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Performance properties of regenerated cellulose fibers
Abstract
Three generations of regenerated cellulose fibers, such as viscose, modal and lyocell fibers are among the most important fibers from the point of textile and environmental aspects due to the natural structures and properties. Different production process and production conditions for conventional viscose, modal and new lyocell fibers cause differences in the structure of the fibers in spite of the same chemical compositions. In this study, the structural properties of viscose, modal and lyocell fibers and yarns were investigated. Besides, the influence of structural characteristics of the fibers on the performance properties of knitted fabrics such as pilling, bursting strength, color efficiency and thermo physiological properties were determined. It was determined that due to the fiber structure, pilling tendency of viscose fabric is higher compared to lyocell and modal grey fabrics. Since the tensile strength of lyocell fiber is higher, fabric bursting strength of lyocell fabric is higher than the modal and viscose fabrics. As the thermal conductivity of lyocell fabric is higher, it gives cool feeling compared to viscose and modal fabrics. The highest colour efficiency is obtained from lyocell fabrics.
... They serve as highly comfortable and breathable fibres and possess properties very like cotton and can serve as better substitute to cotton. Modern trends and growing demands have forced scientists to search for such fibers that can serve to expand wide range of applications in textile industry [3]. ...
... Their production is environment friendly and pollution-free. The viscose production line at Lenzing AG, Austria, which is based on dissolution of cellulose, is a simple and intrinsically clean route to regenerated fibers [3]. ...
... Three generations of regenerated cellulose fibres, such as viscose, modal, Bamboo and Tencel fibres are among the most important fibres from the point of textile and environmental aspects due to the natural structures and properties. Different production process and production conditions for conventional viscose, modal, Bamboo and new Tencel fibres cause differences in the structure of the fibres in spite of the same chemical compositions [3]. ...
The increasing demand of cotton and low production rate to fulfil the world requirements has boosted the production of regenerated cellulose based fibers. The purpose of this work was to compare the performance and comfort properties of regenerated cellulose fibers. For this purpose, cotton, viscose, tencel, modal, bamboo and viscose fibers were taken. Cotton and viscose of 100 % and blends (50:50) of viscose with cotton and regenerated fibers were taken. Normal yarn of count 20 tex was made and plain woven fabric samples were made and then pre-treated. The Warp-wise and weft-wise tensile and tear strengths were recorded. In addition, the tests of air-permeability, moisture management and thermal resistivity were performed It is found that the viscose:tencel and viscose:modal blends give better mechanical and comfort properties than all other blends. Also, it is found that viscose:cotton blend gives the lowest mechanical and comfort properties out of all studied fabrics. It is concluded that viscose makes more suitable blend with tencel and modal which outperforms in mechanical and comfort properties than other blends. © 2018, Kauno Technologijos Universitetas. All rights reserved.
... Regenerated cellulose fibers each have distinct properties, which make them versatile for various textile applications, from everyday clothing to high-end fashion. Influenced by their production processes and chemical treatments, the following properties can be observed [32,120,131] ...
... Properties of cotton and some regenerated cellulose fibers[50,70,77,[120][121][122]. ...
Regenerated cellulose fibers are a highly adaptable biomaterial with numerous medical applications owing to their inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and robust mechanical properties. In the domain of wound care, regenerated cellulose fibers facilitate a moist environment conducive to healing, minimize infection risk, and adapt to wound topographies, making it ideal for different types of dressings. In tissue engineering, cellulose scaffolds provide a matrix for cell attachment and proliferation, supporting the development of artificial skin, cartilage, and other tissues. Furthermore, regenerated cellulose fibers, used as absorbable sutures, degrade within the body, eliminating the need for removal and proving advantageous for internal suturing. The medical textile industry relies heavily on regenerated cellulose fibers because of their unique properties that make them suitable for various applications, including wound care, surgical garments, and diagnostic materials. Regenerated cellulose fibers are produced by dissolving cellulose from natural sources and reconstituting it into fiber form, which can be customized for specific medical uses. This paper will explore the various types, properties, and applications of regenerated cellulose fibers in medical contexts, alongside an examination of its manufacturing processes and technologies, as well as associated challenges.
... Dokazano je da Tencel® ima nižu toplinsku provodljivost i apsorpciju, ali veću toplinsku difuziju i propusnost zraka od pamuka [10]. Međutim, kod usporedbe toplinske vodljivosti Tencela® sa drugim regeneriranim celuloznim vlaknima utvrđena je viša toplinska vodljivost od modala i viskoze [11]. Stanković i dr. ...
