2009,Vol.9, No.1(Larger)

Full text

------ Iraqi Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 35– 54, 2009 ------
35
Larger Foraminifera (Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae)
from the Former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation, Kurdistan
Region, Northeastern Iraq
Imad M. Ghafor Mushir M. Qadir
Department of Geology
College of Science
Sulaimani University
(Received 11/3/2008, Accepted 31/12/2008)
ABSTRACT
The most recent studies reformed the occurrence of Qulqula Conglomerate
Formation where they combined with Red Bed Series. The present palaeontological
study, in the type locality, aids the recognition of the formation. Twenty species from the
three families of Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae are described and figured
from the former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation (present Red Bed Series) in Kurdistan
Region, Northeastern Iraq. These assemblages indicate the age of the source area as Late
Paleocene _ Middle Eocene age. The vertical and lateral distributions of the assemblages
are discussed. The pebbles and boulders that bearing the recognized assemblages are
derived by erosion from the source area (affiliated to Walash _ Naoperdan Group) and
deposited during later ages (younger ages) that more likely they deposited during Late
Eocene age.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
ارﯾﻔﯾﻧﻣاروﻔﻟااﻟﮑﺑ ةرﯾ) وﯾﻧ و يدﯾﺗروﺳ ،ىدﯾﻧﯾﻟوﯾﻔﻟاﻣﯾ ويدﯾﺗﯾﻟ ( ﺔﻠﻘﻠﻗ نﯾوﮑﺗ نﻣﺿ
قارﻌﻟا قرﺷ لﺎﻣﺷ ،نﺎﺗﺳدرﮐ مﯾﻠﻗا ،قﺑﺎﺳﻟا ﻲﺗﺎﮑﻠﻣدﻣﻟا
ردﺎﻗ ﻰﻔطﺻﻣ رﯾﺷﻣ روﻔﻏ دوﻣﺣﻣ دﺎﻣﻋ
ضرﻻا موﻠﻋ مﺳﻗ
موﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﯾﻠﻛ
ﺔﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾﻠﺳﻟا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ
صﺧﻠﻣﻟا
ءارـﻣﺣﻟا تﺎـﻘﺑطﻟا ﺔﻠـﺳﻠﺳ ﻊـﻣ ﻰﺗﺎﻛﻠﻣدـﻣﻟا ﺔـﻠﻘﻠﻗ نﯾوـﻛﺗ دـﺟاوﺗ تﺟﻣد ﺔﺛﯾدﺣﻟا تﺎﺳاردﻟا مظﻌﻣ. ﺔـﺳاردﻟا
ﺞﻣدﻟا اذﻫ دﯾؤﺗ ﺔﯾﻟﺎﺣﻟا، ﻪﯾﻠﻋو مﺗا ﺔﯾﻋﺎﻘﻟا ارﻔﻧﯾﻣاروﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺗ لﺋاوﻋ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﺔﺳاردةرﯾﺑﻛﻟ
. صﯾﺧـﺷﺗ مـﺗ٢٠ َ
ﺎـﻋوﻧ
وﺗﻣﻟا دــﯾﻣﻼﺟﻟاو ﻰــﺻﺣﻟا لــﺧاد رﺧﺎــﺗﻣﻟا نﯾــﺳوﯾﻟﺎﺑﻟا رــﻣﻋ ﻰــﻟا دوــﻌﺗ ﻰﺗﺎﻛﻠﻣدــﻣﻟا ﺔــﻠﻘﻠﻗ نﯾوــﻛﺗ نﻣــﺿ ةدــﺟا
_
طﺳوﻻا نﯾﺳوﯾﻻا . ةرـﯾﺑﻛﻟا ﺔـﯾﻋﺎﻘﻟا ارﻔﯾﻧﻣاروﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﺣﻟا دﯾﻣﻼﺟﻟاو ﻰﺻﺣﻠﻟ ىدوﻣﺎﻌﻟا و ﻰﻘﻓﻻا ﻊﯾزوﺗﻟا ﺔﺳارد نا

Imad M. Ghafor and Mushir M. Qadir36
ﺔﯾردـﺻﻣﻟا روﺧـﺻﻟا نـﻣ ترـﻌﺗ دـﻗ ﺎـﻬﻧوﻛ ﻰـﻟا رﯾﺷﺗ)رﺧﺎـﺗﻣﻟا نﯾـﺳوﯾﻟﺎﺑﻟا رـﻣﻌﺑ_ﻻا نﯾـﺳوﯾﻻاطـﺳو ( دـﻗ ﻰـﺗﻟاو
نادرﺑوﻧ ش ﻻاو ﺔﻋوﻣﺟﻣ روﺧﺻ نوﻛﺗ ، ﻻا لﻼـﺧ ﻰﺗﺎﻛﻠﻣدـﻣﻟا ﺔـﻠﻘﻠﻗ نﯾوـﻛﺗ ﻰﻣـﺳﯾ ﺎـﻣ روﺧﺻ نﻣﺿ تﺑﺳرﺗو
رﺧﺎﺗﻣﻟا نﯾﺳوﯾكﻟاذ دﻌﺑ ﺎﻣ وا
.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
INTRODUCTION
The studied area is located within Sulaimani Governorate in northeastern Iraq.
It forms a narrow belt extending from Halabja town, in the southeast to Qandil mountain
toe near the Qulqula village at the northwest. (Fig.1), this area is located at latitude
(36o19-12=_ 36o18-30=) and longitude (45o10-15=_ 45o09-44=).
The studied area now consist of high mountains which trending northwest southeast,
between these mountains there are narrow or wide subsequent (strike) valleys. The
mountains and valleys are dissected by; at least, two long consequent valleys and tens of
smaller ones. In this area, the Qulqula Group comprise of Qulqula Radiolarian and
Qulqula Conglomerate formations. The latter formation is overlying the Qulqula
Radiolarian Formation (Buday, 1980). The age and stratigraphic position of this group is
controversial because of insufficient studies and complex structure of the occurrence area
(Karim, 2003). According to Buday (1980) the Qulqula Conglomerate Formation was
firstly described by Bolton in 1955, but a more precise definition and description was
given by the same author in (Buday 1958). No changes were introduced in the definition
of the formation since that time and no fossils were reported till that time (1980) and the
contacts of the formation are not precisely defined and known.
Twelve thin sections from the studied area (Pebbles from Qulqula Conglomerate)
were investigated with regard to their content of larger foraminifera.
In this study twenty species of larger foraminifera were described and figured. The
stratigraphic distribution and relative abundance of these species in the studied section
are given in (Fig. 2).
PREVIOUS WORKS
Jassim et al., (1984) mentioned that the Cenomanian unit is the equivalent of the
Qulqula Conglomerate Formation and they cited that the unit is characterized by the
following fossils: Ovalviolina sp., Hemicyclina sigali, Hedbergella washitensis,
Hedbergella sp., Thalmanninella ticinensis, T. appenninca, Praealveolina sp., Dicyclina
sp. Sissakian, (1997) has shown the formation on the geological map of the Arbeel and
Mahabad Quadrangles area. Karim, (2003) cited that the Qulqula Formation (Qulqula
Radiolarian Formation) deposited in a subduction trench forming an accretionary prism
during the colliding of the Iranian and Arabian plates.
Al-Barzinjy, (2005) mentioned that the lithology of the Red Bed Series is mostly
derived from Qulqula Group and Ophiolites. Sissakian, (2005) used Qulqula series
instead of Qulqula Group and indicated the environment of the upper part of the series
(Qulqula Conglomerate Formation) as marine Eugeosynclinal (flysch type), with age of
Cenomanian-Santonian age.

