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Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic extract of Neem Azadirachta Indica root bark
Abstract
Background: Most of the parts of neem tree were studied in details by many researchers but neem root bark was not screened for antidiabetic effect. To evaluate antidiabetic effect of neem root bark this study was conducted. Aims & Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the 70% alcoholic neem root bark extract (NRE) in diabetes. Materials and Methods: Basal blood sugar levels were estimated in overnight fasted wistar albino rats of either sex. To evaluate antihyperglycemic action of Neem root bark extract (NRE) OGTT was done by giving glucose orally 60 minutes after giving standard drug (Glibenclamide),Test drug (NRE) in the dose of 200,400 and 800 mg/kg and blood sugar levels were estimated every half hourly up to 4 hours. To evaluate hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats similar doses once daily for 15 days. Blood sugar levels were estimated by using glucometer. Results: For glucose tolerance test Glibenclamide significant (p< 0.01) reduction in blood sugar levels. The NRE showed statistically significant results in only 800 mg/kg dose. In comparison to glibenclamide it did not show. In alloxan induced diabetes Glibenclamide showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in blood sugar levels. The NRE showed statistically significant results in only 800 mg/kg dose. Conclusion: Neem root has antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic activity. It is not as significant as glibenclmide.
... However, these results are yet to be confirmed after detailed analysis. [28] Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of terpenoids like azadirachtin, azadiradione, nimbin, nimbolin, nimbolide, nimbinene, desacetylnimbin and salanin (Figure 8b and c) from leaf aqueous extract have been predicted. These properties are essential to reverse the oxidative stress and the possible diabetic complications. ...
... However, reduction at 200 and 400 mg/kg was statistically not significant in this study. [28] But in 2018, highly significant blood glucose reduction was observed in rats treated with 500 mg/kg leaf ethanol extract (51.07%) in comparison with seed ethanol extract (47%) in alloxan diabetic rats (P < 0.001), [32] in accordance with El-Hawary and Kholief. [19] Thus, leaf ethanol extract was found to be effective at only >500 mg/kg concentration. ...
... Along with rutin, the possible action of phytochemicals including quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, rutin and other glycosides has also been reported, [21,26] along with nimbin and nimbidin. [28] In addition, mechanism of possible increased peripheral glucose utilisation has been put forth by Dixit et al., [18] Bajaj and Srinivasan, [20] Khosla et al., [22] where the glucose is efficiently absorbed in the gut with the help of the plant extract. But no practical evidence has been recovered on these reports, except the study by Bajaj and Srinivasan [20] who reported the possible effect on increasing the sensitivity of insulin receptor. ...
Objective:
We aim to provide a critical review focused on the various pharmacological activities of Azadirachta indica A. Juss related to diabetes management. We also emphasise on phytochemistry and toxicology of A. indica, which could provide a comprehensive approach for plant-based drug development in future.
Key findings:
From 2784 identified studies, only 83 were considered after double screening based on the inclusion criteria. Further, 63 pharmacological investigations were considered for review. Resultant studies deliberated on using different extracts and phytochemicals of A. indica on blood glucose level, lipid profile, oxidative stress, carbohydrate digestion enzymes, diabetic complications, glucose tolerance, and uptake of glucose.
Summary:
In the end, one can know the efficacy of A. indica as a potent antidiabetic herbal medicine. However, based on gaps in research, recommendations have been provided to evaluate A. indica. in a systematic manner to develop plant-based drugs, nutraceuticals, and to evaluate their clinical efficiency and safety against diabetes mellitus.
... -Nimbin, Nimbidin, Nimbolinin, 6-desacetyl nimbinene, Nimbenane, Nimbiol (Kokate et al., 2010) [18] . 70% alcoholic Neem root bark extract was found to have anti diabetic activity (Patil et al., 2013) [19] in dose dependent manner. The plant exerts its hypoglycemic activity by blocking the action of epinephrine on glucose metabolism which in turn increases the utilization of peripheral glucose (Chattopadhyay, 1998) [20] . ...
... -Nimbin, Nimbidin, Nimbolinin, 6-desacetyl nimbinene, Nimbenane, Nimbiol (Kokate et al., 2010) [18] . 70% alcoholic Neem root bark extract was found to have anti diabetic activity (Patil et al., 2013) [19] in dose dependent manner. The plant exerts its hypoglycemic activity by blocking the action of epinephrine on glucose metabolism which in turn increases the utilization of peripheral glucose (Chattopadhyay, 1998) [20] . ...
India has vast resources of plants which possess medicinal properties. These plants and its parts have been used in the treatment of various human ailments since ancient times. Diabetes mellitus is a frequent metabolic disorder which has unfurled across the continents. Researches have been conducted all over the world on the plants which are reported to have anti diabetic properties. The present paper reviews ten (10) such plants which are found in the Southern parts of West Bengal with their active constituents, parts used and mode of action against Diabetes mellitus. The plants which are most used by the local people of South Bengal for remedies against the disease are-Aegle Marmelos
... While physical inactivity, obesity, high cholesterol level, hypertension, smoking and low education are also the main risk factors for diabetes. As high percentage of the patients had a family history of diabetes, it is clear that this condition has genetic role and can be passed on from parent to child [13]. ...
... Research also shows that the majority of diabetic people (60%) were taking combined therapy and few were taking mono therapy 32% and very small no of patients were taking insulin injections 8%. From survey it is verified that glucose level is well controlled by combined therapy [13]. ...
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide and is associated with several complications that can lead to severe health problems. Objectives of the study were to investigate the age-wise, gender-wise prevalence of diabetes, its risk factors in district Dera Ismail Khan and aimed to examine several diabetic complications by gathering pertinent information about the patients, such as their name, age, gender, height, weight, age of onset, family history of the illness, and any other visceral organ problems. A total of 600 subjects were included in the study and blood samples were collected randomly through a disposable syringe, from different tehsils of district Dera Ismail Khan. Blood glucose levels were analyzed using glucose reagent and a chemistry analyzer machine. The collected data was analyzed using statistical tools like SPSS. Total prevalence of diabetes was found 38%, indicating that diabetes had reached epidemic proportions in the area and the majority of diabetic patients were between the ages 41 to 60 years due to obesity, improper diet, and sedentary lifestyle. Combined therapy was found to be the most effective treatment for controlling blood glucose levels. The study also found that diabetic retinopathy was present in 28.5% of diabetic patients, with men being more prone to ocular disorders than women. Overall, this study highlights the urgent need for diabetes prevention and management in the Dera Ismail Khan district, as healthy lifestyle, regular screening and early detection can help reduce the burden of diabetes, its associated complications on individuals and society.
... Root [22] Decreasing baseline of glucose levels by 36.91%, and decreased serum glucose by 32.18%. ...
... Root barks [22] - Azadirachta indica leaves extracts normalized blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, and improved insulin signaling molecules as well as GLUT4 proteins to treat type-2 diabetes mellitus. ...
Many people choose alternative medicines for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) disorders, such as herbal plants to suppress the occurrence of the disease widely. In general, DM occurs when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin, or when the body can't effectively use the insulin which it produces. The use of medicinal plants to treat various diseases has shown minimal side effects. Indonesia is one of the countries that has used plants as traditional medicine since ancient times. In Indonesia, thousands of species of medicinal plants have been studied to address health problems. Among the medicinal plants that have been studied is the Neem plant (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) which has been shown to cure various diseases. This review article describes the potential of the Neem plant as an antidiabetic. The results of this literature review, in the form of Neem herbal extracts, have quite good potential as an antidiabetic because they contain several compounds such as meliacinolin, azachdirichtin, gliserid oil, acetyl oxyturanoe acid and other compounds that can also act as antidiabetic.
... Diterpenoids from the roots of AI have been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects [12]. Earlier studies have confirmed their roles as antioxidants [13], inhibitors of angiogenesis [14], and antidiabetics [15]. Decoction of the stems of TC has been employed as an antipyretic in Thai folk treatments to reduce thirst, boost appetite, decrease body temperature, and preserve good health [16,17]. ...
