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Aphrodisiac activity of Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) on ethanol induced testicular toxicity in male rats
Abstract
According to Indian Systems of Medicine, Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) belonging to the family (Acanthaceae), were used for treating male sexual disorders since ancient times. Aim of this study to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and the aphrodisiac potential of the petroleum ether extract of leaves of Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) on ethanol induced testicular toxicity in albino wistar rats. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and saponins. All the doses resulted in significant increase in mount frequency, intromission frequency and significantly prolonged the ejaculatory latency (P < 0.05) and reduced mount and intromission latency (P < 0.05). There was also a significant increase in serum testosterone concentrations in all the groups in a manner suggestive of dose-dependence (P < 0.05). Results of this study concluded that the petroleum ether extract of Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) increased the blood testosterone concentrations and this may be the mechanism responsible for its aphrodisiac effects and various masculine behaviors. It may be used to modify impaired sexual functions in animals, induced testicular toxicity in albino wistar rats.
... Due to its medicinal value, the various parts of this plant are used IJBPR to treat many diseases. The leaf extract of C.infundibuliformis shows aphrodisiac activity on ethanol induced testicular toxicity in male rats (Kumar SA et al., 2010) . The aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of C. infundibuliformis possess antimicrobial activity tested against some common bacterial and fungal pathogens (Elamathi R et al., 2011). ...
... It is also reported that the successive leaf extracts of C. infundibuliformis shown good anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities (Mallikarjuna M et al., 2012). It is also found that the crude extracts obtained from petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol of C. infundibuliformis shown larvicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Madhumitha G, Mary Saral A, 2012) The petroleum ether leaf extract of Crossandra infundibuliformis L. possess wound healing activity in excision wound model (Sumalatha K, 2010). The petroleum ether extract of dried leaves shows significant hepatoprotective activity when compared to standard drug Silumarin in albino mice (Madumita G et al., 2010). ...
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the flower extracts of Crossandra infundibuliformis (L)Nees, (Acanthaceae) for its phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties. The flowers of C.infundibuliformis were extracted with chloroform, acetone, methanol and water by cold maceration. The extracts were used to evaluate the presence of phytoconstituents and antimicrobial activity. The presence of phytoconstituents like carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids were observed. The antimicrobial activity was carried by agar well diffusion method against bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi like Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma viridae and C.albicans. The antimicrobial activity is prominent with acetone and methanol extracts against tested bacteria and fungi. The diameters of zone of inhibition range from 09 to 18 mm for bacteria and 09-12mm for fungi. The activities of some of these extracts were comparable with the reference standards ciprofloxacin for bacteria and griseofulvin for fungi. The results reported in the present work shows evidence that the flower of C.infundibuliformis possess antimicrobial activity.
... It has many medicinal values such as Aphrodisiac. [6] Anti inflammatory and Analgesic [7] and Wound healing, [8] Anti bacterial and Anti oxidant properties. [9] The present study was aimed to evaluate the Anti-solar potential of fresh and dried leaves of crossandra infundibuliformis. ...
Sun light is the major source of U.V radiation; it extends to the earth's atmosphere and helps our body to synthesize vitamin D, which promotes the bone growth. But due to high exposure to U.V radiation from sun may cause sunburns, wrinkles etc. The UV-A penetrates the skin and causes premature ageing of skin, UV-B mostly causes sunburns and damage to DNA in skin. The present study was aimed to evaluate the U.V absorption ability of aqueous extracts of fresh and dry leaves of crossandra infundibuliformis as an Anti-solar agent. U.V visible spectrophotometer is used to perform this method. The results shown that aqueous fresh leaves extract of C. infundibuliformis has better Anti-solar activity than dry leaves extract. As it contains natural flavonoids and polyphenols they are considered as excellent sunscreen agents. Therefore it was concluded that C.infundibuliformis leaves extract can be used in preparation of various highly effective sunscreen formulations as it provides the better advantage of avoiding the harmful effects of synthetic sunscreen preparations.
... It is abundantly present in tropical areas such as South India and Sri Lanka. The leaf extracts of Crossandhra infundibuliformis shows aphrodisiac [6], antiinflammatory and analgesic properties [7]. The leaf extracts also reported for wound healing [8], antibacterial, antioxidant activities [9]. ...
