Content uploaded by Jaap De Waard
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Jaap De Waard on Dec 24, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
A two-dimensional typology of crime prevention projects: With a bibliography
Abstract
The term "crime prevention" Is a widely used concept with a loosely defined meaning. For some authors the term crime prevention refers to conventional criminal justice policies. We prefer a definition which helps to bring into focus alternative or special crime prevention programs. In this paper crime prevention is defined as: "the total of all private intitatives and state polices, other than the enforcement of criminal law, aimed at the reduction of damage caused by acts defined as criminal by the state."
This definition covers fear reduction programmes, since fear can be seen as a damaging result of (perceived) criminality. lt also covers victim assistance polices since these can be viewed as a form of damage control. lncluded are also the prevention activities of the police, like general surveillance and the treatment or training of (ex) offenders. Excluded are the investigation and prosecution of crimes, sentencing and the execution of conventional punishments.
... Prevention is primarily centered around public health issues and represents both a theoretical understanding of societal crises and a methodology for combatting said concerns. These prevention practices have been integrated into criminal justice research and practice towards reducing criminal legal involvement, particularly among youth and first-time offenders (Butts et al., 2015;Moore, 1995;Van Dijk & De Waard, 1991). ...
... These efforts to integrate prevention practices into the criminal legal system have largely informed diversionary efforts to prevent continuity and increasing severity of legal involvement for low-level offenders (Mulvey et al., 1993). Van Dijk and De Waard (1991) established a two-tiered typology of prevention practices in the criminal legal system, arguing that while primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention remains vital to justice policy, we must also consider whether the prevention tactic is offender, victim, or situational centered. Restorative justice (Zehr, 2015) is one way in which diversionary programs attempt to address these victim and offender needs while also shifting from punishment to rehabilitation. ...
... Examples of these programmes are neighbourhood watch and mass media campaigns. Secondary interventions target groups or individuals that are at risk of committing crimes and seek to intervene before the crime takes place (Dijk & Waard, 1991). These types of programmes attempt to prevent crime by early identification of at-risk offenders and groups. ...
The adapted EMMIE framework is based on the realist evaluation approach that seeks to understand what, how, for whom, and under what circumstances policies work. Realist evaluators aim to identify the underlying mechanisms that explain the functioning of policies. The framework refers to the (E) effect, (M) mechanism, (M) moderator/context, (I) implementation, and (E) economic costs of a policy. This research uses the adapted EMMIE framework to evaluate and assess the characteristics of 89 homicide reduction programmes. Results show that the EMMIE components for mechanisms and implementation were included to some extent by policymakers, but the remaining three components (i.e., moderators/context, effect size, and economic costs) registered low scores. It is concluded that the ineffectiveness of homicide reduction programmes may be due to deficiencies in programme evaluation and cost planning, but it may also be related to a lack of understanding of the contexts in which these programmes are supposed to work.
... Crimes committed by children, even murder in schools, are increasing in the USA due to lack of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention modalities. Primary prevention involves measures focused on improving the general wellbeing of individuals, secondary prevention focuses on intervening with children and youth who are at risk for becoming offenders or victims, and tertiary prevention involves measures directed toward those who have already been involved with crime or victimisation (Van Dijk & de Waard 1991). ...
The purpose of this study was to test the effects of community music projects (CMPs), such as after-school African drumming circles, on academic performance and generalised anxiety in adolescents. Adolescents from a Junior High (7th, 8th, and 9th graders, age range from 12-14) in the State of Utah (USA) participated in the study. A one-sample t-test found a significant difference in reading scores (df(4) p=.004). A paired samples t-test found a significant relationship between the maths trait anxiety score pre-intervention and the total state anxiety score pre-test (df(4) p=.033). A paired samples t-test found a significant relationship between the reading trait anxiety score post-intervention and the total state anxiety score post-test (df(4) p=.030). This research demonstrates the effectiveness of community music such as drumming for reducing anxiety and also for improving academic performance in adolescents. CMPs are recommended as a non-invasive intervention modality for adolescents.
В предлагаемой статье исследуются проблемные вопросы противодействия при расследовании мошенничества в сфере кредитования физических лиц. На основе анализа литературных источников и практики расследования дел данных категорий автор пытается показать значение допроса как средства нейтрализации такого противодействия. Следователь, приступая к процессу расследования, как правило, не ставит перед собой цель выявить признаки противодействия. Речь идет о получении доказательственной информации, позволяющей привлечь конкретное лицо к уголовной ответственности за совершенное преступление. В то же время, понимая, что противодействие расследованию возможно, следователь (дознаватель) обязан прогнозировать развитие ситуации и быть готовым к нейтрализации противодействия или его преодолению всеми возможными средствами. Отмечается проблематика установления обстоятельств, подлежащих доказыванию. Предлагаются наиболее типичные признаки, свидетельствующие о противодействии расследованию, как со стороны свидетелей, так и подозреваемых (обвиняемых). В соответствии с процессуальным положением указанных лиц предлагаются тактические приемы допроса, наиболее эффективно зарекомендовавшие себя на практике. Так, при допросе свидетеля следует придерживаться следующих приемов: беседа; детализация и конкретизация показаний; приемы изобличения во лжи (эмоционального, логического воздействия); обращение к положительным качествам допрашиваемого. При допросе подозреваемого (обвиняемого) в целях нейтрализации противодействия предлагается обратить внимание на такие приемы, как: предъявление доказательств; демонстрация осведомленности следователя об объеме имеющихся доказательств; использование противоречий в показаниях соучастников; разъяснение отдельных положений закона, связанных с процедурой получения доказательств, как изобличающих виновного, так и смягчающих его ответственность.
