Effects of Dietary Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) Leaf Powder on Growth Performance, Body Components and Digestive System of Broiler Chicks

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine, the effects of dry strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) leaves (SL) powder on growth performance, mortality rate and body components of broiler chicks. In total, 144 mixed sex male and female broiler chicks (1-d old) were used and divided into four treatment groups; 0 (control), 5, 10 and 20 g SL were added to per kg basal diet. Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly and daily gain and feed conversion ratio were calculated weekly. Forty two days old broiler chick were humanly slaughtered to determine the possible changes in daily gain, body components and morphological changes in digestive parts. The results showed that SL had no effect on growth performance, body components and digestive parts in broiler chicks (P>0.05) with respect to any beneficial and detrimental effects, suggesting that SL powders can be used in broiler diets.

Full text

Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (2), April 2013 477
www.world-food.net
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.11 (2): 477-480. 2013
WFL Publisher
Science and Technology
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e-mail: info@world-food.net
Received 22 December 2012, accepted 22 April 2013.
Effects of dietary strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) leaf powder on egg yield,
quality and egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens
Metin Duru
Uşak University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Department of Animal Science, 64200, Uşak, Turkey.
e-mail: durumet@gmail.com
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to measure the effects of dry strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) leaf (SL) powder on egg rate, feed intake, egg
yield and mass, feed conversion ratio, egg yolk cholesterol level and external and internal egg quality of laying hens. In total, 64 Lohmann Brown laying
hens, 30 week old were used. Treatment groups were control, 10 g, 20 g and 40 g SL. These mentioned doses were added to per kg basal diet (171 g
crude protein and 2817 kcal ME kg-1). Egg yield and feed intake were monitored weekly and egg quality was monitored biweekly for 10 weeks. SL
had no effect on egg rate, feed intake, egg yield and mass, feed conversion ratio, egg yolk cholesterol level and external and internal quality of egg
(P>0.05) as having no affect on birds’ health status, suggesting that SL powders can be used in layer diets as a feed additive.
Key words: Strawberry leaves, laying hens, egg yolk cholesterol, egg yield and quality.
Introduction
Food safety has become an increasingly important issue for all
sectors of the livestock industry in the World. Food safety means
the essentially healthy diet and healthy next generation. Because
of high quality protein, which is easily digested in human body,
vitamin and mineral contents, essential amino acid profile and
saturated fat content, egg is a healthy diet 1, 2.
Growth promoters were used in livestock feeding during years,
but in recent years they have been banned in livestock feeding
because of they are serious health risk to human health. New
natural alternative feed additives have been developed in poultry
feeding as plants, probiotics and prebiotics etc. Aromatic and
medicinal plants are alternative for feed additives to harmful
growth promoters 3, 4. As a supplement or an additive, the
vegetative parts of aromatic and medicinal plants are used to get
powder or extracts to be included in the poultry diets. Only these
plants but also some agricultural plants have a great potential to
be used for the same purpose because of aromatic and medicinal
charactheristics. This kind of plants are lemon, orange, olive,
strawberry and other endemic plants.
Strawberry leaf includes tannins, antioxidant flavonoids, a small
amount of ascorbic acid and a tiny amount of essential oil. In folk
medicine, strawberry leaf has been used as appetiser, cholesterol
and blood pressure lowering, healing of gastrointestinal disorders,
diuretic stricture, strengthening of sight and tooth, expelling
kidney stones and intestinal worms, anemia, hepatitis,
strengthening of nerves and immune system, intestinal and liver
activity, diarrhoea suppressant, arthritis and speeding up a
sluggish metabolism 5, 6.
World strawberry production has dramatically increased in
recent years. Strawberry production was 4,366,661 tons in 2010
and 3,779,102 tons in 2005 in the World 7. For example, in Turkey,
the strawberry production was 150,000 tons in 2003 but it was
302,416 tons in 20118. However, strawberry leaves have not been
used efficiently; expect vegetative turf material in soil fertilisation.
