with gastrointestinal nematodes causes retarded growth, mortality, and production losses. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between August and November 2023 to determine the prevalence, level of infections, and its association with various risk factors. A total of 350 fecal samples of goats were collected per rectally using the purposive sampling method from the smallholder and commercial farm of Tilottama Municipality, Rupandehi, Nepal. The collected sample was subjected to floatation and the McMaster technique for qualitative and quantitative examination with saturated NaCl solution. Data was entered in MS Excel 2013 and analysis was performed in SPSS version 25. Out of 350 samples, 242 (69.14%) were found to be positive for gastrointestinal nematodes among which the Strongyle group (60%) including Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Bunostomum spp.), Strongyloides sp. (38.57%), and Trichuris spp. (11.14%). The EPG of the total positive sample was 1352 (192.610). Statistically, there was a significant association among the smallholder vs commercial for prevalence rates (p = 0.000242) rates and EPG (p = 0.003). The statistical difference was also observed based on deworming status for the prevalence of nematodes and EPG count (p = 0.016). The practice of good housing, grazing and pasture management, feeding of supplements, and deworming at a regular interval must be maintained to promote growth, minimize mortality & production losses, and maximize the returns from animals.
In view of this, the promotion of entrepreneurship in the Animal Husbandry sector assumes significance for boosting Livestock-Fishery businesses as well as increasing the value-addition of livestockfishery products. This will reduce unemployment, increase efficiency in resource utilization and finally, enhance the income of the rural farming community an unemployed youth of the Country.
The survey was conducted to represent the livestock production scenario and to know the performances of cattle and goats in few selected rural areas of Gaibandha district. The data on productive and reproductive performances of cattle and goats were collected from 102 household within four selected village under Gobindaganj Upazila of Gaibandha district with a pretested survey questionnaire. The collected data were compiled, tabulated and analyzed by student t test. In the study area, about 59% were indigenous cattle and 41% were crossbred cattle. A total of 113 goats were found in the study area of which 82% belongs to Black Bengal goat and the remaining 18% belongs Jamunapari goat. All the livestock (100%) were managed intensively during the spring and rainy seasons. Similarly, almost all livestock (100%) are confined in shed at night, and 45.9% and 54.09% of the livestock population are confined in shed and paddock at day time, respectively. Artificial insemination (AI) is the preferred breeding method for cattle, whereas goats primarily rely on natural mating. Milk yield and lactation period of cow, and mature body weight of both male and female were significantly (P<0.05) higher in crossbred than indigenous cattle.Similarly, age at first kidding, lactation period and kidding interval of does, and mature body weight of buck and does were significantly higher in Jamunapari goats than Black Bengal goats. However, the conception rate and number of kids per kidding were higher in Black Bengal goats than Jamunapari goats. In conclusion, from our results, crossbred cattle and Jamunapari goats are performing better in rural conditions, whereas Black Bengal goats are efficient in producing more offspring at a given time.
The ovaries samples were harvested from local slaughtered of local black Does in Almqudadia carnage . Goats about 1-3 years age were examined . The samples were collected 10 ovaries of each month, starting from 15 July 2012 to 15 July 2013. The samples were excised from bodies of slaughtered animals. The extracted samples were cleared from adjacent structures. The samples were immersed in isotonic saline solution with ice packs during transportation to the experimental lab. Morphometric, ovaries weight were significantly (P<0.01)
higher during autumn season(3.68±1.31 gm) in compared to spring season (1.67 ± 0.05gm) . ovary height were significantly (P<0.01) higher during autumn season(10.29±3. 11 mm) in compared to other season and ovaries length were significantly (P<0.01) higher during autumn season(19.31±0.19 mm) in compared to other season and ovaries width were significantly (P<0.01) higher during autumn season(14.86±0.33 mm) in compared to other seasons(winter, spring and summer) (12.69 ± 0.28, 12.63± 0.27, 12.97 ± 0.40 mm, respectively) The numbers of mature follicles significantly (P<0.01) high in autumn season (31.20±1.31) in compared to winter, spring, and summer season and the numbers of immature follicles significantly (P<0.01) higher in autumn season (45.43±0.04) in comparing to winter, spring, and summer season. While the percentage was 40.71± 1.37% in comparison to values of other seasons . conclusion the autumn season effect significantly in ovary changes and reproductive season begin in black local Does.
