Article

Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic extract of Neem Azadirachta Indica root bark

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Abstract

Background: Most of the parts of neem tree were studied in details by many researchers but neem root bark was not screened for antidiabetic effect. To evaluate antidiabetic effect of neem root bark this study was conducted. Aims & Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the 70% alcoholic neem root bark extract (NRE) in diabetes. Materials and Methods: Basal blood sugar levels were estimated in overnight fasted wistar albino rats of either sex. To evaluate antihyperglycemic action of Neem root bark extract (NRE) OGTT was done by giving glucose orally 60 minutes after giving standard drug (Glibenclamide),Test drug (NRE) in the dose of 200,400 and 800 mg/kg and blood sugar levels were estimated every half hourly up to 4 hours. To evaluate hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats similar doses once daily for 15 days. Blood sugar levels were estimated by using glucometer. Results: For glucose tolerance test Glibenclamide significant (p< 0.01) reduction in blood sugar levels. The NRE showed statistically significant results in only 800 mg/kg dose. In comparison to glibenclamide it did not show. In alloxan induced diabetes Glibenclamide showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in blood sugar levels. The NRE showed statistically significant results in only 800 mg/kg dose. Conclusion: Neem root has antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic activity. It is not as significant as glibenclmide.

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... Nepal, and Sri Lanka, exhibit extremely beneficial medicinal properties [3,4]. Neem grows to a maximum height of 25 meters, with a straight or semi-straight stem, and the branches are spread to make a broad crown [5]. Neem is used in Unani, Ayurveda, as well as in homeopathic medicine. ...
... Therefore, it is anticipated that phytochemicals with sufficient antibacterial efficacy will be employed in the management of bacterial infections [24]. Different plant parts have been used by humans to treat and prevent a wide range of illnesses [5]. ...
... [24] Found very similar results for the methanolic extracts of neem and tulsi leaves against E. coli and S. aureus. Similarly, [5] showed that the methanolic extract of neem leaves gives quite big zones of inhibition for various pathogenic bacterial strains, like P. aeruginosa, Citrobacter subsp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus subsp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, and S. aureus. They suggested that Geranyl β-D-glucopyranoside was responsible for this antibacterial activity [5]; [25] [37] Performed experiments on food bacterial strains and bitter gourd gave effective results against them. ...
... Moreover, these extracts have been found to restore SOD, NOD, and GSSH functions post-treatment, showing great potential for use in complementary medicine. Furthermore, pure neem seed extracts enriched with epoxy-azadiradione significantly impact glucose levels in diabetic rat models, reducing them by 37% within hours (44). Over a 15-day period, it was concluded that neem extracts at 800 mg/kg could regulate blood sugar levels, reducing glucose levels by up to 300 mg/dl (44). ...
... Furthermore, pure neem seed extracts enriched with epoxy-azadiradione significantly impact glucose levels in diabetic rat models, reducing them by 37% within hours (44). Over a 15-day period, it was concluded that neem extracts at 800 mg/kg could regulate blood sugar levels, reducing glucose levels by up to 300 mg/dl (44). Chloroform-based isolates yielded equivalent results, with investigations revealing enhanced pancreatic islet function and increased glycogen storage in the liver and muscles (40). ...
... Tests with Neem leaf juice at a concentration of 250 mg/kg in diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in blood sugar levels compared to a control group. This dosage notably lowered glucose by 18%, cholesterol by 15%, triglycerides by 32%, urea by 13%, creatinine by 23%, and lipids by 15% in diabetic rats (44). Anti-Malarial Activity Studies on the anti-malarial activity of neem extracts using Plasmodium berghei-infected albino mice showed that Neem leaves and stem bark extracts reduced parasitemia by approximately 56-87% and 51-80%, respectively (58). ...
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Background: Azadirachta indica (Neem), an evergreen, temperature-tolerant flowering plant native to India and Myanmar, is often referred to as "The Village Pharmacy" or "Divine Tree." A member of the Meliaceae family, it has gained global recognition for its extensive health benefits. Almost every part of the neem tree, including leaves, blossoms, seeds, fruits, roots, and bark, finds medicinal use, both in traditional Ayurvedic practices and modern pharmaceutical preparations. Objective: This review aims to discuss the potential of A. indica and its bioactive compounds in medicine. It specifically focuses on their roles in various therapeutic applications such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-feedant, growth regulatory, dentistry, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-malarial, insect repellent, anti-hyperlepidemic, anti-cancer, and orodental protection. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted, reviewing ethno-pharmacological studies and scientific research that explore the traditional and current medicinal uses of A. indica. Sources included peer-reviewed journals and scientific databases. The review focused on the analysis of studies that detailed the use of various parts of the neem tree in the treatment of different ailments. Results: The review consolidated findings from numerous studies, highlighting over 40 bioactive compounds present in various parts of the neem tree. Significant therapeutic effects were reported, with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties being the most prominent. Approximately 65% of the studies confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects, while around 60% supported anti-diabetic applications. Other notable findings included growth regulatory and anti-cancer properties, each supported by over 50% of the studies. Conclusion: Neem's diverse bioactive compounds demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic properties, underscoring its title as "The Village Pharmacy." The review confirms the substantial medicinal potential of neem, supporting its traditional uses and suggesting its valuable role in developing new pharmaceuticals. However, more clinical trials are recommended to validate these findings and ensure safe application.