When literature are investigated in detail, this agricultural by-
product has not been used in animal nutrition even though it has
a great potential to be used as feed additive in livestock diets due
to its multifunctional properties as given above.
Leaves of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D.) plants were
analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance
capacity) and total phenolic content. Strawberries had the highest
oxygen radical absorbance capacity values during the green
stages. Compared with fruits, leaves were found to have higher
oxygen radical absorbance capacity values. According to Wang
and Lin 9, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity in strawberry
leaves was between 67.9 and 182.2 µmol TE/g for fresh leaves and
205.0-728.8 µmol of TE/g for dried leaves. When the strawberry
leaves become older, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity
values and total phenolic contents become lower. They found a
linear correlation between total phenolic content and oxygen
radical absorbance capacity for strawberry fruits and leaves.
Strawberry leaves include the phytoactive compounds with
potentially beneficial physiological impacts. Mudnic et al.10
studied the dose-dependent effects of wild strawberry (Fragaria
vesca, L.) leaf extract on the isolated guinea pig hearts and rat
aortic rings with two experimental models. They compared the
vasodilatory efficacy of strawberry leaf extract with that of aqueous
extract of hawthorn (Crataegus oxycantha, L.) leaves including
flowers which are known as a reference plant extract for vasodilator
activity. The current extracts showed the same dose-dependent
vasodilatation. The maximum relaxation or resting was observed
as 72.2±4.4% and 81.3±4.5%, affected by the strawberry and

478 Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (2), April 2013
hawthorn extract, in order. Mudnic et al.10 used endothelium-
denuded and intact rings exposed to nitric oxide synthase inhibitor
L-NAME or cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin in order to
learn about the vasodilatory mechanisms of the wild strawberry
leaf extract. The wild strawberry extract was applied to the isolated
hearts of guinea pigs at the concentrations of 0.06, 0.18, 0.6 and
1.8 mg/100 ml. The determined parameters were heart contractility,
electrophysiological activity, coronary flow and oxygen
consumption. The extract had no impact on heart rate and
contractility. They determined cardiac actions via coronary oxygen
flow. This flow increased up to 45% over control value with a
simultaneous decrease of oxygen extraction by 34%. They concluded
that the aqueous extract of wild strawberry leaves works similarly as
the hawthorn aqueous extract with respect to vasodilator activity.
This research was carried out to determine the effects of dry
strawberry leaf (SL) powder on egg rate, feed intake, egg yield and
mass, feed conversion ratio, egg yolk cholesterol level and external
and internal egg quality of laying hens.
Materials and Methods
Animals, diets and feeding treatments: A total number of sixty-four
30 week old Lohmann Brown laying hens of nearly similar initial body
weight (1832±20.24 g) was divided into 4 experimental groups (control
group and 3 treatment groups) each including 16 and kept individually
in cages sized 35 cm x 40 cm x 45 cm.
Strawberry leaves were obtained from the Research Farm of
Mustafa Kemal University after fruit harvesting. These leaves were
stored and maintained air drying in clean surface without any
microbiological contamination and sunshine effect. Strawberry leaves
were used after dried and powdered with 1 mm sieve opening mill.
Birds were fed basal (commercial) diets (171 g crude protein and 2817
kcal ME kg-1) supplement with 0 (control), 10, 20 and 40 g SL powder
from 30 to 40 weeks age (Table 1). Feed was offered limited (115 g/
hen) and water was available ad lib. Birds were exposed to 16 hours
day light, 19-22°C ambient temperature in poultry house during
experimental period of 10 weeks.
Determination of growth parameters: Body weights of hens were
recorded at the start and the end of study. Feed intake, egg number
and weight for each hen were monitored daily, and egg mass and
rate were determined. Feed conversion ratio was found as a
division of total feed intake by total egg mass.