Larger Foraminifera (Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae)…… 37
Fig. 1: Location and geological map of studied area (Baziany, 2006).
Baziany (2006) studied the former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation in Sulaimani
Governorate in detail and mentioned for the first time numerous well-preserved larger
foraminifera Nummulites and Alveolina in the milky pebbles of the conglomerates. He
also recognized a clear angular unconformity between the former Qulqula Conglomerate
Formation and the underlying Qulqula Radiolarian Formation. He changed the age of the
formation from Cenomanian-Santonian to younger than Eocene.
Karim and Baziany, (2007) studied the Qulqula Conglomerate Formation and Red
Bed Series at the type area (Qulqula Gorge), NE-Iraq, and they recognized large forams
like Alveolina and Nummulite and determined the age of former Qulqula Conglomerate
Formation from Paleocene- Eocene.

Imad M. Ghafor and Mushir M. Qadir38
Fig. 2: Distribution of the larger foraminifera in the former Qulqula Conglomerate
Formation in the studied area.
Baziany and Karim, (2007) studied the Qulqula Conglomerate Formation that is
about 500m thick at Halabja-Avroman area. They proved that the large forams like
Alveolina and Nummulite are not present in this area. They changed the age of Qulqula
Conglomerate Formation, from Albian-Cenomanian, to Quaternary. This is aided by
geomorphologic, stratigraphic, structural and sedimentologic evidence.

Larger Foraminifera (Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae)…… 39
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION
Order: Foraminiferida Eichwald, 1830
Suborder: Miliolina Delage &Herouard, 1896
Superfamily: Alveolinacea Ehrenberg, 1839
Family: Alveolinidae Ehrenberg, 1839
Genus: Alveolina D'Orbigny, 1826
Type species: Alveolina oblonga D’Orbigny, 1826
Alveolina argonensis Hottinger
(Pl.1; 14)
1960 Alveolina argonensis Hottinger, p.109-111, figs. 60a-f.
1969 Alveolina argonensis Hottinger, Sampo, pls ixxiii, ixxv.
Description:
Test is elongated to elliptical, wall porcellaneous, imperforate, size large about
(9mm) in length and (4.5mm) in diameter, length / diameter average ratio is 2:1, basal
wall thin, whorl number up to 16 in numbers, tightly coiled, chamberlets are numerous
20-24 per mm in the last whorl, megalosphere is small.
Occurrences:
Al-Hashimi and Amer, (1985) reported this species from the Upper Paleocene Sinjar
Formation, Northwestern Iraq, in the studied area this species recorded in the Upper
Paleocene of the former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation.Sharbazeri,1983 recorded this
species from middle Eocene.
Alveolina cayrasi Dizer
(Pl.1; 4)
1965 Alveolina cayrasi Dizer, p.274, pl. 3, figs.1-3
Description:
Test is cylindrical, with broadly rounded ends, wall porcellaneous, imperforate, size
large about (8.5mm) in length and (3mm) in diameter, length / diameter average ratio is
2.6:1, basal wall thin, whorls up to 24 in numbers, tightly coiled, early whorls are
relatively elongated, chamberlets numerous 21-25 per mm in the last whorl, higher than
broader, supplementary chamberlets exist towards last whorls, megalosphere is small.
Remarks:
In this study A. cyarasi Dizer is reported from Middle Eocene. Abawi ana
Sharbazeri, (1987) reported A. cyarasi Dizer for the first time from Middle Eocene of
Iraq and the Iraqi form differ from the type A. cyarasi by its smaller size and by its
broadly rounded rather than the description of this species a maximum length up to
(22.1mm) and a diameter up to (6.9mm).
Occurrence:
A. cyarasi is originally described from the Lower-Middle Eocene of Cayras in
Northwest Turkey. Abawi and Sharbazeri, (1987) described this species from the Middle
Eocene in the Middle part of the Geli Duhok section, northeastern Iraq.

Imad M. Ghafor and Mushir M. Qadir40
This species is rare to common in the former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation.
Alveolina elliptica (Sowerby)
(Pl.1; 5, 12)
1840 Fascoilites elliptica Sowerby, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, Ser.2, Vol. 5,
pp.329, pl. 18, figs. 17-17a.
1925 Alveolina elliptica (Sowerby), Nuttall, p.378, pl. 20, figs. 1.
1960 Alveolina elliptica (Sowerby), Hottinger, p.146, pl. 121, figs. 1-3.
1974 Alveolina elliptica (Sowerby), Al- Hashimi, p.54, pl. 1, figs. 2-3.
Description:
Test is cylindrical, with bluntly rounded ends, wall porcellaneous, imperforate, size
relatively large attaining (4.9-6.6mm) in length and (2.5-3mm) in diameter, length /
diameter 3average ratio is 2:1, whorl 9-15 in number, chamberlets in a single being
higher than broader, numbering 13-16 per mm in the last whorl, megalosphere is small.
Occurrence:
Sowerby described this species originally from Cutch in India. Al-Hashimi, (1974)
described it from the Middle Eocene Chabd beds of southwest Iraq. It has been also
reported from Middle Eocene Naoprdan Shally Group of northeast Iraq. Sharbazheri,
(1983) reported this species from the Middle Eocene in the Avanah Formation, northern
Iraq. Al-Hashimi and Amer, (1985), Abawi and Sharbazeri, (1987) described it from the
Middle Eocene in the middle part of the Geli Duhok section, northeastern Iraq. In the
present study, Alveolina elliptica is common in the former Qulqula Conglomerate
Formation of the Middle Eocene age.
Alveolina globosa Leymerie
(Pl.1; 2, 11, 13)
1846 Alveolina globosa Leymerie, p.337-373, pl. 13
Description:
Test is elliptical to cylindrical, wall porcellaneous, imperforate, size relatively large
attaining (5-6.1mm) in length and (3-3.2mm) in diameter, length / diameter ratio is about
2:1, whorl 8-14 in numbers, chamberlets are numerous in the last whorl, megalosphere is
small.
Occurrence:
Al-Hashimi and Amer, (1985), described A. globosa in Sinjar Formation, northern
Iraq, of Upper Paleocene. In the present study, A. globosa is common in the Upper
Paleocene of the former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation.
Alveolina munieri Hottinger
(Pl.1; 1, 8, 9)
1960 Alveolina munieri Hottinger, p.165, pl. 16, figs. 16-21, pl. 17, figs. 1-4, pl.
18, figs. 1-4 , 18.