... Razlika u debljini čarapa kod viskozne pređe uz dodatak 220 dtex korištenjem različitih tipova pređe (R, RO, AJ) je zanemarivo mala (sl. 11,13). Jednako mala razlika je dobivena kod uzoraka tencel čarapa sa dodatkom grublje PA pređe finoće 220 dtex korištenjem različitih tipova pređe (R, RO, AJ). ...
Projektirane su i izrađene muške čarape u višestruko platirnom desno-lijevom prepletu s viskoznom i tencel pređom finoće 20 tex, multifilamentnom PA 6.6 pređom finoće 156 i 220 dtex i pamučnom pređom finoće 25 tex. Određena je masa, debljina, visina tijela, duljina stopala, polovica opsega tijela i polovica opsega stopala čarape. Određena je termofiziološka udobnost čarapa mjerenjem otpora prolazu topline na termalnom stopalu. Rezultati su pokazali da uzorci čarapa koji u strukturi imaju prstenastu pređu imaju veći otpor prolazu topline u odnosu na uzorke sa rotorskom i aerodinamičkom pređom. Dobivena razlika otpora prolazu topline uzoraka čarapa po tipu bazne pređe je značajna. Najveći otpor prolazu topline imaju viskozne čarape izrađene iz prstenastih pređa uz dodatak grublje pamučne i PA 6.6. pređe, dok najmanji otpor imaju čarape iz tencel rotorske pređe.
... In one study (Frydrych et al., 2002) comparing thermal comfort performances of fibers, it was found out that Tencel ® had lower thermal conductivity and absorption but higher thermal diffusion and air permeability than cotton. But when Tencel's ® thermal conductivity was compared with other regenerated cellulosic fibers, it was found higher than modal and viscose (Kayseri et al., 2010). Stankovic et al. (2008) ranked thermal resistance values of cellulosic knitted fabrics as cotton, linen, viscose, linen/viscose, linen/cotton from the maximum. ...
... Cimilli et al. (2010) reported that swelling of cotton fibers might have narrowed the gaps between the fibers and yarns, and consequently made it difficult for the capillary water transfer. This is the case also for viscose that swells more than other new generation cellulosic fibers (Kayseri et al., 2010). Cotton/modal fabric with a ratio of 48/52 percent (9) has better transfer capacity which is identical with the rest of fabrics produced from all other regenerated cellulosic fibers and their blends (4-12). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate thermal comfort performances of socks produced from cotton and regenerated cellulosic fiber yarns by thermal resistance (by a newly designed foot thermal manikin), moisture management tester (MMT) parameters and permeability (air and water vapor) tests.
Design/methodology/approach
Single jersey fabrics and socks were knitted from 30 Ne yarns produced from cotton, different regenerated cellulosic fibers (viscose, modal, bamboo, micromodal, Tencel®, Tencel LF®) and their blends. Thermal resistances of the socks were compared by a newly developed thermal foot manikin in a more realistic way than measurements in fabric form. Besides air and water vapor permeability, moisture management parameters of the fabrics were tested to differentiate performances of cellulosic fibers.
Findings
Results show that air permeability, liquid absorption and transfer parameters measured by MMT are generally identical and better for regenerated cellulosic fabrics than cotton. Micromodal and Tencel® have better performances for liquid transfer and overall moisture management capacities are superior for bamboo and Tencel LF®. Thermal resistances of the socks are minimum for Tencel LF® having a cross-linked structure and maximum for viscose socks.
Originality/value
It is thought that thermal resistance measured in socks form is more realistic than fabric measurements and results of this study that can be valid for all knitted garments. Moreover, comprehensive material plan of the study is valuable for getting reliable results for regenerated cellulosic fibers that have small differences in cases of thermal resistance and liquid transfer.
... In a study about performances of socks produced from regenerated fibers [15], modal and viscose had similar bursting strength behaviors while strength of bamboo is lower. In other studies about mechanical performance characteristics or cellulosic knitted fabrics, pilling tendency of viscose fiber is found higher than other regenerated fibers [16]. Abrasion was found the highest for lyocell and the lowest for bamboo [17] and modal [14] while in another study, abrasion is maximum for micromodal [15]. ...
... Performances of other fabrics are between the mentioned ones (3)(4). The worst performance of viscose (5) was confirmed by preceding studies [16,22]. ...
