No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
An Ethical Analysis of the Trust Relationship
... This trustbusting is necessary when, for example, the relationship's continuation need is dependent on threats held over those who trust; or whether the deceiving trustees rely on successfully covering up their breaches of trust. Because trust can only be considered morally when it is placed in the larger social context, we cannot say that trust relationships are always ethically correct overall (Banerjee et al, 2006). ...
... In his comparison of how organizational theory and philosophical ethics approach to trust, Hosmer (1995, p. 381) argues that "[trust] definitions [in organization theory] seem to be based, at least in part, upon an underlying assumption of a moral duty with a strong ethical component owed by the trusted person to the trusting individuals". Flores and Salomon (1998) and Banerjee et al. (2006) argue that most sociological and economic definitions of trust are inadequate, because trust, at its core, is an ethical concept. Ethical and/or moral norms play a central role in trust. ...
... And because of that, it turns out to be a valuable tool in business as well" (Flores and Salomon, 1998, p. 208). Banerjee et al. (2006) further claim that trust and trustworthiness are normative, not descriptive concepts. They often have, even in everyday language, moral connotations. ...
This deliverable offers a systematic and comprehensive review of the literature on trust and regulation and their relations in three parts. Section 1 provides a brief overview of trust and distrust; their relationship; and antecedents (drivers) and positive and negative consequences. This second part of provides an overview of phases and processes of trust building, maintenance and repair as well as a review of how processes of distrust building or trust-reduction work. The third part suggests that the unfolding of trust relationships varies according to the type of involved actor, i.e. an individual, organisation, or system (such as regulatory regimes) and level of analysis. Section 2 moves to regulation. It reviews the main concepts of regulation and clarifies some of the most important questions around it. This should allow us, in later sections of this deliverable, to point on some of the possible directions that trust and regulation research may take. It starts with definitions and a distinction between narrow and broad approaches to regulation. It then clarifies the concept of regulatory regime; the regulatory agency, the regulatory state and regulatory capitalism. It concludes with an actor centered analysis of the regulation.
Section 3 deals with trust and distrust in government. It starts with a summary of the drivers of the dis/trust relations. The main sub-section deals with reviews of the literature on trust and distrust in (a) political institutions and actors; (b) public administration; (c) among courts; (d) citizens by government and (e.) between public organizations. Section 4 brings out the critical aspects of the review. It focuses on the relations between trust and regulation and offer a new conceptualization of their relations. One that will serve as the basis for section 1.3. The first part of the section moves the discussion of the relations forward in an attempt to looking at the relations beyond the current literature by distinguishing between four types of relations: independent, competitive, substitutive and supportive. The second part of the section focuses on the relations of trust between the main actors of the regime. The third discusses the relations between trust and regulation, when they touching on explanations for the processes. The fourth revolves around on assessment of outcomes of the relations. Section 5 deals with the operationalization and measurement of trust. It deals with the ways in which trust between actors in regulatory contexts has been measured in recent scholarship. It informed by, and seeks to expand upon, the current knowledge by more specifically examining measures used in the study of regulatory contexts. It starts with a description of the systematic methodology used. It then summarizes the purely descriptive findings of the review and an overview of the number of studies on trust in regulatory regimes published in recent years. It then presents separate discussions on how trust in different kinds of actors in regulatory regimes has been measured. Section 5 closes with a reflective and critical discussion of the literature. We analyse prominent limitations and gaps in existing empirical work.
... While in some respects intellectually satisfying as a kind of scientific smorgasbord, this approach is counterproductive in the sense that it does not settle on some shared essence of the respective concept. When it comes to the concept of trust, there is a core understanding shared by many disciplines, and relevant to the study of international politics, according to which trust is the willingness to be vulnerable under conditions of risk (Banerjee et al., 2006;Mayer et al., 1995). Trust is intimately connected with uncertainty about the future, which means that the less information we have, the more we need trust (Hawthorn, 1998, p. 114). ...
... Finally, trust, as well as distrust, exists on several levels, such as interpersonal, organizational, and societal. Trust specialists often concentrate on a specific level or type of trust, such as political trust like citizens' trust in political institutions, or trust between trade partners or in society (Banerjee et al., 2006;Beatton, 2007;Child, 2001;Cofta, 2007;Das & Teng, 1998;Dasgupta, 1998;Hoffman, 2002;Mayer et al., 1995;Rotenberg, 2018Rotenberg, , 2020Roud & Haugen Gausdal, 2019;Seppänen et al., 2007;Six, 2005;Smith & Van de Ven, 1992;Sztompka, 1999;Tan & Theon, 2000). Yet these levels and types of trust are interconnected. ...
... The sociological-cultural school of trust research, usually focusing on larger groups or communities, argues that any rationalist approach is necessarily limited (Banerjee et al., 2006;Lewis & Weigert, 1985;Sztompka, 1999). What makes trust inexplicable by means of rational choice is that it cannot be controlled by will; once it has developed, it becomes resistant to evidence. ...
This book focuses on foreign policy decision-making from the viewpoint of psychology. Psychology is always present in human decision-making, constituted by its structural determinants but also playing its own agency-level constitutive and causal roles, and therefore it should be taken into account in any analysis of foreign policy decisions. The book analyses a wide variety of prominent psychological approaches, such as bounded rationality, prospect theory, belief systems, cognitive biases, emotions, personality theories and trust to the study of foreign policy, identifying their achievements and added value as well as their limitations from a comparative perspective. Understanding how leaders in world politics act requires us to consider recent advances in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics. As a whole, the book aims at better integrating various psychological theories into the study of international relations and foreign policy analysis, as partial explanations themselves but also as facets of more comprehensive theories. It also discusses practical lessons that the psychological approaches offer since ignoring psychology can be costly: decision-makers need to be able reflect on their own decision-making process as well as the perspectives of the others. Paying attention to the psychological factors in international relations is necessary for better understanding the microfoundations upon which such agency is based.
Christer Pursiainen is Professor of Societal Security at the Arctic University of Norway (UiT) in Tromsø, Norway.
Tuomas Forsberg is Director of the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies at the University of Helsinki and Professor of International Relations at Tampere University, Finland.
... While in some respects intellectually satisfying as a kind of scientific smorgasbord, this approach is counterproductive in the sense that it does not settle on some shared essence of the respective concept. When it comes to the concept of trust, there is a core understanding shared by many disciplines, and relevant to the study of international politics, according to which trust is the willingness to be vulnerable under conditions of risk (Banerjee et al., 2006;Mayer et al., 1995). Trust is intimately connected with uncertainty about the future, which means that the less information we have, the more we need trust (Hawthorn, 1998, p. 114). ...
... Finally, trust, as well as distrust, exists on several levels, such as interpersonal, organizational, and societal. Trust specialists often concentrate on a specific level or type of trust, such as political trust like citizens' trust in political institutions, or trust between trade partners or in society (Banerjee et al., 2006;Beatton, 2007;Child, 2001;Cofta, 2007;Das & Teng, 1998;Dasgupta, 1998;Hoffman, 2002;Mayer et al., 1995;Rotenberg, 2018Rotenberg, , 2020Roud & Haugen Gausdal, 2019;Seppänen et al., 2007;Six, 2005;Smith & Van de Ven, 1992;Sztompka, 1999;Tan & Theon, 2000). Yet these levels and types of trust are interconnected. ...