Larger Foraminifera (Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae)…… 41
Description:
Test is elongate to cylindrical, with rounded to subrounded ends, wall
porcellaneous, imperforate, size relatively large attaining (4.5-6mm) in length and
(1.2-2.1mm) in diameter, length / diameter average ratio is 4:1, whorl 12-18 in numbers,
tightly coiled, basal wall thin equatorially and thickness towards the poles, chamberlets
are numerous and small, supplementary chamberlets exists in adult whorls,
megalospheric is small and elongate.
Remarks:
The Iraqi forams generally have a smaller size and larger number of spires than the
original specimen, other characters corresponds well.
Occurrence:
A. munieri is originally described by Hottinger, (1960) from the Middle Eocene of
north Italy. Al-Hashimi and Amer, (1985), reported this species from the Middle Eocene
in the Avanah Formation of Geli Dohuk, northern Iraq. Sharbazeri, 1983, Abawi and
Sharbazeri, (1987) reported this species as a rare to common in the middle and upper part
of Geli Bessri section and in the middle part of Geli Dohuk section (Middle Eocene),
northern Iraq. Al-Banna and Al-Mutwali, (2008) recorded it in Walash Group
Northeastern Iraq. In the present study, A. munieri is distributed in the former Qulqula
Conglomerate Formation as a common in the Middle Eocene.
Alveolina oblonga D'Orbigny
(Pl.1; 3, 6)
1826 Alveolina oblonga D'Orbigny, Tableau methodique, Ann, Sci, Nat. Paris, Ser.
1, Vol. 7, p.306.
1960 Alveolina oblonga D'Orbigny, Hottinger, p.141, pl. 9, figs. 4-16.
Description:
Test is subcylindrical to elliptical, with broadly rounded ends, wall porcellaneous,
imperforate, medium size attaining (3-4mm) in length and (1.1-1.7mm) in diameter,
length / diameter average ratio is 2.2:1, whorl 8-12 in number, chamberlets in single layer
(17-22) per mm in the last whorl, megalosphere is oval, large and attains 171-222µm
diameter.
Remarks:
The investigated specimens are closely related to A. oblonga D,orbigny
Occurrence:
A. oblonga is originally described from the Lower Eocene of the Paris basin; it is
also reported from the Lower Eocene of France, Italy, Spain and Egypt. Al-Hashimi,
(1975) reported this species from the Lower Eocene in Naoprdan Group of northeast Iraq.
Al –Omari and Sadek, (1975) reported A. cf. oblonga from the Alveolina bearing strata of
Middle Eocene age in Dohuk area, northern Iraq. Sharbazheri, (1983) and Abawi and
Sharbazeri, (1987) reported this species from Middle Eocene in the Avanah Formation,
northern Iraq. In the present studies, A. oblonga is rare in the Middle Eocene of the
studied section.
Alveolina ovulum Stache in Schwager
(Pl.1; 7)
1883 Alveolina cf. ovulum Stachein Schwager, p.95, pl. 24, fig. 13-a-c.

Imad M. Ghafor and Mushir M. Qadir42
Description:
Test is ovate to elongate cylindrical, with rounded to subrounded ends, wall
porcellaneous, imperforate, size relatively large attaining (3.5-4mm) in length and
(1.2-1.8mm) in diameter, length / diameter average ratio is 2.2:1, whorl 7-12 in numbers,
chamberlets numerous and in a single layer (6-11) per mm in the last whorl,
megalosphere is oval.
Occurrence:
A. ovulum is reported in the studied area from Upper Paleocene.
Alveolina triestina Hottinger
(Pl.1; 10)
1960 Alveolina triestina Hottinger, p.1-244, pl. 18, fig. 1-117.1+a-b-c.
Description:
Test is cylindrical, with subrounded ends, wall porcellaneous, imperforate, size
relatively large attaining (3-4mm) in length and (1.2-2mm) in diameter, length / diameter
average ratio is 1:2, whorl 7-11 in numbers, chamberlets numerous and in a single layer
(5-10) per mm in the last whorl, megalosphere is oval.
Occurrence:
A. triestina in the studied area is recorded from Upper Paleocene in the former
Qulqula Conglomerate Formation.
Alveolina pasticillata Schwager
(Pl.1; 15)
1883 Alveolina pasticillata Schwager, p.79-154, pl. 24-29(1-6).
Description:
Test is cylindrical, with rounded ends, wall porcellaneous, imperforate, size
relatively large attaining (3-4mm) in length and (1.1-1.7mm) in diameter, length /
diameter average ratio is 2.2:1, whorl 6-11 in number, chamberlets numerous,
megalosphere is rounded.
Occurrence:
A. pasticillata is reported in the studied area of Upper Paleocene in the former
Qulqula Conglomerate Formation.
Suborder: Rotaliina
Superfamily: Nummulitacea de Blainville, 1827
Family: Nummulitidae de Blainville, 1825
Subfamily: Nummulitinae Carpenter, 1850
Genus: Nummulites Lamarck, 1801
Type species: Nummulites laevigatus (Bruguiere) Camerina
laevigata Bruguiere, 1792
Nummulites beaumonti D'Archiac and Haime
(Pl.2; 4)
1853 Nummulites beaumonti D'Archiac and Haime, p.133, pl.5, figs. 1a-c, 2-3
1926 Nummulites beaumonti D'Archiac and Haime Nuttal, p.130, pl.1, figs. 4-5