Skin friction and some performance characteristics of single jersey fabrics produced from cotton (combed, carded and rotor) and regenerated cellulosic fiber (viscose, bamboo, modal, micromodal, Tencel®, Tencel LF® and some blends) yarns were investigated by surface friction, bursting strength, abrasion and pilling resistance tests. Daily or functional socks were the intended end use of the selected materials. According to the results, cotton, 48/52% cotton/modal and Tencel® fabrics have higher bursting strength. Pilling and abrasion resistances are the highest for also 48/52% cotton/modal fabric. For skin friction which is crucial for socks within shoes, rotor viscose, 48/52% cotton/modal and micromodal have smoother surfaces than modal and Tencel® for both kinetic and static friction coefficients. It means that these materials create less injuries on sweaty skin during an activity. It is thought that, results obtained for cotton and different regenerated cellulosic fabrics are valid also for all next-to-skin garments.
... Cellulosic regenerated fibers have come a long way in this respect which serves as environment-friendly fibers as they come from nature and go back to nature. They serve as highly comfortable and breathable fibers and possess cotton-like properties, and thus can serve as a better substitute to cotton (Kayseri et al., 2010). ...
... New regenerated cellulosic fibers, i.e. tencel fibers, have been produced with a more environment-friendly procedure from a solution of non-derivative cellulose in a solvent spinning process. These types of cellulosic man-made fibers enable the textile industry to expand its already wide range of applications into functionality (Kayseri et al., 2010;Leading Fiber Innovation, 2016;Erdumlu and Ozipek, 2008). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the 100 percent pure cotton and 50:50 cotton and regenerated fibers (tencel, modal, bamboo, viscose) blends. The blends of regenerated fibers with cotton are studied so as to replace 100 percent cotton fabrics with the cotton blends as cotton cannot fulfill the demand of clothing due to the increasing population.
Design/methodology/approach
In order to conduct this study, cotton, as natural cellulose fiber, was used. Regenerated fibers include viscose, tencel, modal and bamboo. Five yarn samples of Ne 30/1 of 100 percent cotton and blends (50:50) of cotton with tencel, modal, bamboo and viscose fibers were produced. The blending was done in the Blow-room, and yarn samples were produced by employing the ring spinning technique. Plain woven fabrics samples with Ends (76) and Picks (68) per inch of 120 gsm were prepared. The fabric samples were tested for mechanical (warp and weft tensile and tear strengths) and comfort properties (air permeability, moisture management and thermal resistance).
Findings
Cotton:tencel fabric has the excellent mechanical (tensile and tear strength) as well as comfort properties (air permeability, moisture management and thermal resistance). It means that the most suitable blend that cotton can make with the regenerated fibers is the tencel. Therefore, to have more comfortable fabrics, the fabrics which are being made by 100 percent cotton can be replaced with the cotton:tencel.
Originality/value
To the authors’ information, no study has been reported in which all the regenerated fibers blended with cotton were studied. Hence, the aim of this work is to study the mechanical and comfort properties of the regenerated fibers (modal, tencel, viscose and bamboo) blended with cotton. The blends of cotton with regenerated fibers might replace 100 percent cotton in clothing applications as cotton cannot fulfill the increasing demanding of clothing.
... Cellulose is a raw material with a wide variety of uses in the chemical industry for producing man-made textile fibers [3]. The development of man-made cellulosics began about 100 years ago and has significantly determined that textile world of today [4]. ...
... Ozcelık et al. [3] studied on the structural properties of viscose, modal and lyocell fibers and yarns. Besides, they determined the influence of structural characteristics of the fibers on the performance properties of knitted fabrics such as pilling, bursting strength, color efficiency and thermo physiological properties. ...
In this study, performance properties of single jersey knitted fabrics made from viscose, modal, lyocell and cupro yarns are investigated. Performance properties of the fabrics such as fabric weight per unit area, thickness, bursting strength, abrasion resistance, fabric stretch, porosity, air permeability and pilling were evaluated statistically and the importance levels of the relationship between the measured parameters were determined. The highest air permeability value is obtained from cupro fabrics. The highest bursting strength is obtained from lyocell fabrics whereas modal fabrics showed highest abrasion resistance. The results revealed that fiber type is an effective parameter with regard to physical properties of the fabrics.
... Among MMT parameters, significantly lower wetting time for top surface was detected for 70/30% Tencel/CV fabric (II). This result may be attributed to the higher water retention ability of viscose when compared to Tencel [48]. In this study, 30% viscose ratio decreased wetting period significantly. ...
... When the HOM results of dry fabrics (Figure 3) are compared with their wet wipe forms, wetting solutions made the cellulosic fabrics softer because of absorption and swelling of fibers. According to the HOM values of the dry fabrics (Figure 3), 100% Tencel fabric was the stiffest one because of its high modulus [48], but in wet wipe form, its stiffness became similar with the 70/30% Tencel/CV and other 60% and 80% PES including ones (II, IV and V). 100% PES fabric was detected significantly stiffer than the other wipes. ...