UV rays extends down to the earth's atmosphere from sunlight assist our body to synthesize Vitamin D which strengthens our bones and teeth. Commercially UV radiation has various uses like sterilization and disinfection. But excessive unprotected exposure to sunlight may lead to sun burns and other skin complications. The present study was designed to evaluate the UV absorption ability of aqueous extracts of fresh and dry flowers of Crossandra infundibuliformis as an anti-solar agent. The method was performed by UV visible spectrophotometry in range of 200-400nm. The results suggested that aqueous fresh flower extract of Crossandra infundibuliformis exhibited better anti-solar activity than the dry flower extract. Therefore it was concluded that C.infundibuliformis flowers can be used in various sunscreen formulations.
... It is abundantly present in tropical areas such as South India and Sri Lanka. The leaf extract of Crossandhra infundibuliformis shows aphrodisiac activity (Kumar SA et al., 2010).The ethanolic leaf extract of C.infundibuliformis showed antiinflammatory and analgesic properties (Jayaveera KN et al., 2012). ...
The present study is designed to determine the tannin content and evaluation of antibacterial activity of Crossandra infundibuliformis (Acanthaceae) flower extracts against pathogens associated with urinary tract infections. The Urinary Tract Infections represent one of the most common diseases occurring from the neonate to the geriatric age groups encounters in medical practice today. The chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and aqueous extracts for the plant material were prepared. The extracts contained appreciable levels of tannin content (2.7 to 8.6 mg of GAE/gm extract). Among all the extracts acetone extract possess higher concentration of tannins. Leading etiological agents of UTI's include Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris. The susceptibility patterns of these UTI pathogens against extracts were tested. The antibacterial activity was prominent against Escherichia coli (16.20±0.25mm) by acetone extract. The results indicated that natural tannin from flowers of Crossandra infundibuliformis has a notable antibacterial activity against tested microorganisms. The results are compared with commercial antibiotic nitrofurantoin.
... Lyophilized aqueous extracts of Chlorophytum borivilianum at 200 mg/kg, p.o. showed significant enhancement of body weight and reproductive organs, penile erection, MF, whereas significant variation in reduction of ML, EL, IL, reduced hesitation time indicates an improvement in sexual behavior of extract treated animals [15] . [16] . ...
Sexual activity has been universally recognized as a vital component of a normal and healthy lifestyle and general well-being. Sexual dysfunction especially erectile dysfunction is a serious public health problem as reflected in epidemiological data. Aphrodisiac is the word derived from Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of sexual, love and beauty. An aphrodisiac is defined as an agent (food or drug) that arouses sexual desire. From time immemorial, man's endeavour have been to increase his sexual powers. When man did not know metals and used only stones, he exhibited his sexual powers by ritual dances accompanied by hunting. This leads early man was motivated by his quest for food, sex and self-preservation. The possibility of bioactive aphrodisiacs which may be derived from plants, animals or minerals, has been attractive throughout recorded history. Aphrodisiac are mentioned there as Vajikaranas, the word vaji meaning horse and karanta meaning making, i.e., measure to excite lust by charms, etc. Many natural substances have been historically known as aphrodisiacs in Africa and Europe, such as Yohimbine and the Mandrake plant, as well as ground Rhinoceros horn in the Chinese culture and " Spanish fly " which is actually toxic. Sexual relationships are some of the most important social and biological relationship in human life. Male impotence also called erectile dysfunction (ED or SD) is a common medical condition that affects the sexual life of millions of men worldwide. Erectile dysfunction is defined as the persistent inability to obtain and maintain an erection sufficient for naturally satisfactory intercourse. Sexual dysfunction is a serious medical and social symptom that occurs in 10%-52% of men and 25%-63% of women. Erectile dysfunction is adversely affected by diabetes mellitus, antihypertensive, antipsychotic, and antidepressant therapeutic drugs. Organic causes of ED include hypogonadism, hyperprolactinaemia, and neurological disorders. Treatment of ED involves several natural aphrodisiac potentials. Aphrodisiac In India, indigenous remedies have been used in treatment of sexual dysfunction since the time of Charaka and Sushruta. Plants have been always an exemplary source of drugs and many of the currently available drugs have been derived directly or indirectly from them. An aphrodisiac is defined as an agent that arouses sexual desire. Erectile dysfunction or sexual dysfunction (ED or SD) or male impotence is defined as the inability of a man to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for mutually satisfactory intercourse with his partner. Sexual health and function are important determinants of quality of life. To overcome the problem of male sexual (or) erectile dysfunction, various Indian natural aphrodisiac plants potentials were preferred. The ethnobotanical information reports that about 200 plants possess aphrodisiac potential. Out of several Indian medicinal plants, 33 plants were reviewed. In this review, studies on Indian medicinal plants were reviewed and their possible therapeutic applications were discussed. This review discusses about aphrodisiac potential of Indian medicinal plants, its botanical name, common name, family, extract, models used, part used and references, which are helpful for researchers to develop new herbal aphrodisiac formulations. In the recent years, interest in drugs of plant origin has been progressively increased.