Larger Foraminifera (Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae)…… 43
1940 Nummulites beaumonti D'Archiac and Haime Davies, p.206, pl.9, figs. 1-9
1959 Nummulites beaumonti D'Archiac and Haime Nagappa, p.180, pl.8,
figs.15-17; pl.9, figs. 1-2
1962 Nummulites beaumonti D'Archiac and Haime Schaub, p.135-196, pl.53,
figs.17-19, 22-25, tab.14p
1965 Nummulites beaumonti D'Archiac and Haime Sen Gupta, p.91-93, pl.15,
figs. 1-2, 5; pl.16, figs. 3- 7, 9-10; pl.17, figs. 1,5-7, 12
1972 Nummulites beaumonti D'Archiac and Haime Blondeau, p.149, pl.24,
figs.11-14
Description:
Test is small, thickly lenticuler to biconvex, regularly sloping and sometimes
depressive in the ambo. The spherical to subspherical protoconch is followed by a
reniform deutroconch of second chamber, and both chambers are followed by closely
coiled whorl. The septa are straight or slightly curved. The spiral wall is thick. The
diameter varies from (2.3-3.3mm) and thickness varies from (1.6-2.2mm), the diameter /
thickness ratio from 1:1.4-1:2.0.
Remarks:
This species has small protoconch, a tight coiling of spiral wall, rhombic style of
chamber form, and radial septa, which shown in the Numal beat from Egypt, Libya and
the type area of the Lower Tertiary rocks of the Pakistan-India region (D,Archaic and
Haime, 1853; Nuttall, 1926; Davies, 1940; Nagappa, 1959; Sen Gupta,1965; Matsumaru
and Saki, 1989).
Occurrence:
(Al-Hashimi and Amer, 1985) recorded this species from the Middle Eocene in Iraq,
In the studied area it was recorded in Middle Eocene.
Nummulites exilis Douville
(Pl.2; 5)
1919 Nummulites exilis Douville, H., p.1-84, pl. 1, figs. 42; pl. 63, tfs. 10-11; pl.
64, tfs.12.
1951 Nummulites exilis Douville, Vialli, V., Vol.90, no. 2-3, p.97-168, pl. 5,
figs.20-29
1959 Nummulites exilis Douville, Biede, F., p.31-37, (English), pl. 1, figs.5.
Description:
Test is small, lenticular, biconvex, subspherical protoconch, equatorial periphery
circulars, axial periphery acute, the diameter varies from (1.2-2.2mm) and thickness
varies from (0.8-1.7mm), the diameter / thickness ratio from 1.2:1.6.
Remarks:
N. exilis distinguish from N. discorbinus in having smaller and globular test, shape
less biconvex, thin lamina.
Occurrence:
This species recorded from the Lower Eocene in France, (Douville, 1919), Spain
(Ruiz, 1948), Poland (Biede, 1959). Al-Hashimi and Amer, (1985) recorded this species
from the Lower Eocene in Iraq. Al-Banna and Al-Mutwali, (2008) recorded it in Walash
Group Northeastern Iraq. In the studied area this species recorded in Middle Eocene in
the former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation.

Imad M. Ghafor and Mushir M. Qadir44
Nummulites discorbinus Schlotheim
(Pl.2; 3)
1883 Nummulites discorbinus Schlotheim, Harpe, p.de.la, p.1-373, pl. 9,
figs.2b-2t, 3.
1902 Nummulites discorbinus Schlotheim, Martelli, A., Vol.8, p.43-97, pl. 6,
(1), figs.4
1928 Nummulites discorbinus Schlotheim, Checchia-Rispoli,G., Vol.53, no.6,
p.1-6, pl. 1, figs.9-10.
1954 Nummulites discorbinus Schlotheim, Smont, A. H., p.1-96, pl. 13,
(1),figs.4,6-7.
Description:
Test is small, lenticular to biconvex, spherical to subspherical protoconch,
equatorial periphery circulars, axial periphery subacute to acute, the diameter varies from
(1-1.9mm) and thickness varies from (0.5-1.5mm), the diameter / thickness ratio
1.3:1.7:1.
Remarks:
N. discorbines distinguished from N. exilis in having larger and more subglobular
test, shape more biconvex, thick lamina, rods shaped chambers.
Occurrence:
This species recorded from the Middle Eocene in Egypt (Harpe, 1883), Italy
(Rege, R., 1928), Qatar (Smout, 1954). Al-Hashimi and Amer, (1985) recorded this
species in the Middle Eocene in Iraq. In the studied area this species also recorded in
Middle Eocene in the former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation.
Nummulites planulatus Lamarck
(Pl.2; 8)
1853 Nummulites planulatus Lamarck, D’Archiac, A. and Haime, p.1-373, pl. 9,
figs. 5, 6, 6c, 7b-e.
1926 Nummulites planulatus Lamarck, Nuttall, W.L.F., Vol.63, p.112-120, pl. 10,
figs.1-12.
1942 Nummulites planulatus Lamarck, Silvestri,A., Vol.32, Suppl.5, p.1-94, pl.
28, figs. 5.
1960 Nummulites planulatus Lamarck, Cole,W.S., Vol.41, no.190, p.189-205,
pl.23, figs.1,3-4,6; pl. 26, figs.3.
Description:
Test is medium to large, lenticulars to subglobulars, well preserved specimens, the
diameter varies from (1.2-2.9mm) and thickness varies from (0.9-1.8mm), the diameter /
thickness ratio from 1.3:1:8.
Remarks:
N. planulatus varies from N. pertrrnats by having large test, large protoconch, more
thickned, and more acute chambers.
Occurence:
N. planulatus recorded from the Lower Eocene in France (Boussac, 1911),
Switzerland (Cole, 1960), Spain (Ruiz de Gona, 1948). Al-Hashimi and Amer, (1985)
recorded this species from Lower Eocene in Iraq. Al-Mutwali and Abawi, (2001)

