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Abstract
Cissus quadrangularis L. is a succulent plant of family Vitaceae commonly found in tropical and subtropical xeric wood. It is a fleshy, cactus-like liana widely used as a common food item in India. The plant is prescribed in the ancient Ayurvedic literature as a general tonic and analgesic, with specific bone fracture healing properties. The plant is believed to be useful in helminthiasis, anorexia, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, skin diseases, leprosy, hemorrhage, epilepsy, convulsion, haemoptysis, tumors, chronic ulcers, swellings. Following various folk claims for cure of various diseases, efforts have been made by researchers to verify the efficacy of the plant through scientific biological screening. The scrutiny of literature revealed some notable pharmacological activities of the plant such as antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti microbial, anti bacterial, bone healing, anti ulcer, analgesic, anti inflammatory and diuretic, presented in this review such that the potential use of the plant either in pharmaceutics or as an agriculture resource can be evaluated. The present review is an attempt to highlight phytochemicals, various traditional uses as well as pharmacological reports on Cissus quadrangularis L.
... The compounds of phytoestrogens such as flavonoids, resveratrol and piceatannol, have been proven to have antiosteoporosis activities (Mustafa et al., 2011;Rao et al., 2007). Additionally, the plant also consists of a high level of calcium and phosphorus which are essential for bone growth (Shah, 2011). ...
... Since lack of estrogens attributed to the bone loss and bone turnover, phytoestrogens may replace the estrogen deficits and help the calcium absorption which subsequently act as antiosteoporosis (Mustafa et al., 2011). The plants also contain a high calcium and phosphorus, which are important for bone growth (Shah, 2011). This study highlights C. quadrangularis is potentially applied to human bone cells to treat bone degenerative diseases. ...
Degenerative diseases, such as osteoporosis, could be treated by stem cells. The aim of this study was to identify the gene expression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) derived from Sprague Dawley rats and to assess the effect of Cissus quadrangularis Salisb. extract on their maturation into bone cells. The BM-MSC were divided into three groups: (a) BM-MSCs + osteoblast cell growth basal medium as the positive control; (b) BM-MSCs + Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM) + 0.3 mg/mL methanol extract of C. quadrangularis as methanol group; and (c) BM-MSC + DMEM + 0.3 mg/mL ethyl acetate extract of C. quadrangularis as ethyl acetate group. A relative quantification approach using was used to analyze the expression of the alp (alkaline phosphatase) gene, with the beta-actin gene was used to normalize the expression of the alp gene. The intra-assay variation was calculated to validate the RT-qPCR data. Our study found that the intra-assay variation value was acceptable, with most of the coefficients of variability (CV) value <5. Ethyl acetate solvent outperformed methanol solvent in extracting the active compound C. quadrangularis. In the ethyl acetate extract group, the expression of the alp gene increased three times compared to the positive control. In methanol extract group, the expression of alp gene was lower six times compared to positive control. This study suggests that C. quadrangularis extracts using ethyl acetate could induce the maturation of BM-MSCs. However, further studies are warrant to confirm this effect using different indicators.
... C. quadrangularis is native to India and Malaysia and grows in savannah areas in Africa (Cameroon, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Somalia, and Chad;Dumas-Champion, 1997;Arbonier, 2000). In traditional medicine, the plant is used to treat epilepsy (Ngo Bum et al., 2008;Shah, 2011), convulsion (Shah, 2011), hemorrhoids, anorexia, indigestion, and asthma (Rajpal, 2002). Chemical studies have shown the presence of sterols, steroids, tannins, flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferols), carotenes, ascorbic acid, and linoleic acid in C. quadrangularis (Sen, 1966;Saburi et al., 1999;Murthy et al., 2003). ...
... C. quadrangularis is native to India and Malaysia and grows in savannah areas in Africa (Cameroon, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Somalia, and Chad;Dumas-Champion, 1997;Arbonier, 2000). In traditional medicine, the plant is used to treat epilepsy (Ngo Bum et al., 2008;Shah, 2011), convulsion (Shah, 2011), hemorrhoids, anorexia, indigestion, and asthma (Rajpal, 2002). Chemical studies have shown the presence of sterols, steroids, tannins, flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferols), carotenes, ascorbic acid, and linoleic acid in C. quadrangularis (Sen, 1966;Saburi et al., 1999;Murthy et al., 2003). ...
Cissus quadrangularis (C. quadrangularis) is a plant of the Vitaceae family known for its anticonvulsant effects in traditional medicine. The objective of this study was to elucidate the anxiolytic and antiepileptic effects of aqueous extract of C. quadrangularis. The mice were divided into different groups and treated for seven consecutive days as follows: a negative control group that received distilled water, po, four test groups that received four doses of the plant (37.22, 93.05, 186.11, and 372.21 mg/kg, po), and a positive control group that received sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, ip). One hour after the first treatment (first day), epilepsy was induced by intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of pilocarpine (360 mg/kg). On the seventh day, the anxiolytic effects of the extract were evaluated in the epileptic mice using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OP) paradigms. Antioxidant activities and the involvement of gabaergic neurotransmission were determined by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), GABA, and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) in the hippocampus of sacrificed epileptic mice. The results show that the extract of C. quadrangularis significantly and dose-dependently increased the latency to clonic and generalized tonic–clonic seizures and decreased the number and duration of seizures. In the EPM, the extract of C. quadrangularis significantly increased the number of entries and the time spent into the open arms and reduced the number of entries and the time spent into the closed arms as well as the number of rearing. The extract of C. quadrangularis also increased the number of crossing, and the time spent in the center of the OP. The level of MDA and the activity of GABA-T were significantly decreased by the extract of C. quadrangularis while reduced GSH and GABA levels were increased. The results suggest that the anticonvulsant activities of C. quadrangularis are accompanied by its anxiolytics effects. These effects may be supported by its antioxidant properties and mediated at least in part by the GABA neurotransmission.
... Cissus quadrangularis L. is commonly known as Asthisamhari is a succulent plant of family Vitaceae commonly found throughout the hotter parts of India [11] . short, stout. ...
... A paste of stem is given in asthma, burns and wounds, bites of poisonous insects and for saddle sores of horses and camels [18] . apply the pounded stem to wounds [11] . ...
Cissus quadrangularis belongs to the taxonomic group Magnoliopsida and family Vitaceae. Cissus quadrangularis is an ancient medicinal plant native to the hotter parts of Ceylon and India. It has been used by common folk in India for promoting the fracture healing process. It was prescribed in the ancient Ayurvedic texts as a general tonic and analgesic, with specific bone fracture healing properties. This review gives a brief idea about its botanical description, phytochemistry, Osteoblastogenesis activity and its molecular healing mechanisms in osteoporosis.
... The improved (P<0.05) retention of Ca and P in the Ayucal D supplemented group could be due to the presence of synergistic herbs (Cissus quadrangularis, Lepidium sativum, Terminalia arjuna and Uraria picta) having potentiating effect on Ca and P utilisation (Pradeep et al., 2016). In line with present findings many reports on the effect of Cissus quadrangularis (Bhagath et al., 2009, Jaiswal et al., 2004, Sikarwar et al., 2008and Unnati, 2011, Lepidium sativum (Juma, 2007, Yogesh et al., 2011, Divanji et al., 2012and Elhal et al., 2013 and Uraria picta (Singh et al., 2011) on Ca metabolism and bone mineralisation may substantiate present findings. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the herbal calcium supplements in commercial layers under cage and deep litter systems of rearing. A total of 240 White Leghorn layers (Bovans) were distributed randomly into 4 different treatments with 4 replicates having 15 birds in each replicate. The basal diet, which consisted of corn and soybean meal, was prepared as a control and fed to birds under cage (T1) and deep litter (T3) system. The other experimental diets (T2 & T4) were prepared by supplementing herbal calcium supplement (Ayucal D @ 9 g/60 birds/day, Ayurvet Limited, India) as a top-up supplement by mixing uniformly in the basal diet for 10 days in every month of the experimental period and fed to birds under cage (T2) and deep litter system (T4). Remaining 20 days every month, the birds in T2 and T4were fed with a basal diet without herbal supplement Ayucal D supplementation and systems of rearing did not influence the nutrient utilisation of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, total ash, metabolisable energy, bone strength and serum mineral concentration. However, the utilisation of calcium and phosphorus improved significantly. The leg health measure scores also significantly improved (P<0.001) in Ayucal D-supplemented birds. Thus, overall results indicated that supplementation of Ayucal D to layer birds reared under cage and deep litter systems improved the nutrient utilisation of dietary calcium and phosphorus without affecting the utilisation of proximate nutrients and energy and thereby improved leg health. Keywords: Ayucal-D, bone strength, cage, deep litter, layers, nutrients
... Aside from being used as a vegetable in India, it is also used as a folkloric medicine BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS to treat menstruation irregularities, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, convulsions, asthma, inflammation, infections, and obesity. A number of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, daidzein, and genistein), triterpenoids (friedelin, β-amyrin and 7-oxo-onocer-8ene-3 β 21-α diol), stilbene derivatives (quadrangularin A, quadrangularin B, quadrangularin C, resveratrol piceatannol, pallidol, and parthenocissus), iridoids (6-O-[2,3-dimethoxy]-trans-cinnamoyl catalpol and 6-Ometa-methoxy-benzoyl catalpol, picroside and pallidol), phytosterols (β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-O-b-D-glucoside and ketosetosterol), phenolic compounds and tannins have been isolated from the aerial parts of C. quadrangularis (Shah 2011;Sundaran et al. 2020;Zaki et al. 2020;Bafna et al. 2021;Kaur et al. 2021). ...