Tri-Yannarose is a Thai traditional herbal medicine formula composed of Areca catechu, Azadirachta indica, and Tinospora crispa. It possesses antipyretic, diuretic, expectorant, and appetite-stimulating effects. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities, cytotoxicity, and chemical constituents of an aqueous extract following a Tri-Yannarose recipe and its plant ingredients. The phytochemical analysis was performed using LC-QTOF-MS. Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH, ABTS, TPC, TFC, FRAP, NBT, MCA, and ORAC assays. Cytotoxicity was investigated using a methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. In addition, the relationship between the chemical composition of Tri-Yannarose and antioxidant activities was investigated by examining the structure–activity relationship (SAR). The results of the LC-QTOF-MS analysis revealed trigonelline, succinic acid, citric acid, and other chemical constituents. The aqueous extract of the recipe showed significant scavenging effects against ABTS and DPPH radicals, with IC50 values of 1054.843 ± 151.330 and 747.210 ± 44.173 µg/mL, respectively. The TPC of the recipe was 92.685 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of extract and the TFC was 14.160 mg of catechin equivalent/g of extract. All extracts demonstrated lower toxicity in the Vero cell line according to the MTT assay. In addition, the SAR analysis indicated that prenyl arabinosyl-(1–6)-glucoside and quinic acid were the primary antioxidant compounds in the Tri-Yannarose extract. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Tri-Yannarose and its plant ingredients have potent antioxidant activities with low toxicity. These results support the application of the Tri-Yannarose recipe for the management of a range of disorders related to oxidative stress.
... NRE) was given in the dose of 800 mg/kg showed important reduction in blood sugar level. They have reduced the blood sugar level very fastly.54 ...
... A. indica is known for its anti-diabetic activity. Extracts of A. indica have prevented oxidative stress and diabetes (Patil et al., 2013;Satyanarayana et al., 2015). In our earlier study, we isolated Nimbin (N1) from A. indica and modified them semi-synthetically to analogs (N2) and (N3). ...
Background
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin dysfunction or failure of the pancreatic β-cells to produce insulin resulting in hyperglycemia. Adverse effects of hyperglycemic conditions continue to be common, reducing treatment adherence. Intensified therapies are required for the constant loss of endogenous islet reserve.
Aim
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Nimbin semi-natural analogs (N2, N5, N7, and N8) from A. indica on high glucose-induced ROS and apoptosis with insulin resistance in L6 myotubes evaluated along with Wortmannin and Genistein inhibitors and the expression of key genes in the insulin signalling pathway.
Materials and methods
The analogs were screened for anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activity using cell-free assays; The ability of analogs to suppress ROS and prevent apoptosis induced by High glucose and uptake glucose and glycogen storage in L6 myotubes was evaluated using DCFH-DA, AO-PI and 2NBDG staining. Further, the glucose uptake was performed in the presence of Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (IRTK) inhibitors, and the expression of key genes PI3K, Glut-4, GS and IRTK in the insulin signalling pathway were evaluated.
Key findings
The Nimbin analogs were not toxic to the L6 cells, and the analogs could scavenge ROS and suppress cellular damage induced due to high glucose. Enhanced glucose uptake was observed in N2, N5 and N7 compared to N8. The maximum activity of optimum concentration was found to be 100 μM. The N2, N5 and N7 showed an increase in IRTK, which is equivalent to insulin at a concentration of 100 µM. The IRTK inhibitor with Genistein (50 µM) confirmed the presence of IRTK-dependent glucose transport activation; it also supports the expression of key genes PI3K, Glut-4, GS and IRTK. As a result of PI3K activation, N2, N5, and N7 exhibited the insulin-mimetic effect by enhancing glucose uptake and glycogen conversion regulating glucose metabolism.
Significance
N2, N5 and N7 could therapeutically benefit against insulin resistance by glucose metabolism modulation, insulin secretion, β-cell stimulation, inhibition of gluconeogenic enzymes and ROS protection.
... Neem is called 'arista' in Sanskrit a word that means 'perfect, complete and imperishable'. and also consider as a 'reliver of sickness' and hence is considered as 'Sarbarogaribarini' Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem or Indian lilac, and is native to India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Maldives [1] . It is typically grown in tropical and semitropical region. ...
... During the OGTT studies, we first analyzed the antihyperglycemic activity of different extracts (aqueous extract, DCM extract from the aqueous extract and DCM extract) of P. oleosa alone. An oral administration dose of 400 mg/kg was selected for each P. oleosa extract, as this dose had already been described in the literature for the extracts of other plants cited in this work (Atangwho et al., 2014;Attakpa et al., 2017;Faisal et al., 2014;Patil et al., 2013). As a result, only the dichloromethane extract was able to significantly reduce the area under the curve (AUC) when compared to the CTL HFD group (Fig. 3A&B). ...
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have shown antidiabetic activity in multiple studies and can be produced by different plant-mediated ("green") methods. This study aimed to compare ZnONPs prepared via different "green" approaches (heating at high temperatures (400 °C) vs. low temperature (70°C)). The low temperature method involved addition of suspending agents (Tween 80 or gum arabic) and pH variations followed by lyophilization. The study evaluated the hypoglycemic potential of ZnONPs with the best properties (quantity of capped agents and stability) compared to the plant extract per se. The ZnONP synthesis involved a mixture of zinc nitrate hexahydrate as the zinc precursor and a plant extract with high antioxidant activity as the capping agent supplier. The results of the studies showed that the procedure using high-temperature heating resulted in almost uncapped nanoparticles with phytocompounds (0.01% of phenolic compounds) and nanoparticle sizes larger than 300 nm. The low-temperature method produced ZnONPs with high retention of capping agents (92.90% of phenolic compounds) and a size of approximately 200 nm. The use of Tween 80 with pH adjustment between 9 and 10 resulted in more stable nanoparticles than with gum arabic. These nanoparticles prepared with Tween 80, exhibited a pronounced in vivo antihyperglycemic activity at a much lower dose (10 mg ZnO/kg capped by 0.31 mg phenolic compounds per kg) than the extracts alone (400 mg extract/kg) following an oral glucose tolerance test. These results demonstrated that green-synthesized ZnONPs with a high retention rate of phytochemicals can induce antihyperglycemic effects at a low dose.
... Antidiabetic Decreases blood sugar level and precludes adrenaline and glucose-induced hyperglycemia 29 . ...
Currently Azadirachta indica-Neem formulations are apparentlyeffective against a variety of diseases, ulcers, eczema, sores, burns, ulcers etc.it has been used in ayurvedic medicines for thousands of years because it exhibits therapeutic properties such as antiviral, antifungal, anti-insecticidal, antibacterial, antiallergic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory and anti-dermatic. Approximately 135 different structural compounds have been identified from different part of neem tree for their beneficial effects.
... Adipokines' secretion disrupts insulin signalling, which leads to a demand for the production of insulin (Belguith-Hadriche et al., 2016). The pancreatic β-cells release insulin to recompense the poor compliance of insulin action, enabling normal glucose tolerance to be maintained (Patil et al., 2013;Nam et al., 2021). Fat accumulation in the adipocytes' cytoplasm is regulated by two crucial lipid metabolizing enzymes: Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) and Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL). ...
Background:
Excess accumulation of lipids leads to obesity. Triterpenoids are a group of plant compounds which poses various biological activities. The biological activities of Nimbin analogs N5 and N7 were addressed in this study on inhibiting lipid aggregation and underlying the derivatives molecular mechanisms for a therapeutical approach.
Aim:
This study aims to evaluate the anti-adipogenic activity of semi-natural Nimbin analogs, N5 and N7, on zebrafish larvae induced with oxidative stress due to a high-fat diet (HFD) and adipogenesis using specific fluorescent stains.
Materials and methods:
Zebrafish at 4 days post fertilized (dpf) larvae were divided into groups for the HFD diet along with exposure to various concentrations of N5 and N7. HFD induced accumulation of neutral lipids and triglycerides (Oil Red O and Nile red staining, respectively) with weight gain, which generated intracellular ROS (DCFH-DA staining) and superoxide anion production (DHE staining) with depleted glutathione levels (NDA staining) were assayed. HFD exposure promoted the accumulation of inflammatory macrophages (Neutral red staining) and impaired glucose metabolism (2NBDG staining). The ability of N5 and N7 to reduce total regulating lipogenic specific genes C/EBP-α, SREBP-1 and FAS were evaluated using relative gene expression.