... The sociological-cultural school of trust research, usually focusing on larger groups or communities, argues that any rationalist approach is necessarily limited (Banerjee et al., 2006;Lewis & Weigert, 1985;Sztompka, 1999). What makes trust inexplicable by means of rational choice is that it cannot be controlled by will; once it has developed, it becomes resistant to evidence. ...
Chapter 4 of The Psychology of Foreign Policy ponders whether beliefs matter. Conventional wisdom holds that decision-making depends more on people’s beliefs about the reality than on the external reality as such. The chapter scrutinizes the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, how it affects decision-making, and the methodologies related to how these issues can be studied and used as explanatory causal factors in the study of foreign policy decision-making. The chapter looks at such research fields as belief systems, studies of ideologies, images, cognitive maps, and operational codes. A number of prominent foreign policy applications are reviewed, and the respective theoretical and methodological challenges discussed. These include the notion that while information about beliefs can be relatively easily gathered from public sources such as speeches and other discourse, unlike in most psychological approaches, foreign policy decision-makers may hide their real motives and thoughts regarding an action and use popular ideologies as a smokescreen for both domestic and foreign audiences.
... While in some respects intellectually satisfying as a kind of scientific smorgasbord, this approach is counterproductive in the sense that it does not settle on some shared essence of the respective concept. When it comes to the concept of trust, there is a core understanding shared by many disciplines, and relevant to the study of international politics, according to which trust is the willingness to be vulnerable under conditions of risk (Banerjee et al., 2006;Mayer et al., 1995). Trust is intimately connected with uncertainty about the future, which means that the less information we have, the more we need trust (Hawthorn, 1998, p. 114). ...
... Finally, trust, as well as distrust, exists on several levels, such as interpersonal, organizational, and societal. Trust specialists often concentrate on a specific level or type of trust, such as political trust like citizens' trust in political institutions, or trust between trade partners or in society (Banerjee et al., 2006;Beatton, 2007;Child, 2001;Cofta, 2007;Das & Teng, 1998;Dasgupta, 1998;Hoffman, 2002;Mayer et al., 1995;Rotenberg, 2018Rotenberg, , 2020Roud & Haugen Gausdal, 2019;Seppänen et al., 2007;Six, 2005;Smith & Van de Ven, 1992;Sztompka, 1999;Tan & Theon, 2000). Yet these levels and types of trust are interconnected. ...
... The sociological-cultural school of trust research, usually focusing on larger groups or communities, argues that any rationalist approach is necessarily limited (Banerjee et al., 2006;Lewis & Weigert, 1985;Sztompka, 1999). What makes trust inexplicable by means of rational choice is that it cannot be controlled by will; once it has developed, it becomes resistant to evidence. ...
Chapter 7 of The Psychology of Foreign Policy discusses personality. The personalization of politics seems to be a pervasive trend in world politics, judging by the daily news as well as political and diplomatic discussions. This is in stark contrast to current mainstream International Relations theorizing, which concentrates on the structures and has either neglected the personality factors or placed them artificially outside the scope of the discipline. The chapter takes an in-depth look at the theoretical and methodological opportunities for integrating personality into the study of foreign policy decision-making. The issue at stake is whether personality matters, or whether systemic drivers suppress personal qualities and characteristics. The chapter starts by reviewing the generic personality theories, such as psychohistorical and psychoanalytical approaches, theories on personality types, and those based on personality traits and their sub-categories in different combinations. We then move to applications of these theories in the field of International Relations by looking at key research literature on personalities of foreign policy leaders and leadership traits. In a more detailed fashion, short illustrative psychological profiles of two great-power leaders are delineated. Finally, the challenges of the above approaches are discussed critically but constructively, pointing out the obvious data and methodological problems, but also issues such as whether personalities are subject to change, and what that would entail.
... While in some respects intellectually satisfying as a kind of scientific smorgasbord, this approach is counterproductive in the sense that it does not settle on some shared essence of the respective concept. When it comes to the concept of trust, there is a core understanding shared by many disciplines, and relevant to the study of international politics, according to which trust is the willingness to be vulnerable under conditions of risk (Banerjee et al., 2006;Mayer et al., 1995). Trust is intimately connected with uncertainty about the future, which means that the less information we have, the more we need trust (Hawthorn, 1998, p. 114). ...
... Finally, trust, as well as distrust, exists on several levels, such as interpersonal, organizational, and societal. Trust specialists often concentrate on a specific level or type of trust, such as political trust like citizens' trust in political institutions, or trust between trade partners or in society (Banerjee et al., 2006;Beatton, 2007;Child, 2001;Cofta, 2007;Das & Teng, 1998;Dasgupta, 1998;Hoffman, 2002;Mayer et al., 1995;Rotenberg, 2018Rotenberg, , 2020Roud & Haugen Gausdal, 2019;Seppänen et al., 2007;Six, 2005;Smith & Van de Ven, 1992;Sztompka, 1999;Tan & Theon, 2000). Yet these levels and types of trust are interconnected. ...
... The sociological-cultural school of trust research, usually focusing on larger groups or communities, argues that any rationalist approach is necessarily limited (Banerjee et al., 2006;Lewis & Weigert, 1985;Sztompka, 1999). What makes trust inexplicable by means of rational choice is that it cannot be controlled by will; once it has developed, it becomes resistant to evidence. ...
Chapter 5 of The Psychology of Foreign Policy addresses heuristics and cognitive biases that have often been regarded as being at the core of psychological approaches to foreign policy. This field does not constitute a unified theory as such but concerns a variety of cognitive mechanisms that affect decision-making. We start by briefly outlining the main theoretical approaches concerning these phenomena before taking a closer look at some of the most foreign policy relevant biases. In order to illustrate the diversity of the factors we look at confirmation bias, overconfidence, attribution error, cognitive dissonance, misleading historical analogies, groupthink and polythink. After that, representative examples of their applications in the empirical analysis of foreign policy decisions are presented. In the discussion part, conceptual, theoretical and methodological challenges are identified, such as the difficulties involved in verifying those circumstances where biases have or have not materialized.
... While in some respects intellectually satisfying as a kind of scientific smorgasbord, this approach is counterproductive in the sense that it does not settle on some shared essence of the respective concept. When it comes to the concept of trust, there is a core understanding shared by many disciplines, and relevant to the study of international politics, according to which trust is the willingness to be vulnerable under conditions of risk (Banerjee et al., 2006;Mayer et al., 1995). Trust is intimately connected with uncertainty about the future, which means that the less information we have, the more we need trust (Hawthorn, 1998, p. 114). ...