Hypertension is a major cardiovascular problem resulting in significant mortality. Cissus quadrangularis having several pharmacological effects has not been evaluated for its ability to modulate blood pressure. Thus, the ability of C. quadrangularis aqueous extract (CQE) to modulate blood pressure was evaluated in normotensive and angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats under urethane anesthesia. The animals were divided into four groups namely, control (saline injection), CQE (extract alone, 10 mg/kg), Ang II (Ang II alone, 0.5 µg/ kg) and Ang II + CQE (Ang II + extract). All treatments were delivered by intravenous route and in Ang II + CQE group, Ang II was injected 30 min after injection of the extract. Hemodynamic parameters, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded by the BIOPAC system after the cannulation of the carotid artery and jugular vein. The results indicated that CQE lowered SBP, DBP, MABP and heart rate to varying degrees in normotensive rats compared to control groups. In case of angiotensin II-induced hypertension, CQE administration resulted in substantial decrease in SBP, DBP, and MABP which were raised by Ang II. CQE reduced SBP, DBP, and MABP by 12, 59, and 11%, respectively. It is worth noting that, while SBP was not brought down to baseline levels by CQE, DBP was, suggesting significant hypotensive/ antihypertensive activity of CQE. Further research is required to determine the molecular mechanism of C. quadrangularis extract's hypotensive/antihypertensive action and to conduct clinical trials to establish its optimal use as an antihypertensive therapeutic.
... Aside from being used as a vegetable in India, it is also used as a folkloric medicine BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS to treat menstruation irregularities, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, convulsions, asthma, inflammation, infections, and obesity. A number of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, daidzein, and genistein), triterpenoids (friedelin, β-amyrin and 7-oxo-onocer-8ene-3 β 21-α diol), stilbene derivatives (quadrangularin A, quadrangularin B, quadrangularin C, resveratrol piceatannol, pallidol, and parthenocissus), iridoids (6-O-[2,3-dimethoxy]-trans-cinnamoyl catalpol and 6-Ometa-methoxy-benzoyl catalpol, picroside and pallidol), phytosterols (β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-O-b-D-glucoside and ketosetosterol), phenolic compounds and tannins have been isolated from the aerial parts of C. quadrangularis (Shah 2011;Sundaran et al. 2020;Zaki et al. 2020;Bafna et al. 2021;Kaur et al. 2021). ...
Hypertension is a major cardiovascular problem resulting in significant mortality. Cissus quadrangularis having several pharmacological effects has not been evaluated for its ability to modulate blood pressure. Thus, the ability of C. quadrangularis aqueous extract (CQE) to modulate blood pressure was evaluated in normotensive and angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats under urethane anesthesia. The animals were divided into four groups namely, control (saline injection), CQE (extract alone, 10 mg/kg), Ang II (Ang II alone, 0.5 µg/kg) and Ang II + CQE (Ang II + extract). All treatments were delivered by intravenous route and in Ang II + CQE group, Ang II was injected 30 min after injection of the extract. Hemodynamic parameters, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded by the BIOPAC system after the cannulation of the carotid artery and jugular vein. The results indicated that CQE lowered SBP, DBP, MABP and heart rate to varying degrees in normotensive rats compared to control groups. In case of angiotensin II-induced hypertension, CQE administration resulted in substantial decrease in SBP, DBP, and MABP which were raised by Ang II. CQE reduced SBP, DBP, and MABP by 12, 59, and 11%, respectively. It is worth noting that, while SBP was not brought down to baseline levels by CQE, DBP was, suggesting significant hypotensive/antihypertensive activity of CQE. Further research is required to determine the molecular mechanism of C. quadrangularis extract’s hypotensive/antihypertensive action and to conduct clinical trials to establish its optimal use as an antihypertensive therapeutic.
... 21 It has been used in Ayurveda for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis. 22 It is also prescribed as digestive tonic, analgesic for eye and ear diseases, and also serves as a curative agent for irregular menstruation, and asthma. 23,24 Traditionally, it is well known for the treatment of wounds and other medical applications. ...
Wound healing properties of some herbs have been known for decades. Recently, electrospun mats have been used as a wound dressing material due to the high surface area of fiber and ease of incorporation of drug into the fiber matrix. In this aspect, the incorporation of herbal extracts in electrospun matrix could provide synergistic effect for wound healing. In the present work, extracts from Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) and Galinsoga parviflora Cav (GP) were loaded into the PVA solution in different proportions. These solutions were used to produce nanofibrous mat in electrospinning and the characteristics of the mat were analyzed. The morphology of the fiber was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), the presence of functional groups was identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The result of drug release shows that the GP extract loaded PVA nanofibrous mat has sustained drug release of 28% after 8 h of incubation compared to CQ loaded PVA nanofibrous mat. This trend follows as the concentration of GP increases in the mixture. The antimicrobial efficiency of the prepared mat was evaluated against both Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. The prepared nanofibrous mat has shown excellent antibacterial activity, cell viability, hemocompatibility, and sufficient tensile properties which indicates that it could be a promising biomaterial for wound dressing application.
... Medicinal plants have been used as traditional treatment for numerous human diseases for thousand of year and in many parts of the world [ 1,2]. Cissus quadrangularis is generally referred to as Succulent Plant the Vitaceae family , Commonly found all over the warmer parts of India [ 3]. Plant blooms in the month of June. ...
... The plant can be propagated using cuttings 13 .Cissusquadrangularis is used as an alternative medicine for treating disorders like piles, anorexia, indigestion, chronic ulcers, otorrhoea, and wounds. The plant is considered to have the curative property of fracture healing and has an abundant source of calcium 14 . ...
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory and autoimmune disorder. Rheumatoid arthritis is a joint destruction which occurs due to increased expression of cytokines and transcription factors. Cissus quadrangularis belongs to the Vitaceae family. The plant shows anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Soxhlet method was used for the extraction of the plant using methanol as a solvent. The anti-arthritic activity of methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis was evaluated by in vivo study. The present study assess the haematological parameters in female albino rats after the induction of Freund's Complete Adjuvant. Dexamethasone was used as the standard reference drug. The study showed varied changes in the haematology after the arthritic induction by 0.1 ml FCA which were analyzed before and afterthe treatment period. The inhibition of secondary inflammation in adjuvant arthritic rats by methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis was studied by haematological parameters. The total haemoglobin, total RBC, total WBC, ESR and RF values were assessed before initiation of the treatment and after for 28 days of the treatment. The results showed significant incline or decline in each parameter in the study period of 28 days. While their changes were rectified with the oral administration of methanolic extract of the plant at a dose of 250mg/kg. The methanolic extract boosted the levels of Hb, RBC and simultaneously reduced WBC, ESR levels along with the serological factor RF. The plant extract showed effective results in the haematological parameters, when compared to the standard reference drug Dexamethasone. The results from the study suggest that the plant has potential effect in curing arthritis.
... Stems of CQ contain a relatively higher amount of alkaloids and phenols than those of its roots and its leaves [24]. Calcium oxalate, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, kaempferol, quercetin, stilbene derivatives, tannins, triterpenes (α-, β-amyrins) were also reported [25,26]. It has further been reviewed that ascorbic acid, triterpene, β-sitosterol, ketosteroids, two asymmetrical tetracyclic triterpenoids, and calcium were the major compounds found in CQ [27]. ...
Background:
Cissus quadrangularis Linn. (CQ) has been used in Indian and Thai traditional medicine for healing bone fractures because of numerous active ingredients in CQ. It is still unclear which compounds are the active ingredients for bone formation.
Methods:
The molecular docking technique, the ethanolic extraction along with hexane fractionation, and an in vitro experiment with a human osteoblast cell line (MG-63) were used to narrow down the active compounds, to prepare the CQ extract, and to test biological activities, respectively.
Results:
The molecular docking technique revealed that quercetin and β-sitosterol had highest and lowest potential to bind to estrogen receptors, respectively. Compared to the crude ethanol extract (P1), the ethanolic fraction (P2) was enriched with rutin and quercetin at 65.36 ± 0.75 and 1.06 ± 0.12 mg/g, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was significantly enhanced in osteoblasts exposed to the P2 in both tested concentrations. The amount of hydroxyproline was slightly increased in the P1 treatment, while osteocalcin was inhibited. Moreover, the P2 significantly activated osteoprotegerin (OPG) and inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor κ ligand (RANKL) expression.
Conclusions:
Taken together, the enriched rutin and quercetin fraction of CQ triggered the molecules involved in bone formation and the molecules inhibiting bone resorption.