Key findings:
The Nimbin analogues N5 and N7 suppressed adipogenesis, forming intracellular ROS and superoxide anion while simultaneously restoring glutathione levels. The analogues significantly lowered total TC and TG levels, prevented inflammatory macrophage build-up and boosted glucose absorption. Also, N5 and N7 down-regulate the lipogenic-specific genes.
Significance:
Nimbin analogs N5 and N7 enhance lipolysis and inhibit adipogenesis in in-vivo zebrafish larvae model.
... Neem is a member of the Meliaceae family and widely used in Unani, Ayurveda, and TCM, especially in the Indian subcontinent, for various ailments (Neelakantan et al., 2014;Brahmachari, 2004). Various scientific studies have been undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Neem root bark extract on diabetes, and statistically significant results has been reported for reduction of blood sugar level (Ketkar and Ketkar, 2004;Patil et al., 2013;Dholi et al., 2011;. ...
... Neem is a member of the Meliaceae family and widely used in Unani, Ayurveda, and TCM, especially in the Indian subcontinent, for various ailments (Neelakantan et al., 2014;Brahmachari, 2004). Various scientific studies have been undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Neem root bark extract on diabetes, and statistically significant results has been reported for reduction of blood sugar level (Ketkar and Ketkar, 2004;Patil et al., 2013;Dholi et al., 2011;. ...
... Astudied dishes were incubated at 25 ° C and for 10 days, the diameter of the growing colony was measured . Results were recorded", and the inhibition ratio was calculated by using the following [16] ": ...
The present study appearing various compounds that have been isolated from Azadirachta indica and showed natural compounds from leaves against three typs of pathogenic fungi are as follows:" Alternaria alternate, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and Sordaria fimicola" . The Phytochemical of of Azadirachta indica leaves were exposed to (GC-MS) analysis. The results showed highest activity against all reviewed fungal, in Alternaria alternate, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and Sordaria fimicola. the three concentrations of extract (20,30,40 mg/ml) in respectively" were given a results ( 0.00) mm in the diameter of colonies. The GC-MS analysis of Azadirachta indica leaves parts showed the presence of : 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)- ؛(R)-(+)-Limonene ؛1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-cyclohexane ؛ 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-2-1-methylvinyl)-1-vinylcyclohexane) ؛ trans-beta-caryophyllene ؛ Bicyclo [2.2.1]heptane, 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylene-,dimer ؛ 1R,1α,3α,4β-4-Ethenyl-α,α,4-trimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexanemethanol diethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate Neantine ؛Selinenol ؛ 2-(4a,8-Dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-2-naphthalenyl)-2-propanol؛ tert-Butyl(6-bromofuro[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-methylcarbamate ؛ Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) ؛Palmitic acid, ethyl ester ؛ 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (2E,7R,11R)- ؛ cis-9-Octadecenoic acid ؛9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, ethyl ester ؛ Behenic acid ethyl ester ؛ Oleic Acid_GurudeebanSatyavani ؛ Acetyl-O-anisidine ؛ 1-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzene ؛ 1-(1Z-octadecenyl)-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine ؛ 23-[2-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)cyclopropyl]-24-nor-5alpha-cholane ؛ Nikko Squalane EX ؛ 24S-Ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol ؛ (2-Dodecen-1-yl)succinic anhydride, technical
... Its anticlotting phytoconstituents make it helpful in treating snake venom and insect bites. Other neem seeds and leaf products have practical uses, such as antiseptic creams, soaps, repellents, ointments, etc. (Biswas et al., 2002;Kumar and Navaratnam, 2013;Patil et al., 2013;Upadhyay et al., 1992). ...
Human respiratory diseases caused by viral infections leads to morbidity. Among infectious diseases, viral infections associated with the respiratory tract remain the primary reason for global deaths due to their transmissibility. Since immemorial, traditional Indian medicinal plants, their extracts, and several phytochemicals can treat various diseases. Sources for this review paper are data derived from a peer-reviewed journal that emphasizes the economic importance of medicinal plants. Several plant-based medicines have been reported to be effective against multiple viral infections, including the Human Adenovirus, Enterovirus, Influenza virus, Hepatitis virus, etc. This review emphasizes use of the Indian medicinal plants like as Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha, Winter Cherry), Moringa oleifera (Drumstick), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Terminalia chebula (Chebulic Myrobalan), Punica granatum (Pomegranate) and the Indian household spices (ginger, garlic and black pepper). It further describes their secondary phytoconstituents extraction procedure, mode of action and the potential application to improve clinical outcomes of neutraceuticals against various viral infections.
... Neem is a member of the Meliaceae family and widely used in Unani, Ayurveda, and TCM, especially in the Indian subcontinent, for various ailments (Neelakantan et al., 2014;Brahmachari, 2004). Various scientific studies have been undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Neem root bark extract on diabetes, and statistically significant results has been reported for reduction of blood sugar level (Ketkar and Ketkar, 2004;Patil et al., 2013;Dholi et al., 2011;Bhat et al., 2011). ...
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly becoming one of the most common non-communicable diseases. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and negative nitrogen balance. It mainly occurs due to lack of insulin secretion from beta cells of Pancreas and desensitization of insulin receptors. In Unani classical text, diabetes is described by many renowned Unani physicians, like Zakaria Al Razi, Ali Ibn Abbas Majoosi, Ibn Sina, Ismail Jurjani, Ibn Zuhar, and Ibn Hubal Baghdadi, with various names such as Ziabetus, Moattasha, Barkarya Qamamees, etc. According to Hippocrate, Ziabetus Shakri (DM) is a disease of Sue Mizaj Haar Yabis, and hence the Barid Ratab Mizaj herbs which exhibit properties of Muqawwi-e-Gurda are beneficial. On the other hand, Jalinoos described that the use of alkalizer and Tabreed kulliya and Qabizatwa Hamizat foods are the only treatment for Ziabetus Shakri. In the present chapter, the recent advances in the development of single drugs and compound formulations
... Neem is a member of the Meliaceae family and widely used in Unani, Ayurveda, and TCM, especially in the Indian subcontinent, for various ailments (Neelakantan et al., 2014;Brahmachari, 2004). Various scientific studies have been undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Neem root bark extract on diabetes, and statistically significant results has been reported for reduction of blood sugar level (Ketkar and Ketkar, 2004;Patil et al., 2013;Dholi et al., 2011;Bhat et al., 2011). ...
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes mellitus (DM)
is rapidly becoming one of the most common non-communicable diseases. It
is characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and negative nitrogen balance.
It mainly occurs due to lack of insulin secretion from beta cells of Pancreas
and desensitization of insulin receptors. In Unani classical text, diabetes is
described by many renowned Unani physicians, like Zakaria Al Razi, Ali Ibn
Abbas Majoosi, Ibn Sina, Ismail Jurjani, Ibn Zuhar, and Ibn Hubal Baghdadi,
with various names such as Ziabetus, Moattasha, Barkarya Qamamees, etc.
According to Hippocrate, Ziabetus Shakri (DM) is a disease of Sue Mizaj
Haar Yabis, and hence the Barid Ratab Mizaj herbs which exhibit properties
of Muqawwi-e-Gurda are beneficial. On the other hand, Jalinoos described
that the use of alkalizer and Tabreed kulliya and Qabizatwa Hamizat foods
are the only treatment for Ziabetus Shakri. In the present chapter, the recent
advances in the development of single drugs and compound formulations
... Anti hyperglycemic activity: Alcoholic extract of the bark of A. Indica, in a dose of 800 mg/kg, showed significant antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetes in rats using glibenclamide as standard (Patil et al., 2013). ...
In Ayurvedic system, there is a concept that certain drugs perform well in combination (Yoga) than used as individual in single. Ancient practitioners selected various plants, based on their experiences and combined them in formulations to enhance the efficacy and also to reduce side effects. Panchatikta is a drug combination consisting of five tiktarasa (bitter taste) drugs which is widely used for skin diseases, ulcers and benign/malignant tumors. Azadirachta indica (stem bark), Tinospora cordifolia (stem), Justicia adhatoda (root), Solanum virginianum (root) and Trichosanthes dioica (aerial parts). Though each of the ingredient herbs of the combination has various study reports related to phytochemical and pharmacological activities, but studies on the combination as such is missing. Chemical constituents of ingredient drugs and their activities will have a direct impact on the activities of the combination as well. Present review is aimed at studying the chemical and pharmacological activities reported in the ingredient herbs which may point towards the chemical and pharmacological properties of the combination.