... Plants are a great source for novel drug compounds and medicines derived from plants have made large contributions to human health and well being [4].Medicinal plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents and are serve as rich source of potent and powerful drugs [1].Crossandra infundibuliformis belonging to family Acanthaceae is a well known medicinal plant in various regions of India.This plant is one of the most chosen variety for folk medicine. Flower extract is used in various conditions like fever, headache, aperitif, pain and wound healing [3]. ...
Plants are a great source for novel drug compounds and medicines derived from plants have made large contributions to human health and well being.Crossandra infundibuliformis belonging to the family Acanthaceae, is well known for its medicinal properties in various region of India and Srilanka. From the pharmacological screening of C.infundibuliformis leaf, it is understood to have the activities such as hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifungal, anticandidal and larvicidal activity. Its flower part is used in various conditions like fever, headache, aperitif, pain and wound healing. Aim of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, minerals and the functional groups present in Crossandra infundibuliformis flower extract. A preliminary qualitative phytochemicals screening was performed and the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, Tannins was recorded. The minerals present in the plant sample were detected using SEM-EDX and minerals such as Al, Si, K,Cl were present. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of various functional groups such as alkyl halides, alcohol, phenol, carboxylic acid, aldehydes, ester and ether in C.infundibuliformis flower extract. In future, the bioactive principle could be isolated, purified from this plant, and its structure could be elucidated for drug development.
... Paliyar tribes of Shenbangathope in Virudhanagar district of Tamil Nadu use flowers of C. infundibuliformis in combination with pepper in wound healing [1]. The leaf extract of C. infundibuliformis shows aphrodisiac activity on ethanol induced testicular toxicity in male rats [2]. It is also shown that the increase in aphrodisiac activity is due to the increase in testosterone level. ...
The aim of the present study was to evaluate Crossandra infundibuliformis (Acanthaceae family) for its antibacterial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical constituents. The leaves of C. infundibuliformis were screened for antibacterial activity against six pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples such as Shigella dysenteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis & Staphylococcus aureus by extracting them in ethanol, petroleum ether and water. Ethanol extract exhibited inhibition zone against all the pathogens comparable to the standard (Amikacin), whereas no zone of inhibition was observed in petroleum ether and water extracts. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycoside, reducing sugars and tannins. The ethanol extract of C. infundibuliformis leaves appeared to be good antioxidant agent with maximum inhibition percentage of 89.27 ±0.284 % at 16µg/ml whereas standard Quercetin showed maximum inhibition percentage of 94.30 ±0.272 % at 22µg/ml.
... Paliyar tribes of Shenbangathope in Virudhanagar district of Tamil Nadu use flowers of C. infundibuliformis in combination with pepper in wound healing [1]. The leaf extract of C. infundibuliformis shows aphrodisiac activity on ethanol induced testicular toxicity in male rats [2]. It is also shown that the increase in aphrodisiac activity is due to the increase in testosterone level. ...