In this study, wet wipes were produced for body applications with nonwoven fabrics consisting of polyester and cellulose (viscose and Tencel). Fabrics were wetted by natural-based wetting solutions (rose water, olive oil) which were functionalized by sodium alginate and natural antibacterial agents (cinnamaldehyde and geraniol) without preservatives. Besides physical characteristics (weight, thickness, porosity, fiber orientation), bending rigidity, Handle-O-Meter measurements, and moisture management test parameters of the nonwoven fabrics were determined. Subjective hand and wiping performances of produced wipes were determined by subjective evaluations carried out on 10 female subjects. According to the results, 100% Tencel and its blend with viscose have good absorption and moderate transfer characteristics. Polyester content up to 60% is acceptable for wet wipes for the body according to their liquid absorption, transfer, and subjective evaluation results if fabric weight is sufficient. Among the functionalized wetting solutions, antibacterial performance of the solution including olive oil, sodium alginate and cinnamaldehyde was the maximum and it has acceptable hand values according to objective Handle-O-Meter results and subjective evaluation results.
... It was stated that softener ton, softer than silk and cooler than linen [3]. The attributes of lyocell include good drape, a diverse range of tactile properties, ease of blending with other fibres, a high wet modulus and good wash stability, resulting in low shrinkage and environmental friendliness [2]. ...
... Viscose fibre is the first commercial regenerated fibre that is made from modified cellulose/ wood pulp [1]. New regenerated cellulosic fibres, that is lyocell fibres, are produced with a more environmentally friendly procedure from a solution of non-derivative cellulose in a solvent spinning process where the cellulose is dissolved directly in organic solvent N-methylmorpholine-Noxide, without the formation of derivatives [2]. Tencel is the brand name of lyocell fibre, which is a new age fibre that absorbs excess liquid and quickly releases it again into the atmosphere; it is more absorbent than cot-improves the feel, softness and crease recovery of cotton fabric [13]. ...
Silicone softeners make fabric not only softer, brighterd slippery but also more elastic in order to produce desirable handle. In this paper, the affect of silicone softeners on some mechanical and functional properties of knitted regenerated (viscose, modal, Viloft®, micromodal, lyocell and bamboo) fabrics were assessed. For this purpose, commercially used silicone softeners with three different particle sizes (macro, semi-macro, micro) were applied on these fabrics by a continuous methodin identical conditions. The impact of using different softeners on the weight, thickness, pilling resistance, wet and dry rubbing fastness, total colour change and air permeability of these fabrics were investigated. Results revealed that the highest colour efficiency is obtained from lyocell fabrics. Silicone softener application increased the pilling performance of regenerated cellulose fabrics but had no affect on the wet and dry rubbing color fastness. It was found that the application of softeners has a significant affect on air permeability with respect to untreated fabrics. © 2015 Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres. All rights reserved.
... All MMCFs have similar chemical composition, but depending on various factors, these fibers can be quite different in mechanical, molecular, and morphological properties ( Kreze and Malej, 2003 ;Kayseri et al., 2010 ). Some of these influential factors include the pulp characteristics (including molecular weight of the cellulose), the process used to dissolve or derivatize the cellulose, and fiber spinning parameters ( Focher et al., 1998 ;Fink et al., 2001 ;Nguyen et al., 2019 ). ...
As the global population continues growing, the demand for textiles also increases, putting pressure on cotton manufacturers to produce more natural fiber from this already undersupplied resource. Synthetic fibers such as polyester (PET) can be manufactured quickly and cheaply, but these petroleum-based products are detrimental to the environment. With increased efforts to encourage transparency and create a more circular textile economy, other natural alternatives must be considered. This article discusses the existing condition and future possibilities for man-made cellulosic fibers (MMCFs), with an emphasis on using non-woody alternative feedstocks as a starting material. This work focuses on conversion technology suitable for producing textile-grade fibers from non-wood-based dissolving pulp, which may be different in nature from its woody counterpart and therefore behave differently in spinning processes. Derivatization and dissolution methods are detailed, along with spinning techniques and parameters for these processes. Existing research related to the spinning of non-woody-based dissolving pulp is covered, along with suggestions for the most promising feedstock and technology combinations. In addition, an emerging method of conversion, in which textile fibers are spun from a hydrogel made of an undissolved nano/micro-fibrillated fiber suspension, is briefly discussed due to its unique potential. Methods and concepts compiled in this review relate to utilizing alternative feedstocks for future fibers while providing a better understanding of conventional and emerging fiber spinning processes for these fibers.