Eggs were collected biweekly from hens and their external and
internal characteristics were determined. Eggs were weighed with
a sensitive scale (±1 g) and afterwards eggs’ length and width
were monitored using a calliper (0.01 mm, Mitutoyo, Japan). Eggs
were broken on a flat glass surface for measurement of thickness
and length of albumen and yolk. Yolk color was observed using
the Roche color fan 11. Then egg yolk was weighed and the weight
of the albumen was calculated as the difference between the weight
of whole egg and the weight of the yolk. The shells were dried at
room temperature 12. Their thickness was measured from the
equator, top and truncated edge parts of shell in egg by using a
micrometer. Shape index 13, albumen index 14, yolk index 15 and
Haugh unit 16 were calculated as follows:
· Shape index = maximum width (mm) / maximum length (mm) x 100
· Albumen index = albumen height (mm) / [albumen length (mm) +
albumen width (mm)] x 100
· Yolk index = yolk height (mm) / yolk diameter (mm) x 100
· Haugh unit =100 log (albumen height (mm) + 7.57 - 1.7 x egg
weight (g)0.37)
Determination of egg yolk cholesterol: At the end of the
experiment, 8 eggs for each group were determined for egg yolk
cholesterol level 17-19. Eggs were hard-boiled to separate the yolk
and 0.1 g samples of yolks were weighed in a sterile 10 ml Falcon
tube. Cooked yolk was extracted with 4 ml isopropanol, vortexed
for 2 to 3 min, and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The egg yolk
cholesterol level (mg of cholesterol/ g of egg yolk) was determined
using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 1240) and
commercial kits (Diasis Diagnostic Systems). It was calculated by
the method of Biochemical Analysis and Food Analysis 20.
Statistical analysis: All data were analysed using the One Way
ANOVA procedure of SPSS statistical package SPSS 21. Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test used to identify the significant differences
between the respective means. Results obtained in this study
were presented as means per hen with the standard error of means
(SEM).
Results
The results of present study are given in Table 2 and 3 showing
SL powder. All parameters (egg rate, feed intake, egg yield and
mass, feed conversion ratio, egg yolk cholesterol level and external
and internal egg quality of laying hens) were not affected by
treatments (P>0.05). The highest 0-10 weeks egg rate (91.16%),
feed intake (7621.2 g) and egg yield (63.82 number) in 40 SL powder
group but was not statistically different than control group
(89.20%; 7378.1 g and 62.44 number) (P>0.05) (Table 2). The lowest
feed conversion ratio (1.86) in control group but was not different
than other groups (P>0.05) (Table 2). Egg yolk cholesterol was
not affected by any treatment (P>0.05) (Table 2).
Egg weight, egg shape index, dry shell, albumen and yolk
weights, albumen and yolk indexs, yolk color, haugh units and
egg shell thickness were not affected by any treatment with respect
to control group (P>0.05) (Table 3). Use of 20 g SL powder,
Feed Ingredients, %
Corn 47.8
Full fat soya 17.9
Sunflower meal 9.7
Barley 7
Corn gluten meal 7.6
CaCO3 8.3
DCP (17.5%) 0.9
Methionine&Lysine 0.1
NaHCO3&NaCl 0.3
Mineral and Vitamin premix* 0.4
Culculated composition
ME, kcal kg-1 2817
Crude protein, % 17.1
Lysine, % 0.65
Methionine + systine, % 0.57
Ca, % 3
P (available), % 0.7
Table 1. Experimental layer diet
(Phase I).
*Per kg diet included 7000 IU Vitamin A, 2000 IU
Vitamin D3, 15 mg Vitamin E, 2 mg Vitamin K3, 4 mg
Vitamin B2, 10 mg Vitamin B12, 60 mg Mn, 50 mg Zn,
25 mg Fe, 15 mg Cu, 0.25 mg Co, 1 g Iodine, 0.2 mg Se

Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (2), April 2013 479
increased eggshell thickness about 3.6 µm without statistical
significance (P>0.05) (Table 3). Low level dose of SL powder
decreased egg weight but this decrease was not statistically
significant (P>0.05) (Table 3).