Larger Foraminifera (Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae)…… 45
recorded this species from Ratga Formation (Western Iraq) of upper Early Eocene age. In
the studied area this species also recorded in Lower Eocene in the former Qulqula
Conglomerate Formation.
Nummulites globulus Leymerie
(Pl.2; 2)
1846 Nummulites globulus Leymerie, p.359, pl. 13, figs. 14a-d.
1919 Nummulites globulus Leymerie, Douville, p.54, pl. 1, figs.11-17.
1926 Nummulites planulatus d,Archaic,Doncieux, p.37, pl. 5, figs. 1-7.
1952 Nummulites globulus Leymerie, Azzaroli, p.120, pl. 9, figs. 4, 5.
1959 Nummulites globulus Leymerie, Papp, p.167, text figs. 3c, 4, 5a, b.
1967 Nummulites globulus Leymerie, Nemkov, p.202, pl. 26, figs.1-8.
Description:
Megalospheric form, external features, Test is small to medium sized, lenticulers to
subglobulars, equatorial periphery circulars, axial periphery subacute to acute, well
preserved specimens, the diameter varies from (1-2.8mm) and thickness varies from
(0.6-1.5mm), the diameter / thickness ratio from 1.4:1.7:1.
Remarks:
N. globulus is distinguished from other Nummulites species in having a larger and
subglobulars test, a rather smooth surface, thick lateral laminae, needle shaped chamber
cavities. Well marked alar prolongations, distinct and well developed polar plugs.
Occurence:
Leymeric described N. globulus from the Tertiary of France. It was also described
from Lower Eocene of the Pyrenees, France by Douville (1919); from the Middle Eocene
of Spain by Gomeza lueca (1929); from the Lower to Middle Eocene of Albania by
Cizancourt (1931); from the Lower to Middle Eocene of Algeria by Flandrin (1938);
from the Paleocene to Lower Eocene of Switzerland by Schaub (1951); from the Lower
Eocene of Somaliland by Azzaroli (1952); from the Lower Eocene of Qatar by Smout
(1954); from the Lower Eocene of Austria by Papp (1959); from the Lower to Middle
Eocene in the Rakhi Nala section of Pakistan by Bayliss (1961) and from the Lower
Eocene of the Egypt. (Hamam, 1975), Al-Hashimi (1973) recorded this species from
Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene in northeast Iraq. Al-Mutwali and Abawi, (2001)
recorded this species from Ratga Formation (Western Iraq) of upper Early Eocene age. In
the studied area this species recorded from Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene age in the
former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation.
Nummulites perforatus Montfort
(Pl.2; 7)
1883 Nummulites perforatus Montfort, pl. 3, figs.1-3
1911 Nummulites bayhariensis Checchia-Rispoli, p.131, pl. 4, figs. 9-11.
1948 Nummulites perforatus Montfort,Van Andel, p.1013 text figs.
Description:
Test is lenticular, biconvex, equatorial periphery circulars, axial periphery acute to
subacute, well preserved specimens, the diameter varies from (1.1-2.7mm) and thickness
varies from (0.8-1.7mm), the diameter / thickness ratio from 1.2:1.5:1.

Imad M. Ghafor and Mushir M. Qadir46
Remarks:
N. perforatus is distinguished from N. exilis in having smaller and subglobular test,
with large proloculus.
Distribution:
N. perforatus recorded from Lower Eocene in Switzerland (Harpe, 1883); Spain
(Gomez, Liueca 1929); Austria (Papp, 1959). Al-Hashimi and Amer, (1985) recorded this
species from Lower Eocene in northeast Iraq. In the studied area this species recorded
from Lower Eocene age in the former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation.
Nummulites deserti De La Harpe
(Pl.2; 1)
1883 Nummulites deserti De La Harpe, Vol. 30 (Ser.3, Vol.6), Pal. Sect.1, p.155-
218, pl. 31(2), figs. 239.
1953 Nummulites deserti De La Harpe, LeRoy, L.W, no. 54, p. 1-73,
pl.11,figs17-19.
1961 Nummulites deserti De La Harpe, Said, R., and Kerdany, Vol. 7, no. 3, p.
317-336, pl. 326, text figs.7(1a-c).
Description:
Test is biconvex, lenticulers, spherical to subspherical protoconch, axial periphery
subacute to acute, radius varies from (1.2-1.8mm) and thickness varies from
(0.4-1.6mm), the diameter / thickness ratio from 1.2:1.6.
Occurence:
N. deserti is recorded from Eocene in Egypt (Harpe, 1883); Lower Eocene in Egypt
(Said and Kerdany, 1961). Al-Hashimi and Amer, (1985) recorded this species from
Upper Paleocene in Iraq. In the studied area this species recorded from Upper Paleocene
age in the former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation.
Nummulites atacicus Leymerie
(Pl.2; 6)
1846 Nummulites atacicus Leymerie, A., Vol.1 Pt.2, p.337-373, pl. 13, figs. 13b,
13e.
1926 Nummulites atacicus Leymerie, Doncieux, L., Lyon, p. 1-99, pl. 4, figs.1-3.
1939 Nummulites atacicus Leymerie, Silvestri, A., Vol.32, Suppl.4,p.1-102,
pl.6,figs.1.
1960 Nummulites atacicus Leymerie, Nemkov, G.1. and Barkhatova, No. 5,
p.29-43, pl. 2, figs. 7.
Description:
Test is lenticuler to biconvex, small to medium sized, lenticuler to subglobular,
equatorial periphery circulars, axial periphery subacute to acute, well preserved
specimens, the diameter varies from (1-2.6mm) and thickness varies from (0.7-1.6mm),
the diameter / thickness ratio from 1.3:1.6:1.
Remarks:
N. atacicus is distinguished from N. discorbinus in having a larger and subglobular
test, with large proloculus.

Larger Foraminifera (Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae)…… 47
Distribution:
N. atacicus recorded from Lower Eocene in India (Nuttall, 1925); Switzerland
(Schaub, 1951) and Middle Eocene in Italy (Azzaroli 1952). Al-Hashimi and Amer,
(1985) recorded this species from Lower Eocene in northeast Iraq. Al-Mutwali and
Abawi, (2001) recorded this species from Ratga Formation (Western Iraq) of Upper Early
Eocene age In the studied area this species recorded from Lower Eocene age in the
former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation.
Family: Soritidae Ehrenberg, 1834
Subfamily: Soritinae Ehrenberg, 1839
Genus: Orbitolites Lamarck, 1801
Type species: Orbitolites complanata SD Douville, 1902
Orbitolites complanata Lamarck
1801 Orbitolites complanata Lamarck, Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, p.
376.
1925 Orbitolites complanata Lamarck; Nuttall, p. 447.
1939 Orbitolites complanata Lamarck; Silvestri, p. 44, pl. 6, figs. 4-5, pl. 8,
fig.1.
Description:
Test is porcelaneous, discoidal in shape and have numerous chambers which are
arranged in successive, annular series; chambers are subdivided into chamberlets
separated by thick walls and alternate in position with those of the previous cycle; test is
thicker near the periphery than at the centre and is relatively large attaining (5-8mm)
diameter and (0.5 - 1mm) thickness.
Occurrence:
This species is originally described from the Eocene of France. The species is
worldwide and it is reported from Eocene age of many parts of the world. It has been also
reported from Eocene age of Southwest and Northeast of Iraq (Al-Hashimi and Amer,
1985). Al-Omari and Sadek (1975) reported O. cf. complanatus Lamarck from the
Middle Eocene Alveolina-bearing strata of Dohuk area. Abawi and Sharbazeri, (1987)
reported O. complanata in the Middle Eocene from the Avanah Formation, Northern
Iraq. In the studied area O. complanata is rare to common in the Eocene age.
Genus: Somalina A. Silverstri, 1939
Type species: Somalina stifaninii Silverstri, 1939
Somalina danieli Henson
(Pl.2; 9)
1950 Somalina danieli Henson, p. 6o, figs. 2-3.
Description:
Test is porcelaneous, discoidal to compress lenticular in shape; it is made up of
equatorial chamber layer of annular chambers with lateral chamber layers on either side.
Equatorial layer is thicker near the periphery than at the center with the chambers
arranged alternately; lateral chambers are with minute vacuoles distributed irregularly
between successive layers; diameter of the test is (10-14mm), thickness is (1.1mm) the