... It was found that Tencel® has lower thermal conductivity and absorption, but higher thermal diffusion and air permeability than cotton [10]. However, when comparing the thermal conductivity of Tencel® with other regenerated cellulose fibres, a higher thermal conductivity was found than with Modal and viscose fibres [11]. Stanković et al. (2008) concluded that the order of thermal resistance values of cellulose knitted fabrics starting from the maximum is: cotton, linen, viscose, linen/viscose, linen/cotton [12]. ...
Men’s socks were designed and manufactured in multiple plated single jersey structure using 20 tex viscose and Tencel yarn, 156 and 220 dtex multifilament PA 6.6 yarn and 25 tex cotton yarn. Sock mass and sock thickness were determined, the height of the sock leg, the length of the sock foot and half of the leg circumference and half of the foot circumference were measured. Thermophysiological sock wear comfort was determined by measuring thermal resistance on the thermal foot manikin. The results revealed that the sock samples containing the ring spun yarn in the structure had higher thermal resistance than the socks containing rotor and air-jet spun yarns. The obtained difference of thermal resistance of the sock samples per type of the basic yarn was significant. The viscose socks made of ring spun yarns with an added coarser cotton yarn and PA 6.6 yarn had the highest thermal resistance, while the lowest thermal resistance was recorded for the Tencel rotor spun yarns
... Three generations of regenerated cellulosic fibers, such as viscose, modal, bamboo, and Tencel fibers are the most important fibers because of certain properties regarding textiles and environment. Different production processes and conditions for conventional viscose, modal, bamboo, and new Tencel fibers cause differences in the structure of the fibers, although they have similar chemical compositions [3]. ...
The demand of cotton is increasing but its low production rate cannot fulfill the world requirements. The increase in cotton demand has augmented the production of regenerated cellulosic fibers. Furthermore, cotton has proved to be unsustainable because of the use of huge amount of fresh water, pesticides and insecticides. The purpose of this work is to find out the suitable blend/blends of regenerated fibers so as to replace 100% cotton fabrics. Therefore, mechanical and comfort properties of Tencel fabrics blended with other regenerated cellulose fibers have been compared with 100% cotton to achieve the equivalent or even better end properties. Hence, cotton, viscose, Tencel, modal, and bamboo fibers were taken. Plain woven blended fabrics of 100% cotton and 50:50 blends of Tencel with other regenerated fibers were prepared from normal yarn count of 20 tex. The mechanical properties (warpwise and weft-wise tensile and tear strengths, pilling, and abrasion resistance) and the comfort properties including air permeability, moisture management properties, and thermal resistance were evaluated. It is found that Tencel blended fabrics show better results than 100% cotton fabrics. Therefore, it is concluded that Tencel blended with these regenerated fabrics can be used to replace 100% cotton fabrics.
... Many researchers investigated fiber properties of the regenerated cellulosic fibers (4,7,10,(11)(12)(13)(14). Some of the papers are related with the yarn properties of the regenerated cellulosic yarns. ...
In today's textile industry, as an alternative to the fibers used for many years, many natural, regenerated or synthetic fiber types have emerged. Researches show that the use of new fiber and their blends provides positive results so that products with more comfortable and better properties can be obtained. At this point, it was seen that determining the yarn properties which affect the product characteristics before the production takes place has important advantages. In this study, regenerated fibers such as bamboo, viscose, modal, lyocell, promodal, micromodal were used. The yarns were spun 100 % and 50% cotton blends of these fibers and physical properties of the yarns were examined and statistically analyzed.
... Out of the regenerated fibers, tencel fiber gives the better properties in pure and blended form. After tencel, other fibers like modal, viscose, and bamboo fibers give different properties (Kayseri, Bozdogan, and Hes 2010). The different properties of fabrics made from different fibers are studied (Karthikeyan et al. 2016;Majumdar et al. 2011;Prakash, Ramakrishnan, and Koushik 2011;Shanmugasundaram 2016). ...
The increasing demand of cotton and low production rate to fulfill the world requirements boosted the production of regenerated cellulose-based fibers. The purpose of this work was to compare the performance and comfort properties of regenerated cellulose fibers. For this purpose, cotton, viscose, modal, bamboo, and viscose fibers were taken. The pure blends of each fiber and 50:50 blends of modal blended with cotton fiber and regenerated fibers were taken. Normal yarn of count 20 tex was made and then plain woven fabrics were prepared. The warp-wise and weft-wise tensile and tear strengths were recorded. In addition, tests of air permeability, moisture management, thermal resistance test, and water vapor permeability were executed. It is found that the 100% modal fabrics give higher mechanical and comfort properties. In case of blends, modal:viscose (50:50) gives higher mechanical and comfort properties in woven fabrics.
