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Assessment of the water quality index of wetland kalakholake, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
The present study calculates the Water Quality Index (WQI) of KalakhoLake and assesses the impact of industries, agriculture and human activities. Physicochemical parameters were monitored for the calculation of WQI for the summer, monsoon and winter seasons. The results revealed that the WQI of the lake exceeded acceptable levels at all the sampling stations due to the dumping of wastes from municipal and domestic sources and agricultural runoff. The lake water is unsuitable for drinking and propagation of wildlife and fish culture. If the present state of affairs continues for long, Kalakho Lake may soon become an ecologically dead lake. We advocate habitat conservation and ecological studies with special reference to restoring the quality of lake waters.
... The high precipitation in the study area attributed to the acidic conditions of groundwater in most of the sampling locations. pH levels are increased in the wet season due to high water levels as a result of dilution of alkaline substances (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). Application of chemical fertilizers, run off from agricultural field, leaching of industrial/domestic waste and sewage inflow and other anthropogenic sources are the possible point and non-point sources that cause the acidity of groundwater. ...
... The low dissolved oxygen levels in groundwater may be attributed to the effluents from industrial sources, septic tanks/soakaway pits and leachate from the unengineered waste dumps scattered within the study area. The nitrogen and phosphorus contained in them stimulate the growth of micro-organisms that consumes the dissolved oxygen of water (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). The difference in initial and final DO give the amount of oxygen consumed by the bacteria during test period. ...
... High dissolved oxygen concentrations occur during wet season as a result of aeration in the atmosphere through precipitation. The values are depleted during dry season because of high temperature which reduces the oxygen holding capacity of water and percolation of sewage or other wastes in the dry season and increased microbial activity (Kataria et al., 1996;Morrissette and Mavinic, 1978;Moss, 1972, Krishnamurthy, 1990Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): BOD is a measure of the amount of biologically oxidizable organic matter present in water. ...
The study aims to assess the spatio-temporal variations of groundwaters quality parameters in Warri. Groundwater quality has deteriorated as a result of natural factors (flooding and seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer) and anthropogenic activities resulting from industries and poor management of solid wastes and waste water. To meet the water needs, assessment of the current groundwater quality was needed. To achieve this objective, 50 groundwater samples were collected during dry and wet seasons and analysed for 26 physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity ((Pb). Using internationally accepted standard methods of testing water and compared to WHO permissible standards for safe drinking water. The water quality index (WQI) was also evaluated. The results showed that most of the groundwater parameters were not within the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization in both seasons and had higher concentrations during the rainy season. The geochemical data were interpreted using WQI for drinking water. The spatial distribution maps of Water Quality Index showed that the highest quality was found, during both seasons, in the south and the south eastern part of the study area, corresponding to the recharge zone, whereas the poor and very poor water quality was found in the outflow part of the aquifer in Warri metropolis.
... The dissolved oxygen content of waters results mainly from photosynthetic activities of autotrophs , and the air-water interface and distribution by wind-driven mixing . Oxygen is essential for the survival of fish and other aquatic life , concentration below 5 mg/l affects the functioning and survival of biological communities , and below 2 mg/l may lead to fish mortality (Sisodia and Moundiotiya , 2006) Volubility of oxygen increases as temperature decreases . Dissolved oxygen can change dramatically over 24 hrs. ...
... The highest pH values can be attributed to higher productivity of water as evidenced by high growth rate of algal population , which utilized carbon dioxide through photosynthetic activity . Higher values of alkalinity may be due to decrease carbon dioxide values (Sisodia and Moundiotiya , 2006). ...
... Domestic sewage and industrial runoff contain high concentrations of chloride ( Abawi and Hassan , 1990) . Therefore, the presence of chlorides above the required acceptable limit (200 mg/l) can also be used as an indicator of pollution by domestic sewage (Sisodia and Moundiotiya , 2006). Some water containing 250 mg Cl -/l may have a detectable salty taste if the cation is sodium , on the other hand , the typical salty taste may be absent in water containing as much as 1000 mg Cl -/l when the predominant cations are calcium and magnesium (APHA , 2005). ...
Summary
Shatt Al-Arab river is the main source of fresh water to Basrah city , it plays a vital role in various sectors of economy such as agriculture , livestock production , industrial activities , hydropower generation , fisheries and other creative activities . The water of Shatt Al-Arab was deteriorated due to some important sources like increasing urbanization, industrialization , and agriculture activities .
Different models of Water Quality Indices (WQIs) and Water Pollution Indices (WPIs) were considered as effective tools to assess the water quality and suitability for different purposes .
Five stations were selected at the middle part of Shatt Al-Arab river , the first station (Al-Mohamadiyat) ,the second station (Al-Sindibad ) , the third station (Al-Maqal ) , the fourth station (Al-Bradhiya ), and the fifth station (Abuflowse). Water and sediments samples were collected monthly from December , 2012 to November , 2013 during the low tide period . Thirty-one water variables ( Air and water temperature, DO, BOD5, TDS , Salinity , EC , pH, TA, CO2 , TH, Ca+2 , Mg+2 , Turbidity ,SD ,TSS, NO2-,NO3- , NH3+, TN, PO4 -3 , TP , B+3,SO4-2 ,Cl- , Na+ , K+,SAR, FC ,Chlorophyll a(Chl.a) ,Phaeophytine a ( Phaeo.a) , and Algal Biomass ) were measured to assess the water quality and degree of pollution . Also , the grain size and TOC% contents of sediments were detected as required for the study of heavy metals and hydrocarbons pollution.
The water quality for general use (GWQI) , drinking use (DWQI) and irrigation use(IWQI) was assessed according to CCMEWQI , and NSFWQI indices . The water quality for aquaculture use was assessed according to MOCWQI index , while the Eutrophication status was assessed according to TSI and TRIX indices and organic pollution according to OPI index.
Results showed that the variables of the river were ranged as below: Air temperatures ( 11.5- 44.0 )ᵒC ,while the water temperatures (13.0-33.4) ᵒC , DO ( 3.1-10.4) mg/l , BOD5 ( ND -3.6 ) mg/l , TDS( 1012-7741 ) mg/l , Salinity(0.8-6.1 ) PSU , EC( 1.57-10.85 ) mS/cm , pH ( 7.40-8.52 ) , TA( 93.0-152.5)mg/l, CO2( ND -15.48) mg/l , TH ( 435-2440 )mg/l, Ca+2 ( 21.6-293.4)mg/l , Mg+2 (75.7-521.6 ) mg/l, Turbidity(8.13-140 ) NTU , SD( 0.3-1.5) m , TSS( 2.3-50.1) mg/l , NO2- (0.515-11.256 ) mg/m3, NO3-( 60-3330) mg/m3 , NH3+(280-3080 )
mg/m3, TN(1281-6228 ) mg/m3, PO4 -3 ( 0.328-8.045) mg/m3, TP(3.238-52.164 ) mg/m3 , B+3(0.067-1.957 ) mg/l ,SO4-2 ( 830.4-1569.6) mg/l, Cl- (199.9-2999.1) mg/l, Na+(42.2-1464)mg/l , K+(2.1-120 ) mg/l, SAR( 3.27-75.62), FC(ND-17300 ) CFU/100 ml , Chl.a (ND-48.06 ) mg/m3 ,Phaeo. a ( 0.053-11.841) mg/m3 , and Algal Biomass ( ND - 3220.02) mg/m3 , while in sediments : sand ( 1-10.33 )% , silt ( 43.67 – 78.00)% , clay ( 17.33- 55.33 ) % , and TOC( 5.48-12.69 )% .
According to GWQI range( 32.09-55.89) , DWQI range(14.97-32.70) and IWQI range(20.14-50.33) , the water of the middle part of Shatt Al-Arab river can be classified as poor - marginal for general and for irrigation use (except station 4 which was poor for general use, and station 5 which was poor for irrigation use ), whereas it can be classified as poor for drinking use . According to NSFWQI range (113.82-607.46) , the water of Shatt Al-Arab can be classified as poor-unsuitable for drinking use . On the other hand , the water can be considered as medium – Excellent water for aquaculture use according to MOCWQI range .
TSI range (45.40-56.09) referred to mesotrophy- eutrophy water , whereas water can be classified as very high trophic level according to TRIX range (6.73-7.54) . OPI range (4.5-4.75) referred to weak organic –non organic pollution status .
Seven heavy metals ions : Cd+2 , Cu+2 , Fe+2 , Mn+2 , Ni+2 , Pb+2 and Zn+2 were selected to determine their concentrations in dissolved , particulate (exchangeable and residual) phases ,and sediments (exchangeable and residual) . HPI and Igeo indices were used as heavy metals pollution indices for water and sediment, respectively .
Results showed that the concentrations of the previous metals in dissolved phase were (3.01 , 2.35 , 89.45 , 4.48 , 9.51 , 43.67, 7.58 )µg/l, respectively , whereas in the exchangeable phase of particulate were(48.56 , 53.22 , 8968.76 , 1748.58 , 120.14 , 271.52 , 243.16 )µg/g dry weight respectively , and in the residual phase of particulate were (57.59, 88.68 , 21571.74 , 365.90 ,163.39 , 388.44 , 219.42 ) µg/g dry weight . HPI range (130.41-196.97)referred to polluted water according to impermissible values of dissolved Pb , Fe and Cd .