Discussion
In the present study results showed that SL has no effect on any
parameter in laying hens. There has been no study regarding
dietary SL powder on egg rate, feed intake, egg yield and mass,
feed conversion ratio, egg yolk cholesterol level and external and
internal quality of eggs in literature on feeding laying hens.
There has been no information in literature on the component
of SL powder on egg rate, feed intake, egg yield and mass, feed
conversion ratio, egg yolk cholesterol level and external and internal
egg quality of laying hens as having no data on other farm animals.
In this study, it was hypothesized that beneficial content of
strawberry leaf powder may enhance the health status of laying
hens reflecting to egg yield and characteristics, egg yolk
cholesterol and liveability.
There has been limited studies on strawberry leaves. Strawberry
leaves (Fragariae herba folium) total phenolic content (related
antioxidant capacity) was found strong 22, being anti-cancer as an
alternative medicine 23, a source of bioactive phytochemicals for
cardiovascular system 24, having antioxidant properties 25 and an
endothelium-dependent vasodilator 10.
SL powder, g kg-1 Parameters,
g bird-1 Control 10 20 40 SEM
P
Body weight (g)
Initial body
weight 1836.6 1883.6 1775.4 1832.4 20.24 0.31
Final body
weight 1770.0 1818.9 1767.3 1700.4 30.20 0.38
Change
body
weight
-66.6 -64.7 -8.1 -132.0 36.73 0.37
Egg rate (%)
0-5 weeks 93.57 92.32 92.38 94.64 0.81 0.71
5-10 weeks 84.82 86.25 82.86 87.68 1.34 0.63
0-10 weeks 89.20 89.29 87.62 91.16 0.82 0.50
Feed intake (g)
0-5 weeks 3800.8 3830.0 3827.8 3939.3 40.92 0.65
5-10 weeks 3577.3 3570.8 3482.7 3681.9 34.78 0.26
0-10 weeks 7378.1 7400.8 7310.5 7621.2 65.93 0.38
Egg yield (number)
0-5 weeks 32.75 32.31 32.33 33.13 0.30 0.76
5-10 weeks 29.69 30.19 29.00 30.69 0.71 0.79
0-10 weeks 62.44 62.50 61.33 63.82 0.78 0.75
Egg mass (g)
0-5 weeks 2056.5 2001.5 1990.7 2061.6 24.06 0.64
5-10 weeks 1900.4 1880.6 1788.2 1933.0 52.72 0.63
0-10 weeks 3956.9 3882.1 3778.9 3994.6 54.91 0.54
FCR (g feed: g gain)
0-5 weeks 1.85 1.91 1.92 1.91 0.021 0.65
5-10 weeks 1.88 1.90 1.95 1.90 0.054 0.49
0-10 weeks 1.86 1.91 1.93 1.91 0.023 0.27
Egg yolk cholesterol (mg/g)
40 weeks
age 12.66 13.44 14.93 12.72 0.56 0.47
Table 2. Effects of dietary SL powder body weight, egg rate,
feed intake, egg yield, egg mass, feed conversion ratio
(FCR) and egg yolk cholesterol of laying hens.
*: SEM: Standard error of difference between means. a, b: Means in the same row with different superscript
letters are significantly different (P<0.05). **: 32-40: Overall.