Imad M. Ghafor and Mushir M. Qadir48
central part and 0.5 mm near the margin; thickness of the equatorial layer near the margin
is 0.32 mm.
Remarks:
S. danieli Henson is distinguished from the closely resembling S. stefaninii Silvestri
(1939) by its discoidal rather than lenticular shape and by its smooth surface.
Occurrence:
Henson, 1950 described S. danieli originally from the Middle Eocene of Southwest
Iraq. Buday (1980, p. 225) reported this species from the Middle Eocene Dammam
Formation in Iraq. Sharbazeri, 1983 and (Abawi and Sharbazeri, 1987) reported S. danieli
from the Middle Eocene in the Avanah Formation, Dohuk area, Northern Iraq. In the
studied area S. danieli is recorded from the Middle Eocene age.
Somalina stifaninii Silversti
(Pl.2; 11)
1939 Somalina stifaninii n. sp. Silversti, p. 52, figs. 2-3.
1964 Somalina stifaninii Silversti Sampo, pls., ixix, lxxv.
Description:
Test is porcelaneous, lenticular in shape. Equatorial layer is thicker near the
periphery than at the center with the chambers arranged alternately, diameter of the test is
(9-13mm), and thickness is (1-1.1mm) in the central part and 0.4 mm near the margin.
Remarks:
S. stifaninii Silversti is distinguished from the closely resembling S. danieli Henson
by its lenticular rather than discoidal shape and by its coarse surface.
Occurrence:
Sharbazheri, 1983 reported this species in the Lower-Middle Eocene in the Avanah
Formation, Dohuk area, Northern Iraq. In the studied area S. stifaninii is reported from
the Middle Eocene age.

Larger Foraminifera (Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae)…… 49
Plate -1-
Pl.1: Larger foraminifera of the Alveolinidae in the pebbles of former Qulqula
Conglomerate Formation in Qulqula gorge:
1, 8 and 9. Alveolina munieri Hottinger (M.-Eocene)
1. Axial section, sample No. 9.
8. Equatorial section, sample No.10.
9. Equatorial section, sample No.12.
2, 11, 13. Alveolina globosa Leumerie (U.-Paleocene)
2. Equatorial section, sample No. 1.
11. Equatorial section, sample No. 2.
13. Equatorial section, sample No. 3.
3, 6. Alveolina oblonga D'Orbigny (M.-Eocene)
3. Equatorial section, sample No. 11.
6. Axial section, sample No. 8.
4. Alveolina cayrasi Dizer (M.-Eocene), Equatorial section, sample No.9, x 60.
5, 12. Alveolina elliptica Sowerby (M.-Eocene)
5. Axial section, sample No. 11.
12. Axial section, sample No.8.

Imad M. Ghafor and Mushir M. Qadir50
7. Alveolina ovulum (U.-Paleocene), Equatorial section, sample No. 2.
10. Alveolina triestina Hottinger (U.-Paleocene), Equatorial section, sample No.2.
14. Alveolina argoensis Hottinger (U.-Paleocene), Axial section, sample No. 3.
15. Alveolina pasticillata Schwager (U.-Paleocene), Axial section, sample No.1.
Plate -2-
Pl.2: Larger foraminifera of the Nummulitidae and Soritidae in the pebbles of former
Qulqula Conglomerate Formation in Qulqula gorge:
1. Nummulites deserti De La Harpe (U.-Paleocene), Axial section, sample No.3.
2. Nummulites globulus Leymerie (U.-Paleocene-L.-Eocene), Axial section, sample
No.3-4.
3. Nummulites discorbinus Schlothemim (M.-Eocene), Axial section, sample No. 9.
4. Nummulites beaumoti D'Archaic and Haime (M.-Eocene), Axial section, sample
No.11.
5. Nummulites exilis Douville (L.-Eocene), Axial section, sample No. 7.
6. Nummulites atacicus Leymerie (L.-Eocene), Axial section, sample No. 6.
7. Nummulites perforatus Montforat (L.-Eocene), Axial section, sample No. 5.
8. Nummulites planulatus Lamarck (L.-Eocene), Equatorial section, sample No.6.
9. Somalina danieli Henson (M.-Eocene), Axial section, sample No.10.

Larger Foraminifera (Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae)…… 51
10. Orbitolites complanata Lamarck (Eocene), Axial section, sample No. 8.
11. Somalina stefaninii Silverstri (M.-Eocene), Axial section, sample No. 9.
CONCLUSIONS
The study has the following conclusions
1. The pebbles of the former Qulqula Conglomerate Formation (present Red Bed Series)
contain larger foraminifera of the Alveolinidae, Nummulitidae and Soritidae families
in the type section of the formation.
2. The age of the recorded fossils assemblages range from Upper Paleocene to Middle
Eocene age as following:
a. Alveolina assemblages indicator of Upper Paleocene to Middle Eocene.
b. Nummulite assemblages.indicator of Lower to Middle Eocene.
c. Orbitolites assemblages.indicator of Middle Eocene.
d. Somalina assemblages indicator of Lower to Middle Eocene.
3. These assemblages are more likely belong to Walash−Naoprdan source area that
deposited during Upper Paleocene to Middle Eocene. While the former Qulqula
Conglomerate Formation is deposited during younger age which most possibly
coincide with Late Paleocene.
4. The present study aids the rejection of the formation and it combines with Red Bed
Series.
REFFERENCES
Abawi, T.S., and Sharbazeri Kh. M., 1987. Larger Foraminifera from the Avanah
Formation (Middle Eocene) of Dohuk area. Northern Iraq. Jour. Geol. Soc. Iraq,
Vol. 20, pp. 70-88.
Al-Banna N.Y. and Al-Mutwali M.M., 2008. Microfacies and Age Determination of the
Sedimentary Sequences Within Walash Volcanosedimentary Group, Mawat
Complex, Northeastern Iraq. in Press, Tikrit Journal of Pure Science.
Al-Barzinjy, S.T.M., 2005. Stratigraphy and Basin Analysis of Red Bed Series From
Northeastern Iraq-Kurdistan Region. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Sulaimani, Iraq-Kurdistan Region, 159p.
Al-Hashimi, H.A.J., 1973. The Sedimentary Facies and Depositional Environment of the
Eocene Dammam and Rus Formations.. Jour. Geol. Soc. Iraq, Vol.VI, pp.1-18.
Al-Hashimi, H.A.J., 1974. Alveolinidae And Rotaliidae From the Eocene Dammam
Formation of SW. Iraq. Jour. Geol. Soc. Iraq, Vol.7, pp.51-74.
Al-Hashimi, H.A.J., 1975. Contribution to the Stratigraphy and Micropaleontology of the
Naoprdan Shely Group in Chuwarta Area, Northeastern Iraq. Jour. Geol. Soc. Iraq,
Special Issue, pp. 27-36.
Al-Hashimi, H.A.J. and Amer R.M., 1985. Tertiary Microfacies of Iraq. DGGSMI.
Baghdad. 56p.
Al-Mutwali, M.M. And Abawi, T.S., 2001. Biostratigraphy of the Ratga Formation
(Early Eocene) in Selected Wells, Western Iraq, Rafidain Journal of Science,
Vol.12, No.3, pp.56-63.
Al-Omari, F.S. and Sadek, A., 1974. Stratigraphy of Alviolina Bearing Strata From
Dohuk Area, Northern Iraq, N. Jb. Geol. Palent., Mh., H. 10, pp.577-585.