In sediments , the concentrations of the metals in the exchangeable phase were (7.96 , 20.27 , 4104.61 , 663.18 , 75.70 , 74.97 , 46.33 ) µg/g-dry weight, respectively ,while in the residual phase were (5.12 , 23.84 , 16381.18 , 328.91 , 158.94 , 30.00 , 59.88 ) µg/g-dry weight, respectively . According to Igeo values ,
the sediments of middle part of Shatt Al-Arab river can be classified as unpolluted with Fe and Zn , while unpolluted-moderately polluted with Cu , Mn and Pb , and moderate-strongly polluted with Cd and Ni .
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) were determined in water and sediments samples using spectrofluorometery. Aliphatic (n-alkanes) and polynucleic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs) compounds have been identified using capillary Gas Chromatography (GC).
Results showed that the range of TPHs concentrations in water was (5.18 - 37.59) µg/l ,while in the sediments, it was ( 4.76-45.24 ) µg/g dry weight . Total aliphatic ( n-alkanes ) concentrations in water ranged (8.81-35.58) µg/l , while in sediments they were ( 4.76-10.09) µg/g dry weight . The carbon chain length of n-alkanes in water and sediments samples were recorded from C7-C31 dominated by C22-C25 .
The range of PAHs compounds in water was ( 5.81 – 47.96) ng/l ,dominated by carbazol and anthracene ( as light PAHs) and chrysene and floranthene (as heavy PAHs) . Whereas in sediments the PAHs ranged from (4.318) to (28.48) ng/g dry weight dominated by carbazol and anthracene ( as light PAHs) and indeno (1,2,3,c,d) pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene (as heavy PAHs).
The LMW/HMW ,CPI index and Pristine/Phytane values indicated that the source of n-alkanes hydrocarbons in the water and sediments of Shatt Al-Arab river was mainly biogenic and pyrogenic and at least petrogenic .Whereas the LMW/HMW , Phenanthrene /Anthracene , and Flouranthene / Pyrene ratios indicated that the source of PAHs compounds in the water of Shatt Al-Arab river was mainly pyrogenic and petrogenic , while in the sediments, it was pyrogenic only.
... WQI is defined as a rating reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters on the overall quality of water. It indicates the quality by an index number, which represents the overall quality of water for any intended use [7]. It depends upon weight or weighting and quality rating of different water quality parameters. ...
... To determine the overall quality of water at different locations in different seasons, WQI was calculated based on the methods given by Sindhu & Sharma [9], Alobaidy et al. [10] and Sisodia & Moundiotiya [7], which is as under: ...
... Seasonal changes influenced the concentrations at different locations (Figure 4d). Lower alkalinity in monsoon is due to dilution [7]. The concentrations are within the prescribed limit. ...
Underground gold mining at Kolar Gold Fields (KGF), Karnataka, was carried out for more than a century, which disturbed the groundwater aquifers. In addition, leaching from mill tailings dumps has also been contaminating groundwater in this area. The aim of the study was to assess the groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking purpose. A detailed survey was carried out within a 10 km radius of KGF and 12 borewells, being used for domestic purposes, were identified for groundwater sampling. The samples were collected from each borewell in each season and analysed for different water quality parameters. It was found that pH, total suspended solids, nitrate, arsenic, fluoride, cyanide, sulphate, alkalinity and sodium in groundwater were within the regulatory limits whereas other parameters exceeded the norms. Water quality index (WQI) was evaluated to know the overall quality of groundwater for each borewell for different seasons. Multiple regression model was developed for prediction of WQI and the performance of the model was assessed. Methods for the treatment of groundwater have also been suggested in this paper.
... In the month of August the mean chloride concentration was lowest because of the highest level of dilution of the parameter caused by high water level but in the month of April, concentration of chloride was maximum because of very low water level due to absence of rainfall. Sisodia and Moundiotiya (2006) while studying the water quality of Kalaho Lake recorded lowest Chloride level in the rainy season and highest in the ay season. ...
... The highest (12.20 ± 0.23) mean pH was recorded in the month of April because of highest concentration of alkaline substances in the month and the lowest (7.60 ± 0.04) mean pH was recorded in the month of August because of dilution of the alkaline substances to a very low level by rainfall during the period. in the present study it has been observed that the mean pH level decreased from the month of May till August, This may be attributed to the dilution effect caused by rainfall, Sisodia and Moundiotiya (2006) recorded high pH level of 7.9 to 8.37 during dry season and low pH level of 7.05 to 7.27 during monsoon season. High pH can be attributed to high temperatures, which enhance microbial activity causing excessive production of CO 2 . ...
How to cite this article: Barua, J.R.M., Hussain, P., Hazarika, R.A., Kader, N.A. and Roy, N.K. (2021). Physicochemical study of livestock farm oriented wastewater as a source of surface water pollution. J. Anim. Res., 11(3): 421-431. ABSTRACT The water from surface source provides sustenance to plants, animals, constituents of the habitat for aquatic animals and to meet importance of agricultural and industrial need. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the physicochemical properties of livestock farm oriented wastewater in and around Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam. Five farms were selected and wastewater samples from these livestock farms were analysed to find out bacteriological quality using standard analytical methods. The wastewater samples were collected on a monthly basis for a period of 7 months. In the present study temperature, total alkalinity, sulphate concentration, total suspended solids, total solids, chloride concentration, calcium concentration, turbidity,electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen were ranged from 18.21°C to 27.87°C, 45.00 mg/L to 50.25 mg/L, 145.99 mg/L to 165.65 mg/L, 840.24 mg/L to 875.40 mg/L, 1700.96 mg/L to 1720.81 mg/L, 148.19 mg/L to 164.53 mg/L, 155.99 mg/L to 175.81 mg/L,936.00 NTU to 943.52 NTU, 10.20 ms/cm to 18.00 ms/cm and 14.30 mg/L to 18.39 mg/L respectively. Out of 140 samples studied, most of the samples were found to have the different physicochemical parameters within the prescribed limits with exceptions such as Total Dissolved Solids (860.71 mg/l), Nitrate (248.98 mg/l), pH (12.20) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (18.25 mg/l). Significant difference between the samples in different months was observed during the study period. Thus, the present study on farm wastewater sources in and around Khanapara indicated that proper wastewater treatment is required in the livestock farms to prevent surface water pollution. HIGHLIGHTS m Physicochemical properties of livestock farm oriented wastewater in and around Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam m Proper wastewater treatment is required in the livestock farms to prevent surface water pollution
... These were useful in this study. (Eaton, 1950), (Raghunath, 1987) Sodium Absorption Ratio (Sisodia & Moundiotiya, 2006) Gibbs Diagram is a plot of Na + /Na + + 3 HCO − Ca 2+ ) and Cl − /(Cl + 3 HCO − ) as a function of TDS are widely employed to determine the sources of dissolved geochemical constituents (Gibbs, 1970). These plots revealed the relationships 2) Pipers Diagram is a graphical representation of the chemistry of water sample on three fields; the cation ternary field with Ca, Mg and Na + K es ,the anion ternary field with HCO 3 , SO 4 and Cl − apices. ...
... These are divided into nine classes which give the hydrogeochemical processes determining the character of the water types in the aquiferous formation (Lloyd & Heathcoat, 1985;Langguth, 1966). 4) WQI was calculated by adopting Weighted Arithmetical Index method considering thirteen water quality parameters (pH, EC, TDS, total alkalinity, total hardness, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , Cl − , 2 4 SO − , 3 NO − , NH 4 + ) in order to assess the degree of groundwater contamination and suitability over the period of the four seasons (Table 2) (Sisodia & Moundiotiya, 2006). For Agro-industrial suitability, the following parameters were used; sodium adsorption ratio SAR, permeability index PI, Magnesium adsorption ratio MAR, percent sodium %Na, Kelly's ratio KR and Residual sodium carbonate RSC and Wilcox diagram. ...
... Few studies were traced concern with WQI of freshwater wetland , Sharifi (1990)in Iran , Moundiotiya et al.(2004), Sisodia and Moundiotiya (2006) in India . ...
... Yearly fluctuation of WQI in the studied marshes could be as resultant of decrease discharge of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers during 2008,on the contrary to 2006. Even the average WQI of southern marshes was marginal but still higher than that of Kalakholake (poor) in India (Sisodia and Moundiotiya 2006) and that of Anzali in Iran (Sharifi1990). ...
438 Water quality index (WQI) for three southern restored marshes (East Hammar, Al-Huwaza, Suq Al-Shouykh) during the years ABSTRACT The WQI of the southern marshes (Al-Huwaza,East Hammar and Suq Al-Shouykh) were calculated according to the Canadian formula during the years 2005 و 2006 و 2007 و 2008 Eight parameters were used include temperature, salinity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen ,pH ,biological oxygen demand ,orthophosphate and nitrate. The results showed the water quality index (WQI) of the restored marshes was marginal (45-65) from scale of five categories .The highest Water quality of marshes was recorded during 2007, epically in Al-Huwaza and Suq Al-Shouykh marshes. East Hammar marsh showed higher average WQI during the survey period .Suq Al-Shouykh scored higher average of variances than those of the other two marshes.