SL powder, g kg-1
Parameter Age,
wk Control 10 20 40 SEM P
32 65.05 60.21 63.26 60.96 0.92 0.23
34 63.69 62.42 62.60 62.74 0.81 0.95
36 61.49 60.57 62.16 62.28 0.92 0.92
38 62.61 60.81 61.09 61.52 0.70 0.83
40 61.41 61.73 57.66 60.64 0.74 0.20
Egg
weight
(g)
32-40 62.80 60.99 61.51 61.63 0.37 0.36
32 76.98 77.15 77.96 78.36 0.59 0.83
34 79.17 76.87 78.88 77.50 0.47 0.25
36 78.84 78.72 77.20 77.51 0.50 0.56
38 77.81 77.28 77.89 76.35 0.58 0.78
40 78.41 77.58 78.98 77.86 0.46 0.75
Egg
shape
index
32-40 78.25 77.42 78.27 77.52 0.23 0.40
32 6.40 6.44 6.28 6.31 0.20 0.96
34 6.52 6.57 6.18 6.50 0.60 0.46
36 6.22 6.38 6.46 6.35 0.10 0.85
38 6.41 6.32 5.84 6.32 0.09 0.13
40 6.41 6.59 6.02 6.28 0.10 0.24
Dry shell
weight
32-40 6.38 6.43 6.18 6.35 0.05 0.22
32 40.78 37.87 39.59 37.78 0.93 0.36
34 38.82 38.51 37.94 37.82 0.65 0.95
36 39.65 38.25 37.91 38.34 0.75 0.85
38 37.50 39.33 36.24 39.98 0.88 0.43
40 39.20 41.88 35.76 35.88 1.15 0.20
Albumen
weight
(g)
32-40 39.20 39.00 37.59 37.96 0.37 0.35
32 15.41 15.24 15.31 14.66 0.20 0.70
34 15.78 15.28 16.22 15.74 0.24 0.61
36 16.23 15.42 15.58 15.27 0.28 0.29
38 16.62 16.43 16.90 16.23 0.23 0.79
40 16.33 16.28 15.56 16.03 0.21 0.55
Yolk
weight
(g)
32-40 16.07 15.62 15.96 15.56 0.11 0.24
32 5.81 6.75 6.72 6.36 0.35 0.18
34 7.00 6.90 7.23 7.12 0.23 0.96
36 6.73 6.52 6.70 6.64 0.19 0.98
38 4.95 5.89 4.87 5.59 0.17 0.10
40 4.18 4.67 4.05 3.98 0.12 0.17
Albumen
index
32-40 5.70 6.16 5.92 5.95 0.11 0.52
32 44.11 46.83 47.35 47.50 1.70 0.16
34 47.53 49.26 47.31 48.60 0.52 0.51
36 44.94 46.00 46.82 48.02 0.56 0.25
38 42.51 45.00 41.53 44.55 0.66 0.19
40 36.34 38.95 37.22 38.78 0.52 0.22
Yolk
index
32-40 42.95b 45.38a 44.19ab 45.53a 0.37 0.05
32 10.90 10.90 10.50 11.00 0.14 0.63
34 10.80 10.90 10.40 10.40 0.09 0.10
36 11.00 11.00 10.70 10.80 0.05 0.11
38 11.00 10.78 10.80 11.00 0.07 0.55
40 10.91 11.00 10.60 10.50 0.09 0.12
Yolk
color
32-40 10.92a 10.90a 10.61b 10.74ab 0.04 0.03
32 82.45 88.21 87.40 85.95 0.96 0.15
34 89.70 88.70 90.67 91.64 1.06 0.80
36 92.20 91.86 91.82 90.85 0.99 0.97
38 83.60 88.94 84.87 88.68 0.98 0.13
40 72.38 75.69 75.58 76.07 1.12 0.62
Haugh
units
32-40 84.00 86.81 86.04 86.60 0.62 0.35
32 404.0 415.3 402.3 411.0 2.91 0.36
34 395.3 394.3 378.7 394.0 2.91 0.13
36 391.0 411.7 410.7 398.0 3.46 0.10
38 406.0 401.7 405.3 420.0 3.05 0.15
40 398.5 401.5 385.0 383.7 3.07 0.13
Eggshell
thickness
(µm)
32-40 399.5 403.1 397.1 401.3 1.41 0.49
Table 3. Effects of dietary SL powder external and internal quality
of egg of laying hens.

480 Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (2), April 2013
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