Imad M. Ghafor and Mushir M. Qadir52
Azzaroli, A., 1952. L Macroforaminiferi Della Serie Del Carcar (Eocene Mediae
Superiore In Somalia) E La Loro Distribuzione Stratigrafica. Paleontology. Italica,
Pisa, Italy, Vol. 47, pp. 99-131.
Bayliss, D.D., 1961. An Investigation of Certain Larger Foraminifera From Pakistan.
Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis University. of Wales, 253 P.
Baziany, M.M.Q., 2006. Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Former Qulqula
Conglomerate Formation, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis,
University of Sulaimani, Iraq-Kurdistan Region, 103p.
Baziany, M.M.Q. and Karim, K.H., 2007. a New Concept For the Origin of Accumulated
Conglomerate, Previously Known as Qulqula Conglomerate Formation at Avroman-
Halabja Area, NE-Iraq. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, Vol. 3, No. 2,
pp. 33−41.
Biede, F., 1959. Nummulity Serii Magurskiei Polskisch Karpat Zachoduich (Nummulites
of the Magura Series (Polish Western C Arpathians)). Poland Inst. Geol. Biul.
Warsaw, No. 131, pp. 5-23 [Polish], pp.24-30 [Russian], pp. 31-37 [English].
Blondeau, A., 1972. Les Nummulites, De L’enseignement Ala Recherché Des Sciences
De La Terre. Paris: Vuibert, 254 p.
Buday, T., 1980. Regional Geology of Iraq: Vol. 1, Stratigraphy: I.I.M Kassab and S.Z.
Jassim (Eds) D.G. Geol. Surv. Min. Invest. Published. 445p.
Checchia-Rispoli, G., 1911. La Serie Nummulitica Dei Dentorni Di Bagheria in
Provincia Di Palermo. Giron Sci. Nat., Palermo, Italy,Vol. 28, pp. 107-200.
Checchia-Rispoli, G., 1928. Dialcane Nummuliti Coceniche Della Marmarica. Italy. Uff.
Geol., Boll., Rome, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 1-6.
Cizancourt, M. De., 1931. Sur La Stratigraphie La Faune Nummulitique Due Flysch De
PAA; Lbanie .Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. 30,pp.195-212.
Cole, W.S., 1960. The Genus Camerina. Bull. Amer. Pal., Ithaca, N.Y., Vol. 41, No. 190,
pp. 189-205.
D’Archiac, A. And Haime, J., 1853. Description Des Animux Fossilizes Du Groupe
Nummulitique De L'lnde Precede D'un Resume Geologique Et D'une Monographie
Des Nummulites. Paris: Gide, and J. Baudry, 373 p.
Davies, A.M., 1940. The Upper Kirthar Beds of North-West India.Quart. Geol. Soc.
Jour., London, Vol. 96, pp.199-230.
Dizer, A., 1965. Sur Quelques Alveolines De L'Eocene De Turquie. Rev. Micropal.,
Paris, Vol. 7, No. 4, 274 p.
D'Orbigny, A.D., 1826. Tablean Meshodique De'la Classe Des Cephalopods. Ann. Sci.,
Nat. Paris, France, Ser.1, Tome.7, pp. 270-307.
Doncieux, L., 1926. Catalogue Descriptif Des Fossils Nummulitiques Des L' Tude Et De
L' II Herault; Deuxieme Partie (Fasc.III) Corbieres Septentrionales. Lyon.
Unversity. Ann., Lyon, France, N.S.,1.(Sci. Med.) Frsc.45, pp. 1-99.
Douville, H., 1919. L'Eocene Intericur En Aquitane Et Dans Les Pyrenees. France, Serv.
Carte Geol. Mem. Paris, pp. 1-84.
Flandrin, J., 1938. Contribution A L'etude Paleontologique Du Nummulitique Algerien.
Mate Carte Geol. Alger, Paleont. Vol.8, pp.5-158.
Gomez Llueca, F., 1929. Los Nummulitidos De Espana Mem.Com. Invest. Paleont.
Preheist. Madrid, Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 1-400.