The proposed article explores problematic issues of counteracting to the investigation of fraud in the field of lending to individuals. Based on the analysis of literary sources and the practice of investigating the cases of this category, the author tries to show the importance of interrogation as a means of neutralizing such resistance. The investigator, starting the investigation process, does not usually aim to detect signs of resistance but merely to obtain evidence that allows a particular person to be prosecuted for a crime. At the same time, realizing that the investigation is possible, the investigator (investigator) is obliged to predict the development of the situation and be ready to neutralize the opposition or overcome it by all possible means. There is a problem with establishing the circumstances to be proven. The most typical signs of opposition to the investigation by both witnesses and suspects (accused) are suggested. In accordance with the procedural situation of these persons, interrogation techniques are proposed, which have proved themselves most effectively in practice. Thus, when questioning a witness one should adhere to the following techniques: conversation; detailing and specifying the testimony; methods of exposing lies (emotional, logical impact); appeal to the positive qualities of the witness. When questioning a suspect (accused) in order to neutralize the countermeasures, it is suggested to use the following techniques: the presentation of evidence; demonstrating the investigator’s awareness of the amount of evidence available; the use of contradictions in the testimony of the accomplices; clarification of certain provisions of the law related to the procedure for obtaining evidence both incriminating the perpetrator and mitigating their responsibility.
Статья посвящена некоторым особенностям проведения допроса в исправительных учреждениях с целью выявления обстоятельств, способствовавших совершению преступлений осужденными. Допрос — одно из основных процессуальных действий, которое направлено на получение и проверку доказательств о преступлении, в том числе обстоятельств, которые способствовали совершению преступления. Предметом исследования выступили закономерности совершения пенитенциарных преступлений, а также закономерности выявления обстоятельств, им способствовавших, при производстве допроса. Целью исследования является формирование теоретических положений и разработка практических рекомендаций производства допроса с целью выявления обстоятельств, способствовавших совершению пенитенциарных преступлений. Методологическую базу исследования составила система общенаучных и частнонаучных методов познания. В статье использовались: логический метод (в процессе изложения всего материала); статистический метод (в процессе анализа практики проведения допроса с целью выявления обстоятельств, способствовавших совершению пенитенциарных преступлений); эмпирический метод (при анализе материалов расследования и предупреждения пенитенциарных преступлений); метод системного анализа и синтеза (при формулировании выводов и рекомендаций). Во введении автор показывает важность и обоснованность выявления обстоятельств, способствовавших совершению преступлений; приводит ссылки на нормативные акты, которые устанавливают право (а иногда и обязанность) должностных лиц осуществлять предупредительную деятельность криминалистическими средствами и методами. В основной части статьи говорится о некоторых особенностях проведения допроса отдельных участников уголовного судопроизводства. В заключении делается акцент на целесообразности и важности использования тактических приемов допроса не только в процессе доказывания, но и для выявления обстоятельств, способствовавших совершению пенитенциарных преступлений.
The article is devoted to some features of conducting interrogation in correctional institutions in order to identify the circumstances that contributed to the commission of crimes by convicts. Interrogation is one of the main procedural actions aimed at obtaining and verifying evidence about a crime, including the circumstances that contributed to the commission of the crime. The study focuses on patterns of committing penal offenses, as well as patterns of identifying the circumstances that contributed to them, during the interrogation. The purpose of the study is to form theoretical provisions and develop practical recommendations for the conduct of interrogation in order to identify the circumstances that contributed to the commission of penitentiary crimes. The methodological basis of the study is a system of general and specific scientific methods of cognition. The article uses logical method (in the process of presenting all the material); statistical method (in the process of analyzing the practice of conducting interrogations in order to identify the circumstances that contributed to the commission of penitentiary crimes); empirical method (in the analysis of materials for the investigation and prevention of penitentiary crimes); method of system analysis and synthesis (in the formulation of conclusions and recommendations). In the introduction, the author shows the importance and validity of identifying the circumstances that contributed to the commission of crimes and refers to normative acts that establish the right (and sometimes the obligation) of officials to carry out preventive activities by forensic means and methods. The main part of the article refers to some peculiarities of the interrogation of certain participants in criminal proceedings. The conclusion focuses on the expediency and importance of using tactical interrogation techniques not only in the process of proving, but also to identify the circumstances that contributed to the commission of penitentiary crimes.