... Over a ten-year period, the population has increased rapidly, with 605,036, 000 in 2015 compared to 492, 883,000 in 2005. [3] Chronic damage is defined by Werdin et al. 2008 and is not carried out in an ordered and prompt manner after 3 months in order to produce anatomical and functional integrity. [4] The wound healing process completes in three phase: the inflammatory phase (establishment of homeostasis and inflammation), the restorative phase, and the regenerative phase. ...
... 70% ethanolic alcoholic of neem root extract (NRE) showed anti-diabetic activity, due to the glibenclamide reduced blood sugar levels significantly in the glucose tolerance test. Only an 800 mg/kg dosage of NRE produced statistically meaningful results (11) . The upregulated blood glucose, total plasma cholesterol such as LDL-c, and triglyceride levels in the three treatment groups of mice were considerably (P≤0.001) ...
... 70% ethanolic alcoholic of neem root extract (NRE) showed anti-diabetic activity, due to the glibenclamide reduced blood sugar levels significantly in the glucose tolerance test. Only an 800 mg/kg dosage of NRE produced statistically meaningful results (11) . The upregulated blood glucose, total plasma cholesterol such as LDL-c, and triglyceride levels in the three treatment groups of mice were considerably (P≤0.001) ...
... Moreover, neem root bark extract was succeeded to reduce in blood glucose level at dose of 200 and 400 mg per kg whereas the higher dose of this extract (800 mg/kg) showed significant reduction in blood sugar level. It decreased blood glucose level by 54% as compared to control Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg) [73] . ...
Drugs of traditional system of medicine including Unani and Ayurveda are recommended and used in various diseases since long. These drugs are mainly derived from herbs and plants. Neem is a pre-eminent and a sacred gift of nature. This tree is still regarded as "Wonder tree", "Nature's drug store", "Divine tree", "Heal all", "Materia medica", "Panacea of all diseases" and "Village dispensary" also considered as "An ancient cure for modern world". In Unani System of Medicine (USM) it is widely used as anti-infective agent in various skin diseases (Amrāḍ-i Jild) such as leprosy, syphilis, tinea, itching and in ulcers. It is very effective in painful menses and dysmenorrhea, chronic joint pain, constipation, intestinal warm (Kirm-i Shikam) and also prefer in the killing of head lices, diabetes and rheumatic arthritis. This study is based on a comprehensive analysis of related articles published in journals using the phrases "Neem or Azadirachta indica ", "Neem research paper", "Neem and Unani Medicine" and "Neem used in traditional medicine" in electronic searches of the PubMed, SCOPUS, Google Scholar advanced search and AYUSH Research Portal. The evidence based scientific and clinical studies reported in the present review confirming the therapeutic efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem). Biological active phytoconstituents of Neem also indicate that it may serve as very effective natural medicine in different disease. In this aspect, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed in respect to explore the recommendations of USM as well as other traditional system of medicines in term of the extensive therapeutic values of Azadirachta indica.
... Moreover, neem root bark extract was succeeded to reduce in blood glucose level at dose of 200 and 400 mg per kg whereas the higher dose of this extract (800 mg/kg) showed significant reduction in blood sugar level. It decreased blood glucose level by 54% as compared to control Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg) [73] . ...
Drugs of traditional system of medicine including Unani and Ayurveda are recommended and used in various diseases since long. These drugs are mainly derived from herbs and plants. Neem is a pre-eminent and a sacred gift of nature. This tree is still regarded as "Wonder tree", "Nature's drug store", "Divine tree", "Heal all", "Materia medica", "Panacea of all diseases" and "Village dispensary" also considered as "An ancient cure for modern world". In Unani System of Medicine (USM) it is widely used as anti-infective agent in various skin diseases (Amrāḍ-i Jild) such as leprosy, syphilis, tinea, itching and in ulcers. It is very effective in painful menses and dysmenorrhea, chronic joint pain, constipation, intestinal warm (Kirm-i Shikam) and also prefer in the killing of head lices, diabetes and rheumatic arthritis. This study is based on a comprehensive analysis of related articles published in journals using the phrases "Neem or Azadirachta indica ", "Neem research paper", "Neem and Unani Medicine" and "Neem used in traditional medicine" in electronic searches of the PubMed, SCOPUS, Google Scholar advanced search and AYUSH Research Portal. The evidence based scientific and clinical studies reported in the present review confirming the therapeutic efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem). Biological active phytoconstituents of Neem also indicate that it may serve as very effective natural medicine in different disease. In this aspect, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed in respect to explore the recommendations of USM as well as other traditional system of medicines in term of the extensive therapeutic values of Azadirachta indica.
... Moreover, neem root bark extract was succeeded to reduce in blood glucose level at dose of 200 and 400 mg per kg whereas the higher dose of this extract (800 mg/kg) showed significant reduction in blood sugar level. It decreased blood glucose level by 54% as compared to control Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg) [73] . ...
Drugs of traditional system of medicine including Unani and Ayurveda are recommended and used in various diseases since long. These drugs are mainly derived from herbs and plants. Neem is a pre-eminent and a sacred gift of nature. This tree is still regarded as "Wonder tree", "Nature's drug store", "Divine tree", "Heal all", "Materia medica", "Panacea of all diseases" and "Village dispensary" also considered as "An ancient cure for modern world". In Unani System of Medicine (USM) it is widely used as anti-infective agent in various skin diseases (Amrāḍ-i Jild) such as leprosy, syphilis, tinea, itching and in ulcers. It is very effective in painful menses and dysmenorrhea, chronic joint pain, constipation, intestinal warm (Kirm-i Shikam) and also prefer in the killing of head lices, diabetes and rheumatic arthritis. This study is based on a comprehensive analysis of related articles published in journals using the phrases "Neem or Azadirachta indica ", "Neem research paper", "Neem and Unani Medicine" and "Neem used in traditional medicine" in electronic searches of the PubMed, SCOPUS, Google Scholar advanced search and AYUSH Research Portal. The evidence based scientific and clinical studies reported in the present review confirming the therapeutic efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem). Biological active phytoconstituents of Neem also indicate that it may serve as very effective natural medicine in different disease. In this aspect, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed in respect to explore the recommendations of USM as well as other traditional system of medicines in term of the extensive therapeutic values of Azadirachta indica.
... Root bark extract of neem significantly lowered the blood sugar concentration with the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b. w. Increased dose of this extract (800 mg/ kg b. w.) led to decline in blood sugar level by 54% in comparison to control (Patil et al., 2013). Limonoids from neem have been identified for their remedial properties against pancreatic α-amylase, a wellknown anti-diabetic agent. ...
Plants are a fascinating group of plants that have been
dominating the earth for 400 million years. During evolution, they
have undergone series of evolutionary changes to suit themselves
with the surrounding environment. These evolutionary changes
not only included morphological changes to suit varied climatic
conditions but also armed with intricate physiological changes to
synchronize with the former and fortify better adaptability. These
physiological changes of the plant later proved to be of immense help
to the humans who evolved much later somewhere between 6 million
to 2 million years ago. The physiological and biochemical evolution
of the plants with the synchronous origin of various taxa resulted
in the formation of numerous biochemical pathways producing a
large number of secondary metabolites whose one primary aim is to
protect the plants from herbivores and insect which in the due course
of evolution became an integral part of the food chain. However, the
secondary metabolites also proved to be of immense use to humans
since antiquity who unknowingly since prehistoric times used
plants for their food and medicine. It is only in the past hundred
years or so, people became aware of the chemical constituent of the
plants and started exploring their various beneficial properties. The
agricultural activities also coevolved with human civilization and
with the increase in population, higher yield along with protection
of crops from pathogen attack became a necessity. This lead to the
formulation of fertilizers which consequently paved the way for
biofertilizers with a fewer side effects on humans and animals but
with a more green approach towards fertility enhancement. With
the advent of industrialization the menace of pollution cropped up
and presently this pollution is encroaching soil water and air. This
is having a deleterious effect on the ecosystem concerning human
and animal health and also agricultural productivity. Thus keeping
this in mind the scientific community was determined to remediate
the polluted sites with the help of biological agents in which the
plants and microbes played an important role. This provided major
protection to agriculture from contamination thereby sustaining
productivity. Thus, an attempt is made to highlight the progress
and advances in the field of agriculture and plant science. Thus A
handbook of Agricultural and Plant Sciences is an attempt to compile
information related to the field of agriculture and plant science.