... Higher total hardness could be due to the discharge of effluents and untreated waste [17] from the local extracting mine industry to nearby surface water sources. The highest value of total hardness was observed during summer, which could be due to the low water level and high rate of evaporation during summer [18]. ...
... highest values were observed during winter and summer, respectively. Higher values of COD indicate the presence of oxidizable organic matter.The entry of industrial effluents and the agricultural runoff might be responsible for increased levels of oxidizable organic matter [18]. The higher COD could be due to the death and decay of plants and subsequent increases in organic matter during summer [13]. ...
Environmental pollution by heavy metals originating from functional mines can become a very important source of contamination both in soil and water. We studied the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of well water at the Draa Lasfar mining extract area in Marrakech, Morocco. A total of 144 samples (36 each during winter, spring, summer, and autumn) were collected during 2012-13 and analyzed for temperature, pH, total hardness, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and concentrations of nitrate and heavy metals like lead, zinc, and cadmium. Significant differences between seasons were observed for temperature, COD, and concentrations of nitrate, zinc, and cadmium. The highest temperature (28.72°±3.16) was recorded during summer. COD and zinc concentration was maximum during summer (167.25±31.05 mg/l, 131.4±12.0 µg/l, respectively). Highest nitrate (2.67±0.75 mg/l) concentrations were recorded during spring. Highest lead (632.14±82.54 µg/l) and cadmium (1.93±0.36 µg/l) concentrations were recorded during winter.
... The earlier studies on water quality of a fish farming pond in India were conducted by Sewell (1927) and afte many workers have studied the physico-chemical conditions of inland waters either in relation to fish mortality or as part of general hydrological survey (Alikunhiet al., 1952 andUpadhyaya, 1964). The details of various lake ecosystems also have been studied by (Johri, 1990;Pani and 2004;Moundiotiyaet al., 2004;Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006;., 2009;Mahesha andBalasubramanian, 2010 andDubey et al., 2013). In t ade to study the physico-chemical paramete , Rajasthan, India to assess thevariousaspects of s for supporting sustainable fisheries and conserv ...
... Good adequate oxygen, proper temperature, transparency, limited levels of metabolites and other environmental factors are known to affect fish culture. The earlier studies on water quality of a fish farming pond in India were conducted by Sewell (1927) and after that chemical conditions of inland waters either in relation to ., 1952 and Upadhyaya, en studied by (Johri, 1990;Pani and 2004;Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006;., 2009;Mahesha andBalasubramanian, 2010 andDubey et al., 2013). In the present rs of Jaisamand f the reservoir and vation. ...
The aim of this study was to determine the water quality status of Lake Jaisamand and its suitability for fisheries. Water samples were collected from May 2005 to April 2006 at bimonthly interval from preselected sampling stations. The important attributes of water quality such as air temperature (31.88±1.22 0C), water temperature (24.61±0.87 0C), transparency (185.56±2.38 cm), pH (8.20±0.05), electric conductivity (500.0±17.93 µScm-1), dissolved oxygen (9.43±0.18 mgl-1), free carbon dioxide (0.0 mgl-1), carbonates (43.06±2.36 mgl-1), bicarbonates (162.06±2.25 mgl-1), total alkalinity (205.06±4.37 mgl-1), orthophosphates (0.28±0.03 mgl-1), nitrate-N (0.25±0.03mgl-1) and silicate (9.96±0.31 mgl-1) were observed. Water quality parameters were compared with reported optimum water quality standards prescribed for fish farming or aquaculture and found within the limit. The results revealed that aquatic environment of Jaisamand Lake is conducive for fish growth and water is not only suitable for fish farming purposes but also for irrigation and drinking purposes.
... The water samples were analysed for water quality parameters following the standard procedures in APHA (2012) and by Senior (1996). The integrated status of various water quality parameters that are relevant and significant to particular use is reflected in water quality index (WQI) and it is a single value indicator to the water quality (Sisodia andMoundiotiya, 2006 andKankal et al., 2012). ...
... The water samples were analysed for water quality parameters following the standard procedures in APHA (2012) and by Senior (1996). The integrated status of various water quality parameters that are relevant and significant to particular use is reflected in water quality index (WQI) and it is a single value indicator to the water quality (Sisodia andMoundiotiya, 2006 andKankal et al., 2012). ...
The rivers always form the lifeline of nation and society by providing precious resources for development and perpetuation of life. In India, the surface water, especially rivers form an inevitable part of culture and are used as drinking and irrigational water source. The present study focus on the assessment of seasonal changes in water quality of the Anjarakandy River in Kannur District, Kerala during the pre monsoon and monsoon seasons of the year 2013. The physical, chemical and bacteriological attributes of the river water were analyzed, and based on the selected parameters, the Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated. The results show that there is chemical pollution of river water due to chloride, salinity, total hardness, sulphates, sodium, potassium etc. especially in down stretches of the river, where the severity of saltwater intrusion is common. The upstream portions of the river show high MPN values for total and fecal coliform bacteria, which indicate the organic pollution by excreta of warm blooded animals. From the water quality index values determined, it was found that the river water is ‘Unfit For Drinking’. Based on the values of Sodium Adsorption Ratio and Percentage Sodium determined, it was found that the water of Anjarakandy River is suitable for irrigation.
... In Status of dissolved oxygen condition in the lake water Dissolved oxygen (DO) plays a significant role in the metabolism of aquatic organisms in wetland ecosystems (Antony & Ignatius, 2015). The distribution, abundance, assemblage, and structure of phytoplankton species are related to water quality especially DO concentration (Bhateria & Jain, 2016;Gammal et al., 2017;Sisodia & Chaturbhuj, 2006). Dissolved oxygen level ranges between 1.63 and 5.76 mg L −1 (av. ...
Coastal lakes and estuaries are considered economic drivers for coastal communities by delivering invaluable economic and ecosystem services. The coastal ecosystems are facing recurrent hypoxia events (dissolved oxygen; DO < 2.0 mg L⁻¹) and are emerging as a major threat to ecosystem structure and functioning. The Ashtamudi Lake, (area = 56 km²), is one of the Ramsar sites in the State of Kerala and located on the SW coast of India. The waterways are extensively used for backwater tourism and for fishery activities. This paper discusses the spatio-temporal variation of water quality attributes with emphasis on hypoxia during non-monsoon and monsoon seasons. The extent of hypoxia on fishery diversity was discussed. The Southern Zone, adjacent to the urban area, shows the hypoxic condition with higher concentration of BOD, NO3-N, and NH4-N. The hypoxic condition is largely limited to the Southern Zone in both seasons. The occurrence of low DO in the lake is highly related to salinity and organic load in the lake system. The tracking of pollution sources in the lake system was also done through identification of pollution potential zones and found that catchments adjacent to Southern and Western Zones (urban regions) are the major source of pollution. The study suggests that hypoxia is chiefly attributed to anthropogenic interventions in the form of discharge of wastes into the lake causing overloading of nutrients and organic effluents, decrease in the freshwater supply, the absence of proper freshwater mixing or dilution, and effluent discharge from nearby urban centers.
... The DO values reduced during dry season because of high temperature which reduces the oxygen holding capacity of water. The presence of DO in water may be due to diffusion from air but the addition of a variety of biodegradable pollutants from domestic and industrial sources stimulates the growth of micro-organisms that consume the Dissolved Oxygen of water (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). ...
Drinking water constitute major liquid intake by man. The level of its quality is very paramount to human health and developments. Ingesting of contaminated water by humans result in ailments and even epidemic. This research investigated the suitability of groundwater sources for drinking in Benin City metropolis. One hundred (100) water samples were collected from boreholes and hand dug wells. Sampling was conducted in wet and dry seasons for laboratory analyses of physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters. Twenty eighty (28) physico-chemical parameters were tested and they Results obtained were compared with recommended standards set by World Health Organization (WHO), European Union (EU) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). Water quality parameters studied were satisfactory for human consumption excluding pH, DO, Mg, Fe, Total coliform and E-coli. Seasonal variations of water quality parameters were also studied and analysis revealed higher concentrations of most parameters in wet season. Disinfection and correction units should be installed for treatment of those parameters to evade health threats.
... WQI is defined as a rating reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters on the overall quality of water. It indicates the quality of an index number, which represents the overall quality of water for any intended use [44]. Spatial distribution of WQI values plotted as an infinite element map (Fig. 12a, b) [20] classification, these values fall within the excellent quality class as the values are less than 25. ...
... It indicates the quality by an index number, which represents the overall quality of water for any intended use. Water Quality Index (WQI) method has been applied in many countries to assess the overall status of their water bodies, such as United Status (Canter, 1996); UK (House, 1989), Canada (Khan, 2003 andLumb, 2006), (Sisodia, 2006); India (Dwivedi, 2007 andChaturvedi, 2010); Brazil (Stambuk, 1999); Bangladesh (Alam, 2006); Kenya (Otieno, 2008). In Iraq, there are three studies about application of WQI method to assess the health state of Euphrates river (Al-Othman, 2010) and Tigris river (Alobaidi, 2010) and Dokan Lake ecosystem (Alobaidi, 2010). ...