... Finally, trust, as well as distrust, exists on several levels, such as interpersonal, organizational, and societal. Trust specialists often concentrate on a specific level or type of trust, such as political trust like citizens' trust in political institutions, or trust between trade partners or in society (Banerjee et al., 2006;Beatton, 2007;Child, 2001;Cofta, 2007;Das & Teng, 1998;Dasgupta, 1998;Hoffman, 2002;Mayer et al., 1995;Rotenberg, 2018Rotenberg, , 2020Roud & Haugen Gausdal, 2019;Seppänen et al., 2007;Six, 2005;Smith & Van de Ven, 1992;Sztompka, 1999;Tan & Theon, 2000). Yet these levels and types of trust are interconnected. ...
... The sociological-cultural school of trust research, usually focusing on larger groups or communities, argues that any rationalist approach is necessarily limited (Banerjee et al., 2006;Lewis & Weigert, 1985;Sztompka, 1999). What makes trust inexplicable by means of rational choice is that it cannot be controlled by will; once it has developed, it becomes resistant to evidence. ...
Chapter 3 of The Psychology of Foreign Policy concerns prospect theory, which originates from behavioural economics but has been increasingly applied to International Relations and Foreign Policy Analysis. It is one of the most influential cognitive psychological decision-making theories. The theory arose to challenge the straightforward expected utility-based rational choice theory. Prospect theory claims that people hardly ever make choices on the basis of the mathematical utility value of the available options, as the expected utility theory models the decision-making situation. Focusing on risky decision-making, the theory argues that the way in which a decision is framed, that is, whether it is understood to be in the realms of loss or gain, defines whether the decision-maker is a risk-taker or risk-averse. After carefully considering the generic theory, the chapter presents its applications to foreign policy decision-making. In addition to methodological challenges, the critical discussion deals with the issue of whether a theory based on average behaviour and tested by small monetary values in controlled circumstances can be applied to foreign policy decision-making.
... While in some respects intellectually satisfying as a kind of scientific smorgasbord, this approach is counterproductive in the sense that it does not settle on some shared essence of the respective concept. When it comes to the concept of trust, there is a core understanding shared by many disciplines, and relevant to the study of international politics, according to which trust is the willingness to be vulnerable under conditions of risk (Banerjee et al., 2006;Mayer et al., 1995). Trust is intimately connected with uncertainty about the future, which means that the less information we have, the more we need trust (Hawthorn, 1998, p. 114). ...
... Finally, trust, as well as distrust, exists on several levels, such as interpersonal, organizational, and societal. Trust specialists often concentrate on a specific level or type of trust, such as political trust like citizens' trust in political institutions, or trust between trade partners or in society (Banerjee et al., 2006;Beatton, 2007;Child, 2001;Cofta, 2007;Das & Teng, 1998;Dasgupta, 1998;Hoffman, 2002;Mayer et al., 1995;Rotenberg, 2018Rotenberg, , 2020Roud & Haugen Gausdal, 2019;Seppänen et al., 2007;Six, 2005;Smith & Van de Ven, 1992;Sztompka, 1999;Tan & Theon, 2000). Yet these levels and types of trust are interconnected. ...
... The sociological-cultural school of trust research, usually focusing on larger groups or communities, argues that any rationalist approach is necessarily limited (Banerjee et al., 2006;Lewis & Weigert, 1985;Sztompka, 1999). What makes trust inexplicable by means of rational choice is that it cannot be controlled by will; once it has developed, it becomes resistant to evidence. ...
Chapter 9 of The Psychology of Foreign Policy provides a systematic and structured comparison of the psychological approaches discussed in the book. It concludes by summarising their ontological, epistemological, and axiological assumptions, and discusses the methodological solutions as applied to foreign policy decision-making. In an encompassing manner, it elaborates on the issues of the reliability and validity of psychological theories in the context of foreign policy decision-making studies. The chapter discusses the (im)possibility of creating a single research programme around the psychological theories when studying foreign policy decision-making, noting that this would be a challenge without any clear common core of basic assumptions. Nevertheless, the chapter identifies those areas where research shows the most promise in producing new theoretical innovations and empirical explanations within the field of foreign policy analysis. It also outlines practical takeaways for foreign policy decision-makers and practitioners.
... While in some respects intellectually satisfying as a kind of scientific smorgasbord, this approach is counterproductive in the sense that it does not settle on some shared essence of the respective concept. When it comes to the concept of trust, there is a core understanding shared by many disciplines, and relevant to the study of international politics, according to which trust is the willingness to be vulnerable under conditions of risk (Banerjee et al., 2006;Mayer et al., 1995). Trust is intimately connected with uncertainty about the future, which means that the less information we have, the more we need trust (Hawthorn, 1998, p. 114). ...
... Finally, trust, as well as distrust, exists on several levels, such as interpersonal, organizational, and societal. Trust specialists often concentrate on a specific level or type of trust, such as political trust like citizens' trust in political institutions, or trust between trade partners or in society (Banerjee et al., 2006;Beatton, 2007;Child, 2001;Cofta, 2007;Das & Teng, 1998;Dasgupta, 1998;Hoffman, 2002;Mayer et al., 1995;Rotenberg, 2018Rotenberg, , 2020Roud & Haugen Gausdal, 2019;Seppänen et al., 2007;Six, 2005;Smith & Van de Ven, 1992;Sztompka, 1999;Tan & Theon, 2000). Yet these levels and types of trust are interconnected. ...
... The sociological-cultural school of trust research, usually focusing on larger groups or communities, argues that any rationalist approach is necessarily limited (Banerjee et al., 2006;Lewis & Weigert, 1985;Sztompka, 1999). What makes trust inexplicable by means of rational choice is that it cannot be controlled by will; once it has developed, it becomes resistant to evidence. ...
Chapter 8 of The Psychology of Foreign Policy focuses on trust and mistrust, moving from individuals to intersubjectivity and social psychology. Trust is intuitively integral to international politics, both in terms of interpersonal, interorganizational and more broadly interstate relations. Although practitioners have always recognised the importance of trust, it has taken a long time for researchers to discover—or to some extent rediscover—the concept in International Relations. Paradoxically, the prevailing understanding that the anarchic nature of the international system (the absence of hierarchical authority) leads to a security dilemma between states is based on the causal role of mistrust. If mistrust is such a central source of conflict in international relations, how could we create and maintain trust? Theories of trust can be roughly divided into rationalist, cultural and psychological schools. The chapter presents concise reviews and analyses of these approaches and identifies the mechanisms through which trust is assumed to affect decision-making. The chapter then examines—partly on the basis of first-hand empirical material—how trust was created between the leaders of the superpowers at the end of the Cold War and how it eroded afterward. The chapter concludes with a critical discussion identifying some challenges and promises for bringing the concept of trust closer to foreign policy decision-making studies.
... While in some respects intellectually satisfying as a kind of scientific smorgasbord, this approach is counterproductive in the sense that it does not settle on some shared essence of the respective concept. When it comes to the concept of trust, there is a core understanding shared by many disciplines, and relevant to the study of international politics, according to which trust is the willingness to be vulnerable under conditions of risk (Banerjee et al., 2006;Mayer et al., 1995). Trust is intimately connected with uncertainty about the future, which means that the less information we have, the more we need trust (Hawthorn, 1998, p. 114). ...