... Kayseri vd. rejenere sellözik liflerden olan viskon, modal ve lyocell liflerinin boncuklanma, patlama mukavemeti ve konfor özelliklerini inceledikleri çalışmada, lyocell ve modal kumaşların boncuklanmaya daha fazla meyilli oldukları, ancak lyocell elyaf mukavemetinin diğer elyaflardan fazla olması nedeniyle lyocell kumaş patlama mukavemetinin diğerlerine göre daha fazla olduğunu bulmuşlardır [7]. Hussain vd. ...
Viloft elyafi modifiye viskon olarak bilinmekte olup ozellikle polyester gibi elyaflarla karisim halinde kullanildiginda iplik icerisinde hava bosluklari olusturdugu icin kumaslarin termal ozelliklerini iyilestirmeye yardimci olmaktadir. Viloft/polyester karisimli orme kumaslarin bazi mekanik ozelliklerini karakterize edebilmek icin yapilan bu calismada 0/100, 33/67, 50/50, 67/33 ve 100/0 yuzde karisim oranlarinda viloft/polyester seritler elde edilmis olup bu seritlerden Ne30/1 lineer yogunlugunda ring iplikler elde edilmistir. Bu ipliklerden suprem ve 1x1 ribana yapilarinda orme kumaslar uretilerek bu kumaslarin patlama mukavemeti ve boncuklanma ozellikleri incelenmistir. Karisimda viloft oraninin artmasiyla patlama mukavemetinin dustugu gorulurken boncuklanma icin viloft oraninin artmasinin anlamli bir etkisinin olmadigi gorulmustur. Ayrica 1x1 ribana kumaslarin suprem kumaslara gore boncuklanmaya daha dayanikli oldugu bulunmustur.
Dünya ve Türkiye pazarında büyük paya sahip olan tekstil sektöründe rekabetin gün geçtikçe artması, yaşam standardının yükselmesiyle birlikte müşterilerin her geçen gün farklı taleplerinin doğmasına neden olmuştur. Tekstil sektöründe en fazla kullanılan pamuk ve viskon lifler ile karışımları kullanılarak yeni ürün tasarımlarının yapılmasına ve üretim yöntemlerini bulmaya yöneltmiştir. Yeni ürün tasarımlarına bakıldığında yeni hammadde kaynakları ya da mevcut ham maddelerin farklı renklendirilmeleriyle mümkün olmaktadır. Sürdürülebilir tasarımda hem estetik ve işlevsellik açısından hem de çevre açısından en uygun malzemelerin seçilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda farklı ürünler elde etmek için çeşitli boyama yöntemleri geliştirmiştir. Bu yöntemlerden birisi de degrade boyama yöntemidir. Degrade boyama yöntemi tek bir tekstil ürünü üzerine belirli aralıklar ile farklı renklerin belirli bir desene göre elde edilmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Piyasada enine çizgili desenlerin renk geçişlerinin yumuşak olduğu yüzey efekti degrade efekti olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında pamuk ve viskon lifleri farklı karışım oranlarında kullanılarak iplikler üretilmiştir ve ardından iplik karışımlarının sıralı olarak örülmesiyle örme kumaşlar geliştirilmiştir. Bu kumaşların içeriğinde pamuk ve viskon liflerinin farklı amorf/kristalin yapılarına sahip olması su/boya alma kapasitesi farklılığından faydalanılarak tek banyoda tek adımda boyama prosesi ile degrade efekti elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen kumaşlara ait renk ve performans özellikleri incelenmiştir.
Thermophysiological comfort is a crucial aspect of human life, contributing to health and work performance. The current paper aims to enhance the understanding of current research, progress, and remaining challenges regarding clothing thermophysiological comfort from a textile science perspective. It provides a comprehensive review of several facets of clothing thermophysiological comfort, focusing on the history of thermophysiological comfort prediction models, heat and moisture transfer mechanisms in the skin–clothing–environment system, controlling factors of thermophysiological comfort, textile materials for superior thermophysiological comfort, and thermal comfort assessment techniques. The paper shows that previously developed thermophysiological comfort models were mainly based on the human thermoregulation process. However, the effect of the air gap size between the human skin and the cloth layer, i.e., the microclimate, on the heat and moisture transfer in the skin–clothing–environment system has been largely overlooked. In addition, thermophysiological comfort models of skin–clothing–environment systems generally only considered dry thermal resistance and evaporative resistance, yet many other fabric properties have effects on human thermophysiological comfort. Potential future directions are identified to fill some of the current gaps. A conceptual model of clothing comfort to contribute to a better understanding of thermophysiological comfort is also proposed.