In this study Water Quality Index (WQI) was applied in Hemren Lake, Diyala province, Iraq using ten water quality parameters (pH, Electrical Conductivity, Hardness, Total Dissolve Soluble, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Chloride, Phosphate) from 2008 to 2010 to evaluate the suitability of Hemren Lake ecosystem for drinking and irrigation uses. The Weighted Arithmetic Index method (WAM) and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index methodology (The CWQI 1.0 model) were used to calculate the water quality index (W.Q.I). The results indicated that drinking water quality of Hemren Lake is good and marginal for the study period according to (WAM) and (CCME) respectively, while the irrigation water quality is good and according to (WAM) and (CCME). It is suggested that monitoring of the lake is necessary for proper management. Application of the WQI is also suggested as a very helpful tool that enables the public and decision makers to evaluate water quality of lakes in Iraq.
... The suitability of drinking water in the study area were ascertain by calculating the WQI for the different water samples both for the wet and dry season ( Water quality index considers a result of the composite influence of the different water parameters [50]. Results from the calculations of WQI showed that direct spring sources (GSS, GSS2 and GSS3) were most reliable regardless of the season; this is similar to the work of Akoanung [15]. ...
Aims: The quality of drinking water within Bamenda metropolis was evaluated for it variability and suitability. Place and Duration of Study: Twenty-two (22) samples were collected (11 in the dry season and 11 in the wet season) from 4 main drinking water network in Bamenda (public, community, non-distributed and private network). Methodology: The samples were tested for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Norme Française (NF) were the methods used to determine the organoleptic, natural structure, undesirable, toxic and bacteriological parameters of the different samples. Water Quality Index (WQI), Na/Cl ratio and hydrochemical facies were deduced from the physiochemical parameters. Results: The findings indicate that water quality in Bamenda varies with seasons, location and sources. The pH of the study area was acidic with a higher dry season mean percentage of 52.6% against 47.4% for wet season. Turbidity showed amean percentage of 75: 25% for wet and dry season respectively. Wet season cations, showed abundance Ca2+ and Mg2+ while dry season showed Ca2+ and Na+. Bicarbonate and Chloride were the most abundant anions in both seasons but varied with seasonal concentrations. Bacteriological analysis identified faecal coliform in 3 dry season samples. Hydrochemical facies showed dominant of magnesium and bicarbonate for wet season samples while Sodium and Chlorine were dominant for dry season samples. Water Quality Index (WQI) ranged from 72 to 94 for the wet season and 84 to 100 for dry season. Conclusion: Though the results for WQI were within the acceptable standard for drinking water, pH for 21 samples and turbidity of 6 samples were not within the Cameroon nor World Health Organisation (WHO) Standard for drinking water. It is important that drinking water be tested seasonally to ascertain the quality being consumed.
... The DO content is inversely proportional to the abundance of organic matter in the lake. The death of fish and organisms living in a lake may occur due to a sharp decrease in the amount of DO especially if it is less than 2 mg l -1 (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). Habbaniya lake recorded DO values of 9.100 mg l -1 as the minimum value and 13.600 mg l -1 as the highest value with an average of 11.994 mg l -1 . ...
The present investigation took place at Habbaniya lake to assess the level of pollution as an overall index besides organic directories.
... The DO content is inversely proportional to the abundance of organic matter in the lake. The death of fish and organisms living in a lake may occur due to a sharp decrease in the amount of DO especially if it is less than 2 mg l -1 (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). Habbaniya lake recorded DO values of 9.100 mg l -1 as the minimum value and 13.600 mg l -1 as the highest value with an average of 11.994 mg l -1 . ...
The present investigation took place at Habbaniya lake to assess the level of pollution as an overall index besides organic directories. Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand were calculated for 16 samples of lake water in addition to parameters of Overall Index Pollution. The lake water content of Dissolved Oxygen is excellent and unpolluted according to Biological Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand values (Dissolved Oxygen varied from 9.100 mg l-1 to 13.600 mg l-1, Biological Oxygen Demand varied from 2 mg l-1 to 7 mg l-1, and Chemical Oxygen Demand varied from 30 mg l-1 to 73.667 mg l-1). Overall Index Pollution was useful and helpful in determining lake water quality. The situation of the lake was better compared to the year 2014. The health status of the lake varied from acceptable to slightly polluted due to having Overall Index Pollution values ranges from 1.632 to 2.677, and it supports aquatic life in it. The map of Overall Index Pollution shows that the values in the northwestern part of the lake are lower than in the southeastern part due to the continuous renewal of water in the first part because it represents a water inlet. This map is almost identical to a distribution map of Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand. In general, Habbaniya lake is non-polluting and not dangerous to the environment now, but it may face the risk of pollution, based on the results obtained. Thus, the present study concluded that the use of the Overall Index Pollution technique with organic indicators is very suitable for assessing the level of water pollution in Habbaniya lake.
... The DO content is inversely proportional to the abundance of organic matter in the lake. The death of fish and organisms living in a lake may occur due to a sharp decrease in the amount of DO especially if it is less than 2 mg l -1 (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). Habbaniya lake recorded DO values of 9.100 mg l -1 as the minimum value and 13.600 mg l -1 as the highest value with an average of 11.994 mg l -1 . ...
The present investigation took place at Habbaniya lake to assess the level of pollution as an overall index besides organic directories. Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand were calculated for 16 samples of lake water in addition to parameters of Overall Index Pollution. The lake water content of Dissolved Oxygen is excellent and unpolluted according to Biological Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand values (Dissolved Oxygen varied from 9.100 mg l-1 to 13.600 mg l-1, Biological Oxygen Demand varied from 2 mg l-1 to 7 mg l-1, and Chemical Oxygen Demand varied from 30 mg l-1 to 73.667 mg l-1). Overall Index Pollution was useful and helpful in determining lake water quality. The situation of the lake was better compared to the year 2014. The health status of the lake varied from acceptable to slightly polluted due to having Overall Index Pollution values ranges from 1.632 to 2.677, and it supports aquatic life in it. The map of Overall Index Pollution shows that the values in the northwestern part of the lake are lower than in the southeastern part due to the continuous renewal of water in the first part because it represents a water inlet. This map is almost identical to a distribution map of Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand. In general, Habbaniya lake is non-polluting and not dangerous to the environment now, but it may face the risk of pollution, based on the results obtained. Thus, the present study concluded that the use of the Overall Index Pollution technique with organic indicators is very suitable for assessing the level of water pollution in Habbaniya lake.
... Water Quality Index (WQI) method has been applied in many countries to assess the overall status of their water bodies , such as United Status [12] ; UK [13]; Canada [14], [15], [1]; India [16], [17], [18]; International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol: [11] . In Iraq , there are two studies about application of WQI method to assess the health state of Euphrates river [21] and Tigris river [22] . ...
... The WQI indicates the quality of water by an index number, which represents the overall quality of water for any intended use (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). In calculating the WQI, diverse weightage were allotted to the water quality parameters utilized as displayed in Table 3. ...
... Fluctuations in alkalinity might be due to alkaline particles and low production of plankton [6] . Average orthophosphate was 0.19 mg l -1 during the present investigation which is coinciding to the observations of other authors [1,22] . In the present investigation average nitrate value was 0.44 mg l -1 . ...
The study was carried out to highlights the water quality status of lake Pichola, Udaipur (Rajasthan). The historic lake Pichola has its ethnic and scenic importance for the tourism. However, the lake is facing anthropogenic pressure due to heavy human population and hotels around it. This has created threat to shift its trophic level and alteration in its important physico-chemical parameters. The water samples were collected on monthly interval from four preselected sampling stations. The range of important water quality parameter in the lake were-air temperature (19.88-36.88 0 C), water temperature (18.75-30.90 0 C), transparency (15.91-72.27 cm), pH (7.20-8.80), dissolved oxygen (4.88-9.43mg/l-1), free carbon dioxide (0.00-11.75mg/l-1) total alkalinity (145.50-177.25 mg/l-1), total hardness (144.00-183.50 mg/l-1), total dissolves solids(187.51-273.51 mg/l-1), nitrate-N (0.36-0.51 mg/l-1) and orthophosphate (0.15-0.27mg/l-1) were observed. Water quality parameters were compared with reported optimum water quality standards prescribed for fish farming or aquaculture are found within limit. The results revealed that aquatic environment of Pichola Lake is conducive for fish growth and water is not only suitable for fish farming but also for irrigation.
... (Ramakrishnaiah et al., 2009;Jindal and Sharma, 2010). Substantial changes in the richness, composition and density of aquatic plant species in and around the lakes are caused by the degree of water quality degradation, particularly in terms of excess inputs of nutrients (Toivonen and Huttunen, 1995;Bini et al., 1999: Magee et al., 1999Lougheed et al., 2001;Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). Wetlands are fragile aquatic ecosystems. ...