The main purpose of the book is to provide relevant information
to the readers on aspects largely cantered on plants. The book is
divided into three sections namely agriculture and sustainable
development, plants and microbes as nutraceutical agents, and
medicinal potential of plants. Selected chapters in relevance to
the sections have been accommodated to provide an overview. The
first section deals with various aspects through which crops can
be fortified through bio fertilization and also decontamination of
polluted lands. The world population is presently stressing upon
consumption of foods from natural sources as consumption of fast
food with artificial agents is leading to the onset of several diseases.
This has led to a group of foods that confers nutrition as well as
a medicinal benefit at the same time. They are presently termed
and considered nutraceuticals. The second section of the book deals
with the nutraceutical potential of plants and microbes which
are symbiotically associated with plants. The third section is also
related to the second one concerning the medicinal importance. This
section encompasses the medicinal importance of plants. Plants as
antiviral agents have been accommodated because of the current
pandemic situation. The section also contains a chapter on the ant
diabetic potential of plants and also the medicinal importance of
gymnosperms and bioactive potentials of bryophytes which adds
up to the variation in chapters focusing on the medicinal aspect.
The book is also accompanied by several tables within each chapter
which gives a clear and systematic description of the theme that is
discussed upon. The book is an academic venture and would benefit
the scientific community and readers who are interested in the field
of plant sciences.
... Lactucain C [XXII] (Fig. 1) obtained from Lactuca indica found to produce significant hypoglycemic activity (Hou et al., 2003). Further, saponin fraction (100mg/kg) of Garcinia kola root (Bitter kola) showed potent Hypoglycemia effect in alloxaninduced diabetic rats [58] -Sitosterol [XXIII] (Fig. 1), a steroidal triterpene obtained from Azadirachta indica, may be responsible for its hypoglycemic property [59] . Two novel triterpenes, 12-ursene and 23, 24 dimethyl-24-ethylstigmast-25-ene (50 mg/kg) [XXIV, XXV] (Fig. 1) isolated from the chloroform extract of Agarista mexicana showed marked hypoglycemic potency against alloxan induced diabetic in-vivo model [60] . ...
Diabetes mellitus, one of the most common non-communicable metabolic disorders is emerging as a pandemic worldwide. In particular, type II (insulin resistance) diabetes is the most commonly encountered type of diabetes, manifested by the incapability to respond to normal levels of circulating insulin. The antidiabetic therapy, at present is primarily based on synthetic medicines that have severe side effects very often with higher cost. For this reason, there is a continuous need to develop new and better pharmaceuticals as alternatives for the management and treatment of diabetes. Natural hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic compounds may be considered as reinforcement to currently practiced treatments. Along with safety and low cost, they have huge advantage that they can be accommodated in everyday diet. During last decade, many Indian medicinal plants have been investigated for their beneficial effects in different types of diabetes and reports occur in numerous scientific journals. With this background, this review has been structured to provide an upto date information regarding Indian medicinal plants, extracts, lead molecules and other natural with anti-diabetic potential. Moreover, potential molecular mechanisms of actions of few drugs are also discussed.
... Yet another study carried out by Prabhakar et al. [141] , also proved Neem bark extracts as potent antihyperglycemic agents. A comparative evaluation of the extracts of Neem with that of the standard drugs glibenclamide and metformin was performed. ...
Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder resulting from either insulin deficiency or insulin dysfunction. Based on the recent advances and involvement of oxidative stress in complicating diabetes mellitus, efforts are on to find suitable antidiabetic and antioxidant therapy. The WHO expert committee on diabetes has recommended that traditional herbal medicines be further investigated. Phytotherapy has been a backbone of medicine since long back, in which various herbs and their extracts containing active ingredient of therapeutic significance is used. In lieu of a search for some alternative therapy against infections, traditional herbal remedies are again in market due to their readily availability, being cost effective and comparatively less side effects. Azadirachta indica (Neem) also known as sacred gift of nature is native plant of south eastern Asia and distributed in India and neighboring countries and known for its incredible therapeutic and Ethnomedicinal values for humankind since prehistoric era. Every part of the tree has been used as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments, from antiquity. Neem has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Homoeopathic medicine and has become a
cynosure of modern medicine. Azadirachta indica has complex of various
constituents including nimbin, nimbidin, nimbolide, and limonoids and
such types of ingredients play role in diseases management through
modulation of various genetic pathways and other activities. The
pharmacological hypoglycemic action of Azadirachta indica has examined
in diabetic rats. Aqueous extract of Neem leaves significantly decreases blood
sugar level and prevents adrenaline as well as glucose-induced
hyperglycemia. Aqueous Neem fruit extract were found to be effective as
blood glucose lowering agent at the dose of 500 mg/kg in normoglycemic
albino rabbits upon oral administration. This review gives a bird’s eye view
mainly on the antihyperglycemic activities of some of the Neem compounds
isolated, pharmacological actions of the Neem extracts, clinical studies and
plausible medicinal applications of Neem along with their safety evaluation
... Another experiment was conducted to examine the pharmacological hypoglycaemic action of neem in diabetic rats and results showed that in a glucose tolerance test with neem extract 250 mg/kg demonstrated glucose levels were significantly less as compared to the control group and neem significantly reduce glucose levels at 15 th day in diabetic rats [29] . Results of a study undertaken to evaluate the 70% alcoholic neem root bark extract (NRE) in diabetes showed that neem root bark extract showed statistically significant results in 800 mg/kg dose [30] . ...
Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a member of the Meliaceae family and its role as health-promoting effect is attributed because it is rich source of antioxidant. It has been widely used various medicines worldwide especially in Indian Subcontinent in the treatment and prevention of various diseases. It possesses maximum useful non-wood products (leaves, bark, flowers, fruits, seed, gum, oil and neem cake) than any other tree species. These non-wood products are known to have anti-allergenic, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, mosquito-repellent activity, larvicidal, spermicidal and other biological activities. Earlier finding confirmed that neem and its constituents play role in the scavenging of free radical generation and prevention of disease pathogenesis. Each part of the neem tree has some medicinal property. This review gives a bird's eye view mainly on the biological activities of the neem and some of their compounds isolated, pharmacological actions of the neem extracts and products, and plausible medicinal and therapeutical applications.
... The results of neem extract 250 mg/kg with glucose tolerance test revealed that there is less glucose level in comparison to control group. Glucose level is significantly reduced by Azadirachta indica at 15th day in diabetic rat (Patil et al., 2013). ...
Neem (Azadirachta indica) is an important member of the Meliaceae family and its role as health-promoting effect is attributed to it is rich source of phytoconstituents. It has been widely used in Ayurvedic, Chinese and Unani medicines worldwide particularly in Indian Subcontinent in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Earlier finding confirmed that neem and its phtoconstituents play a key role to scavenge free radical generation and prevention of disease pathogenesis. It is considered as safe medicinal plants and regulates the various biological processes without any adverse effect. In this current review, the role of Azadirachta indica is summarized in the prevention and treatment of diseases via the regulation of various physiological and biological pathways.
... The intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (at doses of 100, 120, and 150 mg/kg) is a conventional method for the induction of diabetes in rat models (88). The oral administration of ethanolic extract of neem in different doses (100 to 800 mg/ kg for 14 or 28 days) reduced blood glucose levels in rats which were treated with alloxan (52,89,90). The combination of neem (50 mg/kg) with Gynura procumbens ethanolic (112.5 mg/kg) extracts (2 times a day for 15 days) increased insulin expression, decreased blood glucose concentration, and improved the morphology of the islets of Langerhans and beta-cells in rats (91). ...
