Article

Performance and emission evaluations in a power generator fuelled with Brazilian diesel and additions of waste frying oil biodiesel

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Abstract

Performance and emission evaluations in a diesel power generator fuelled with Brazilian commercial diesel (petroleum diesel with 5% biodiesel), pure waste frying oil-based biodiesel (B100), and additions in order to obtain 20%, 30%, 50%, 75% biodiesel blends were performed. Biodiesel was produced by two-step alkaline catalyzed transesterification. The pure biodiesel was characterized considering methyl ester content, density and flash point. Blends were analyzed to quantify biodiesel added in petroleum diesel. Electrical performance of the engine-generator group (two-cylinder, 13 kVA) was determined using a resistive load bank, monitoring total power and individual phase power. During the tests, the engine was instrumented using a gas analyzer in the exhaust system. A precision gravimetric balance was used to determine fuel consumption. Best power performances was achieved by B5 and B30, whereas B20 showed the higher thermal efficiency and the lowest fuel consumption as well. Increasing concentrations of CO2 and NOx and decreasing concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2 and CxHy in the flue gases were observed as the amount of methyl ester added to fossil diesel was raised from B5 to B100.

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This study investigates the impact of low concentration biodiesel blends on the regulated and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from a modern passenger car. Emissions measurements were performed on a chassis dynamometer using constant volume sampling technique, following the European regulations. All measurements were conducted over the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and the Artemis driving cycles. Aiming to evaluate the fuel impact on emissions, a soy-based, a palm-based, and a rapeseed oil based biodiesel were blended with diesel fuel at proportions of 10, 20, and 30% by volume. The emissions of PM, HC, and CO decreased with biodiesel over most driving conditions. Some increases were observed over the NEDC, which may be attributed to the cold-start effect and to certain fuel characteristics. NOx emissions increased with biodiesel and strongly were dependent to the degree of unsaturation of the fuel. CO2 emissions and fuel consumption followed similar patterns and increased with biodiesel. PAH emissions presented discordant results, leading to the hypothesis that the influence of biodiesel source material was particularly strong on the formation of these pollutants. Both increases and decreases were observed in PAH, nitrated PAH and oxygenated PAH compounds with the use of biodiesel blends.
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The biofuels include bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, vegetable oils, biomethanol, pyrolysis oils, biogas, and biohydrogen. There are two global biomass based liquid transportation fuels that might replace gasoline and diesel fuel. These are bioethanol and biodiesel. World production of biofuel was about 68 billion L in 2007. The primary feedstocks of bioethanol are sugarcane and corn. Bioethanol is a gasoline additive/substitute. Bioethanol is by far the most widely used biofuel for transportation worldwide. About 60% of global bioethanol production comes from sugarcane and 40% from other crops. Biodiesel refers to a diesel-equivalent mono alkyl ester based oxygenated fuel. Biodiesel production using inedible vegetable oil, waste oil and grease has become more attractive recently. The economic performance of a biodiesel plant can be determined once certain factors are identified, such as plant capacity, process technology, raw material cost and chemical costs. The central policy of biofuel concerns job creation, greater efficiency in the general business environment, and protection of the environment.
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Methyl esters obtained from the most interesting Spanish oleaginous crops for energy use—sunflower and Cynara cardunculus—were both used as diesel fuels, pure and in 25% blends with a commercial fuel which was also used pure. A stationary engine test bed, together with the instrumentation for chemical and morphological analysis, allowed to study the effect of these fuels on the engine emissions, soluble organic fraction of the particulate matter, origin of adsorbed hydrocarbons, sulphate content, particle number per unit filter surface, and mean particle diameter. Both the consideration of the thermochemical properties of the tested fuels and the computations of a chemical equilibrium model were helpful for the results analysis. These results proved that the use of these vegetable esters provides a significant reduction on particulate emissions, mainly due to reduced soot and sulphate formation. On the contrary, no increases in NOx emissions nor reductions on mean particle size were found.
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Diesel emissions have been measured from an automotive engine using anhydrous bioethanol blended with conventional diesel, with 10% ethanol in volume and no additives. The resulting emissions have been compared with those from pure diesel. A stationary engine test bed, together with the instrumentation for measuring the most stringent regulated emissions (nitric oxides, total hydrocarbons and particulate matter) and the particle size distributions, allowed to study the effect of this blend on the engine performance and emissions under five different steady state operating conditions, selected from the transient cycle for light duty vehicles established in the European Emission Directive 70/220. Both the consideration of the thermochemical properties of the tested fuels and the computations of a chemical equilibrium model were helpful for the results analysis. These results proved that the use of this renewable component provides a significant reduction on particulate emissions, with no substantial increase in other gaseous emissions, which makes it helpful for contributing, on the one hand, to fulfil the European compromise of using more than 5.75% biofuels in 2010, and on the other hand, to stop the increase in particulate emissions caused by transportation as a consequence of the unceasing dieselization.
Article
The term biofuel is referred to liquid, gas and solid fuels predominantly produced from biomass. Biofuels include energy security reasons, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and socioeconomic issues related to the rural sector. Biofuels include bioethanol, biomethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, bio-synthetic gas (bio-syngas), bio-oil, bio-char, Fischer-Tropsch liquids, and biohydrogen. Most traditional biofuels, such as ethanol from corn, wheat, or sugar beets, and biodiesel from oil seeds, are produced from classic agricultural food crops that require high-quality agricultural land for growth. Bioethanol is a petrol additive/substitute. Biomethanol can be produced from biomass using bio-syngas obtained from steam reforming process of biomass. Biomethanol is considerably easier to recover than the bioethanol from biomass. Ethanol forms an azeotrope with water so it is expensive to purify the ethanol during recovery. Methanol recycles easier because it does not form an azeotrope. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative liquid fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification. There has been renewed interest in the use of vegetable oils for making biodiesel due to its less polluting and renewable nature as against the conventional petroleum diesel fuel. Due to its environmental merits, the share of biofuel in the automotive fuel market will grow fast in the next decade. There are several reasons for biofuels to be considered as relevant technologies by both developing and industrialized countries. Biofuels include energy security reasons, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and socioeconomic issues related to the rural sector. The biofuel economy will grow rapidly during the 21st century. Its economy development is based on agricultural production and most people live in the rural areas. In the most biomass-intensive scenario, modernized biomass energy contributes by 2050 about one half of total energy demand in developing countries.
Article
The use of biodiesel as fuel from alternative sources has increased considerably over recent years, affording numerous environmental benefits. Biodiesel an alternative fuel for diesel engines is produced from renewable sources such as vegetable oils or animal fats. However, the high costs implicated in marketing biodiesel constitute a major obstacle. To this regard therefore, the use of waste frying oils (WFO) should produce a marked reduction in the cost of biodiesel due to the ready availability of WFO at a relatively low price. In the present study waste frying oils collected from several McDonald's restaurants in Istanbul, were used to produce biodiesel. Biodiesel from WFO was prepared by means of three different transesterification processes: a one-step base-catalyzed, a two-step base-catalyzed and a two-step acid-catalyzed transesterification followed by base transesterification. No detailed previous studies providing information for a two-step acid-catalyzed transesterification followed by a base (CH(3)ONa) transesterification are present in literature. Each reaction was allowed to take place with and without tetrahydrofuran added as a co-solvent. Following production, three different procedures; washing with distilled water, dry wash with magnesol and using ion-exchange resin were applied to purify biodiesel and the best outcome determined. The biodiesel obtained to verify compliance with the European Standard 14214 (EN 14214), which also corresponds to Turkish Biodiesel Standards.