Pilling is one of the biggest problems for all types of fabrics in textile industry. To improve pilling values of the fabrics, some methods have been reported. One of the most useful methods is chemical finishing. In this study, this method have been used. A key differentiator of this study is the fact that we synthesized the polymer employed as an anti-pilling agent ourselves and does not negatively affect the hydrophilicity and brightness parameters of fabrics, as most anti-pilling chemicals do. As an anti-pilling polymer, we have synthesized polyvinylimidazole (PVIM) and have applied this polymer to different fabrics for the aim of reducing pilling tendency of these fabrics. We have achieved nearly 1.5-2 pilling grades of improvement for different fabrics and generally obtained pilling grade: 4.5-5.0, means no pills on fabric surface. Also, it has been proven that PVIM can be used as an anti-pilling agent without negative effects on fabrics in terms of hydrophilicity, brightness and handle. To market PVIM under Rudolf-Duraner product list, we defined this polymer: EPW 18042.
Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer. It has a high industrial value for many applications including as textile fibres. Regenerated cellulose fibres (RCF) have the potential to couple versatility with safety, comfort, renewability and biodegradability, which can lead to production of green textile products with superior performance. This chapter focuses on regenerated cellulose fibres and presents an overview of two established industrial processes of RCF production, namely rayon and lyocell and Ioncell, an emerging process of RCF production. General properties of RCF obtained from different processes are discussed and compared. Finally, various methods of improvement of RCF production processes as well as RCF products are also presented and discussed.
In this study, the effect of linen and linen blends on the comfort properties of bedding fabrics was investigated. Therefore, 10 different fabric types were produced by using the same warp (100% cotton) and different weft yarns. Thermal and handle properties of fabrics, which were woven with 100% linen and two different ratios of cotton/linen, viscose/linen, and lyocell/linen blended weft yarn, were compared with 100% cotton and each other. The results showed that the thermal values of the fabric woven with linen weft were not different from other fabrics. In addition, the use of linen and man-made cellulosic fiber blend fabrics made no significant difference in terms of thermal absorptivity, but increased the air permeability, bending and shear ability. However, the fabric woven with 80% lyocell/20% linen weft showed the highest values in terms of heat and vapor passage, formability and elongation properties in accordance with the 100% cotton fabric. The results of this study proved that the fabric produced with 100% cotton warp and 80% lyocell/20% linen weft will provide a good thermal and handle comfort for bedding fabrics.
Özet:Bu çalışmada %100 akrilik, poliester
(PES)/akrilik ve pamuk/akrilik karışımlı dokuma kumaşların boncuklanma
özellikleri incelenmiş, kontrollü olarak üretilen deneysel kumaşlarda pamuk ve
poliester ipliklerin akrilik iplikler ile birlikte kullanılmasının, atkı
sıklığının, örgü tipinin ve atkı iplik numarasının kumaşların boncuklanma
özelliklerine etkisi araştırılmış ve istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmiştir.
Çalışma
sonucunda %100 akrilik, poliester/akrilik ve pamuk/akrilik karışımlı dokuma
kumaşlarda atkı sıklığının boncuklanma oluşumuna istatistiksel olarak etkisinin
olmadığı, örgü tipinin boncuklanmaya etkisinin olduğu en fazla boncuklanmanın
saten örgülü kumaşlarda en az boncuklanmanın ise bezayağı örgülü kumaşlarda
oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. En az boncuklanmanın pamuk atkılı kumaşlarda, en
fazla boncuklanmanın ise poliester atkılı kumaşlarda oluştuğu, atkı tipinin
boncuklanmaya istatistiksel olarak etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Akrilik ve
pamuk/akrilik kumaşlarda atkı iplik numarasının boncuklanmaya istatistiksel
olarak etkisi bulunmamıştır.
In this study, structural or physical properties such as the unevenness, hairiness and frictional properties of cotton-modal blended yarns were studied. For this purpose, 100% cotton, 50% cotton/modal and 100% modal ring spun yarns were produced in five different twist coefficients (αe: 3.5, 3.7, 4.0, 4.2, 4.5) and four different yarn linear densities (21, 25, 30 and 37 tex). General factorial design was used and the response surface was plotted for analysing the data. In conclusion, the most influential factors for the yarn characteristics were the yarn linear density and blend ratio. Contrary to expectations, the twist coefficient factor had a minor effect on yarn characteristics, especially on the friction coefficient.