Metabolic syndrome is a condition associated with obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure. Recently, the use of phytochemicals is suggested in the control and treatment of metabolic syndrome. The Azadirachta indica (neem) is an evergreen tree belonging to the family of Meliaceae. Multiple studies have been confirmed the anti-diabetic and anti-hypertension, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-obesity effects of neem. In this review, we reported the protective effects of neem against the complications of metabolic syndrome with a special focus on mechanisms that are involved. It has been shown that neem can control hyperglycemia and hypertension through over-expression of transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and anti-oxidant effects. Neem also reduced the glucose uptake through up-regulation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and inhibition of key intestinal enzymes such as glucosidases. Moreover, neem showed anti-hypertensive effects possibility via the block of calcium channels, up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway. Anti-oxidant effects play an important role in protective mechanisms of neem against metabolic syndrome and its complications. © 2021 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
... The hypoglycemic effect of neem root bark extract was tested in alloxan diabetic rats, and the reduction in glucose level was significant at high doses only [52]. ...
Diabetes is a global health problem, and the number of diabetic patients is in continuous rise. Conventional antidiabetic therapies are associated with high costs and limited efficiency. The use of traditional medicine and plant extracts to treat diabetes is gaining high popularity in many countries. Countries in the Middle East region have a long history of using herbal medicine to treat different diseases, including diabetes. In this review, we compiled and summarized all the in vivo and in vitro studies conducted for plants with potential antidiabetic activity in the Middle East region. Plants of the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families are the most investigated. It is hoped that this review will contribute scientifically to evidence the ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants as antidiabetic agents. Work has to be done to define tagetes, mechanism of action and the compound responsible for activity. In addition, safety and pharmacokinetic parameters should be investigated.
... It has been known and documented that the use of neem extract is potent in combating a range of clinical diseases which has led to the increase use of neem as phytotherapy for malaria (Udeinya et al., 2006;Lucantoni et al., 2010;Habluetzel et al., 2019), diabetes (Akinola et al., 2011;Dholi et al., 2011;Patil et al., 2013), cancer (Sharma et al., 2014;Patel et al., 2016;Santos et al., 2018), ulcer (Ofusori et al., 2010;Maity et al., 2014), bacterial (Prashant et al., 2007;Heyman et al., 2017), viral (Mbah et al., 2007;Ahmad et al., 2016;Urade et al., 2019), hypertensive (Peer et al., 2008), inflammatory (Naik et al., 2014;Lee et al., 2017), neurodegenerative diseases (Bamidele et al., 2013;Kandhare et al., 2017) etc. Despite the increased use of neem-based products for therapeutic and other purposes, little information on its toxicity is available as compared to its application level, this has necessitated further studies to ascertain the safety of neem compounds and extract for various applications. ...
Introduction: In recent years, the growing research towards new drugs has been targeted on plant-based drugs, and Neem (Azadirachta indica) is one of the plants that have been extensively researched for its diverse medicinal properties. The study aimed to determine the effects of neem on the hematological parameters (total white blood cells, neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil counts) and histology of some organs of rats. Methods: Fifteen healthy male Wister rats divided into control (Nm0) and experimental groups (Nm11 and Nm22). Control group 1 (Nm0) was given 100mg/200g body weight of normal saline orally twice daily; experimental group 2 (Nm11), 100mg/200g body weight neem extract twice daily for 11 days and experimental group 3 (Nm22), 100mg/200g neem leaf extract twice daily for 22 days. Total number of white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils, packed cell volumes (PCV) and histological changes in the spleen, liver and kidneys were evaluated. Results: There were no significant differences in mean values of the hematological parameters (total WBC; PCV; neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils). We observed the central vacuolation and accumulation of lymphocytes in the spleen, hypertrophy of the central vein in the liver and shrinking of the glomeruli and accumulation of the lymphocytes in the kidney using hematoxylin and eosin staining following prolonged administration of neem extract (Nm22). Conclusion: Prolonged administration of neem affected the histology of some organs of the rats more than the hematological parameters.
Millettia pinnata is a type of leguminous pea tree that grows naturally
in East Asia, Tropical Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. The roots,
bark, leaves, flowers and seeds of this plant also have medicinal properties
and are traditionally used as medicinal plants.
Jungle jalebi is an evergreen tree which belongs to family
Leguminoceae. It is widely distributed in the greater part of India and is also
found in Southeast Asia [1]
. This Plant is known by various names at
different regions such as In Hindi- Vilayati babool, vilayati imlee, jungle
jalebi; In English- Quamachil, Madras thorn, manila tamarind; In Bengali�Dekhani babul; In Telugu- Simachinta; In Tamil- Kodukkaapuli etc [2]
. The
generic name is derived from the Greek word as ‘Pithekos’ meaning an ape
and lobos refers to a pod and its species name as ‘dulce’ in Latin means
sweet in reference to the palatable pulp of the pod. This plant is also
recognized as ‘jungli jalebi’ because its fruits resembles as Indian sweet
‘jalebi’. The bark of this plant is used as an astringent in the treatment of
dysentery, febrifuge and also used in dermatitis and iinflammation of eye.
Their leaves have been used as astringent, emollient, abortifiacient and
antidiabetic agent. Jungle jalebi is well known for its edible fruits and they
have been consumed for various ailments in a traditional manner
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem owing to its high prevalence and increased morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of DM and impaired glucose tolerance in Uganda is approximately 4.1% and 6.6%, respectively. Medicinal plants are commonly used for the management of DM, especially in developing countries, such as Uganda . According to several ethnobotanical surveys conducted in Uganda, various medicinal plants are used in DM management. Meanwhile, ethnopharmacological studies have confirmed the anti-diabetic efficacy of various plants and plant-derived formulations from Uganda. However, these information remain highly fragmented without a single repository for plants used in the management and treatment of DM in Uganda, hindering further investigations. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively explore plants used for DM treatment in Uganda and retrieve relevant ethnopharmacological and ethnomedicinal information that can be used for DM therapy development. English peer-reviewed articles and books were searched in scientific databases, especially PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, SciFinder, and Medline, to retrieve information on medicinal plants used for DM treatment and management in Uganda. The databases were searched to obtain published literature on the anti-diabetic activities and safety of plants among the identified plants. The family name, plant parts used, anti-diabetic activities, dosage, and mechanisms of action of plant extracts were captured. In total, 46 species belonging to 26 families are used to treat DM in Uganda. Most species belonged to the Fabaceae (20%), Asteraceae (13%), and Solanaceae (7%) families. Anti-diabetic activities of 27 (59%) species have been scientifically investigated, whereas the rest have not been evaluated. This review indicated that various medicinal plants are used in the traditional treatment and management of DM across different regions in Uganda. Scientific investigations have revealed the anti-diabetic potential and safety of several of these plants. However, there is a need to validate the anti-diabetic potential of other unstudied plants. Additionally, isolating and characterizing active principles and elucidating the anti-diabetic mechanism of these plants and performing preclinical and clinical studies in the future could aid in the formulation of an effective and safe treatment for DM.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) belongs to the Meliaceae family. Neem is well-known around the world for its medicinal and nutritional properties. Various parts of the plant like fruits, leaves, flowers, twigs, gum, seed, oil, bark, and root are known to have medicinal properties and are scientifically established for the various properties. Since ancient times, plant’s parts have been utilized for their medicinal value. The plant contains a high amount of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme, and many other phytoconstituents such as isoprenoid-containing protomeliacins, limonoids, azadirone and Csecomeliacins such as azadirachtin, nimbin, and salanin. The non-isoprenoids include sulphurous compounds, polyphenolics like flavonoids and their glycosides, dihydrochalcone, coumarin and tannins, proteins (amino acids) and carbohydrates (polysaccharides), as well as aliphatic compounds. Due to such type of versatile phytoconstituents, the plants show lots of pharmacological applications. In this review article, we summarized the information regarding the various pharmacological activities of neem plants. All information presented in this review article regarding the beneficial application of Neem (Azadirachta indica) has been acquired by imminent various electronic databases including Scopus, Google scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed. The Neem plant, including leaves, bark, latex, seed, and their active constituents, plays a significant part in the management of progressive illness. The neem plant contains active ingredients were accountable for the basketful therapeutic function such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antifertility, and also helps in proper digestion, hair growth, skin related problems and relief in menstrual pain and many more. The main findings showed that neem has strong medicinal properties and is also useful in cosmetic applications. There is no evidence of adverse effects of neem in literature. Only the people who are allergic to it can have side effects otherwise it is stomach friendly in all conditions due to which it can be applicable for treatment of various health related disorders. Keywords: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Phytochemical constituents, Therapeutic application
Neem has been used as a medicine due to its beneficial properties such as anti-microbial effects. Neem products for oral application are on the rise. Before recommendation for therapeutic use in human, its effects on cellular activities need to be examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effects of the ethanolic neem crude extract on dental pulp cells and osteoblasts in terms of cell viability, mineralization, and gene expressions. The ethanolic neem extract derived from dry neem leaves was subjected to chemical identification using GC-MS. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3) were treated with various concentrations of the neem crude extract. Cell viability, mineralization, and gene expressions were investigated by MTT assay, real-time PCR, and alizarin red S assay, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett test. GC-MS detected several substance groups such as sesquiterpene. Low to moderate doses of the neem crude extract (4 - 16 µg/ml) did not affect hDPSC and MC3T3 viability, while 62.5 µg/ml of the neem extract decreased MC3T3 viability. High doses of the neem crude extract (250 - 1,000 µg/ml) significantly reduced viability of both cells. The neem crude extract at 1,000 µg/ml also decreased viability of differentiated hDPSC and MC3T3 and their mineralization. Furthermore, 4 µg/ml of neem inhibited viability of differentiated hDPSC. There is no statistical difference in gene expressions related to cell differentiation. In conclusion, the neem crude extract affected cell viability and mineralization. Cell viability altered differently depending on the doses, cell types, and cell stages. The neem crude extract did not affect cell differentiation. Screening of its effect in various aspects should be examined before the application for human use.