... properties. Presence of zinc, sodium, iron, lead, copper, magnesium, cadmium, and high concentration of calcium and phosphate has also been reported in CQ (Rao et al., 2011;Shah, 2011). Ascorbic acid is known to stimulate extracellular matrix secretion, cell proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes (Choi et al., 2008). ...
In continuation of the investigation of osteogenic potential of solvent fractions of ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), an ancient medicinal plant, most notably known for its bone‐healing properties, to isolate and identify antiosteoporotic compounds. In the current study, we report the effect of hexane fraction (CQ‐H) and dichloromethane fraction (CQ‐D) of CQ on the differentiation and mineralization of mouse preosteoblast cell line MC3T3‐E1 (subclone 4). Growth, viability, and proliferation assays revealed that low concentrations (0.1, 1, and 100 ng/ml) of both solvent fractions were nontoxic, whereas higher concentrations were toxic to the cells. Differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3‐E1 with nontoxic concentrations of CQ‐D and CQ‐H revealed that CQ‐D delayed the mineralization of MC3T3‐E1 cells. However, early and enhanced mineralization was observed in cultures treated with nontoxic concentrations of CQ‐H, as indicated by Von Kossa staining and expression profile of osteoblast marker genes such as osterix, Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen (Col1a1), integrin‐related bone sialoprotein (IBSP), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN). These findings suggest CQ‐H as the most efficacious solvent fraction for further investigation to isolate and identify the active compounds in CQ‐H.
... The virgin sesame oil is acted as bio-preservative and beeswax helps to reduce joint pain, to relieve stiffness, to stimulate circulation and to moisturize skin. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Several researchers had already reported the medicinal effects on pain, inflammation and stiffness of muscles on human body of the phytochemicals contained in above mentioned plants. 14,-27 Each 30 ml of said viscous phyto-based oil is to be applied with the tip of three fingers in particular technique over the skin three times a day with minimum interval of two hours for 12 weeks; lying in six different postural positions such as supine, prone, right and left contralateral and right and left cross contralateral in different programmed sequences in order to nourish the effected group of badly damaged muscles and nerves in the legs and lumber region during LSD. ...
Objective: The aim of the study was to treat successfully the failed Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery (LSFS) with topical phytotherapy within twelve-week.
Methods: A male patient, aged 45years, was cripple with acute pain due to slipped disc for 4years and subsequently undergone LSFS at L4-L5 3years back. Being failed in surgery, he was treated with topical application of phytoextracts of seven medicinal plants (Cissus quadrangularis, Calotropis gigantea, Zingiber officinalis, Rosemarinus officinalis, Boswellia serratia, Curcuma longa and Withania somnifera) mixed with sesame oil and beeswax with specialized technique for twelve-week.
Results: The percentages of improvements in international-approved pain related abnormalities and overweight were observed after post-treatment: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (Right leg: 94.91, Left leg: 94.87 and Lower back: 93.62), WOMAC index (Pain: 88.23, Stiffness: 84.71 and Physical function: 74.07), Oswestry Disability index (ODI) (74.47), Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) (62.50), Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) (80.00) and Body Mass Index (BMI) (11.93) and substantial improvement in radiological images as assessed by KL grading scale (≥ 2).
Conclusion: Results showed the failed LSFS at L4-L5 can be successfully treated with specialized topical phytotherapy within twelve-week, evidenced by normalization of international acclaimed pain parameters such as VAS, WOMAC index, ODI, LEFS, KPS and BMI and radiological feature as assessed by KL grading scale.
... [25] The methanolic extracts of the Cissus quadrangularis are proved to possess pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiulcer, analgesic and anti-inflammatory. [26] In the present study, the immune response suppressed through treatment with hydrocortisone was normalized or modulated after administration of Cissus quadrangularis nanoparticles. Since the hydrocortisone induced immunosuppression is associated with decrease in number of T-lymphocytes and it lead to decrease in interleukin production also. ...
Keywords: Cissus quadrangularis , silver nanoparticles, antiinflammation, anti-obesity, immunomodulation The present investigation was focused with much attention to investigate the pharmacological activity of Cissus quadrangularis plant extract mediated silver nanoparticles. Anti-inflammation activity of the silver nanoparticles of the plant Cissus quadrangularis in mice model was studied using formalin induced paw oedema method. The anti-obesity effect of nanoparticle synthesized plant extract Cissus quadrangularis with fat rich diet of egg feed induced in albino mice was also assessed. Nanoparticles were also studied for its immune response against SRBC with hydrocortisone induced mice model. The oral administration of plant extract (100mg/kg) exhibited increased the percentage of inhibition paw oedema with 50% at 4 hours while the standard drug paracetamol (100mg/kg) revealed a less percentage of inhibition paw oedema with 37.5% after 4 hours. It was found out that, the amount of SGOT and SGPT enzymes present in the serum of Hydrocortisone treated mice revealed 184U/ml and 149 U/ml. The results of hypolipidemic effect revealed that, the nanoparaticle alone significantly reduced the total cholesterol to 128 ± 4.1 mg/dl rather compared to other groups. The nanoparticles obtained from Cissus quadrangularis exhibited significant anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and hypolipidemic activities without any serious side effects
... As reported in the literature the plant extract contains triterpenoid (including αand β-amyrins, β-sitosterol), steroids, stilbenes, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, carotene, vitamin C, and lipids. Also, several other constituents such as quercetin, kaempferol, quadrangularins A, B, C, resveratrol, piceatanon, and pallidol have been isolated from the plant [18,19]. Cissus quadrangularis plant extract has yet not been exploited as a corrosion inhibitor. ...
An organic-inorganic hybrid complex based on Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) plant extract and zirconium acetate (CQ-ZrAc) was synthesized, characterized and studied as a novel green inhibitor against mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl solution using gravimetric analysis, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The corrosion inhibition effect of the complex was also compared with CQ. GC–MS and FTIR studies were conducted to assess the active organic species and the functional group present in the extract which caused its adsorption on the mild steel surface and lead to complex formation with ZrAc. The gravimetric parameters revealed that inhibition efficiency depends both on the temperature of corrosive solution and inhibitors concentration. Adsorption of both CQ and CQ-ZrAc follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm. PDP analysis suggests that both compounds act as a mixed type of inhibitor. EIS data revealed the formation of a protective film by the adsorption of active species present in the extract. SEM images show better morphology in presence of CQ-ZrAc complex as compared to CQ. UV–visible and FTIR results indicate a good interaction between inhibitors and mild steel surface. Density functional theory has been carried out to correlate the inhibition efficiency with inherent molecular structure and parameters. Analysis of variance statistically compare the difference existing between inhibition efficiencies from gravimetric, PDP and EIS technique and suggests that they are not significantly different.
... CQ is a shrub, whisch has slender, fleshy fibrous, smooth stem, with four winged internodes. Stem and root portion of this plant possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activity Extracts of this plant are reported to contain phytoestrogenic steroids, ascorbic acid, carotene, calcium and anabolic steroids [3] Toxicological evaluation of the plant revealed that the drug is safe even at higher dose for a prolonged duration of treatment [4]. The aim of the present case study was to evaluate the effect of CQ in accelerating healing of bone fracture by reducing pain and swelling. ...
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of Cissus quandranglis in the process of bone healing in the fracture of distal radius in left hand. Cissus quadrangularis
L. (veld grape) is a climber plant of Vitaceae family. A case study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) on
the healing process of accidently fractured distal radius of left hand with depression in a woman aged 78yrs. Radiographic examination confirmed
the fracture of digital radius of left hand with depression/collapse. The X- ray observation of healing process of bone was re-examined after 30
days. Healing was almost complete on the twenty first day of fracture in the treated bone. In the present case study, the patient was prescribed
750 mg/day of CQ along with calcium supplements. She was able to do her activities without any symptoms of fracture in a reduced period of
time. Surprisingly, post treatment radiographic reports showed that the bone was completely healed. This is a preliminary report from our centre
and currently we are working on the effect of CQ in different fractures.
Keywords: Cissus quandranglis; Bone healing; Fracture; Radiography
... It is a common perennial climber, which is distributed throughout India, particularly in tropical regions. It requires warm tropical climate and propagated by stem cuttings in the months of June and July [1]. ...
Cissus quadrangularis (Linn) has been used by the common man in India, and neighboring countries, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia for promotion of fracture healing and well known as “Hadjod”. It is also known as Vitis quadrangularis Wall. belongs to family Vitaceae. It is a common perennial climber, which is distributed throughout India, particularly in tropical regions. It requires warm tropical climate and propagated by stem cuttings. The plant is prescribed in the ancient Ayurvedic literature as a general tonic and analgesic, with specific bone fracture healing properties. The plant is believed to be useful in helminthiasis, anorexia, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, skin diseases, leprosy, hemorrhage, epilepsy, convulsion, haemoptysis, tumors, chronic ulcers, swellings. The scrutiny of the present overview revealed pharmacognostical, phytochemical and some notable pharmacological activities of the plant such as Anti-osteoporotic activity, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, antimicrobial, antibacterial, bone healing, anti ulcer, analgesic and anti inflammatory, diuretic, Anabolic and Androgenic activity and toxicity studies.