... Finally, trust, as well as distrust, exists on several levels, such as interpersonal, organizational, and societal. Trust specialists often concentrate on a specific level or type of trust, such as political trust like citizens' trust in political institutions, or trust between trade partners or in society (Banerjee et al., 2006;Beatton, 2007;Child, 2001;Cofta, 2007;Das & Teng, 1998;Dasgupta, 1998;Hoffman, 2002;Mayer et al., 1995;Rotenberg, 2018Rotenberg, , 2020Roud & Haugen Gausdal, 2019;Seppänen et al., 2007;Six, 2005;Smith & Van de Ven, 1992;Sztompka, 1999;Tan & Theon, 2000). Yet these levels and types of trust are interconnected. ...
... The sociological-cultural school of trust research, usually focusing on larger groups or communities, argues that any rationalist approach is necessarily limited (Banerjee et al., 2006;Lewis & Weigert, 1985;Sztompka, 1999). What makes trust inexplicable by means of rational choice is that it cannot be controlled by will; once it has developed, it becomes resistant to evidence. ...
Chapter 2 of The Psychology of Foreign Policy discusses the extent to which foreign policy decisions can be deemed rational. The chapter provides a reasoned justification for why one must go beyond the rational choice models towards psychological theories when explaining decision-making. In addition to a rather critical but nonetheless constructive discussion of instrumental rationality, the chapter reviews the theoretical and methodological foundations of two modifications of rational choice, namely bounded rationality and the poliheuristic theory of decision-making. Both take into account the cognitive limitations of information-gathering and decision-making, but the latter emerges more inherently from the tradition of Foreign Policy Analysis and is more adapted to empirical applications in this field. On this general basis, some relevant applications in the field of international politics and foreign policy are presented, illustrating the operationalization of the aforementioned approaches. In the discussion part, the conceptual, theoretical and methodological challenges and limitations are identified. The question of whether and how one can apply the theoretical assumptions of these schools in empirical studies and gather the required data is considered, as well as the degree to which these approaches add to the pure rational choice analysis explanation.
... However, a definition of trust has proven illusive. Much of the academic literature indicates that trust has been conceptualized in many different ways, and thus has become rather complicated to define (Banerjee et al., 2006;McEvily et al. 2003). One of the reasons for this definitional difficulty is that trust has multiple dimensions. ...
... One of the reasons for this definitional difficulty is that trust has multiple dimensions. It is discussed by scholars in economic terms as ingrained in self-interested behaviours (Bromiley and Harris, 2006), in sociological terms as governed by societal norms (Van de Ven and Ring, 2006), and in ethical terms as a principle of fairness (Banerjee et al., 2006) that ought to be pursued for its own sake. McEvily and Zaheer (2006, p. 287) suggest that "Despite the heterogeneity in theoretical orientations, many agree that at its core trust is the willingness to be vulnerable based on positive expectations about another's intentions or behaviours." ...
... The ethical dimension of mission drift mitigation becomes crucial when the process of mitigating mission drift is perceived within the context of achieving social and FSS goals, and protecting clients' vulnerabilities in their trust relationship with the MFI. According to Banerjee et al. (2006): ...
This study explores how managers of microfinance institutions (MFIs) use trust - control mechanisms in the operation proce sses to mitigate the problem of mission drift arising out of the need to meet the dual goals of social development and financial self - sustainability. Using a case study methodology, purposive sampling, and replication logic, data from the operations proces ses of four geographically different sites of a microfinance institution in Gujarat, India were analyzed. The findings suggest that the managers of microfinance institutions balance integrity - trust, benevolence - trust, competence - trust, and control mechanis ms to achieve dual goals of social development and financial self - sustainability. The conditions and contingencies under which trust - control mechanisms are most effective for mitigating mission drift are identified. The findings also indicate that managers of the microfinance institution use calculative and relational forms of trust to achieve the empowerment of women borrowers along with the fulfilment of the aims of financial self - sustainability. Finally, the study places mission drift mitigation within i ts ethical context by examining client vulnerability and the MFI’s operational responses .
... Although few empirical studies have investigated the relationship between trust and ethical 5 decision-making, some researchers have revealed a positive relationship between these factors (Banerjee et al. 2006;Brien 1998;Krueger et al. 2008;Rotter 1980). The first reason for this relationship involves the concept of trustworthiness. ...
... Trust was defined by Rousseau et al. (1998: 395) as "a psychological state comprising the intention to accept vulnerability based upon positive expectations of the intentions or behavior of another." Trustworthy people understand the vulnerabilities of trustors and will not unfairly exploit these vulnerabilities (Banerjee et al. 2006). Because of their fair treatment of the other party in these situations, trustworthy people are normally regarded as ethical. ...
... The effects of an unethical decision between trusted parties are sometimes more prominent in parties that are outside the relationship. Banerjee et al. (2006) claimed that trust relationships that benefit individuals may not be beneficial to society as a whole. Illegal actions are not protected by law and, thus, may require cooperation between trusted parties. ...
Trust has traditionally been regarded as conducive to ethical decision-making. However, empirical studies on the relationship between trust and ethical decision-making are rare, especially those concerning the negative effects of trust. Therefore, our study aimed to provide empirical evidence in this area. An experiment was designed to investigate whether trusted parties are more likely than non-trusted parties to enter into a collusion that will have unfair consequences for a third party. The results showed that trusted parties are significantly more likely to collude than are non-trusted parties. Furthermore, an ancillary analysis revealed the mechanism of trust. First, participants with a stronger need to collude were the most likely to collude in the trust group. Second, experimental and hypothetical settings generated different results, and we suspect that real harm plays a vital role. Overall, we conclude that the absence of trust serves as an impediment to collusion.
... Greater scrutiny of their actions increases the likelihood that expectations will not be met. Because of this, it is harder in this arena to obtain trust (Kramer, 2006) 18 and even harder to mend broken trust relationships (Banerjee, Bowie, & Pavone, 2006), 19 which may exist from past application of the HSAS. ...
... Uncongenial approaches that are distant from the public and layered with government formality only exacerbate the problem that homeland security leaders face in public communication. As seen with the history of the HSAS, top-down messaging from the federal government to individuals regarding terrorism is not the most effective way to communicate because the necessary traits for trust determination are hard to assess when there is little or no personal familiarity with the messenger (Banerjee, Bowie, & Pavone, 2006). It is believed that trust is better established from local government approaches to addressing the public (Partnership for Public Warning, 2004). ...
... The mistrusting must reestablish expectations and overcome negative perceptions associated with the event that damaged the trust. The trust attempting to be reacquired can be significantly greater than that which was initially developed (Banerjee, Bowie, & Pavone, 2006). ...