Viloft is a special regenerated cellulosic fiber with a flat cross-section and crenulated surface that maintains air gaps in the yarns that help to improve the thermal properties of the fabrics. This fiber is mainly used for underwear, socks and sportswear fabrics and blends of Viloft with polyester or cotton are commonly preferred in the market. In this study, thermal-related characteristics, such as the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal absorptivity, thermal resistance, moisture and air permeability, of Viloft/cotton and Viloft/polyester blended knitted fabrics were investigated. For this purpose, 100%-0%, 67%-33%, 50%-50%, 33%-67% and 0%-100% blends of Viloft/cotton and Viloft/polyester slivers were produced and spun as 19.7 tex on a ring spinning system. In addition, single-jersey and 1 × 1 rib fabrics were produced and the comfort properties of these fabrics were measured using the Alambeta, sweating guarded hotplate, Permetest and air permeability testing devices. A simplex lattice design for the blended fabric properties was also developed and statistical analyses were carried out. According to the results, Viloft-rich blends, in general, improved the thermal properties of the fabrics. However, the relative water vapor permeability of Viloft/polyester blended fabrics was found not to be significant and only small significances were present for cotton blended ones, statistically. © The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.
Thermal comfort properties, i.e. thermal conductivity, thermal absorption and thermal resistance, and the water vapour and air permeabilities of fabrics woven from different cross sectional shaped polyester fibres were investigated. A total of eight woven fabrics were produced in two different weave patterns (plain and twill) from polyester yarns of four different fibre cross sectional shapes (round, hollow round, trilobal and hollow trilobal). The fabrics consisting of hollow fibres had higher thermal conductivity and thermal absorption values but lower thermal resistance, water vapour and air permeability values than their counterparts of solid fibres. The twill fabrics produced from trilobal fibres showed the lowest thermal conductivity and thermal absorption but the highest thermal resistance, water vapour and air permeability.
Assuring the thermal stability of the human body is one of the most important functions of the clothing. Clothing creates a barrier between the skin surface and surroundings. This barrier influences not only the heat exchange by convection and radiation, but also the heat exchange by the evaporation of excreted sweat. The influence of clothing on the heat exchange between the human being and their surroundings is very complex. It depends on many factors connected with the environment, i.e. air temperature, air movement and humidity. No less an important role is played by the raw material, as well as the micro- and macrostructure of clothing. The aim of this work is to investigate the thermal insulation properties of the single- and multilayer textile materials. The thermal properties were measured with an Alambeta device. We investigated the relationships between the thermal insulation properties of the set of materials and the parameters of the particular components of sets, as well as the configuration of layers.
Cellulases have been used in garment wet processing for approximately eight years. The majority of cellulase enzyme used in textile applications has been on cotton. Denim jeans and knit and woven cotton garments are frequently treated. Cellulases effectively improve cotton's surface appearance, handle and drape, and reduce its tendency to pill or fuzz after repetitive launderings. Today, cellulases are also being used to benefit man-made cellulosics. In this study, several man-made cellulosic fabrics-lyocell (Tencel), rayon (viscose) and cellulose acetate-were treated with cellulase. The treated fabrics and untreated controls were tested for surface fuzz removal, softening, pilling, weight and strength. The effect of cellulase on these different cellulosics varied. On both rayon and lyocell, cellulase altered the handle and drapeability and removed surface fuzz. Cellulase also reduced the tendency of rayon to pill and reduced fibrillation of lyocell. Cellulose acetate was minimally affected by cellulase under the selected test conditions.
The effects of washing and drying treatments on fibrillation, fuzz, and pill formation of lyocell knitted fabrics are investigated in this study. Pilling ratings of the fabrics after wash (W), dry (D), and wash/dry (WD) treatments are evaluated according to a pilling scale using a microscope. Water retention values and fiber-fiber friction are also measured after the treatments. Fuzz occurs on fabrics treated with D and WD treatments, indicating that fuzz is mainly generated during mechanical abrasion in dry conditions. But fibers fibrillate with W and WD treatments, suggesting that fibrillation is induced by mechanical abrasion in wet conditions. Pills form only on fabrics treated with WD in the experimental conditions used here. The water retention value decreases, fiber-fiber friction increases, and the degree of pilling increases with increases in the repetitions of WD. Considering these changes in fiber and textile properties during W, D, and WD treatments, a mechanism of pill formation is proposed, including the fibrillation process, and it is suggested that pills are significantly promoted by a combination of fuzz formed in the dry state with fibrillation occurring in wet state. Increasing fiber-fiber friction and decreasing water accessibility after certain numbers of WD treatments lowers the pilling tendency.