By means of providing food and habitat for
aquatic organisms including the threatened as well as
endangered species, wetlands serve as earth’s most
important fresh water resource. As a good wetland is
determined by its water quality, it is exigent to maintain the
proper water quality of a wetland as the water quality of the
fresh water resources is deteriorating at an alarming rate.
Due to the contaminated water quality, human population
also gets affected as they suffer from many waterborn
diseases due to its usage, some of which may prove fatal.
Therefore, it has become imperative to check the quality of
water bodies at regular intervals for their sustainable
management. In order to access the water quality, various
physio-chemical parameters were carried out from October
2015 to September 2017 at four representative sites (S1, S2,
S3 and S4). During the present study, it was found that
various physico-chemical parameters greatly influence the
water quality of the under study wetland. The average
results of these parameters were compared with ISI, ICMR
and WHO standards for drinking water quality. It could be
inferred that water quality at Ropar wetland is “Poor” at S2
site and S4 site and “Very Poor” at S1 site and S3 site. DO
and Free CO2 showed significant negative correlation with
all other physico-chemical parameters at all the above
mentioned sites
... The study was carried out on water samples collected in dry (January, February and March) season 2013 owing to the fact that the lakes serve more as drinking water source in dry seasons when alternatives sources (rain and ground water) are scarce. The water samples were collected in clean one-liter bottles at 0.3m depth as described by Sisodia and Moundiotiya (2006) and Maiteraet al.,(2011) and at three different points across each lake. The three samples collected from each lake were then poured into a container and a composite sample of one liter was drawn and treated with 10ml of HNO 3 to maintain the status of cations in solution and slow down biological changes before reaching the laboratory for physicochemical tests. ...
Based on observations that some fluviatile lakes in the upper Benue Trough area of Adamawa state serve as sources of water for human consumption, this paper assesses the water quality of Lakes Gwakra, Ribadu and Parya. The studied lakes were purposively selected on the bases of observed facts that their waters are often used for drinking by residents of settlements in their vicinities. Water samples from the lakes were collected using standard field and Laboratory procedures. Laboratory results of the lakes' Physico-chemical and Toxic parameters were compared with recommended drinking standards provided by SON/WHO. Overall Water Quality Statuses of the lakes were determined using the Arithmetical Water Quality Index Method. Results showed that most of the lakes' Physico-chemical parameters are within permissible limits of drinking water standards provided by SON/WHO. However, overall Water Quality Indices of the lakes (153.36, 149.62 and 88.59 for Gwakra, Ribadu and Parya respectively) confirmed the lakesas unfit and very bad sources of safe drinking water for humans in the area. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with p-value of 0.864 at 95% CIs further revealed that there is no significant difference in the chemical content of the lakes owing to unvarying geologic characteristics and consistent landuse activities in the area. Therefore, qualitative treatment of the lakes' water is recommended before consumption.
... Water Quality Index (WQI) method has been applied in many countries to assess the overall status of their water bodies , such as United Status [12] ; UK [13]; Canada [14], [15], [1]; India [16], [17], [18]; International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol: [11] . In Iraq , there are two studies about application of WQI method to assess the health state of Euphrates river [21] and Tigris river [22] . ...
The Water Quality Index (WQI) of Euphrates river between Heet and Ramadi cities was carried out using various water quality parameter from November 2008 to June 2009. Twelve water quality parameters namely Ph , Dissolved Oxygen (DO) , Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) , Turbidity , Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) , Total Suspended Solids (TSS) , Bicarbonate (HCO 3-) , Sulfate (SO 4 =) , Phosphate (PO 4 =) , Total Nitrogen (TN) , Chloride (Cl-) and Fecal Coliform (FC) were considered to compute Water Quality Index (WQI) based on the Canadian council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index methodology (CCME WQI). We found that the water quality of Euphrates river in the study area is mostly rated as ״ marginal ״ (CCME WQI is 45.17) for over all drinking aquatic uses in the study period. Generally , the water quality was״ marginal ״ at the upstream and ״ poor״ at the downstream throughout the study period. The deterioration of water quality in Euphrates river can be attributed to natural and anthropogenic sources .
... Dissolved oxygen is a measure of the degree of pollution by organic matter, the destruction of organic substances as well as the self-purification capacity which is a major indicator of water quality (WHO, 2000). Concentrations of DO below 5mg/l may adversely affect the functioning and survival of biological communities and below 2mg/l may lead to fish mortality (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). In lakes, the dissolved oxygen levels are most likely to vary vertically in the water column. ...
In this study, we used some organic pollution indicators (DO, BOD and COD) to estimate the pollution level of Habbaniya Lake, Iraq. The surface water samples were collected from six stations. The sampling was bimonthly. The parameters, DO, pH, and T were measured in field using portable meters, while Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were determined by standard methods, respectively. Variation of DO with depth, temporal and spatial variation of DO, BOD and COD were investigated. The DO level ranged from 6. 72 mg l-1 to 10. 57 mgl-1 with a mean value of 8. 9 mgl-. The mean value of DO level was above the WHO permissible limit for the protection of fisheries and aquatic life and for domestic water supply. Results show variation of DO with vertically. The BOD level varied from 2. 86 to 11. 16 mgl-1 with a mean value of 7. 53 mgl-1. Mean value of BOD is within the WHO and USEPA permissible limits. COD levels ranged between 26. 83 and 40. 33 mgl-1 with a mean value of 33. 47 mg l-1. The mean value of COD did not exceed the WHO limit. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there is significant difference between the sampling periods for values of DO and BOD, insignificant difference for COD values and insignificant difference between the sampling stations. The results of organic pollution indicators show that Habbaniya Lake is unpolluted to less pollution in the organic matter during the sampling period and could support aquatic life and use as domestic water supply.
... The higher range recorded in summer months denote the effect of higher temperature and rapid reduction in water mass [6,7]. The high concentration of Chloride in water is considered as an sign of contamination due to high organic waste of animal origin [8,9]. ...
Sion Lake is present in Mumbai city of Maharashtra. Water quality of Sion Lake studied in present paper. Water from lake collected during Apr 2012 to July 2012 and analyzed for five parameters for seasonal variation. During study it was observed that water quality of Sion Lake is polluted by domestic sewage from the intensively urbanized catchments. Sion Lake is extensively used for washing, bathing activities, and for conducting religious rituals, idol immersion which shows eutrophication problem; hence the study was done to find out the quality of water for various physico-chemical parameters. Sion Lake is found to be more organically polluted and greater degree of eutrophication was observed. The present paper describes details of human impact on lake, and suggests some measures for restoration of this important resource.
... WQI is defined as a rating reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters on the overall quality of water. It indicates the quality of an index number, which represents the overall quality of water for any intended use [44]. Spatial distribution of WQI values plotted as an infinite element map (Fig. 12a, b) for both wet and dry seasons reveal values in the range of 0.41-15.06 ...
Groundwater quality of the Bamenda metropolis (Northwest Region-Cameroon) was assessed for its suitability for possible uses. A total of 22 groundwater samples were collected from dug wells and boreholes within the Bamenda town during the wet and dry seasons. Hydrodynamics and physicochemical parameters were measured. Other parameters including, major ions, sodium percentage (Na %), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and water quality index (WQI) were deduced from chemical analysis, and their distributions were demonstrated using spatial distribution contour maps. Durov's plot, Gibbs diagram, and chloro-alkaline indices were used to deduce the source and detect the groundwater samples for different applications. The findings indicate that groundwater flows in the study area from shallow to deep aquifers. Piper's plot shows Ca-Mg-CO 3-HCO 3 and Ca-Mg-Cl-SO 4 as the main water types. WQI and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines show that all the groundwater samples have excellent water quality for drinking purpose. Electrical conductivity (EC), Na %, and SAR values indicate that all wet season water samples are of low-salinity class, whereas dry season samples are of low to medium salinity; hence, all the samples are suitable for irrigation. Though there is extensive use of agricultural fertilizers and intense urbanization in the metropolis, anthropogenic activities, for now, seem to have minimal impact on the quality of groundwater.
... Sisodia and Moundiotiya; Tripathi et.al. [7,8] CONCLUSION At all six sampling sites, chloride value observed within desirable limits given by BIS and WHO; indicates less effect of anthropogenic activities on groundwater. ...
Ambarnath town is situated in Thane district of Maharashtra. For study purpose six ground water sampling sites were selected from main town area of Ambarnath. Water samples were collected during Jan.2013 to June 2013.Collected Samples were analyzed throughout 6 months for Chloride parameter. Chloride in study area was found between 99.4 mg/l to 130.64 mg/l. In whole study period, Bhimnagar area open well always shown higher value of chloride compared to other sites indicates effect of anthropogenic activity.
... Dissolved oxygen is a measure of the degree of pollution by organic matter, the destruction of organic substances as well as the self-purification capacity which is a major indicator of water quality (WHO, 2000). Concentrations of DO below 5mg/l may adversely affect the functioning and survival of biological communities and below 2mg/l may lead to fish mortality (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). In lakes, the dissolved oxygen levels are most likely to vary vertically in the water column. ...