This research considers whether America's efforts to warn the public of terrorism can be improved by utilizing risk communication principles with the Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS), or if not, how the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) should handle risk communication in the future. The research proceeds from the assumption that the HSAS is irreparably flawed, due to specific public communication issues unique to terrorism. This research uses a policy analysis method to establish a better understanding of the impact and implications of the HSAS on homeland security. Existing literature on this subject is either abundant for hazards other than terrorism or minimal and watered down when terrorism is grouped with "all-hazards." Unforeseen future changes in technology, politics, and society will require continued review of this subject matter and related policy; it is anticipated that this research will help those future efforts. There is no evidence that the American public can be provided with more than vague and general information regarding threats of terrorism and the specificity required by risk communication principles is better used to support prevention efforts. Recommendations for future homeland security risk communication policy address the formation and sustainment of public resiliency through education.
... Sociological work on trust complements philosophical analysis in drawing attention to three elements in conceptualizing trust (Banerjee et al., 2006;Levi, 2015). First, it draws attention to the limits of conceiving of trust as motivated entirely by either perceived instrumental gain or by morality or social bonds. ...
... Three levels of trust: society, organizations and individuals. Source:(Banerjee et al., 2006). ...
There has been much discussion worldwide about the crisis of trust, with evidence of declining trust in social, economic, political and media institutions. The rise of populism, and the differing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic between nations, has been drawing attention to wider implications of pervasive distrust, including distrust of the media. In this article, I develop three propositions. First, I identify trust studies as a rich interdisciplinary field, linking communication to other branches of the social sciences and humanities. Second, I argue that we lack a comprehensive account of how trust has been understood in communication, and that doing so requires integrating macro-societal approaches with the "meso" level of institutions, and the "micro" level of interpersonal communication. Third, I propose that a focus upon trust would open up new perspectives on two important topics-the future of news media and journalism, and the global rise of populism.
... Di dalam perkembangannya, penekanan akan ciri-ciri sebagai pihak yang dipercaya oleh para ahli dalam perkembangannya ini pada dasarnya memiliki penekanan yang berbeda. Gambaran akan pihak yang dipercaya dapat ditekankan pada sejauh mana upaya memenuhi harapan pihak tertentu dan kebermanfaatannya (Hoffman, 2002;Kramer & Carnevale dalam Simpson, 2007), terkait dengan karakter yang erat dengan nilainilai moral yang diperlihatkan (Hardin, 2002;Delgado, Frank & Phelps, 2005;Banerjee, Bowie, & Pavone, 2006), terkait dengan penggambaran karakter yang mengarah pada sebuah motif yang baik (Yamagishi, 2011), terkait dengan wajah yang terlihat lebih atraktif (mudah tersenyum, terlihat bahagia) dan menyenangkan untuk dilihat (Oosterhof & Todorov, 2009), maupun terkait dengan sikap terhadap suatu ras (Stanley, Hessner, Banaji, & Phelps, 2011). ...
... Selain adanya faktor-faktor yang dapat menurunkan tingkat kepercayaan, maka upaya untuk membangun sebuah gambaran elit politik yang terpercaya berdasarkan pada hasil penelitian harus disandarkan pada sembilan hal yaitu akan kejujuran, tanggung jawab, integritas, peduli, bermoral, tegas, kompeten, transparan dan bijaksana. Gambaran seorang elit politik yang dapat dipercaya menurut para partisipan tersebut erat kaitannya dengan penekanan kepercayaan terhadap karakter yang mengarah pada sebuah motif atau tujuan yang baik (Yamagishi, 2011) dan norma (Hardin, 2002;Delgado, et al., 2005, Banerjee, et al., 2006. Penggambaran sebuah karakter yang dianggap memiliki motif atau tujuan yang baik ditekankan oleh Yamagishi (2011) dengan menggambarkan karakter perilaku yang sesuai dengan moral serta normanorma yang berlaku di masyarakat dan Mayer, et al. (Colquitt, Scott & LePine, 2007) menjelaskannya dengan tiga karakter yaitu pertama, kemampuan, kebajikan dan integritas. ...
The aim of this study was to identify Jakarta residents’ perceptions on the trustworthiness of political elites. The study used qualitative content analysis method involving as many as 461 persons as subjects. These political elites referred to the members of the House of Representatives, members of the People’s Consultative Council, the president and the members of his governmental cabinet, political parties, people or groups involved in politics and those participating in managing the state. The top ten factors able to degrade people’s trust in political elites were identical with the subjects’ perception about lie (29.28%), corruption (14.75%), selfishness (8.24%), incompetence (6.07%), scandals (5.64%), irresponsibility (1.95%), abuse of power (1.52%), laziness (1.52%), lack of transparency (1,30%), and lack of firmness (0.22%). The description about political elites worth trusting concerned about their honesty (39.70%), accountability (12.80%), integrity (1280%), caring (8.89%), morality (6.29%), firmness (4.34%), competence (3.69%), transparency (1.74%), and wisdom (1.74%). The study concluded that the trustworthiness of political elites refers to their dispositions that are considered to have good motives and go with any prevailing norms.
... Finally, research has established trust as a catalyst for organizational change (McAllister 1995) and innovation (Hosmer 1994). While there has always been a consensus on the importance and merits of trust, there has also been intense discussion among organizational scholars on how to conceptualize and understand trust (Banerjee et al. 2006;Kramer and Tyler 1996;Mayer et al. 1995). While different theoretical lenses have been used to define trust, two common components of nearly all conceptions of trust are positive expectations about and willingness to be vulnerable to another party (Kramer and Lewicki 2010;Mayer et al. 1995;Rousseau et al. 1998). ...
... There are few references to this form of trust most of which focus only on the normative aspect of agency. These studies often conceptualize trust as an ethical phenomenon (Banerjee et al. 2006). In these studies, the object of trust is the trustee's level of fairness and an organization would be trusted if it refuses to take unfair advantage of the trustor's vulnerability when the possibility for opportunism arises (Bromiley and Cummings 1995;Zaheer et al. 1998). ...
... It entails expectations of the person's present and future goodwill in relation to one's goals and needs (Dunn & Schweitzer, 2005;Li, 2007). Assessment of trustworthiness involves cognitive and affective judgments of the person's benevolence, integrity, and abilities to provide useful assistance within a domain of concern (Banerjee, Bowie, & Pavone, 2006;Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman, 1995). General research and theory suggest how trust in a person can facilitate processes that lead to benefits for the trustor (if the person is indeed worthy of trust). ...
... General research and theory suggest how trust in a person can facilitate processes that lead to benefits for the trustor (if the person is indeed worthy of trust). Trust increases the trustor's willingness to rely on, receive care from, and be influenced by the person (Banerjee et al., 2006;Szczesniak, Colac ßo, & Rond on, 2012;Watson, 2003). This trust in the person (e.g., in their advice and goodwill) can be especially valuable in helping the trustor deal with situations of vulnerability (Dunn & Schweitzer, 2005;Li, 2007). ...
... Second, the potential for the use of power asymmetry to empower or disempower others gives trust a moral character. Hence, trust is influenced by perceived beneficence or morality (Banerjee, Bowie, & Pavone, 2006). Research has shown that in asymmetrical relationships, low social status, a concomitant of low power and an effect of past disempowerment, makes attributions of benevolent intentions, and consequently trust, less likely (Lount & Pettit, 2011). ...