This study was carried out with the aim of determining the effects of jasmonic acid (JA) elicitation on the bioactive pigments' biosynthesis and the antioxidant activities in green callus of Azadirachta indica of two different ages (4- and 8-week-old). Plant tissue culture technique was employed to induce the formation of green callus from leaf explants of A. indica on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/L thidiazuron (CM) and three different concentrations of JA (2, 4, and 6 mg/L). The methanolic extracts from the green callus were used for determination of total chlorophyll content (TCh), total carotenoid content (TC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) through colorimetric and HPLC analyses. The highest amount of yield was obtained from CM and 2 mg/L JA (2JA) extracts for 4- and 8-week-old samples, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids in all 4- and 8-week-old samples elicited with 2, 4 and 6 mg/L JA. The highest value for TAC, TCh, TC, TPC, and TFC of 4- and 8-week-old samples were from callus cultured on media supplemented with 6 mg/L JA (6JA) and 4 mg/L JA (4JA), respectively. The lowest IC50 values were found to be 8.29 ± 0.10 mg/mL (6JA) for 4-week-old and 7.73 ± 0.03 mg/mL (4JA) for 8-week-old samples. The highest Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) values obtained in this study were 90.60 ± 1.55 g/g (6JA), and 74.59 ± 3.91 g/g (4JA), respectively, for 4- and 8-week-old samples. Moreover, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between TAC, TCh, TC, TPC, and TFC with ABTS and FRAP assays. In addition, PCA analysis revealed that 83.5% of the information (variances) contained in the data were retained by the first two principal components. Overall, these findings suggested that JA supplementation into the culture media significantly increase the chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, phenolic and flavonoid contents and JA concentrations at 6 mg/L JA and 4 mg/L JA yielded the highest pigments content in 4- and 8-weeks-old callus, respectively.
Diabetes mellitus is the most widely recognized endocrine disorder which is influencing a bigger populace on the planet. There are various causes of diabetes, such as physical inactivity, obesity, family history, race, and age. Diabetes mellitus is associated with some life-threatening complications, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, various eye diseases or retinopathy, and cardiovascular disorders. Many synthetic antihyperglycemic agents are available in the market for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. But, due to some serious side effects of these synthetic agents, people are opting for herbal remedies and, therefore, they are now becoming popular. Herbal remedies have lesser side effects and higher affordability and therefore can be preferably used over synthetic agents for a long-term disorder like diabetes mellitus. In the present study, scientific research and review studies on the topic were collected from Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant sources. The references of all the articles were screened manually for any additional information on popular polyherbal formulations in traditional Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Unani medicinal systems. It is found that these polyherbal formulations are studied for anti-diabetic potential. Furthermore, some are also investigated for mechanism of action of anti-diabetic effects. This review highlights various Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Unani polyherbal formulations commonly utilized in the management of diabetes mellitus along with their pre-clinical and clinical investigations, which will enhance the existing knowledge of the researchers.
Cholistan Desert is a sandy desert located in southern Punjab,
Pakistan. The area is rich in more than 64 medicinal plants among
138 plant species. It is noteworthy that this remote desert lacks
modern health care facilities and its inhabitants are dependent on
locally-available plant species for the treatment of acute and chronic
illnesses. Medicinal plants, traditionally have been ideal sources
of remedies for the management of many non-communicable
diseases; most modern prescriptions drugs have their origins
from plants. Diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate in the past
few decades. Whereas medicinal plants are used globally, the
specific properties of only a few have been identifies scientifically.
Similarly, little scientific evidence exists that confirms the efficacy
of the medicinal plants of this region for diabetes management.
Ethnobotanical studies show that locally-available medicinal
plants do have anti-diabetic potential. We reviewed the medicinal
properties of 36 of these plants. Several ingredients derived
from these plants have chemical constituents that demonstrate
anti-diabetic activity, thereby validating their importance for the
management of diabetes.
Cholistan Desert is a sandy desert located in southern Punjab, Pakistan. The area is rich in more than 64 medicinal plants among 138 plant species. It is noteworthy that this remote desert lacks modern health care facilities and its inhabitants are dependent on locally-available plant species for the treatment of acute and chronic illnesses. Medicinal plants, traditionally have been ideal sources of remedies for the management of many non-communicable diseases; most modern prescriptions drugs have their origins from plants. Diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate in the past few decades. Whereas medicinal plants are used globally, the specific properties of only a few have been identifies scientifically. Similarly, little scientific evidence exists that confirms the efficacy of the medicinal plants of this region for diabetes management. Ethnobotanical studies show that locally-available medicinal plants do have anti-diabetic potential. We reviewed the medicinal properties of 36 of these plants. Several ingredients derived from these plants have chemical constituents that demonstrate anti-diabetic activity, thereby validating their importance for the management of diabetes.
Plants are used traditionally throughout the world to treat various disease conditions. Diabetes is a major health
problem not only in India but all over the world. Diabetic patients of rural areas cannot afford the treatment because of poor
economy. Local availability of medicinal plants should be used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus because it is cheaper and
effective. This paper describes anti diabetic activity containing medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Now a day's cancer is a very common and most dangerous disease in this world. When compared to man, women are mostly affected by cancer especially the breast cancer. Some synthetic drugs are available to treat cancer cells but these drugs are not fully cure the cancer cells just improve life time of the affected persons. This paper describes anti cancer activity containing medicinal plants and their bioactive (cytotoxic substance) constituents.
In India, plants have always been a source of medicines for humans. According to WHO, diabetes is one of the most dreadful disease with serious threat to health of mankind. This review focuses on traditional medicinal plants found in India which are used in treatment of diabetes. The use of synthetic drugs in developing countries is expensive due topoverty and access to medicare, therefore medicinal plants are a great alternative to these synthetic drugs. The common and effective Indian medicinal plants with antidiabetic properties includeFicus religiosa
Herbal and Medicinal plants are terminologies used for plants around the world as they possess significant therapeutic potential. The objective of this study was to assess the properties and biological activities of these plants as well as their phytochemistry. The results of this study were done descriptively and placed into various tables. Analysis showed that Azadirachta indica possessed eighteen (18) therapeutic properties and sixty-five (65) biologically active compounds, Ocimum tenuiflorum possessed twelve (12) therapeutic properties and eighty-two (82) biologically active compounds were noted and Cymbopogon citratus possessed six (6) therapeutic properties and sixty-four (64) biologically active compounds were reported and analyzed. This study revealed that medicinal and herbal plants have great significance and are greatly overlooked. They can be used to resolve a variety of issues worldwide such as: avoiding microbial and insect resistance in species and even be useful in this time of pandemic against the SARS-CoV-2 (COVD-19 Virus). More studies should be done by health authorities, food authorities, agriculture authorities and other organizations with these plants and other medicinal and herbal plants to maximize their benefits.