... Several researchers had already reported the medical effects (specially on pain, inflammation and stiffness of muscles) on human body of the phytochemicals contained in Cissus quadrangularies, Heliotropium indicum, Rosemarinus officinals, Calotropis gigantean, Boswellia serrata and Curcuma longa [14][15][16][19][20][21][22][23]. ...
Knee-osteoarthritis (KOA) can only be treated by total knee
replacement (TKR), which is a well-known surgical intervention in the
globe. But in some cases, TKR failed in the operated knee-joint as well
as non-operated knee-joint may pose risk of KOA. In general, patients
are advised to undergo revision of TKR when two prostheses of femoral
and tibial compartments are prolapsed or loosen or such other reasons
as well as non-operating knee-joint needs to be operated urgently.
The phytotherapy with Indian medicinal plants are well-established.
The present case study was aimed to determine the efficacy of
topical phytotherapeutic treatment for 90 days in order to prevent the
revision of TKR, improve the pain and functional performance in daily
activities in four Indian patients. After 90 days of topical phytotherapy
treatment, the results were observed a significant decrease in pain in
both the legs and lower back under visual analogue scale (p<0.05),
improvement of pain (p<0.05), stiffness (p<0.05) and physical function
(p<0.05) under WOMAC Index, a significant improvement in the
Karnofsky scale (<0.05), reduction of obesity confirmed by body mass
index (p<0.05) and normal radiological features. In conclusion, failed
TKR can be treated by phytotherapy without further revision evidenced
by normalization of above-mentioned parameters
... The anabolic steroid isolated from CQ found to act on estrogen receptors of bone cells. C. quadrangularis depicted an interesting fact that though the plant is a popular remedy for a variety of ailments and a range of formulations has been marketed, little effort has been made to verify its purity, quality, and efficacy through scientific screening [15,16]. ...
Objectives: Several heavy metals like lead acetate can accumulate in the body due to exposure to the metal for a prolonged period. One of the possible mechanisms involved with lead toxicity is oxidative stress is for which liver is the target organ. The primary aim of this study was to examine the hepatoprotective role of methanolic stem extract from the herb Cissus quadrangularis on induced lead acetate liver injury in female Wistar rats.Methods: The course of the study was for 14 days. The animals were separated into 5 groups: two being control and negative and the other 3 groups based on the dosage of the methanolic extract of the plant was given. The dosage of the plant extract given was once daily for all days of course study. During the last 7 days, lead acetate was injected in the animals (25 mg/kg of body weight). The sacrifice was done 14 days later and the blood and liver samples were taken, which is then used for different antioxidant enzymatic assays.Results: Significant reduced (p < 0.05) antioxidant levels and increased lipid peroxidation levels were observed in lead acetate treated group which was ameliorated by the action of extract from Cissus quadrangularis fusiformis. Histopathological study also supported the finding.Conclusion: The results of the different antioxidant enzymatic assays supported the hepatoprotective role of methanolic stem extract of the plant Cissus quadrangularis over induced lead acetate injury in wistar female rats.
... Cissus quadrangularis is an indigenous plant commonly mentioned in Siddha system of medicine for treatment of gastric ulcers. The methanolic extracts of the plant are proved to possess pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiulcer, analgesic, antiinflammatory [19] . ...
... Methanol extract of roots contains saponins which show potent sedative. [14] There are some other plants which are reported in the literature for their properties which are helpful in bone healing. ...
Fracture is defined as complete or incomplete separation in the continuity of bone Fracture healing is a complex physiological process that involves the coordinated participation of hematopoietic and immune cells within bone marrow. It conjunction with vascular and skeletal cell precursors it also includes mesenchymal stem cells which are recruited from the circulation and the surrounding tissues. It is estimated that 80% of the population in developing countries still rely on the traditional herbal medicines. Healing is practiced by people from all levels of society, who live and work in intimate relation with their environment. They range from bone setting, treatment of snake bite and mental disorders. Knowledge of Medicinal plants and their identification should be gain with the help of cowherds, hermits, hunters, forest dwellers and those who gather plants of forest for food. Sushruta Samita Sutrasthanam 36 V.10. Herbs can effective in reducing swelling pain and soreness of the fracture and al so speedy recovery of function. In last few decades there has been growing In alternative forms of therapy globally. Herbal medicines are currently in demand and their popularity is increasing.
... Dalbergia nyasae Bak. f., Cissus quadrangularis L., Adhatoda vasica Nees, Annona squamosa L., Helianthus annuus L., Curcuma amada Roxb., Hypericum hookerianum Wight & Arn., Sida cordifolia Linn., Semecarpus anacardium Linn., Coelogyne cristata, among others are known to help in soft, nervous, bone and muscle tissue repair among other healing powers (Deka et al., 1994;Jaiswal et al., 2004;Shah, 2011). However, there is a limitation of information on the validation of these species in ethnoveterinary studies. ...
Herbal medicines are considered an intricate and integral part of humankind's knowledge systems. Time has proven their efficacy and safety for both human and animal applications. Modern science, guided by indigenous knowledge systems can further optimize the use of various herbal products. To widen the current focus on herbal medicines, a study was carried-out to determine antioxidant properties, phytochemical and mineral contents of some medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary practices in the management of animal wounds in Zimbabwe. The studied plants were Cissus quadrangularis L, Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ExDC. and Adenium multiflorum Klotzsch. Radical scavenging activities, antioxidant properties were determined using the DPPH and the β-carotene-linoleic acid model while the total phenolic content was determined using the Folin C method, flavonoid content using the aluminium assay and mineral content was investigated using the ICP-OES method. All extracts investigated exhibited radical scavenging activities and antioxidant properties, with C. quadrangularis leaf extracts exhibiting superior activities such as radical scavenging (EC50 of 21.04 ± 3.00 μg/ml) and antioxidant properties (ORR of 0.03 ± 0.01). Variations were observed in the total phenolic, flavonoid and metal contents. C. quadrangularis leaf extracts exhibited highest amounts of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The E. abyssinica (bark) and A. multiflorum extracts exhibited moderate (40–70%) affinity for protein binding while the rest of the extracts exhibited high affinity. Their antioxidant properties, phytochemical profile and mineral content justify applications in animal wound management and many other human and/or animal uses.
... In Bangladesh, the plant is traditionally used for treatment of boils, bruises, epilepsy, fever, food It has also been used for bone fractures, weak bones (osteoporosis), scurvy, cancer, stomach upset, hemorrhoids, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), painful menstrual periods, asthma, malaria, and pain. 4 Previous phytochemical investigations of C. adnata led to the isolation of triterpenoids and resveratrol dimer quadrangularin A. 1 Phytochemical studies on methanol extract revealed the presence of α-and βamyrins, β-sitosterol, ketosteroids, phenols, tannins, carotene and vitamin C. 5 As part of our continuing investigation on medicinal plants of Bangladesh, 6,7 the crude methanol extracts of whole plant of C. adnata as well as their organic and aqueous soluble fractions were studied for the antioxidant potential in terms of total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity, as well as cytotoxic, and membrane stabilising properties for the first time and we, here in, report the results of our preliminary investigations. ...
p>The methanol extracts of whole plant of Cissus adnata (Roxb.) and their organic and aqueous soluble partitioning materials were evaluated for antioxidant, cytotoxic and membrane stabilizing properties. In the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the aqueous extract of whole plant of C. adnata displayed the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 4.17 μg/ml, while the pet ether soluble fraction showed significant lethality to brine shrimps having LC50 value of 1.02 μg/ml, as compared to the standard vincristine sulphate (LC50 value of 0.44 μg/ml). In the evaluation for membrane stabilizing property, the pet ether soluble fraction of methanol extract of the whole plant inhibited 67.43 % and 56.60 % hypotonic solution- and heat-induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively.
Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 15(1): 69-71, 2016 (June)</p
... Long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons have also been reported from the hexane extract of leaves of C. quadrangularis [10,11]. Other important constituents reported in the plant are flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), quadrangularis A, B, C, resveratrol, piceatanon, pallidol and perthenocissin [12][13][14]. ...
Objective: To develop a simple, rapid and specific reversed phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method for comparative analysis of flavonoids, quercetin and kaempferol, in different plant parts (leaves, stem and roots) of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. Methods: The HPLC method which can be used effectively for separation of components from plants has been developed to perform a comparative analysis of flavonoids, quercetin and kaempferol, in different plant parts (leaves, stem and roots) of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. An endcapped C18 column at 370 nm, and water: acetonitrile (45:55) containing 0.1% o-phosphoric acid as mobile phase was used. Results: Quercetin and kaempferol were well resolved at about 5 min and 7 min respectively. Calibration curves for quercetin and kaempferol were linear in the range of 1-10 µg/ml (R2= 0.999) and 0.5-10 µg/ml (R2= 0.999) respectively. The sensitivity of the method was found to be higher, with a limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.42 μg/ml for kaempferol and 0.48 μg/ml for quercetin and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for kaempferol and quercetin 1.27 μg/ml and 1.47 μg/ml respectively. Percentage recovery values for kaempferol were found to be 99.18, 99.03 and 98.32 for the leaves, stem and root respectively, and for quercetin, they were 99.77, 100.12 and 100.54 for the leaves, stem and root respectively. Conclusion: The developed HPLC method for the analysis of flavonoids has enabled rapid, accurate and reproducible determination. The method can be applied successfully for analysis of quercetin and kaempferol in various plant parts of C. quadrangularis.