... Given our conception of power as the joint consequence of people's capacities and their environments, governments and political elites may disempower people by preventing them from accessing, developing, or using their own capacities and/or the capacities of the state, such as by disrupting community-building or curtailing access to resources, security, or other necessities. Political trust is thus at least in part a function of the degree of power asymmetry between constituents and elites, the trajectory of that power asymmetry and past experience, present perception, and future expectations that governments reliably use what asymmetry exists to competently and faithfully empower their constituents, even when opportunity and incentive exist to do otherwise (adapted from Banerjee et al., 2006, Hosmer, 1995. ...
Most people in the world today can expect to eat better, learn more, and live longer than any of their known ancestors. Yet for many, especially for members of disadvantaged groups and states, trust in domestic political leadership and institutions are low. This irony—that greater material empowerment is accompanied by greater distrust—can be explained by a nuanced understanding of power, the psychology of trust, and the socio-political dynamics of contemporary societies. This chapter describes the social-psychology of people's power situations and of their responses to those situations, specifically in relation to standards for and orientations towards governments.
... sousveillance v. Monitoring undertaken by an entity not in a position of authority, with respect to the intended subject of the veillance, that is transmitted, recorded, or creates an artifact. In these definitions, an entity having a position of authority means that the possessor of that authority has both ability and legitimacy, in a normative sense [8], to enforce their will. The definitions used here are concerned with the intentions and purposeful actions of the parties involved in veillance, as distinguished from other sociological frameworks such as actor-network theory or ANT [9], where inanimate objects are considered actors in their own right. ...
... Another point that helps to see the asymmetry between positive and negative moral actions, is that positive moral attributes are often defined as optimums between negative moral attributes -but not the reverse. For example as noted in [8], Aristotle pointed out that "courage" is the optimal balance between recklessness and cowardice, and likewise "generosity" can be considered the optimal balance between stinginess and profligacy. In this way, we can see why for any particular positive moral action, it is impossible to have too much of it, considered by itself -only relative to other potential positive moral actions can such a decision be made. ...
Surveillance is a French word that means “to watch from above” (e.g. guards watching prisoners, police watching citizens, etc.). Another form of veillance (watching) is sousveillance, which means “to watch from below”. Whereas surveillance often means cameras on large entities (e.g. buildings and land), sousveillance often means cameras on small entities (e.g. individual people). The importance of sousveillance has come to the forefront recently with advancements in wearable computing and AR (augmented or augmediated reality). We characterize sousveillance from both an economic and moral perspective. We argue that societies that reject sousveil-lance will be impoverished, relative to those accepting sousveil-lance. We further argue that sousveillance as a form of social action has positive survival characteristics, so that in the long run, assuming that social and technological trends continue, the widespread adoption of sousveillance is inevitable.
... This does not mean that trusting actors fall into gullibility or blindness (Banerjee, Bowie, & Pavone, 2006); the trustors scrutinize, analyze, and evaluate their own and others' behaviors throughout the history of their relationships. This observation operates "like a heuristic-a predilection to assume the best when interpreting another's motives and actions" (Uzzi, 1997: 43). ...
Free riding involves benefiting from common resources or services while avoiding contributing to their production and maintenance. Few studies have adequately investigated the propensity to overestimate the prevalence of free riding. This is a significant omission, as exaggeration of the phenomenon is often used to justify control and coercion systems. To address this gap, we investigate how the common good approach may mitigate the flaws of a system excessively focused on free-riding risk. In this conceptual paper featuring illustrative vignettes, we argue that the common good perspective is realistic and effective in preventing this excessive attention by promoting trust as an unconditional gift and a response to vulnerability. We discuss the common good perspective’s originality over the dominant approaches and propose a set of ethical and managerial recommendations that may be the best protection against this excessive focus and maybe even against free riding itself.
... Trustees' lack of control may be relevant as to whether they can maintain their obligations to the trustor and whether they should engage in trust exchange in the first place (Banerjee et al., 2006). However, a trustee's perceptions of their control may also be prone to illusion effects (for example, in financial trading: Bansal, 2020;Fenton-O'Creevy et al., 2003). ...
This paper offers an integrative review of the concept of dysfunctional trust from a trust and bias research perspective. Trust and cognitive/social biases are isomorphically related concepts in their functions as reducers of cognitive effort and facilitators/inhibitors of action. In the case of dysfunctional trust and distrust, bias perspectives contribute theoretically to a framework for the study of the ‘errors’ in decision-making that lead to dysfunctional outcomes of trusting. By reviewing biases and their role in generating trust and the converse, the biasing role of trust within a trust antecedent framework, the review integrates the conceptual linkages between research on bias and heuristics and research on trust, providing a basis for further research and practical applications in educational, business, political, and media domains. The paper makes recommendations for research and practical applications to mitigate the impacts of misinformation, bias in decision-making and dysfunctional trust. Attending to cognitive and other biases in situations involving trust promises to support greater informational resilience by raising metacognitive awareness of bias and trust in human decision-making.
... Some scholars, for instance, position trust in a broad cognitive category along with knowledge and belief (Hardin, 2004). Others argue that the academic literature on trust too often treats it as monolithic and instead claim that trust is a multidimensional and multifaceted concept (Banerjee et al., 2006). These distinctions in the meaning of trust may appear to be semantic, but in fact have a significant bearing on how one approaches measuring and promoting trust in society. ...
A consensus study of the Uganda National Academy of Sciences (UNAS) examining trust in national development and its relevance to effective governance and partnership systems.
... (Misztal 1996, 206) A third objective is to identify concepts from other fields that enable better sense-making about how communications research and scholarship have evolved. One element from sociology that is particularly important is the notion of three dimensions of trust-individual or interpersonal, institutional or organizational, and macro or societal (Banerjee, Bowie, and Pavone 2006)-and that these are not separate levels of trust, as each interacts with the other, in both upward and downward directions. ...
What has been referred to as the crisis of trust in social institutions has deep connections with communications, whether it be declining trust in news media and journalism, debates about the power of digital platforms and trust in online environments, questions surrounding media effects, the rise of political populism, or how trust or mistrust shapes interpersonal and intergroup communication. At the same time, trust in communications research has something of a “hidden history” when compared to disciplines such as philosophy, sociology, political science, and economics. Through a systematic literature review of uses of the concept of trust in six journals published by the International Communication Association—Journal of Communication; Communication Theory; Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication; Human Communication Research; Communication, Culture & Critique; and Annals of the International Communication Association (formerly Communication Yearbook)—this article undertakes a chronological and thematic analysis of how research into trust has evolved among communication researchers from the 1950s to 2020. It concludes with a discussion of the distinctive contributions of communications as a scholarly field to trust studies more broadly.