In this study, we used some organic pollution indicators (DO, BOD and COD) to estimate the pollution level of Habbaniya Lake, Iraq. The surface water samples were collected from six stations. The sampling was bimonthly. The parameters, DO, pH, and T were measured in field using portable meters, while Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were determined by standard methods, respectively. Variation of DO with depth, temporal and spatial variation of DO, BOD and COD were investigated. The DO level ranged from 6. 72 mg l-1 to 10. 57 mgl-1 with a mean value of 8. 9 mgl-. The mean value of DO level was above the WHO permissible limit for the protection of fisheries and aquatic life and for domestic water supply. Results show variation of DO with vertically. The BOD level varied from 2. 86 to 11. 16 mgl-1 with a mean value of 7. 53 mgl-1. Mean value of BOD is within the WHO and USEPA permissible limits. COD levels ranged between 26. 83 and 40. 33 mgl-1 with a mean value of 33. 47 mg l-1. The mean value of COD did not exceed the WHO limit. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there is significant difference between the sampling periods for values of DO and BOD, insignificant difference for COD values and insignificant difference between the sampling stations. The results of organic pollution indicators show that Habbaniya Lake is unpolluted to less pollution in the organic matter during the sampling period and could support aquatic life and use as domestic water supply.
... Water Quality Index [21] percent sodium %Na, Kelly's ratio KR and Residual sodium carbonate RSC and ...
... It indicates the quality by an index number, which represents the overall quality of water for any intended use. Water Quality Index (WQI) method has been applied in many countries to assess the overall status of their water bodies, such as United Status (Canter, 1996); UK (House, 1989), Canada (Khan, 2003 andLumb, 2006), (Sisodia, 2006); India (Dwivedi, 2007 andChaturvedi, 2010); Brazil (Stambuk, 1999); Bangladesh (Alam, 2006); Kenya (Otieno, 2008). In Iraq, there are three studies about application of WQI method to assess the health state of Euphrates river (Al-Othman, 2010) and Tigris river (Alobaidi, 2010) and Dokan Lake ecosystem (Alobaidi, 2010). ...
In this study Water Quality Index (WQI) was applied in Hemren Lake, Diyala province, Iraq using ten water quality parameters (pH, Electrical Conductivity, Hardness, Total Dissolve Soluble, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Chloride, Phosphate) from 2008 to 2010 to evaluate the suitability of Hemren Lake ecosystem for drinking and irrigation uses. The Weighted Arithmetic Index method (WAM) and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index methodology (The CWQI 1.0 model) were used to calculate the water quality index (W.Q.I). The results indicated that drinking water quality of Hemren Lake is good and marginal for the study period according to (WAM) and (CCME) respectively, while the irrigation water quality is good and according to (WAM) and (CCME). It is suggested that monitoring of the lake is necessary for proper management. Application of the WQI is also suggested as a very helpful tool that enables the public and decision makers to evaluate water quality of lakes in Iraq.
... The study was carried out on water samples collected in dry (January, February and March) season 2013 owing to the fact that the lakes serve more as drinking water source in dry seasons when alternatives sources (rain and ground water) are scarce. The water samples were collected in clean one-liter bottles at 0.3m depth as described by Sisodia and Moundiotiya (2006) and Maiteraet al.,(2011) and at three different points across each lake. The three samples collected from each lake were then poured into a container and a composite sample of one liter was drawn and treated with 10ml of HNO 3 to maintain the status of cations in solution and slow down biological changes before reaching the laboratory for physicochemical tests. ...
This experiment involves laboratory assessment of physicochemical properties and water quality for livestock consumption from selected lakes in the upper Benue valley area of Adamawa State, Nigeria has been carried out. The studied lakes were purposively selected on the bases of size and function as drinking points for livestock in the area. Water samples were collected and analyzed in dry and wet seasons of 2013 using standard procedures and results were evaluated using National Acedemy of Science (NAS) recommended drinking water standards for livestock. Values of Physicochemical and toxic parameters with the exception of cadmium for Lake Geriyo were found within permissible limits for livestock consumption. This confirms the lakes as good water sources for livestock in the area. However, there are the possibility of future accumulation of the parameters in the lakes observed. Therefore, proper management plans are required to protect the lakes from contaminants accumulation in order to sustain water quality in the study area.
... A total of nine (9) water samples collected from the lake at different locations and depths, homogenize to make a composite sample. The water samples collected were homogenize and store in iced cooled container and transported to laboratory for analysis based on the procedures described by [14,15] and [6]. All onsite and laboratory tests were conducted as per standard procedures. ...
... The mean alkalinity values obtained for both the wet and dry seasons in this work conform well to the SON recommended maximum value of 200 mgL -1 for drinking water. Excessive alkalinity has been found to cause eye irritation in human and chlorosis in plants (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). Temperature of water is an important parameter that needs to be ascertained because it can affects aquatic biochemical reactions (Chandaluri et al., 2010). ...
In the present study, some physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals content in water samples collected from three sources (wells, boreholes and river) at two different areas (Kente and Hospital Ward) in Wukari local government area were analyzed using standard methods in order to ascertain its quality. The study was conducted during dry season (2015) and rainy season (2016). The physico–chemical parameters of interest that were investigated include temperature, turbidity, suspended solids, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, pH, phosphate, chloride, alkalinity, hardness, chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) while that of metals were cadmium, lead, arsenic, iron, copper, mercury and manganese and the results compared with standard values as prescribed by standards organization of Nigeria (SON). The results of the study revealed that the mean amounts of metals analyzed were within the allowable limit as set by SON except that of lead in all water samples from the river irrespective of the season. Most physico-chemical parameters results fall within SON guidelines and some were above the SON limit. In conclusion, the results indicate that seasonal change does not bring significant alteration in the parameters analyzed.
... Usually most of the heavy metals enter in water bodies from various sources, it be can be either natural by erosion and weathering or anthropogenic (Adaikpoh et al., 2005; Adakole and Abolude, 2012). Literature reveals that studies have been conducted in India on elemental concentration and water quality of lakes like Halai, Koloroi, Kalyani, Salim Ali, Dahi-Khura, Ramgarh, Kalakho and Dalvoy Lake (Jain, Sharma and Thakur 1996; Sreenivasan Venkatanarasimha and Franklin 1997; Srinivasan and Kotaiah 2000; Thorat and Masaraat 2000; Shastri and Pendse, 2001; Moundiotiya et al., 2004; Sisodia and Moundiotiya 2006; Mahesha and Balasubramanian 2010). Generally in unaffected environments most of the heavy metals concentration is very low and is mostly derived from the weathering (Karbassi et al., 2008; Varol and Sen, 2012). ...
... Temp Oxygen is an important parameter to the metabolism of all aquatic organisms that possess aerobic respiration. Concentration of DO indicates water quality and its relation to the distribution and abundance of various algal species (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). Its presence is essential to maintain the higher forms of biological life in the water (Trivedi and Goel, 1986). ...
The present research was conducted to study seasonal limnological parameters and record composition pattern of aquatic macro-invertebrates of the Rampur Ghol. GRS-BIOS/ASPT index was used to calculate the water quality class, Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’) and Piélou evenness index (e) were used to determine taxa richness of the macroinvertebrates. Altogether 281 individuals of 14 families and 313 individuals of 18 families were recorded in dry season and rainy season, respectively. Similarly, diversity index and evenness index values were recorded 0.98 and 0.85 in dry season; 1.075 and 0.86 in rainy season. On the basis of different aquatic macro-invertebrates, GRS-BIOS/ASPT Index value of four sampling sites fall in class II (moderately polluted), four sampling sites belong to water quality class IIIII (critically polluted) and remaining two sampling sites belong to water quality class III (heavily polluted). Similarly, in rainy season seven sites fall in water quality class II (moderately polluted) and three sampling sites belong to water quality class II-III (critically polluted).Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2014, 19(2): 58-64
... Wastewater containing biodegradable organic matter decreases the DO of the receiving water due to (Table 1) were below the minimum EPA standard for industrial effluent [13]. The lower DO values recorded for the tailings dam wastewater (Table 1) during the study can be attributed to the poor aeration of the tailings dam, the low oxygen holding capacity of the wastewater in the dam as a result of the high tropical temperature [22] and the (bio) chemical oxidation of the sulphide ore minerals [23,24]. The high levels of COD recorded for the wastewater may be attributed to the oxygen that is mainly required for the oxidation of both organic and inorganic compounds. ...
The study was conducted on the status of the quality of wastewater from the tailings dam of Central Africa Gold Limited in Bibiani, Ghana, to ascertain the level of contamination of the wastewater. The tailings dam stores process effluent from the gold extraction plant. Wastewater samples taken from the tailings dam were analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics. Arsenic, iron and cyanide were identified as the major pollutants in the tailings dam wastewater with average concentrations of 4.5, 25.2 and 11.1 mg·L-1, respectively. Arsenic, iron and free CN- (cyanide) concentrations in the process effluent exceeded the Ghana EPA discharge limits of 0.2, 2 and 0.2 mg·L-1, respectively. High conductivity, total dissolved solids, sulphate and ammonium were found in the wastewater studied. The tailings dam serves as a natural reservoir that removes most of the total suspended solids and the turbidity, resulting in the improvement in the aesthetic appeal of the wastewater. Nonetheless, arsenic, iron and cyanide concentrations were still high and hence the wastewater cannot be discharged into the environment without prior treatment.