... For Heliotropium indicum, whole plant was used. The phytoconstituents such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (helindicine and lycopsamine), flavonoids and geranyl aromatic derivatives were reported [30,31]. For Rosmarinus officinalis, the leaves and flowers were used. ...
In India, a large number of patients are suffering with genu varum deformities during osteoarthritic (OA) changes in their knee joints. The malaligned knees are either varus (bow-legged) or valgus (knock-kneed) alignment. When the distal part is more medial, it is called varus deformity (≤178o) while the distal part is more lateral, it is called valgus deformity (≥182o). In OA changes of knee-joints, relieving of pain only was achieved temporarily by using medicinal plants based on traditional knowledge. However, correction of malalignment of genu varum by phytotherapeutic protocols has not been attempted as yet.
The study was conducted on 196 patients (male: 65 and female: 131) aged ≥ 50 years old for genu varum deformities, normalized by the topical application of phytotherapeutic treatment protocol. To detect the normalization, anatomical measurements and biochemical parameters along with radiological images are being studied before (0 sitting) and after 42 sittings of the treatment. The present results clearly reveal that normalization of genu varum deformities are achieved by topical application of phytoconstituents (aqueous extracts) from acknowledged Indian medicinal plants (Cissus quadrangularis, Heliotropium indicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Calotropis gigantea) with specialized treatment paradigm, within forty-two sittings.
It is a pioneering study for complete recovery of malalignment of genu varum by phytotherapy, which can be an alternative novel method for normalization of genu varum. The present research is corroborated by before and after anatomical observations, biochemical parameters and radiological images.

... Cissus quadrangularis Linn., is commonly known as Asthisamhari, a succulent plant belonging to family Vitaceae [1]. Cissus quadrangularis has medicinal properties and it is used in the management of weight loss, metabolic syndrome and in Ayurveda for complaints of back and spine [2,3,4].The extract from Cissus quadrangularis can be used as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic compound [5]. The extract contains triterpenes, flavonoids and stilbenes [6,7,8]. ...
Objective: Cissus quadrangularis, a perennial plant of grape family is traditionally used as an herbal medicine for treating inflammation caused by hemorrhoids, gastric ulcer and bone disorders. COX-2 is an oxidoreductase enzyme having a role in inflammatory responses. The objective of this study was to show the drug-likeness and the binding of Cissus quadrangularis derived biologically active compounds against the inflammation associated target COX-2 enzyme. Methods: The 3D structure of COX-2 enzyme protein structure was taken from PDB database (PDB ID: 6cox). The structures of plant derived compounds were retrieved from the PubChem database. The Lipinski’s properties of about 16 compounds from Cissus quadrangularis were checked and those which satisfied the Lipinski’s rule of five were subjected to docking experiments. Docking studies had been carried out through AutoDock 4.2. Results: About 6 compounds showed drug-likeness by satisfying Lipinski’s properties. The comparative molecular docking studies were done for 6 compounds which showed drug-likeness through AutoDock 4.2. The comparison reflected that flavonoid and stilbene derivatives bind in the active site region of COX-2 with good binding energy. Conclusion: The in silico studies on compounds reported from Cissus quadrangularis showed that they possess potential medicinal values with anti-inflammatory properties which form insights to develop new leads for COX-2 inhibition.
... One such natural medicine is CQ, a vining plant distributed throughout the topical world and it has been widely used medically for centuries. The plant has been used widely used to promote the bone health in the traditional medicine [9,10]. The fracture healing property and anti-osteoporotic activities of CQ has been demonstrated in various pharmacological studies [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. ...
Objective: Osteoporosis, a bone degenerating disorder is one of the most common ailments in old age. Though the treatment with hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis is effective, but they are often associated with serious side effects. Therefore, in search for more effective natural remedy, we evaluated the efficacy of aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis (EO) singly or in combination with the petroleum ether extract of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) for their anti-osteoporotic potential in ovariectomized rat model. Methods: After the onset of the osteoporosis in bilaterally ovariectomized rats, they were treated with reference doses of Raloxifene, EO, CQ singly and/or in combination for 6 weeks. Results and conclusion: At the end of the experiment, serum ALP, TRAP and hydroxyproline levels were significantly increased in ovariectomized animals, but no significant changes were observed in the calcium levels. Treatment with EO and CQ significantly increased the serum ALP levels, while the serum TRAP and hydroxyproline levels were significantly restored towards normal level. Loss of bone mass and strength due to osteoporosis was significantly increased with EO and CQ treatments. Loss of bone mass and strength due to osteoporosis was significantly reduced with EO and CQ treatments. The results clearly depicts that the individual effects of EO and CQ are comparable with that of Raloxifene. Further when compared to effects of individual plant extracts, the combined effect of EO and CQ were equipotent. Therefore, EO and CQ can effectively reduce the bone loss and increase the bone strength, thus they can be used to treat the bone degenerative disorders.
... Cissus quadrangularis is the most common species belonging to the family Vitaceae, commonly known as Hadjod or bonesetter in Hindi due to its bone fracture healing property. The plant is prescribed in the ancient Ayurvedic literature as general tonic and analgesic, with specific bone fracture healing properties due to presence of several new compounds like lipids, stilbenoids, steroids, irridoids and flavanoids (Gupta, 2005;Shah, 2011). Because being an effective remedy in treatment of bone fractures, a range of formulations containing CQ extract either alone or in combinations with other hearths have been marketed (Udupa, 1964;Chopra, 1975). ...
Union Total is herbal formulation made in the form of capsule which contains two standardized plant extracts Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) and Withania somnifera (WS). The present work describes development and validation of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic method for simultaneous analysis of Stigmasterol (STG) in Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) and Withaferin A (WFA) in Withania somnifera (WS). Stigmasterol and Withaferin A were identified on silica G60 F254 HPTLC plates by post derivatization technique and robustness study was performed by applying a central composite design (CCD) with k factor having 2 k factorial runs, 2k axial experiments and five center points. In HPTLC good separation was obtained with chloroform: methanol: toluene: formic acid (6.5: 0.5: 3: 0.25 v/v/v/v) as mobile phase and anisaldehyde sulphuric acid as a derivatizing reagent at detection wavelength 530 nm. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 100-200 ng/band for WFA and 200-700 ng/band for STG and the % recoveries were found in the range of 100.06 % to 100.46 % for WFA and 99.97 % to 100.94 % for STG respectively. HPTLC method was found to be sensitive, precise, accurate and reproducible, which would be of use in quality control of these tablets.
... The plant exhibited antibacterial potential against organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. It also has antiprotozoal activity against Entamoeba histolytica and antiplasmodial activity [5]. Phytochemical constituents present in the plant are phenols, tannins, saponins, vitamin and carotene [1]. ...
The p r e s e n t study i s to screen the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the
plant three sided Cissus quadrangularis (Muppirandai) and to perform in silico
analysis for the compounds identified through GC-MS analysis. Ethanolic extract of
the plant was prepared by soxhlet extraction. Antibacterial activity was tested against
Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi,
among which the extract was more effective against Staphylococcus aureus.
Phytochemical analysis proved the presence of constituents such as flavonoids,
carbohydrates, tannins, phenols, saponins, proteins and amino acids. Antioxidant
potential of the plant was evaluated by DPPH assay. Nine compounds were
identified through GC-MS analysis and were subjected to docking study, whi ch
was performed with LuxS receptor 1JVI using Autodock 4.2, Cygwin and Discovery
studio. These compounds exhibited high negative binding energy and a maximum of
three hydrogen bonds were formed between the ligand Cholestane-3, 6, 7-triol, (3à,
5à, 6à, 7à) and the receptor.
This review examines the medicinal uses and industrial applications of Cissus quadrangularis L., emphasizing its historical and therapeutic significance. Widely recognized for its bone-healing capabilities, C. quadrangularis is a key herb in Ayurveda and other traditional medicine systems, often used to treat fractures, osteoporosis, and joint pain. Native to tropical regions such as India, the plant contains a variety of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, triterpenes, and phytosterols, which offer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pain-relieving effects. Recent studies highlight its potential to support bone health, address metabolic disorders, and serve as a food fortifier to improve nutritional value. Although, C. quadrangularis has long been used traditionally and shows promising pharmacological properties, further clinical research is needed to confirm its safety and effectiveness. This review consolidates existing research on C. quadrangularis, exploring its chemical makeup, traditional uses, and potential as a functional food ingredient, promoting its broader recognition in both medical and industrial sectors.