... Hawley argues that there is a moral element to trust not present in reliance, as in trust there is a heightened expectation due to the belief that the other is perceived to have a commitment to fulfil the expectations of the trustor (2012 -See also Baier, 1986). This moral or ethical approach to trust has been widely perceived, therefore, as an important dimension of trust which separates trust from other similar concepts (Mayer et al 1995;Flores and Solomon, 1998;Banerjee, Bowie & Pavone, 2006;Schoorman et al., 1996;Becker 1998;Searle, 2013;Beckert 2006). ...
Trust is extremely important for the ICRC. It can assist in the facilitation of access and enables the ICRC to act more effectively by creating strong relationships with its employees, movement partners, national agencies, donors, and those effected by crisis. Understood as an interplay between positive expectations allowing for the acceptance of vulnerability in a context in which there is risk and interdependence, the literature shows there are many ways of thinking about the ways in which trust works.
... Trust-based communication. Trust has a positive connotation of morality and ethicality (Banerjeed et al., 2006). When organizations have frequent personal interactions with social norm partners, it leads to the development of trust and mutual understanding (Bowen et al., 2010: 305). ...
The purpose of this paper is to provide a communication perspective on recent modes of civic engagement that aim to generalize making, opening, sharing, and collaborating. The case of benevolent hacker communities related to hackathon competitions is a compelling context for understanding this phenomenon. The study is based on a content analysis of tweets exchanged in a context of co-creation (i.e., Swisscom’s Hackathon). A definition of participatory and transparent communication is proposed.
... Integrity. Likewise, the value of a person's benevolence depends on their having the integrity to reliably respond to one's goals and needs (Banerjee, Bowie, & Pavone, 2006;Mayer et al., 1995). Research with adults indicates that assessments of a person's trustworthiness are likely to hinge on experiences that test whether the person is truly vested and committed to acting with goodwill. ...
Trust is a critical ingredient to young people’s experience of effective learning relationships with youth program leaders. Youth’s trust typically follows trajectories that grow over time spent in a program through interactions with leaders. We interviewed 108 ethnically diverse youth (mean age: 15.7; range = 12–19 years) at 13 project-based programs (arts, leadership, technology) to obtain their accounts of experiences that increased their trust. Qualitative analyses were used to capture the specific, varied processes youth described. Findings identified 11 sequences of trust-growth, each entailing a distinct type of leader action in a specific context, leading to distinct youth evaluative processes. These fit into 3 overarching categories representing different types of youth experiences with the leader: (a) the leader provided support to youth’s work on their project, (b) the leader interacted with youth as a whole person with goals, needs and interests beyond the program, and (c) youth observed and evaluated leaders from a bird’s-eye view. Theoretical analyses across the processes led to 4 propositions about how youth’s trust grows. First, project-based programs provide rich and varied affordances for leaders to foster youth’s trust-growth. Second, trust-growth often stems from leaders’ attuned responses to situations when youth experience vulnerability. Third, trust develops when leaders’ actions align with youth’s goals and empowerment. Fourth, youth’s appraisals of trustworthiness involves discerning assessments of leaders over time; these included youth compiling evidence from multiple experiences and employing multiple criteria. The findings lead to recommendations on how trust can be cultivated in youth-staff relationships.
... A first key element is interdependence [14] [15]. When involved in a trusting relationship, at least one party chooses to depend on the other party [16]. If you want to reach a certain goal for which you need to depend on [e.g. the advice of] another person, than the responsibility to actually achieve this goal is partly under control of someone else. ...
Trust plays an important role when it comes to sharing and picking up information on the Internet. Even more so when advice is being exchanged and decisions are being made based on what at first sight seems to be interpersonal communication between people who do not know each other. Research concerned with the role of trust in making an assessment of online user-generated information, often focuses on online reputation systems rather than on the way individuals try to evaluate peer recommendations themselves. In this paper the attention goes out to the construction of trust when people are looking for advice and know-how via online textual discussion boards. The study offers an understanding of online trust by defining the concept of trust, by formulating a trust typology - based on both the object of trust and the stages within a trust relationship - and by identifying trust antecedents. All this while keeping a close eye on the context of online forums and their users.
... The more generic sociological-cultural school in trust research (Banerjee, Bowie and Pavone 2006;Sztompka 1999;Lewis & Weigert 1985) agrees with constructivism that any rationalist approach is necessarily limited. What International Negotiation 21 (2016) 104-134 makes trust inexplicable by means of rational choice is that it cannot be controlled by will; once it has developed, it becomes resistant to evidence. ...
Trust is central to international politics. Trust-related theoretical arguments can be divided between rationalist, cultural and psychological schools. We present concise reviews of these approaches, emphasizing the initial trust-creation phase, and apply these factors to our historical case: the emergence of a fragile interpersonal trust between Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan before and during their first meeting in Geneva in 1985. Based on archives and first-hand reminiscences, we conclude that the cultural trust theories are not able to contribute much to the initial trust-building process in this particular case, except for explaining the obstacles for trust. The rational approaches explain the necessary but not sufficient conditions for trust to emerge. Ultimately, what triggered the trust that ultimately ended the Cold War cannot be understood without taking into account the cognitive and psychological factors involved in this interpersonal relationship.
... The trust literature is divided between those who want to emphasise trust's moral dimension (Flores & Solomon 1998, Uslaner 2002, Banerjee et al 2006 and those who think morality is a red herring here (Hardin 2006, 25-26 -although Hardin is clear about the moral importance of trustworthiness). Definition (4) above makes it clear that there is nothing irreducibly moral about trust -it is a belief about whether an agent's intentions, capacities and motivations conform to an accredited representation, which is not specifically a moral issue. ...
This paper gives a general definition of trust as a trustor’s belief in the trustworthiness of a trustee. The definition is analysed to uncover the variables in the relationship, including restrictions on the accredited representation of the trustee’s intentions, capacities and motivations, and on the contextual limits to the trustor’s belief. The essential problem of trust is outlined, linking trust and trustworthiness, and mistrust and untrustworthiness are also characterised. Mechanisms for propagating trust are discussed, as are the connections between trust, uncertainty, vulnerability and risk. Societal mechanisms for extending local trust (based on personal acquaintance) to global trust (across society, including placing trust in unknown people), such as contracts, institutions and social roles are outlined, and the importance of confidence (in a system) for global trust is argued. Finally the moral aspects of trust and trustworthiness are explored.
This chapter presents a collection of an exemplary paper that delves into diverse subjects from an oriental perspective, providing fresh insights into the realm of crisis management. The article introduces the Jupsang Leadership Orientation (JSLO) model as an effective framework for navigating the intricate geopolitical landscape between the United States and China.
Organizational trauma is traditionally associated with negative effects on organizational behavior and performance. In this chapter the authors seek to answer the question how organizational trauma, and in particular near-death experiences, can positively influence organizational culture in the long term. In doing so, the authors briefly review the recent literature on organizational trauma and near death experiences, and discuss how these negative traumatic experiences can turn into prosocial organizational behaviour. The authors then present three case studies to illustrate how an organization can manage to incorporate near death experiences into its organizational culture in a positive way.