Larger Foraminifera (Alveolinidae, Soritidae and Nummulitidae)…… 53
Hamam, K.A., 1975. Larger Foraminifera From the Lower Eocene of the Gebel Gurnah
Luxor, Egypt. J. of Pal;Eontology, Vol.18, Part.1, pp. 161-178.
Harpe, P. De. La., 1883. Monographic Der in Agypten Und Der Libyschen Wuste
Vorkommenden Nummuliten. Palentographica (N.S.), Vol. 30, pp.155-216.
Henson, F.R.S., 1950. Mliddle Eastern Tertiary Peneroplidae (Foraminfera), With
Remarks on The Phylogeny and Taxonomy of The Family. Wakefield, England, the
Author, pp.1-70.
Hottinger, L. 1960. Recherches Sur Les Alveolines Du Paleocsns Et De L' Eocene. Mem.
Soc. Paleont. Suisse, Vol. 75/76, pp. 1-244.
Jassim, S.Z., Karim, S.A., Basi, M.A., Al-Mubarak, M.A. and Munir, J., 1984. Final
Report on The Regional Geological Survey of Iraq. Vol.3, Stratigraphy,
GEOSURV, Baghdad, Lib, Unpublished.Rep.No.1447. 498p.
Karim, K.H., 2003. A Conglomerate Bed As A Possible Lower Boundary of Qulqula
Formation, From Chuarta-Said Sadiq Area, NE-Iraq. Kurdistan Acad. Jour. (KAJ),
Vol.2. pp.9-18.
Karim, K.H. and Baziany, M.M.Q., 2007. Relation Between Qulqula Conglomerate
Formation and Red Bed Series, at Qulqula Area, NE-Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Earth
Sciences, Vol.7, No.1, pp.1-12.
Lamarck, J.B., 1981. Systeme Des Animaux Sans Vertebres. Paris: Published By The
Author, pp.1-432.
Leroy, L.W., 1953. Biostratigraphy of The Mafi Section, Egypt Geol. Soc. Amre., Mem.,
N.Y., No. 54, pp. 1-73.
Leymerie, A., 1846. Memorie Sur Le Terraina a Nummulites (Epicretaic) Des Corbieres
Et Dela Montagen Noire, Mem, Soc. Geol. Fr 1(2), pp.337-373.
Martelli, A., 1902. L Fossili Dei Terreni Eocenici Di Spalata In Dolmazia. Paleontogr.
Italica, Pisa. Italy, Vol.8, pp. 43-97.
Matsumaru, K. and Sakai, H., 1989. Nummulites and Assilina From Tansen Area, Palpa
District, Trans Proc. Paleont. N.S., No. 154, pp. 68-76.
Nagappa, Y., 1959. Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous-Eocene Succession
in the India Pakistan-Burma Region. Micropaleontology. Vol. 5, No.2, pp.145-192.
Nemkov, G.J., 1967. Remarks on the Paleoecology of Nummulites Voprosy Micropaleon-
tology., Akadademiya Nuuk SSSR, 6:64-72(In Russian) No. 5, pp. 29-43.
Nemkov, G. and Barkhatova, N.N., 1960. Nummulites, Assilines and Operculines of the
Grimea and their Importance in the Zoning of Eocene Deposits. Minist. Spcc. Ed.
SSSR, Moscow, Higher Edue. Inst. Izvestia, Geol. and Prosp., No. 5, pp. 29-43.
Nuttall, W.L.F., 1925. The Stratigraphy of the Laki Series (Lower Eocene) of Parts of
Sind and Baluchistan (India); With a Description of the Larger Foraminifera
Contained in Those Beds. Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., Vol. 81, pp. 417-453.
Nuttall, W.L.F., 1926. the Zonal Distribution and Description of The Larger Foraminifera
of The Middle and Lower Kirthar Series (Lower Eocene) of Parts of Western India.
India Geol. Survey, Rec., Calcutta, Vol. 59, pp. 115-165.
Papp, A., 1959. Nummuliten Aus Dem Untereozan Vom Kuhlgrabess Am Fusse Des
Untersberges (Salzburg) Geol. Bundesanst., Verh, No.2, pp. 163-179.
Ruiz De Gaona, M., 1948. La Fauna Principalmente Numulitica De La Serie Teiciaaria
Guipuzcoana. Spain, Inst. Invest. Geol. Lucas Mallada, Estud. Geol. Madrid, No. 9,
pp. 133-158.

Imad M. Ghafor and Mushir M. Qadir54
Said, R. and Kerdany, M.T., 1961. the Geology and Micropalentology of the Farafra
Qasis, Egypt Micropalentology, N.Y., Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 317-336.
Sampo, M., 1969. Microfacies and Microfossils of Zagros Area South Western Iran(From
Pre-Permian to Miocene) E.J. Brill, Leiden, International Sedimentary
Petrographical Setries, Vol. Xii, pp.1-102, With 615 Microphtograph on 105 Plates.
Schaub, H., 1951. Stratigraphie Und Palaontologie Des Schierenflysches Mit Besonderer
Breucksichtigung Der Paleocaenen Und Untereocaenen Nummulitien Und
Assilinen, Schweizerische Palaontogische Abhandlumgen (Memories De ;La
Societe Paleontologue Susses), Vol.68, pp.1-222.
Schaub, H., 1962. Uber Einige Stratigraphische Wichtige Nummuliten-Arten. Eclogae
Geol. Helv. Vol.55, pp. 529-551.
Schwager, C., 1883. Die Foraminiferen Aus Den Eocaenablagerungen Der Libyschen
Wuste Und Aegyptens. Palentograpgica, Bd. 30, pp. 79-154.
Sengupta, B.K., 1965. Morphology of Some Key Species of Nummulites From the Indian
Eocene. Jour. Paleont., Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 86-96.
Sharbazheri, Kh.M.E., 1983. Study of Foraminifera and Microfacies of the Avanah
Limestone (Middle Eocene), Dohuk Area, North Iraq. Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis,
Mosul University. College of Science, Iraq.
Silvestri, A., 1939. Foraminifera Dell 'Eocene Della Somalia; Pt.II. In; Paleontologia
Della Somalia. Palaeontogr. Italica. Siena, Italy, Vol. 32, Suppl. 4, pp. 1-102.
Silvestri, A., 1942. Foraminifera Dell 'Eocene Della Somalia; Pt.III, Facies.1. in;
Paleontologia Della Somalia. IV-Fossili Dell 'Eocene. Palaeontogr. Italica. Pisa,
Italy, Vol. 32, Suppl. 5, pp.1-94.
Sissakian, V. K.,1997.Geological Map of Arbeel And Mahabad Quadrangles. Sheets NJ-
38-14 and NJ-38-15., Scale 1:250000, State Establishment of Geological Survey
and Mining. GEOSURV, Baghdad, Iraq.
Sissakian, V.K., 2005. the Stratigraphy of the Exposed Cretaceous Rocks in Iraq, As
Deduced From the Results of the Regional and Detailed Geological Survey
(Geosurv 1971-1996). Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining.Baghdad.Vol.1, No.1,
pp. 1-20.
Smont, A.H., 1954. Lower Tertiary Foraminifera of the Qatar Peninsula, London, British
Mus. (Natural History), pp. 1-96.
Sowerby, J.De., 1840. in; Sykes, W.H. A Notice Respecting Some Fossils Collected in
Cutch By Caspt. Walter Smee, of the Bombay Army. Transactions of the Geological
Society of London, Vol. 5, pp.317-329.
Viali, V., 1951. L Foraminiferi Luteziano Priaboniani Del Momi Orobio (Adde Di
Paverno) Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Milan. Italy. Vol.90, No. 2-3, pp.97-168.