... Dissolved oxygen supports the biological life in water; its fluctuations depend on temperature and algal population (Lashari et al., 2009). Concentrations of DO below 5mg/l may adversely affect the functioning and survival of biological communities and below 2mg/l may lead to fish mortality (Sisodia et al., 2006). In the present study, dissolved oxygen level was found to be zero. ...
A B S T R A C T Lake ecosystems are degraded with the increase in urbanization and anthro-pogenic activities. A study was taken up to analyze the effects of water quality of Ibalur Lake, Bangalore, India. The physico-chemical parameters and bacteriological examination of lake water was done for a period of 3 months from December 2013 – February 2014. The values recorded for Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and Chemical oxygen demand (COD) were found to be zero. The average values recorded for parameters like calcium, total alkalinity, hardness were 231mg/L, 197mg/L and 587.1 mg/L respectively which were found exceeding the WHO standards set for drinking water; Parameters like Magnesium, Sodium, Chlorides, Sulphates had an average value of 140, 18.4, 59.5, 15 expressed in mg/L, which were within the WHO standards. Coli-form count customized using the standard Most Probable Number (MPN) test reported a very high bacterial activity and proved the lake water is non-potable. Analysis carried out to determine the effects of pollutants on the vertebrate system (zebra fish) showed that the polluted waters of the lake have deleterious effects on zebra fish. With these observations it can be concluded that the pollutants of the lake can have detrimental impact on the biotic components.
... It included nine water quality parameters -Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Fecal Coli form (FC), pH, Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Nitrate -Nitrite, Phosphorous, turbidity, temperature and total solids Initially water quality and score ranges were subdivided into seven classes as follows. Excellent (90-100), Good (80-89), slightly good (70-79), Average (50-59), slightly bad (40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49), bad (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) and very bad (below 19). Initially it was based on arithmetic mean of weighted sub-index of each variable. ...
Water pollution not only affects water quality but also threats human health, economic developments & social prosperity Internationally there are number of attempts made to produce a method that meaningfully integrates the data sets and converts them into simple information called as Water Quality Index (WQI) Water quality indices are used as comprehensive evaluation instrument to assess the river water quality. Water quality index makes expert knowledge available to expert users and public in general. The indices are formulated based either on studies conducted by the indices developers or are formulated based on the Delphi technique which takes into account the opinion of experts or mathematical formulation or by using fuzzy logic. In this study the water quality index is developed by assigning relative weights to each parameter ranging from 1 to 6 based on the adverse effect of the water quality parameter on human health, its concentration with respect to other water quality parameters and method of treatment required. It includes twenty five water quality parameters such as Color water temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Suspended Solids (SS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (TA), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Sulfates (SO 4-),, Chlorides, Total Phosphates (TP-), Calcium (Ca ++) , Magnesium (Mg ++), Fluorides Ammonium-Nitrogen (NH 3-N), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO 3-N), Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO 2-N) Total coliform (TC), Fecal coliform (FC), Sodium (Na+) and Boron(B) Water quality is categorized into five levels based on the values of water quality index as Excellent (WQI = 95 to 100), Good (WQI = 80 to 94), Fair (WQI = 65 to 79), Marginal (WQI = 45 to 64) and Poor (WQI = 0 to 44). The sensitivity analysis shows that this WQI is not influenced by any one or few parameters but it is a combined effect of all the parameters. It is applied to Purna (Tapi) river basin of Maharashtra (India).
... It indicates the quality by an index number, which represents the overall quality of water for any intended use (Sisodia and Moundiotiya, 2006). Spatial distribution of WQI values is presented in Fig 6. ...
In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate and identify hydrogeochemistry of water and the involved chemical processes using Durov and Piper diagrams. The prominent hydrochemical facies was Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl--SO4 2- in both methods although slight variation in terms of Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3
- was also observed in few water samples. Piper diagrams indicated the dominance of mixed water type (70.84%) having no one cation-anion pair exceeds 50%, while Durov specified the dominance of simple dissolution or mixing (83.34 %) with no dominant major anion or cation. Thus, both the diagrams signify nonidentification of the water types with neither anions dominant nor cations dominant. Piper diagram, Durov plot and chloroalkaline indices indicated the dominance of alkaline earth elements were over alkalies in majority of samples due to direct exchange of Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the Aquifer matrix with Na+ and K+ from the groundwater. Further, SAR (0.41>SAR< 2.78), percent sodium (7.3 > %Na < 42.4) and WQI (13.56 >WQI < 112.99) values recommended the suitability of 100, 91.67 and 62.5% of samples for domestic and irrigation
purposes.
Ground water quality around Ambarnath industrial zone was studied for a period of six months during June 2013 to January 2014. Groundwater samples were collected from 6 sampling sites during study period and analyzed for different physicochemical parameters like Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Alkalinity, Total hardness, TDS and Chloride. Obtained results were compared with WHO and BIS standard. An attempt has been made to find out the groundwater quality around industrial zone. Bhimnagar area open well and Kansai Gaon open well shows higher conductance value compared to other samples. During study period it was observed that open wells were found more affected compared to hand pumps and bore well
This study is an attempt to develop Shatt-Al-Hilla river water quality index (WQI) which can be applied to evaluate the general water quality of the main Iraqi rivers or streams in its entire stretch for public uses. The index proposed in this work is composed of seven measurable parameters: Total hardness (TH), Electrical conductivity(EC),Acidity (PH), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Sulphate(SO 4), Calcium(Ca). Chloride(CL). WQI is a mean to summarize large amount of water quality data into simple terms (e.g., good or poor) for reporting to authorities management and the public in a consistent manner. Visual Basic can be effectively used to evaluate the variations of surface water quality in any rivers or stream in Iraq. In the present study, surface water samples were gathered (monthly two samples) from differentfive regions located at Shatt Al-Hillariver during culturing period from October 2014 to September ,2015. Sodium absorption ratio(SAR), permeability(PI)and magnesium hazard(MH) were calculated to evaluate the water quality depending on arithmetic method of (WQI) and Iraqi standard No.417 for 2004. Values of WQI ranged from (45.789-37.234)at Hilla city and rated good according to the classification of Iraq Standard ,2004 and WHO ,2004. These values belong to high water electrical conductivity and chloride of the studied wells comparable with other parameters. Also, correlation coefficient support this interpretation where there are strong positively correlation between WQI values and both electrical conductivity and chloride values (0.987, 0.909 respectively).As a compared with SAR for all five stations ,there values are (S 2) with(12-18), and sodium (%) (35-54),it means permissible type according to specification of Na%. These values associated with both EC and Cl-in a strong negatively correlation (0.990, 0.912 respectively). Application program can be considered as a good and fast tool to evaluate (WQI) for every river or stream in Iraq. Keywords: Surface water quality-water quality-WQI. اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ : اﻟﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﺷط اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻟﺣﺳﺎب ﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑر ﻟﺗطوﯾر اﺳﺔ اﻟدر ﻫذﻩ ﺗﻬدف) WQI (ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﯾﯾم ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﻪ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟذي و اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﯾﯾم اق اﻟﻌر ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬر ﻻي ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﻪ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟذي و اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ. ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺣددات ﺳﺑﻊ ﺧﻼل ﻣن ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻪ ﺗم اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ : اﻟﻌﺳر اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ ة ، ﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻬر اﻟﺗوﺻﯾﻠﯾﺔ ، اﻟﺣﺎﻣﺿﯾﺔ ، اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟذاﺋﺑﺔ اﻻﻣﻼح ، ﯾﺗﺎت اﻟﻛﺑر ، اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم ، ﯾدات اﻟﻛﻠور. اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﺑﺳﯾط ﻣﺻطﻠﺢ ﺑدﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﺄﺧوذﻩ ﻟﻠﻧﻣﺎذج اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻗﯾم ﺟﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺻل ﻫو) ﺟﯾد ﻣﺛل ، ردئ (ﻣﺗﻣﺎﺳﻛﺔ ﯾﻘﺔ ﺑطر اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ و ة اﻻدار اﻟﻰ ﯾر ﺗﻘر ﻻﻋطﺎء. ﻧﺎ ﺑر ﺗطﺑﯾق ﻣﺞ) ﺑﯾﺳك ال اﻟﻔﯾﺟو (ﻓﻲ اﻻﺧﺗﻼف ﻟﺗﻘﯾﯾم ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ اداة ﯾﻌﺗﺑر اق اﻟﻌر ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﻬﺎر ﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠف اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ. اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت ﺟﻣﻊ ﺗم اﺳﺔ اﻟدر ﻫذﻩ ﻓﻲ) ﯾﺎ ﺷﻬر ﻧﻣوذﺟﯾن (ﻣن اﻟﻧﻬر طول ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣوزﻋﺔ ﻣﻧﺎطق ﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣﻠﺔ ﺷط ﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻣن اﻟﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ دﺧوﻟﻪ اﻻول ﯾن ﺗﺷر ﻣن ة اﻟﻔﺗر ﺧﻼل 2014 اﯾﻠول وﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ 2015. ﺗم ﺣﺳﺎب) اﻟﺻودﯾوم اﻣﺗﺻﺎص ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ، ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﻧﻔﺎذﯾﺔ ، ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻐﻧﯾﺳوم اﻟﺧطﯾر ، اﻟﻧﻔﺎذﯾﺔ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ (ﻓﻲ ﻷﻫﻣﯾﺗﻬﺎ وذﻟك اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﺗﻘﯾﯾم اج اﺳﺗﺧر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﯾﺔ ﯾﻘﺔ اﻟطر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎد) WQI (ﻗم ر اﻗﯾﺔ اﻟﻌر اﻟﻘﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻣو ﻋﻠﻰ وﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎد 417 ﻟﺳﻧﺔ 2004. ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻗﯾم اوﺣت ﺗر) 45.789-37.234 (اﻟﺣﻠﺔ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗم ر اﻗﯾﺔ اﻟﻌر اﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻣو وﺣﺳب 417 ﻟﺳﻧﺔ 2004 اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﺣﺔ ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﺻﻔﺎت وﻣو 2004 ، اﺛﺑﺗﺗﻪ ﻣﺎ وﻫذا اﯾد اﻟﻛﻠور ﻗﯾم ﻣﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﺻﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻗﯾم ﻟﻛون ﯾﻌود اﻟﺳﺑب و ﺟﯾدة وﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻬر ﻟﻠﺗوﺻﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛون ﻗﯾم اﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﻪ اﺛﺑت اذ اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻗﯾم وﺑﯾن اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺣددات ﻗﯾم ﺑﯾن اﻟﺧطﻲ ﺗﺑﺎط اﻻر ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﯾد اﻟﻛﻠور و) 0.987, 0.909 (اﻟﻲ اﻟﺗو ﻋﻠﻰ. ﻧﺔ وﺑﻣﻘﺎر اﻟﺧﻣﺳﺔ اﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻣو اﻟﺻودﯾوم از اﻣﺗز ﻗﯾم اﻟﺣﻠﺔ ﺷط ﻋﻠﻰ ة اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺎر ، ﺿﻣن ﻣن ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﺗﺻﻧﯾف) S 2 (ﺑﻘﯾم) 12-18 (اﻟﺻودﯾوم وﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻗﻊ اﻟﻣو ﻟﻛﺎﻓﺔ) 35-54 % (ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت ﻣﺎ ﻧوﻋﺎ ﺟﯾدة اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ان ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾدل وﻫذا اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ. ﻧو ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﺑﯾن ﻗﯾم ﺑﺎﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺧطﻲ ﺗﺑﺎط ﻻر ﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﺛﺑﺗﻪ ﻣﺎ وﻫذا اﯾد اﻟﻛﻠور و ﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻬر اﻟﺗوﺻﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻛل وﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻋﯾﺔ) 0.990,-0.912 (اﻟﻲ اﻟﺗو ﻋﻠﻰ. Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(2)/ Vol.(25): 2017 369 ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﻗﯾم اﯾﺟﺎد و اق اﻟﻌر ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬر اي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺑر ﻟﺗطﺑﯾق وﺟﯾدة ﯾﻌﺔ ﺳر ﺧطوة ﻓﯾﻌﺗﺑر اﻟﺑرﻣﺟﻲ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق اﻣﺎ. اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺣﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت : اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ، اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ، اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل .
The physical and chemical attributes that comprise the water quality of a wetland have a significant influence on the system's biotic structure and function. Assessments of wetland water quality can be used for reference-based monitoring in the development and implementation of wetland water quality standards and to provide ancillary information in support of biotic surveys. While the methods used to evaluate water quality in wetlands are generally the same as those used for other surface waters, wetlands may differ in their dominant source of water, often have greater heterogeneity in habitat types, and can exhibit significant variability in water permanence. These characteristics can lead to spatial and temporal variability within and among wetlands that can make it difficult to use water quality data to detect human impacts. This chapter reviews some of the major sources of variability in wetland water quality and discusses approaches and general sampling considerations for characterizing basic water quality in wetland monitoring studies. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013. All rights are reserved.
Bangalore is a metropolitan and capital city of the state of Karnataka in India, it is considered to be the fastest growing Information technology and Biotechnology hub of the world. In contrast with the same the city is subjected to continuous development through anthropogenic activities where in it has lost most of its wetlands like lakes and the existing water bodies are exploited to the highest order the resultant of which is seen through the spread of diseases and loss of existing natural aquatic bodies and loss of ecosystem. In the present study grab water samples were collected from three distinct sampling stations of Mallathahalli Lake, Bangalore, India and assessed for various physical and chemical parameters betwixt December 2014 and February 2015; Microbiological evaluation was also extrapolated for the lake betwixt the same period. The average values recorded for the physical parameters like pH and temperature for Recycled, Open and Eutrophicated lake water was found to be within the limit. The average values recorded for the chemical parameters from the three sampling stations were found to be within the standards set by World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water quality. The DO, BOD and COD values were found to be varying in the three different sampling stations implicating organic pollution. Bacteriological examination of water indicated high microbial activity and proved water to be unfit for human consumption. The effect of the water quality was supported by heart beat count and acetyl choline esterase activity which was established in zebra fish a vertebrate model. Zebra fish analysis concluded recycled water to be of better quality when compared to eutrophicated and open water system.
Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of
herbicide on water quality through water quality index (WQI). WQI was derived to see the
suitability of water in term of its quality for fishery. The WQI proposed in this study was
composed of eight measurable major environmental parameters, viz. herbicide residues,
pH, total dissolve solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD),
free ammonia, chloride and temperature. Concentrations of these eight variables were ...
this paper is first my ISC paper
The limnological parameters such as pH, water temperature, DO, free CO2, CO2-3 alkalinity, HCO3- alkalinity, total hardness and calcium hardness and CaH were investigated monthly and found congenial for the propagation of the flora and fauna. These formed a complex food-web in the lake for sustaining animals (avifauna) occupying the higher trophic levels of the food chain. Tables of macrophytes and macrofauna are presented. -from Authors
The water quality of the Uyyakondan channel of river Cauvery has been assessed. The hospital waste and the domestic sewage contribute a source of pollution in channel water. The physical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total, dissolved and suspended solids and the chemical parameters such as alkalinity, ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium calcium, magnesium, iron etc have been analysed. The results indicate that all the parameters are in high level and unsuitable for human consumption and irrigation except during the months of September of December when the channel is flooded with water. The channel appears as a drainage during the pre-and postmonsoon seasons.
The water quality and pollution load of the river Sanamachhakandana of Keonjhar Garh, Orissa was monitored for a period of two years (January, 1990 to December, 1991). The quality of water assessed by testing various physicochemical parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, calcium, magnesium, total solids, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) content. The mean value of water quality index for all the seasons were recorded for three stations (S1, S2, and S3). The studies reveal that potability of the river water is much less than the permissible levels as per the ICMR and WHO (1984 a) standards.
(1) The suspended solids of Bere Stream (1968-70) and the River Frome (1969-71), two hard-water eutrophic streams in southern Britain, were sampled at approximately weekly intervals. (2) Maximum chlorophyll concentrations, occurring regularly in April, were largely due to pennate diatoms which had become detached from the benthic flora. Outside this period chlorophyll concentration was normally low, and percentage degradation of the chlorophyll a high. Higher pigment concentrations in winter were due to both chlorophyll and phaeopigment. (3) High chlorophyll to carbon ratios were only observed in association with the April chlorophyll maximum. (4) Calculations indicated that the loss of algae downstream in Bere Stream, between mid-March and mid-May 1970, may have exceeded 600 mg chl. a m-2 of river bed, upstream of the sampling point. Filter-feeding insect larvae may have obscured even larger losses. (5) Two soft-water streams were also sampled. Ober Water showed a distinct chlorophyll maximum in April, but in Dockens water the seasonal variation in chlorophyll concentration was distinctly different.
Physico-chemical parameters and the algae of Dahikhuta reservoir, near Malegaon, Dist. Nasik (Maharashtra) have been investigated during July to December 1998. The results have revealed that reservoir water is classified as oligotrophic on the basis of water quality criteria. This paper also reports algal diversity. Total 19 algal taxa are reported from three classes.
The present study has been undertaken to evaluate physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, alkalinity and hardness) and zinc concentration in water bodies in and around Jaipur. Water samples from Jalmachal Lake, Nevta Lake, Amer Lake and Ramgarh Lake were analysed. Results reveal that the water of Jalmahal Lake is most polluted due to high pH, hardness, alkalinity, free carbon dioxide, zinc content, and a low level of dissolved oxygen. Contrarily Ramgarh Lake is least polluted, as it has high dissolved oxygen and low pH, alkalinity, free carbon dioxide, hardness and zinc content.