Aim To study the comparative effect of acetaminophen with aqueous Neem leaf extract (Azadirachta Indica) and vitamin E mediated liver toxicity on the basis of liver enzymes. Methods: A total of sixty (60) Wistar rats of either sex were divided equally into four groups. Each groupwas made up of 15 animals. Group A was the control group. Animals in Group B were treated with a single oral dose of 2 mg / kg b / w Paracetamol. Group C animals with 500 mg / kg b / w oral Neem extract for 15 days with oral administration of 2 mg / kg b / w oral Paracetamol. In Group D, animals received the same dose of Paracetamol and 100 mg / kg b / w intra-peritoneal vitamin E for 15 days, respectively. The liver enzymes ALT,AST, and ALP were then evaluated. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0 with level of significance being kept at p-value ≤0.05 Results: In the 4 groups, The ALT values were 22.8 (Group A), 100 (Group B), 29.11 (Group C), and 31.16 U/L (Group D). The AST values were 25 (Group A), 40 (Group B), 20 (Group C), and 15 (Group D) U/L. The ALP values were 220 (Group A), 445 (Group B), 242 (Group C), and 244 (Group D) U/L. There was significant increase in liver enzymes were found in Group B after induction of Paracetamol toxicity, however, hepatoprotective effects could be seen in the intervention Group C and D Conclusion: Azadirachta Indica and Vitamin E showed hepatoprotective effects on the Wistar rats that were subjected to Paracetamol Key words: Azadirachta Indicaleaf extract, Vitamin E, Paracetamol, Wistar rats
Background
Medicinal plants are used to treat various disorders, including diabetes, globally in a range of formulations. While attention has mainly been on the aerial plant parts, there are only a few review studies to date that are focused on the natural constituents present in the plant roots with health benefits. Thus, the present study was performed to review in vivo studies investigating the antidiabetic potential of the natural compounds in plant roots.
Methods
We sorted relevant data in 2001–2019 from scientific databases and search engines, including Web of Knowledge, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, Reaxys, and Google Scholar. The class of phytochemicals, plant families, major compounds, active constituents, effective dosages, type of extracts, time of experiments, and type of diabetic induction were described.
Results
In our literature review, we found 104 plants with determined antidiabetic activity in their root extracts. The biosynthesis pathways and mechanism of actions of the most frequent class of compounds were also proposed. The results of this review indicated that flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and phytosteroids are the most abundant natural compounds in plant roots with antidiabetic activity. Phytochemicals in plant roots possess different mechanisms of action to control diabetes, including inhibition of α -amylase and α -glucosidase enzymes, oxidative stress reduction, secretion of insulin, improvement of diabetic retinopathy/nephropathy, slow the starch digestion, and contribution against hyperglycemia.
Conclusion
This review concludes that plant roots are a promising source of bioactive compounds which can be explored to develop against diabetes and diabetes-related complications.
Graphical abstract
Neem is an underutilized tree of the developing and underdeveloped world. The antimicrobial (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal), antimalarial, antioxidant, immunostimulant, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, contraceptive, and antiulcer bioactivities of neem have been exploited since. Neem leaves are a regular feed for ruminants in dry lands and are also effective in treating snake and insect bites. Its twigs are a rich source of alkaloid, resins, gum, fluoride, sulfur, tannins, oils, saponins, flavonoids, sterols, and calcium. Its seeds are a rich source of fatty acids and proteins but remain largely unexploited because of the presence of bitter toxic principles. If the bitters can be substantially reduced, then the toxicity of neem parts can be overcome and it may be utilized as an excellent nutraceutical. Its bioactivities, mammalian safety, and ecofriendly disposition are quite encouraging for the prospects for a bright future in the field of nutraceuticals.
Neem seed and leaf extracts have immunomodulators that induce cellular immune reactions. These aspects of neem were exploited in earlier studies, where the oral administration of the neem seed extracts in rodents and primates could completely abrogate pregnancy at an early post implantation stage. Complete restoration of fertility was observed in the animals treated in the subsequent cycles. For the purpose of using neem as a long term contraceptive, an activity guided fractionation, followed by identification and characterization of the biologically active fraction from neem seeds was carried out. Sequentially extracted fractions of neem seeds were tested orally at an early post implantation stage in rats. The hexane extract of the neem seeds was found to be biologically active and was the precursor for the final active fraction. The active fraction, identified as a mixture of six components, could completely abrogate pregnancy in rodents up to a concentration of 10%. No apparent toxic effects could be seen following treatment with the fraction. The treatment with the active fraction caused a specific activation of T lymphocyte cells of CD8+ subtype as well as phagocytic cells followed by elevation in cytokines gamma-interferon and TNF. The results of the present study show that a pure active fraction of neem seeds could be obtained for the purpose of early post implantation contraception when given orally, and its mechanism of action seems to be by activating cell mediated immune reactions.
OBJECTIVE: To find out the hypoglycemic activity of Ficus hispida Linn. (bark) in normal and diabetic albino rats and to evaluate its probable mechanism of hypoglycemic activity if any. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Albino rats were divided into groups (n=6) receiving different treatments consisting of vehicle, water-soluble portion of the ethanol extract of Ficus hispida bark (FH) (1.25 g/kg) and standard antidiabetic drugs, glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg) and 0.24 units of insulin (0.62 ml of 0.40 units/ml). Blood glucose was estimated by the glucose oxidase method in both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats before and 2 h after the administration of drugs. To find out the probable mechanism of action of FH as a hypoglycemic agent, i) the glycogen content of the liver, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, and ii) glucose uptake by isolated rat hemi-diaphragm were estimated. RESULTS: FH showed significant reduction of blood glucose level both in the normal (P<0.01) and diabetic (P<0.001) rats. However, the reduction in the blood glucose level was less than that of the standard drug, glibenclamide. FH also increased the uptake of glucose by rat hemi-diaphragm significantly (P<0.001). There was a significant increase in the glycogen content of the liver (P<0.05), skeletal muscle (P<0.01) and cardiac muscle (P<0.001). The amount of glycogen present in the cardiac muscle was more than the glycogen present in the skeletal muscle and liver. CONCLUSION: FH has significant hypoglycemic activity. Increased glycogenesis and enhanced peripheral uptake of glucose are the probable mechanisms involved in its hypoglycemic activity.
Effects of A. indica (AI) were evaluated on some biochemical, immunological and visceral parameters in normal and stress rats. AI (100 mg/kg) lowered blood glucose, triglyceride and SGOT levels in normal rats, and attenuated stress-induced elevations of cholesterol and urea levels. In rats immunized with SRBC, AI enhanced the humoral antibody response to the antigen. Further, AI facilitated the footpad thickness response to SRBC in sensitized mice and also enhanced leucocyte migration in immunized rats. In stressed rats, AI significantly attenuated the stress-induced (a) suppression of humoral immune response and (b) gastric ulcerogenesis. These results are discussed in light of the possible mechanisms involved in the effects of AI in normal and stressful situations.
The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities, as well as the acute toxicity of Azadirachta indica (Neem tree) extract were studied. It was found to have a pronounced anti-inflammatory (rat paw oedema) and a fairly good antipyretic effect (pyrogen induced hyperpyrexia in rabbits) . The acute oral toxicity test in mice showed a very low range of approximately 13 g/kg body weight.
Hypoglycaemic effect was observed with Azadirachta indica when given as a leaf extract and seed oil, in normal as well as diabetic rabbits. The effect, however, was more pronounced in diabetic animals in which administration for 4 weeks after alloxan induced diabetes, significantly reduced blood glucose levels. Hypoglycaemic effect was comparable to that of glibenclamide. Pretreatment with A. indica leaf extract or seed oil administration, started 2 weeks prior to alloxan, partially prevented the rise in blood glucose levels as compared to control diabetic animals. The data suggests that A. indica could be of benefit in diabetes mellitus in controlling the blood sugar or may also be helpful in preventing or delaying the onset of the disease.