The aim of the present study was to evaluate Crossandra infundibuliformis (Acanthaceae family) for its antibacterial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical constituents. The leaves of C. infundibuliformis were screened for antibacterial activity against six pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples such as Shigella dysenteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis & Staphylococcus aureus by extracting them in ethanol, petroleum ether and water. Ethanol extract exhibited inhibition zone against all the pathogens comparable to the standard (Amikacin), whereas no zone of inhibition was observed in petroleum ether and water extracts. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycoside, reducing sugars and tannins. The ethanol extract of C. infundibuliformis leaves appeared to be good antioxidant agent with maximum inhibition percentage of 89.27 ±0.284 % at 16µg/ml whereas standard Quercetin showed maximum inhibition percentage of 94.30 ±0.272 % at 22µg/ml.
... infundibuliformis) Linn. [16] . ...
Aphrodisiac is the word derived from Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of sexual, love and beauty. An aphrodisiac is defined as an agent (food or drug) that arouses sexual desire. Current sexual dysfunction therapy lack satisfactory success due to adverse effect, hence patients are seeking complementary and alternative medicine to treat sexual dysfunction. Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in various human ailments. India has about more than 45 000 plant species and among them several thousand are claimed to possess medicinal properties. Researchers conducted in the last few decades on the plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for sexual dysfunction. This review reveals that some plants and their extract have aphrodisiac activity, which are helpful for researcher to develop new herbal aphrodisiac formulations. In the recent years, interest in drugs of plant origin has been progressively increased.
... infundibuliformis) Linn. [16] . ...
Discoveries in the past two decades have continued to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction disease and animal models have played a significant role to define the basic mechanisms of erectile dysfunction treatment. Both in vitro and in vivo models have been developed in the past years to study the aphrodisiac agents. Methods that are used in aphrodisiac study can be categorized into physical methods including male sexual behavior (mount frequency, mount latency, intromission frequency, intromission latency, ejaculation frequency, post-ejaculatory interval, couplatory rate, index of libido, computed male sexual behavior parameter), pendiculation study, orientation behavior, determination of hesitation time & attraction towards female, test of potency, test for libido, penile microcirculation study, Intracavernous pressure study and biochemical methods, histopathology, sperm count, Fructose content in seminal vesicles, sperm preservation, organ weight, hormonal determination, assay of nitric oxide synthase, In vitro nitric oxide release & androgen receptor protein. This review aims to highlight some of the new and currently used experimental models that are used for the evaluation of aphrodisiac agents.
... Lyophilized aqueous extracts of Chlorophytum borivilianum at 200 mg/kg, p.o. showed significant enhancement of body weight and reproductive organs, penile erection, MF, whereas significant variation in reduction of ML, EL, IL, reduced hesitation time indicates an improvement in sexual behavior of extract treated animals [15] . [16] . ...
In India, indigenous remedies have been used in treatment of sexual dysfunction since the time of Charaka and Sushruta. Plants have been always an exemplary source of drugs and many of the currently available drugs have been derived directly or indirectly from them. An aphrodisiac is defined as an agent that arouses sexual desire. Erectile dysfunction or sexual dysfunction (ED or SD) or male impotence is defined as the inability of a man to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for mutually satisfactory intercourse with his partner. Sexual health and function are important determinants of quality of life. To overcome the problem of male sexual (or) erectile dysfunction, various Indian natural aphrodisiac plants potentials were preferred. The ethnobotanical information reports that about 200 plants possess aphrodisiac potential. Out of several Indian medicinal plants, 33 plants were reviewed. In this review, studies on Indian medicinal plants were reviewed and their possible therapeutic applications were discussed. This review discusses about aphrodisiac potential of Indian medicinal plants, its botanical name, common name, family, extract, models used, part used and references, which are helpful for researchers to develop new herbal aphrodisiac formulations. In the recent years, interest in drugs of plant origin has been progressively increased.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate Crossandra infundibuliformis stem ethanolic extract for its antibacterial activity, and phytochemical
constituents. The stem extract was tested against five bacterial species such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus mutans. The ethanolic stem extract of Crossandra infundibuliformis showed inhibitory effect on only 3 bacterial
species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. The ethanolic stem extract showed no effect on Escherichia
coli and Streptococcus mutans. The inhibition zones for S. aureus were 8 mm, 9 mm and 10 mm (including well 4 mm) at concentartions of 15 μl,
20 μl and 25 μl respectively. The ethanolic extract displayed 6 mm, 8 mm and 11 mm against B. subtilis. At 25 μl concentration of extract inhibition
zone 13 mm was noted for P. aeruginosa. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of Carbohydrates, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Proteins and
Saponins.