Feed consumed by animal is subject to natural processes in the animal system before it could be useful to the animal. And it is after digestion that the imbedded nutrients can be available for use by animal for various purposes. Non-conventional foodstuff could be fed to animal, but the challenge accompanying it is its digestion for the inherent nutrients to be utilized by animal. A research was conducted to evaluate the nutrient intake and digestibility by West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks fed graded level of boiled Caladium bicolor. Four matured WAD bucks were confined individually in metabolism cages and offered the diets (A-D) in a 4x4 latin square design experiment. The diets were formulated using Boiled Caladium Bicolor (BCB), cassava peels, brewer dried grain, palm kernel cake, bone meal and common salt. The percentage inclusion level of BCB in the four diets were 0%(A), 10%(B), 20%(C), and 30%(D) respectively with diet A being the control. Each animal received each of the diet for 28 days in each of the 4 phases. Urine and faecal samples were taken and analyzed for nitrogen and proximate composition. Dry Matter Intake (DMI) obtained decreased significantly (P<0-05) with increase inclusive level of boiled Caladium bicolor (54.91-47.01) for treatment AD respectively. Crude protein intake, N-intake, N-absorbed, N-balance, and apparent N-digestibility followed similar trend. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the treatment groups in all the parameters. All the animals were in positive N-balance indicating that their maintenance requirements were satisfied by all the diets. The decrease in value of N-intake, N-absorbed, N-balance and apparent N-digestibility as the value of BCB increases could be due to traces of anti-nutrients (trypsin, Hydrogen cyanid, Sapronin) in the diet. However, 10% inclusion level of boiled Caladium bicolor was best utilized by the animal, therefore could be recommended as the optimal inclusion level in WAD goat diet.
The purpose of this study was to identify body dimensions that influenced the growth of goats reared in Bugis Village, Serangan Village, Denpasar, Bali. Data were obtained through direct observations, formal goat farmer in- terviews and key informant interviews that were conducted from April to July 2018. Two of the remaining three farmers who still kept rearing goats in Serangan Village were involved in this study. Each farmer housed his goats with a colony housing system and fed forages 10% of total body weight/day (control). One farmer supplemented ad- ditional feed of dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott) silage (treatment). The variables observed: body weights, chest circumferences, body lengths, height of withers, and rump heights. This result showed that the body weight of 8 control goats was 30.67 ± 239 kg, which was significantly heavier than those of 29 treatment goats 20.65 ± 1.28 kg (P<0,05), however body weight of the treatment goats aged >5 years 38.73 ± 1.09 kg was significan- tly heavier than 33.33 ± 209 kg of those of the control goats (P<0.05). The highest correlation value in this result showed R2=0.964 between body weight and body length.
Kambing termasuk hewan yang rentan terhadap penyakit parasiter, salah satunya adalah Trichuris spp. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan faktor risiko infeksi Trichuris spp. pada kambing yang dipelihara di kota Denpasar. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 100 sampel feses yang diambil di beberapa peternak di kota Denpasar, selanjutnya dilakukan pencatatan data seperti umur, jenis kelamin, jumlah kambing per kandang, breed, dan juga sistem perkandangan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode apung dengan mengambil 3 gr feses lalu dihomogenkan dan disentrifuge dengan kecepatan 1500 rpm selama 5 menit. Lakukan kembali setelah membuang supernatan. Setelah disentrifuge tambahkan garam jenuh dan diamkan selama 2-3 menit dan lakukan pemeriksaan dibawah mikroskop dan selanjutnya data dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis bivariat berupa uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa prevalensi Trichuris spp. sebesar 9% dan dipengaruhi oleh umur dan breed.
Hard ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites infesting all types of domestic ruminants throughout the world and serve as vectors in the dissemination of a wide variety of pathogens. Sheep and goat farming is a vital economic source for resource-poor farming communities in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province of Pakistan. Aim: The aim of present study is to study the epidemiological profile of ticks in various agro-climatic zones of KPK. Materials and Methods: A total of 1500 (882 sheep and 618 goats) of all age groups and sexes were examined for the presence of ticks belonging to six districts in four agro-climatic zones of KPK province, Pakistan. Non-probability sampling was undertaken based on animal hosts' selection, collection of hard ticks, and epidemiological parameters. Ticks collected from sheep and goats were identified phenotypically using standard keys. Results: The results revealed that Rhipicephalus microplus (36.2%) was the predominant tick species followed by Hyalomma anatolicum (25.2%), Hyalomma trancatum (18.1%), Hyalomma aegyptium (11.3%), Hyalomma asiaticum (6.9%), and Haemephysalis bispinosa (2.4%). Different epidemiological parameters showed that weather, humidity, and host age negatively affect (p < 0.05) tick load while temperatures (Minimum and Maximum), sunshine (hrs), and precipitation positively affected (p < 0.05) tick load. Host sex only showed a positive association with tick load (p > 0.05). The highest value of tick diversity index (H) 0.36748 was noted for Hyalomma anatolicum as this tick species was commonly distributed in three agro-climatic zones except in the Suleiman Piedmont zone, while Haemaphysalis bispinosa has the lowest diversity index (0.0334) as it was only found in the Central Valley Plains zone of KPK. The Shannon diversity index of tick diversity was highest at Barikot while the lowest index value was at Kabal (2.407). Similarly, a higher Simpson's diversity index was at Barikot (0.9554) and the lowest hard index was noted at Takht bai (2.874). The dominance index showed that the tick species were more dominant at Takht bai (0.1251), while the lowest dominance was at Barikot (0.04465). Conclusions: It has been concluded that tick diversity and distribution, abundance, reproduction, development, and survival depend on prevailing climatic conditions. The present study would not only help to identify the tick species but also facilitate in devising effective control measures to minimize the transmission pathogens in sheep and goats being reared in the various agro-climatic zones of KPK province, Pakistan.
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