Organizational trauma is traditionally associated with negative effects on organizational behavior and performance. In this chapter the authors seek to answer the question how organizational trauma, and in particular near-death experiences, can positively influence organizational culture in the long term. In doing so, the authors briefly review the recent literature on organizational trauma and near death experiences, and discuss how these negative traumatic experiences can turn into prosocial organizational behaviour. The authors then present three case studies to illustrate how an organization can manage to incorporate near death experiences into its organizational culture in a positive way.
In the light of complex societal conditions associated with a high degree of abstraction of interdependencies, trust gains importance as a regulating element. Against the background of the differential theory of trust, personal and systemic trust will be highlighted, but also the transsystemic component of trust, as well as collective processes of trust development. Furthermore, we will deal with the question of a constructive contribution of distrust. Finally, we will focus on trust as a moderating variable within the process of social responsibility in association with the concept of mindfulness as a reflexive component.
Craig Taylor's study examines the wide-ranging French debates on the martial ideals of chivalry and knighthood during the period of the Hundred Years War (1337–1453). Faced by stunning military disasters and the collapse of public order, writers and intellectuals carefully scrutinized the martial qualities expected of knights and soldiers. They questioned when knights and men-at-arms could legitimately resort to violence, the true nature of courage, the importance of mercy, and the role of books and scholarly learning in the very practical world of military men. Contributors to these discussions included some of the most famous French medieval writers, led by Jean Froissart, Geoffroi de Charny, Philippe de Mézières, Honorat Bovet, Christine de Pizan, Alain Chartier and Antoine de La Sale. This interdisciplinary study sets their discussions in context, challenging modern, romantic assumptions about chivalry and investigating the historical reality of debates about knighthood and warfare in late medieval France.
This paper analyses audit as an exemplar of an expert system. The paper explores the premise that systemic trust in audit has been damaged and requires repair, looking specifically at the role of the institutionalized mechanism of the public inquiry. This is examined empirically in relation to the interaction between the heads of the Big Four accounting firms in the UK and the House of Lords Economic Select Committee in the course of the recent parliamentary investigation into the UK audit market, prompted by the global financial crisis. In particular, the paper seeks to understand how there can be transfer of trust, following Sztompka (1999), between different levels and between agents in a system. In this case, the Big Four - as privileged market participants - require re-legitimation from agents that are part of the political and legal apparatus. We therefore argue that re-legitimation of the Big Four’s privileged market position is dependent on transfer of trust.
The purpose of this paper is to formulate and defend a set of moral principles applicable to management. Our motivation is twofold: 1) to increase the coherence and utility of Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT); and 2) to initiate an alternative stream of business ethics research. To those ends, we specify what counts as adequate guidance in navigating the ethical terrain of business. In doing so, a key element of ISCT, Substantive Hypernorms, is found to be flawed beyond repair. So we propose and defend a remedy:
prima facie
moral principles. After delineating the appropriate criteria and format for such principles, we formulate, explain, and defend five of them. We conclude with a brief comment on future research possibilities.
We investigate the influence of governance structures of temporary organizations on the ethical issues faced by its managers, how they respond to these issues, and how that influences trust among stakeholders. A global, web-based survey confirmed earlier research that project managers encounter transparency, optimization, and relationship issues, and identified four additional ethical issue types. Managers’ behavior in responding to ethical issues varies by governance structure, their willingness to resolve ethical issues themselves, and the trust between stakeholders. Higher levels of trust are found in stakeholder-oriented governance, which can reduce transaction costs. Implications for practitioners and academics are discussed.
Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Bedeutung des Vertrauens im Rahmen der ökonomischen Theorie. Nach der Diskussion der wichtigsten theoretischen Ansätze der Vertrauensforschung wird im Anschluss daran der Begriff des Vertrauens umfassend abgegrenzt. Die theoretischen Grundlagen werden abgerundet durch einen umfassenden Überblick über empirische Ergebnisse aus der Vertrauensforschung. Dabei zeigt sich, dass das Vertrauen sich insbesondere auf Kommunikation, Kooperation, Koordination, Konfliktregelung sowie die Performance in Unternehmen auswirkt. Der Beitrag schließt mit kritischen Anmerkungen zu einem gezielten „Management von Vertrauen“.
This paper explores if knowledge of one's partner's intention affects cooperative behavior. Results of a trust game experiment show that Player 1's elicited intentions are consistent over an imperfect information treatment, when Player 2 is not aware of her partner's intention, and a perfect information treatment, when she knows it. Evidence highlights that people's intentions on one side of the games shape their beliefs as to how their partner wants them to act when the roles are reversed. Moreover, in the perfect information treatment, participants act in a manner consistent with their own intentions, suggesting that ethical considerations permeate behavior.
Should companies’ human rights responsibilities arise, in part, from their “leverage” – their ability to influence others’ actions through their relationships? Special Representative John Ruggie rejected this proposition in the United Nations Framework for business and human rights. I argue that leverage is a source of responsibility where there is a morally significant connection between the company and a rights-holder or rights-violator, the company is able to make a contribution to ameliorating the situation, it can do so at modest cost, and the threat to human rights is substantial. In such circumstances companies have a responsibility to exercise leverage even though they did nothing to contribute to the situation. Such responsibility is qualified, not categorical; graduated, not binary; context-specific; practicable; consistent with the social role of business; and not merely a negative responsibility to avoid harm but a positive responsibility to do good.
This book explains why moral beliefs can and likely do play an important role in the development and operation of market economies. It shows why the maximization of general prosperity requires that people genuinely trust others - even those whom they know don't particularly care about them. It then identifies characteristics that moral beliefs must have for people to trust others even when there is no chance of detection and no possibility of harming anyone. It shows that when moral beliefs with these characteristics are held by a sufficiently high proportion of the population, a high trust society emerges that supports maximum cooperation and creativity while permitting honest competition at the same time. The required characteristics are not tied to any specific religious narrative and have nothing to do with the moral earnestness of individuals or the set of moral values. What really matters is how moral beliefs affect the way people think about morality. The required characteristics are based on abstract ideas that must be learned so they are matters of culture, not genes, and are therefore potentially capable of explaining differences in material success across human societies. This work has many theoretical and empirical implications including but not limited to social capital theory and trust-based economic experiments.
We attempt to utilize a photomagnetoelectric (PME) effect to investigate the recombination and trapping process of high resistivity CdTe and CdZnTe for nuclear detector materials. The PME short circuit current at magnetic fields up to 1 T and photoconductivity were measured for various laser light (λ=532 nm) intensity at room temperature and 77 K. The recombination lifetime of 4.3 μs for CdZnTe and 4.5 μs for CdTe are estimated at room temperature.
This paper argues that trust is one of the crucial bases for an international business morality. To defend this claim, it identifies three prominent senses of trust in the current literature and defends one of them, viz., what I term the “Attitudinal view.” Three different contexts in which such trust plays a role in business relationships are then described, as well as the conditions for the specific kinds of Attitudinal trust which appear in those contexts. Difficulties for the international development of these forms of trust are briefly characterized and some of the possible responses are noted. Finally, the paper identifies morally important features of trust and some of their implications for an international business morality.