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is recognized as a major public health problem. ED may be due to a wide range of factors, but recent work has focused on the medical and physical etiology of ED. The importance of psychosocial risk factors should not be dismissed, however, and several cross-sectional studies have reported associations between ED and depression, anger, and dominance. Whether these factors are prospectively associated with the risk of ED has yet to be established. Longitudinal data obtained from 776 respondents in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (1987-1997) were used to examine whether the presence of depressive symptoms, the way in which anger was expressed, or the trait of dominance independently contributed to the risk of ED 8.8 years later. The results suggest that new cases of ED are much more likely to occur among men who exhibit a submissive personality. The implications of these findings are discussed. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:533-41.
The effects of alcohol and drugs on sexual function are important to consider in clinical histories and medication prescribing practices. Virtually all aspects of the human sexual response are affected by alcohol and drugs: 1. Desire (libido) is reduced. 2. Performance. Impotency as defined by lack of erection and ejaculation occurs. 3. Dissatisfaction ensues. These effects of alcohol and drugs can be understood and illustrated by examining the phases of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution in the human sexual response. The important first step in the treatment of sexual dysfunction is to identify the alcohol/drug/medication use. The next is to recognize the profound effect it can have on the human sexual response. Furthermore, knowledge of the mechanism of action of the drugs and a basic conception of the physiology and psychology of sexual performance are necessary to predict the course of the sexual dysfunction. In many instances, the sexual dysfunction is reversible even after chronic alcohol/drug/medication use.
While it is generally accepted that the erectile response in mammals is regulated by androgens, the extent of in- volvement and the precise role of these steroids remains to be established. A number of neurotransmitters have been identified that may mediate erectile function, and several research groups are actively investigating how an- drogens may affect the synthesis and action of these agents. This article reviews what is known about the role of androgens in erectile function, the effects of these ste- roid hormones on the activity of some of the neurotrans- mitters that are thought to be involved, and it cites dif- ferent experimental designs and animal models used in the study of erectile physiology. Also discussed is the question of why castration in men is not always followed by the immediate and rapid loss of erectile capacity.
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a highly prevalent disorder affecting an estimated 152 million men worldwide and is associated with a variety of behavioral risk factors, such as cigarette smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, as well as numerous age-related medical conditions, notably type-2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. A rational step-wise approach which includes comprehensive medical and sexual history, a focused physical examination and essential laboratory tests such as fasting glucose, lipid profile and testosterone assay is to be preferred. Current diagnostic work-up does not recommend any of the specialized tests which were previously considered mandatory-i. e. penile pharmacotesting, Duplex ultrasound and nocturnal penile tumescence. Hormonal replacement therapy is appropriate only in the hypogonadal male with ED. Prior to direct intervention, the physician should consider altering modifiable risk factors or causes, although frequently insufficient to reverse ED completely. When indicated, oral therapy with new molecules (phosphodiesterase inhibitors or apomorphine) is the first-line treatment for the majority of patients because of potential benefits and lack of invasiveness.
Despite the increasing availability of effective conventional medical treatments, plant-derived and herbal remedies continue to provide a popular alternative for men and women seeking to improve their sex life. Nevertheless, the efficacy of most herbal agents in treating sexual problems remains uncertain. Therapists and consumers alike would benefit from an increased understanding of commonly used herbal agents on the market, their purported or supported effects, and their potential side effects. To this end, we cataloged the major prosexual herbal agents currently sold in several representative health food stores. We also specify the sexual problem purportedly ameliorated by each herbal agent. Finally, we evaluate eight herbal agents commonly promoted for the treatment of sexual problems. This evaluation includes a review of the research supporting the use, efficacy, dose, adverse effects, contraindications, and possible mechanism of action of each. We conclude by commenting on the quality of current research, pointing out gaps in our knowledge, and noting the need for rigorous research and product control to adequately address questions regarding the efficacy of these agents.