Cissus quadrangularis Linn. is a succulent perennial plant of family Vitaceae also called as Asthisandhaanak or Hadjor in Hindi, has been traditionally described in Ayurveda and Siddha literature as general tonic and as a powerful analgesic, used as an anti-cancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective etc. It is a good source of biologically active secondary metabolites withvarious pharmacological activities implicated in a wide range of human diseases. Cancer is a major issue or concern in public health systems, especially in developing countries like India. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), Tyrosine kinase (TK) and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are emerging as an important cancer target therapeutic proteins. Molecular docking studies provide a better insight into the biological activity of secondary metabolites like Resveratrol (3,4′,5-trans-trihydroxystilbene) and Piceatannol (3,3′,4,5′-transtrihydroxystilbene) from C. quadrangularis L., its possible mechanisms of action, binding modes and predicting it as a possible anti-cancer drug with and lesser or no side effects
Background: The Samburu people have for the longest time used traditional knowledge on medicinal plants to treat diseases both in human and livestock due to the attributed belief of how effective they are. I set out to understand medicinal plant use and trade among the Samburu community in Maralal town. The objectives of this study were to; (1) identify and document the medicinal plants traded, (2) record the medicinal uses of identified plants, (3) document the parts of the plant used and methods of preparation.
Method: I conducted market surveys and held in-depth discussions with the traders on what plant parts were used and sold and where they collected and sourced their plants. I also joined collectors in the wild and collected samples for further identification.
Results: From the market surveys, a total of 24 plants species from 16 families were traded. Most of the plants were collected from Kirisia Forests Reserve and the arid shrublands within Samburu County. It was noted that Myrsine africana L., Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb., Rhamnus staddo A.Rich., Salvadora persica L. and Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam were the most popular species with buyers. Most of the plants were used to treat multiple ailments. Stomach related problems and respiratory disorders were some of the commonly treated ailments.
Conclusion: It is evident that use and trade of medicinal plant is an important economic activity in Maralal, however; overharvesting plants from the wild has contributed to some species like Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud (East African sandalwood) and M. africana becoming rare and scarce hence the need to establish conservation measures and sustainable exploitation.
A modelagem molecular foi aplicada à análise da vulcanização de borrachas com o uso de ditiocarbamatos metálicos. As estruturas dos ditiocarbamatos de zinco (Zn), cád�mio (Cd), cobre (Cu), níquel (Ni) e chumbo (Pb) foram desenhadas e modeladas com o método semiempírico PM3. Os dados teóricos estimados como, por exemplo, área superficial específica, momento de dipolo, polarizabilidade, GAP e eletrofilicidade das diferentes espécies mostraram grande valia para corroborar dados experimentais encontrados na literatura.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Traditional knowledge is a particular form of practice or skill set that was developed in ancient times and was sustained through generations via the passing of knowledge, essentially confined within a specific tribe, local people, or family lineages. Ethnodermatological use of medicinal plants in India is still a subject to conduct more studies to see if there is chemical, microbiological, and/or clinical evidence, from a scientific perspective, of their effectiveness for those skin disorders. Thus, this review can be the basis for further studies and may provide targets for drug development.
Aim of the study
We compile and emphasize the most important part of ethnodermatology, namely, traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and their applications for several skin diseases in India. We also include a brief review and explanation on dermatology in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine. We review the pharmacological activity of extracts derived from some of the most cited plants against problem skin diseases as well.
Materials and methods
Different kinds of key phrases such as “Indian traditional ethnodermatology”, “ethnodermatology”, “ethnobotany”, “skin diseases”, “Ayurveda dermatology”, “pharmacological activity” were searched in online search servers/databases such as Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/), ResearchGate (https://www.researchgate.net/), PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), NISCAIR Online Periodicals Repository (NOPR) (http://nopr.niscair.res.in/). Based upon the analyses of data obtained from 178 articles, we formulated several important findings which are a summary shown in Tables. Tables. A total of 119 records of plants’ uses have been found across India against 39 skin diseases. These are depicted with their localities of report, parts used, and preparation and administration methods against particular skin diseases.
Results
The knowledge and utilisation of herbal medicine in the Indian subcontinent has great potential to treat different kinds of human skin disorders. The administration of extracts from most of the plant species used is topical and few only are administrated orally. We also investigated the pharmacological activity of the extracts of the most cited plants against mice, bacterial and fungal pathogens, and human cells.
Conclusions
Complementary therapy for dermatological problems and treatment remains the main option for millions of people in the Indian subcontinent. This review on the practices of ethnobotanical dermatology in India confirms the belief that their analysis will accelerate the discovery of new, effective therapeutic agents for skin diseases. However, more studies and clinical evidence are still required to determine if the identified species may contribute to skin condition treatment, particularly in atopic eczema. Today, ethnodermatology is a well-accepted international discipline and many new practices have been initiated in numerous countries. We hope this article will further accelerate the development of this area to identify a new generation of natural human skin treatments that will help meet the growing consumer demand for safe, sustainable, and natural treatments. In this context, research on plants utilised in ethnodermatology in India and elsewhere should be intensified.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Cissus quadrangularis L. is a perennial herb of the Vitaceae family and is utilized comprehensively as a medicinal herb in most tropical regions by various names. This herb is documented to possess a wide-ranging ethnomedicinal uses in malaria, fever, epilepsy, gout, piles, skin diseases, colic, etc.
Aim of the review
A organized summary of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, available marketed formulations and filed patents were presented to explore the future therapeutic potential and scientific potential of this herb.
Materials and methods
For a review of the literature, various databases were searched, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus etc. From, total 408 records of this herb, we have screened 155 articles consist of desired information and available as full text. Present manuscript is structured from comprehensive information on this herb from screened 155 records. Plant taxonomy was confirmed to the database “The Plant List”.
Results
Phytochemical assessment as a whole indicated the presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, iridoids, stilbenes, vitamins, steroids, and glycosides. A toxicity study revealed that its LD50 value is above 3000 mg/kg in animals indicating its safety. A variety of pharmacological studies of aerial parts of this herb by different extracts have demonstrated analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-osteoporotic activity and other bone-related disorders to justify its name as Hadjod. Still, the herb has been utilized in clinical practice and several patents were filed in India and US for its antiosteoporotic property.
Conclusion
The studies on Cissus quadrangularis Linn. are extensive, but gaps still remain. The molecular mechanism, structure-activity relationship, potential synergistic and antagonistic effects of these components needs to be further elucidated. These findings suggest the need for further research on this herb for the management of several other chronic ailments.
Cissus quadrangularis L. is a member of succulent climber of family Vitaceae and it is also called as bone setter because of its bone healing property. The present study focused to assess the in vitro antioxidant and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the plant stem extracts in different solvents namely petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Among all these extracts; ethyl extract showed highest phenolic and flavonoid content (19.35±0.29mg GA/g, 8.68±0.06 RE/g dry wt. respectively). In DPPH free radical scavenging assay all mentioned extracts exhibited free radical scavenging activity but the highest free radical scavenging activity was showed by ethyl acetate extract in increasing dose dependent manner. On the basis of highest phenolic, flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activity ethyl acetate extract was selected for anti- inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of Cissus quadrangularis Lin. was investigated in carageenan induced inflammation in Wistar albino rats. Two different doses 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg were administered to the animals. The results showed that both doses had significant reduction in inflammatory condition but dose 500mg/kg showed maximum inflammatory reduction on comparing with control and standard treated groups.
Although many bio-fuels (neat vegetable oils) including palm oil, were found suitable for diesel replacement in internal combustion engines, none of them ever tested so far had better performance than diesel and therefore bio-fuels are commercially not viable to date. Hence in this research work, a novel bio-fuel additive derived from naturally available herbal species known as Cissus quadrangularis (Vajravalli) has been proposed. This herbal juice in liquid form is added with palm oil in different volumetric proportions and is used as fuel to test the performance of single-cylinder, 4-stroke, compression-ignition water-cooled, direct-injection, variable compression ratio engine. The experimental results witness a significant advancement in the brake thermal efficiency of the engine operating with palm oil using Cissus quadrangularis as an additive when it is compared to neat palm oil fuel operation. At rated load with an engine compression ratio of 18, the fall in brake thermal efficiency for palm oil operation is 7% in comparison to diesel operation. This reduction in BTE has been improved to only 3% for 2V98P fuel. Also, there is a decrease in brake specific fuel consumption. Furthermore, the performance characteristics of 2V98P fuel are in close concurrence with diesel operation. The maximum mechanical efficiency obtained at rated load for palm oil, 1V99P, 2V98P, 3V97P, and 4V96P fuels is respectively 7%, 5.8%, 4.8%, 4%, and 3% greater than that of diesel. Also, the exhaust gas temperatures obtained for 2V98P, 3V97P, and 4V96P are less than that of diesel operation while for palm oil and 1V99P it is greater than that of diesel. The maximum BTE and minimum BSFC obtained for 2V98P fuel is 32.05% and 0.3255 kg/kWh respectively as against 32.8% and 0.3126 kg/kWh for the diesel operation at a rated load with a compression ratio of 20.