Organizovani kriminalitet predstavlja jednu od najsloženijih i najopasnijih pojava u savremenom društvu, te njegovo razumevanje zahteva poznavanje različitih aspekata ove problematike. Porast i raznolikost organizovanog kriminaliteta širom sveta potstakao je mnoge nacionalne i međunarodne aktivnosti. Naročito poslednjih nekoliko godina učestala su reagovanja u odnosu na izazove koje svetu donosi savremeni organizovani kriminalitet. Jedna od teškoća u kreiranju efikasnijih protivmera je i nedostatak adekvatnih informacija šta je zapravo organizovani kriminalitet. Osim toga, međunarodna diskusija je često otežana zbog nepouzdanosti definicija organizovanog kriminaliteta. Često se govori o njegovim pojedinim osnovnim delatnostima, poput trgovine drogama, trgovini ljudima, prostituciji itd., bez sveobuhvatnijeg sagledavanja fenomena u celini, njegovih etioloških obeležja, mehanizama prevencije, protivmera i strategija za njegovo suzbijanje.
In 2011 the New Zealand Police implemented the Prevention First strategy to place the victims of crime at the centre of their service delivery activities and to adopt the idea of prevention as a process for informing everything that they did. The aim of the proactive strategy was to reduce the occurrence of crime, the number of victims from crime and to improve the relationship between the public and the police. The strategy was initially successful in achieving its origin objectives, which was to decrease the occurrence of crime, but by late 2014, some forms of crime started to increase and from 2017 its performance has been flat. Furthermore, New Zealand has become a less secure country with an increase in the number of homicides and a significant increase in organized crime groups and the trafficking of drugs. These are clear indicators that the proactive strategy is not achieving what it was originally designed to achieve and overtime, such approaches become less effective in creating a secure environment.
Bezpieczeństwo jest fundamentalnym aspektem życia publicznego, a jego zapewnienie stanowi kluczową rolę policji. Istnieje jednak wiele koncepcji pracy policyjnej, które dążą do osiągnięcia tego celu. Jedną z nich jest Community Policing, która zakłada, że funkcjonariusze mundurowi powinni być jak najbliżej lokalnych mieszkańców oraz stopniowo zyskiwać ich zaufanie, co ostatecznie przyczyni się do zwiększenia współpracy ogółu społeczeństwa z organami ścigania. W pracy policjantów aktywnie wspierają ich strażnicy gminni, którzy w polskich warunkach stanowią uzupełnienie koncepcji środowiskowej policji. W artykule przedstawione zostały historia Community Policing, jej główne cele i sposoby realizacji w Polsce, a także sugestie rozwiązań i propozycji usprawnień w tej dziedzinie. Oparto się przy tym na wynikach badań prowadzonych na terenie miasta Krakowa, dotyczących skuteczności pracy dzielnicowych oraz strażników miejskich wraz z opinią publiczną na ten temat. Security is a fundamental aspect of public life and it is a key role of the police to ensure it. There is a number of concepts of police work that seek to achieve this goal. One of them is Community Policing, which assumes that uniformed officers should maintain close relations with local residents and gradually gain their trust, which will ultimately increase the cooperation of the general public with law enforcement. Police officers are actively supported in their work by municipal guards who, under Polish conditions, complement the community policing concept. The article presents the history of community policing, its main aims and methods of implementation in Poland, as well as suggested solutions and proposed improvements in this field. This is based on the results of research carried out in the city of Kraków on the effectiveness of the work of community officers and municipal guards, together with public opinion on the subject.
Introduction
The difficulties in accessing Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) and the lack of out-of-hours and crises services have resulted in Ireland’s national police force, An Garda Síochána (GS), becoming increasingly involved as first responders to children and young people (CYP) who are experiencing potential mental health crises.
Aims
To outline challenges faced by members of GS and emergency department (ED) professionals in such cases.
Method
Qualitative study design with semi-structured interviews conducted with a convenience sample of medical and mental health professionals ( n = 11) from a paediatric ED who are frequently involved with the interface between GS and CYP experiencing potential mental health crises. Thematic analysis was conducted on transcribed interviews using the software package MaxQDA to systematically organise and code transcriptions.
Results
Participants highlighted a lack of appropriate clinical settings within the ED for CYP who attend with a mental health crisis through GS. Whilst participants described positive rapport between GS and ED staff, interactions between GS and patients were identified as challenging. Knowledge gaps amongst members of GS in Mental Health Act (MHA) legislation and restraint were also identified as contributory stressors for GS and emergency department professionals.
Conclusion
The increased prevalence of CYP mental health issues and psychosocial stressors in conjunction with difficulty in accessing CAMHS means that challenges faced by GS as first responders are likely to continue. Research is needed to quantify the adverse personal impacts on GS along with the potential negative impact on youth. Access to emergency mental health review for youth is essential to optimise the experience of both groups.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.