Cissus quadrangularis (Family: Vitaceae; Sinhala name: Heeressa) is a perennial plant of the grape family, commonly known as Devil's Backbone. The whole plant is used externally and internally to treat various ailments. It has been used as a medicinal plant by Ayurvedic and Sri Lankan traditional physicians since antiquity. It is used singly or in various formulations together with different medicaments according to Ayurveda and traditional medicine. Details are gathered from Ayurveda and Sri Lankan traditional medical books, books on plant science and other sciences, traditional physicians, civilians and web search. C. quadrangularis has the properties of Madhura (sweet) Rasa (taste); Laghu (easily digestible) and Ruksha (dry) Guna (quality); Amla Vipaka (post digestive effect is sour) and Ushna Virya (hot in potency). Further, it also has Kaphavatashamaka (mitigates Kapha and Vata Dosha) and Pittavardhaka (aggravates Pitta Dosha) properties. C. quadrangularis is also used in fracture healing, due to Kapha and Vata Dosha, infertility and snake poisoning. In Sri Lankan traditional medicine, this is widely used in orthopedic treatment, especially in healing of fractures. It is concluded that C. quadrangularis has multifaceted medicinal values.
Oral cancer is a type of cancer which targets mouth and surrounding tissues. It includes, lips, cheeks, tongue, sinuses,throat. Oral cancer could be life threatening, if not diagnosed in early stages. American Cancer Society says that men are at more risk than women. Oral cancer can be treated like any other cancers. But still the efficacy of the drugs is questionable. Hence, an attempt was tried to find the suitable inhibitors for the treatment of oral cancer using bioactive principles of Cissus quadrangularis, targeting SIRT3,P21 and P53. The Resveratol in Cissus quadrangularis has showed very good interaction with two target proteins involved in oral cancer viz., SIRT3 and P21. Resveratol also has very good pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. This study concludes that Resveratol in Cissus quadrangularis has the potential to serve as an anticancerous drug. However, the results might be validated through in-vivo and in-vitro studies to prove the efficacy of the active compounds and to protect the mankind from oral cancer.
Cissus quadrangularis has wide spectrum of benefits in medical conditions including bone disorders. Alcoholic extract of the plant displayed anticancer activity against cell lines derived from cervical, skin, colon, breast, as well as kidney cancers, and flavonoid fraction of the extract was found to be the active constituent for the activity.
Objective: To evaluate the anticancer effects of Cissus quadrangularis leaf extract against MG63 human osteosarcoma cell line.
Materials and Methods: MG63 cells were obtained from NCCS, Pune. The methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis was prepared and its anticancer activity was tested in cell lines using Mossman method of cytotoxicity assay.
Result: The cell viability of MG63 cells ranged between 29.65% and 73.59% at an extract concentration from 1000µg/ml to 7.8µg/ml. The IC50 of extract revealed by this cytotoxicity assay was around 100 µg/ml.
Conclusion: This study showed anticancerous activity of C.quadrangularis leaf extract against MG63 cells, which can be further characterized by future studies and aid in treatment of bone tumors.
In a sequel to investigate osteogenic potential of ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), the present study reports the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization potential of ethyl acetate (CQ‐EA) and butanol (CQ‐B) extracts of CQ on mouse pre‐osteoblast cell line MC3T3‐E1 (sub‐clone 4) with an objective to isolate an antiosteoporotic compound. Growth curve, proliferation, and viability assays showed that both the extracts were nontoxic to the cells even at high concentration (100 µg/ml). The cell proliferation was enhanced at low concentrations (0.1 µg/ml and 1 µg/ml) of both the extracts. They also upregulated the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization processes in MC3T3‐E1 cells as reflected by expression profile of osteoblast marker genes such as RUNX2, Osterix, Collagen (COL1A1), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Integrin‐related Bone Sialoprotein (IBSP), Osteopontin (OPN), and Osteocalcin (OCN). CQ‐EA treatment resulted in early differentiation and mineralization as compared with the CQ‐B treatment. These findings suggest that low concentrations of CQ‐EA and CQ‐B have proliferative and osteogenic properties. CQ‐EA, however, is more potent osteogenic than CQ‐B. The present study reports the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization potential of ethyl acetate (CQ‐EA) and butanol (CQ‐B) extracts of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) on mouse pre‐osteoblast cell line MC3T3‐E1 (sub‐clone 4) with an objective to isolate an antiosteoporotic compound. We have concluded in this part of the study that the CQ‐EA treatment resulted in early differentiation and mineralization as compared with the CQ‐B treatment. These findings suggest that low concentrations of CQ‐EA and CQ‐B have proliferative and osteogenic properties. CQ‐EA, however, is more potent osteogenic than CQ‐B.
Background: C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase-muscle (CK-MM) and aldolase A (AldoA) levels are proven to be realistic biochemical markers of osteoarthritic disorders (OADs). The aim of this study is to normalize the elevated levels of CRP, CK-MM and AldoA during OADs of knee-joints and degenerative changes in lumbarspine by topical application of phytoconstituents with specialized techniques.
Methods: Baseline data were collected and evaluated from 261 patients (66.67% females) with OADs confirmed with radiological images. Serum CRP, CK-MM, and AldoA levels were measured at the baseline and at the end of six weeks of treatment using appropriate kits. All patients underwent a standardized physical, radiographic examinations and evaluation of risk factors (inflammation, muscle degeneration, bone erosion, and skeletal muscle diseases) by blood examination and completed a questionnaire. All the patients were treated with topical application of phytochemicals extracted from seven Indian medicinal plants mixed with virgin sesame oil and beehive-wax for a period of six-week with specialized techniques.
Results: The parameters of the risk factors for OADs at the end of six-week of treatment were highly significant (p<0.0001). The high and low ranges of all biomarkers, their percentage of improvements and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were all highly significant (p<0.0001). The improvements of pain, stiffness and daily functional activities
at the end of treatment under KOOS, VAS, WOMAC index and KPS were highly significant (p<0.0001) and also reduction of weight as evidenced by BMI (p<0.0001) and radiological images as assessed by K-L grading score.
Conclusions: It is firmly confirmed from the results that the elevated levels of CRP, CK-MM, and AldoA, represent the risks of inflammation, muscle degeneration, and skeletal muscle damage along with pain and all daily functional activities, body weight and radiological images as confirmed by above-mentioned international approved scales
during OADs can be successful normalized by topical application of phytoconstituents within six-week with specialized treatment.
Keywords: Osteoarthritis repair; Biochemical markers; Phytomedicines; Phytoextracts; Phytochemicals; Medicinal plants; Topical phytotherapy
Oral cancer is a type of cancer which targets mouth and surrounding tissues. It includes, lips, cheeks, tongue, sinuses, throat. Oral cancer could be life threatening, if not diagnosed in early stages. American Cancer Society says that men are at more risk than women. Oral cancer can be treated like any other cancers. But still the efficacy of the drugs is questionable. Hence, an attempt was tried to find the suitable inhibitors for the treatment of oral cancer using bioactive principles of Cissus quadrangularis, targeting SIRT3, P21 and P53. The Resveratol in Cissus quadrangularis has showed very good interaction with two target proteins involved in oral cancer viz., SIRT3 and P21. Resveratol also has very good pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. This study concludes that Resveratol in Cissus quadrangularis has the potential to serve as an anticancerous drug. However, the results might be validated through in-vivo and in-vitro studies to prove the efficacy of the active compounds and to protect the mankind from oral cancer.
Utilization of Cissus quadrangularis Linn (CQ) for producing hydrocarbonaceous bio-oil and biochar in a fixed bed pyrolysis at 550°C was studied. Rapid and progressive thermal decompositions took place between 220 and 550°C. Elemental composition of the biomass shows 12.32% moisture and 67.97% volatiles. Spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis of bio-oil having a calorific value of 26.58 MJ/kg elucidates 15 different chemicals of different functional groups. Two major chemicals (ethanol, pentamethyl, and benzedrex) dominate at around 60% of the chemicals identified in the bio-oil. Biochar could be a possible source of activated carbon for suntan lotion producing industries.
Cissus quadranngularis L. is a ubiquitous plant of the vitaceae family and has multifaceted therapeutic use in the traditional system of medicine in India as well as other countries; it is also used as a nutritive element in several cuisines. It is commonly known as 'Hadjod' (bone-setter) in the native Indian language which highlights it effectiveness in fracture healing. Among other pharmacologic activities, its stem juice is indicated in menstrual disorder; dyspepsia, wound-healing, ariel parts of the plant have been reported to possess anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, hepato-protective and gastro protective actions. This review article reveals that a wide range of novel phytochemical constituents has been isolated from this plant with diverse chemical properties. The current review deals with the enormous data that has been generated due to recent widespread research into the phytochemical, pharmacological aspect of this plant till December 2015 and also includes reports on its ethno pharmacology.
Herbal medicines are an important part of healthcare throughout the world. In the last few years there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and these drugs are gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries. Worldwide it is estimated that 80% of the population uses herbs. The practice of traditional medicine using medicinal plants is as old as the origin of man. This type of health care was described as Herbalism or Botanical medicine. Medicinal plants play an important role in the treatment of various diseases, especially in the developing countries due to their cost effectiveness. The beneficial uses of medicinal plants in traditional system of medicine of many cultures are extensively documented. Several plants have been used as dietary adjuvant and in treating the number of diseases even without any knowledge on their proper functions and constituents. This review work deals with the key bioactive compounds and the role of medicinal plants in herbal medicine in India and their earlier investigation. The bioactive ingredients that have the therapeutic activity in plants used in traditional practice are mostly unidentified. Substances found in medicinal plants, containing the healing property of plants is known as the active principle. Chemical principles from natural sources have become much simpler and have contributed significantly to the development of new drugs from medicinal plants. Biologically active compounds from natural sources have always been of great interest to scientists for the new drug developments.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of various extracts of stem of Cissus quadrangularis and fruits of Terminalia chebula against some food poisoning bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts (ethyl acetate and methanol) of these plants was determined by using disc diffusion method. Results revealed that ethyl acetate extract of C.quadrangularis exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria except P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract of T. chebula showed maximum zone of inhibition against the bacteria B. cereus. From the present study it is clear that these two plants may have the potential to be used as natural medicine against food poisoning bacteria. However there is a need for further research to isolate the bio-active compounds responsible for antibacterial activity.
A simple, accurate, precise, economical high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of three marker compounds namely stigmasterol in Cissus quadrangularis Linn. extract, ursolic acid in Ocimum sanctum Linn. extract and withaferin A in Withania somnifera Linn. extract present in Uni- Bone herbal formulation. HPTLC separation was performed on aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 and toluene-methanol-acetic acid (9: 1: 0.1, v/v/v) as optimized mobile phase. The detection wavelength for simultaneous estimation of three mentioned marker was 520 nm after derivatization with anisaldehyde sulphuric acid reagent. Proposed HPTLC method was validated according to ICH guideline. The retention factor of withaferin A, ursolic acid and stigmasterol were 0.20 ± 0.009, 0.39 ± 0.009, 0.54 ± 0.013 respectively. Linearity for each three markers was obtained in range of 400-2400 ng/band with acceptable correlation coefficient. Good accuracy and precision were obtained as revealed from %RSD value less than 2. In line with the results obtained, a novel, simple, accurate, precise, economical and reliable high performance thin layer chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous estimation of STG, UA and WFA in Uni-Bone herbal formulation.
A survey is presented of callus cultures from various crystal-containing explant sources established on standard and modified solid defined media. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the occurrence of differentiated crystal cells in various tissue cultures and to examine the relationship between intact plant and callus-derived crystal habits. Tissue culture results of this study are used to serve also as an evaluation of suitable systems for future experiments on crystal cell induction and differentiation.
The phytochemical and nutrient composition of the pulverized dried root of Cissus quadrangularis (an edible Nigerian vegetable) were determined. Phytochemical tests on the plant revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides with the absence of cyanogenic glycosides. Proximate analysis showed II 0.01% moisture content, 3.33 0.58% fat, 7.50 0.17% crude protein, 68.89 1.16% carbohydrate, 3.33 0.10% ash, 5.97 0.1% fibre, and 335.50 3.43 kcal/100g energy content.
The root powder also constituted a rich source of mineral elements (mg/100g dry matter): Potassium 67.5, calcium 39.5, zinc 3.0, sodium 22.5, Iron 7.5, lead 3.5, cadmium 0.25, copper 0.5, magnesium 1.15, chromium 0, cobalt 0. Analysis of the toxicants also revealed that the oxalate, tannin, phytate, saponin contents were 135, 0.3, 20, 0.16 mg/100g dry matter, while hydrocyanic acid was not detected. The results are discussed in terms of the nutritive value as well as the public health implication of having this vegetable as part of the diet.
Key words: Cissus quadrangularis, nutritional evaluation.
Bio-Research Vol.1(1) 2003: 63-68
The current study was performed to evaluate the effect of the methanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis. (L.) (CQE) against free-radical damage. The test extract exhibited significant scavenging effect on DPPH free radical, superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical production, and inhibition of lipid peroxide production in erythrocytes. The free-radical scavenging effect of CQE was comparable with that of reference antioxidants. The activities of liver marker enzymes and antioxidant defense enzymes in rat liver homogenate were assessed in CCl4- and CQE-treated animals. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) caused a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malondialdehyde (MDL) levels and a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S.-transferase (GST), and reduced glutathione (GSH) activities, which were reverted by CQE treatment. The results obtained suggest that CQE showed antilipid peroxidative, free-radical scavenging property and ameliorated the liver damage by an increase in antioxidant enzymes activities. It can be concluded that the free-radical scavenging/antioxidant activity of the plant extract may be responsible for the therapeutic action against tissue damage.
Summary Traditional recipes for treatment of physical and mental ailments exist in all major ancient civilizations of the world. One such recipe popular in the Indian subcontinent involves the use of the extract of Cissus quadrangularis plant .Cissus quadrangularis is a shrub, with thick and fleshy quadrangular stem. The roots and stem are most useful for healing of fracture of the bones. The question whether the plant Cissus quadrangularis, which is proved to contain phyto-estrogens will increase the bone mass during fetal growth is not addressed. Accordingly the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of Cissus quadrangularis on the intrauterine growth of trabeculae in the long bones in rats. Pregnant rats were administered with Ethanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), orally, at the dose of 750 mg/kg body weight from 9th day of gestation till delivery. Femur bone of the newborn pups were collected, decalcified and processed for paraffin sectioning. Thickness of cortical bone at mid shaft level, thickness of individual trabeculae were measured using a calibrated ocular micrometer. Results showed a significantly increase in thickness of the cortical bone at mid shaft level compared to control rats. The thickness of individual trabecula was increased significantly. The present study demonstrates enhanced bone formation during fetal growth by CQ, which may be related to rich content of calcium, phosphorus and phytoestrogenic property of the plant.
Two new unsymmetric tetracyclic triterpenoids onocer-7-ene-3α,21β-diol and onocer-7-ene-3β,21α-diol together with sitosterol, δ-amyrin and δ-amyrone have been isolated from Cissus quadrangularis. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1H NMR, mass spectral and chemical evidence.
The effect of the anabolic steroid oxandrolone on the healing rate of a standardized full thickness linear wound on the back of the rat was studied. Oxandrolone was given orally by gavage in peanut oil at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day. A placebo powder in peanut oil was given at the same dose to a control group. Parameters monitored were time to complete wound closure, wound hydroxyproline content and tensile strength, as well as histology. We found that wounds closed completely in 12+/-3 days with oxandrolone, compared to 18+/-3 days for a placebo, a statistically significant difference. The rate of body weight gain was identical in both groups. Hydroxyproline content of the healed incision site was 23+/-4 mg/g tissue vs. 17+/-3 mg/g tissue, while the tensile strength increased to 185+/-13 g/mm2 vs. 102+/-18 g/mm2 in the oxandrolone and placebo groups, respectively. Both parameters were significantly increased with the anabolic steroid. Histologic examination showed a wound that contained more mature and densely packed collagen and was also hypercellular with oxandrolone treatment. We conclude that the anabolic steroid oxandrolone significantly enhanced wound healing unrelated to any generalized increase in protein mass as would be reflected in body weight.
Four marker constituents, namely, onocer-7-ene-3 alpha ,21 beta -diol, delta -amyrin, delta -amyrone and 3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxybiphenyl of an Ayurvedic crude drug Cissus quadrangularis Linn. are defined for standardisation purposes. 3,3',4,4'-tetradydroxybiphenyl has been isolated for the first time from this drug. The contents of the marker constituents were quantitatively determined by HPTLC and HPLC methods in samples collected from five different geographic zones of India. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of the aqueous extract of Zizypus spina-christi Willd root bark against exploratory behaviour, spontaneous motor activity (SMA), motor coordination (Rota-rod performance) and pentobarbital-induced hypnosis were investigated in mice. The extract induced a significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent reduction in exploratory behaviour and SMA when administered orally. It also prolonged pentobarbital sleeping time but failed to inhibit motor coordination (rota-rod performance) in the experimental mice. These results suggest that the extract contained some constituents that depress the central nervous system, which may not be due to neuromuscular blockade.
Extracts of five medicinal plants: Boscia angustifolia, Cissus quadrangularis, Securidaca longipedunculata, Stylosanthes erecta and Trichilia emetica, used traditionally in Malian traditional medicine were screened for in vitro antiplasmodial activity and GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor binding activity. Four extracts showed significant antiplasmodial activities, with the dichloromethane extract of leaf of Securidaca longipedunculata being the most active (IC(50) of 7 microg/ml [95% CI: 5-9]). The dichloromethane extract of leaf of Trichilia emetica, in addition to its antiplasmodial activity (IC(50): 12 microg/ml [95% CI: 12-14]), exhibited a good binding activity to the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor, while water and methanol extracts of the same plant did not show any activity. A strong GABA(A)-receptor complex binding activity was observed in the methanol extract of aerial part of Stylosanthes erecta. The results in this study justify some of the traditional indications of the plants investigated and may thus be candidates for Improved Traditional Medicines in Mali.