... The chemical structures of various constituents 1-18 isolated from Amomum tsao-ko(He et al., 2021) Azadirecta indica (Myractaceae)Khosla et al., (2000) discovered that treating rabbits an aqueous extracts of neem leaves over 4 weeks lowered blood sugar levels after alloxan-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus substantially(Khosla et al., 2000). Giving neem root extract twice daily for 15 days resulted in significantly decreased blood sugar levels, according to research ofPatil et al., (2013). This effect was less significant and strong contrasted with glibenclamide.Patil et al., 2013 came to the conclusion that 70% alcoholic neem root extract had anti-diabetic properties(Patil et al., 2013). ...
... s over 4 weeks lowered blood sugar levels after alloxan-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus substantially(Khosla et al., 2000). Giving neem root extract twice daily for 15 days resulted in significantly decreased blood sugar levels, according to research ofPatil et al., (2013). This effect was less significant and strong contrasted with glibenclamide.Patil et al., 2013 came to the conclusion that 70% alcoholic neem root extract had anti-diabetic properties(Patil et al., 2013). The actions of Azadirecta indica leaves extracts on the activation of insulin signalling markers and glucose metabolism in targeted site of high-fat and fructose-induced type 2 diabetic rats were investigated bySatyanarayana et ...
... Giving neem root extract twice daily for 15 days resulted in significantly decreased blood sugar levels, according to research ofPatil et al., (2013). This effect was less significant and strong contrasted with glibenclamide.Patil et al., 2013 came to the conclusion that 70% alcoholic neem root extract had anti-diabetic properties(Patil et al., 2013). The actions of Azadirecta indica leaves extracts on the activation of insulin signalling markers and glucose metabolism in targeted site of high-fat and fructose-induced type 2 diabetic rats were investigated bySatyanarayana et al. in 2015. ...
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has been one of the most common types of diabetes, affecting more than 90% of the population. High blood sugar levels can lead to stiffness, kidney failure, hypertrophy, strokes, or heart attack. Other than these serve consequences,some major secondary symptoms include loss of eyesight, hearing and cognitive ability. Conventional drugs for the treatment of T2DM such as biguanides like metformin, glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose, miglitol, sulphonyl urea like glibenclamides have shown severe side effects on the body such as insulin resistance, brain atrophy, fatty liver, etc. So these adverse effect can be minimize by using the natural bioactive constituents isolated from the plants. Medicinal herbs have long been utilised as diabetes treatments all throughout the world. They create a wide range of chemical substances with biological activity and antidiabetic characteristics. The management of many diseases as well as the overall enhancement of human well-being rely heavily on phytoconstituents. The goal of the present study is to provide a comprehensive account of the current state of antidiabetic herbal medicine research and development, with a focus on phytoconstituents and their potential anti-diabetic effects.
... Neem provides 75% protection from HIV infection. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Azadirachta in dental health Dental problems have become a global public health concern. ...
... The author declares no competing interest. [20,21] Flowers Antifertility Antioxidant [22,11] Stem Antioxidant [11] Seed Antimicrobial Anti-inflammatory [23,24] Oil Antifertility [25] Root bark Antidiabetic [26] AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION Nayan Kolhe, Karpe Akanksha, Pratiksha Deshmukh, Suyash Marathe, Apeksha Mande, Rutuja Dighe wrote the manuscript and Nayan Kolhe, Mukul Barwant reviewed the manuscript. ...
Article
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as Neem, has been used for centuries for both medicinal and ritual purposes. This plant’s accessibility and affordability have made it a popular choice for many individuals. Several studies have investigated the therapeutic potential of this plant, from its leaves to its bark. Neem is utilized in many traditional treatments because of its abundance of biologically active components. Nimbin, cyclic trisulfide, azadirachtin, nimbolide, nimbidin, mamoodin, and gedunin, among others, are used as spermicidal, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, antigastric ulcer, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antifungal, diuretic, antimalarial and antitumor agents. Conventionally, diverse parts of the plant have been used by residents from various nations to treat a variety of diseases, including leprosy, eye problems, anorexia, skin ulcers, biliousness, intestinal worm elimination, epistaxis, and skin diseases such as burning consciousness, ringworms, wounds and itching. It additionally serves as a pain reliever, substitute treatment, and cure for fever and urinary problems. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Azadirachta indica
... While physical inactivity, obesity, high cholesterol level, hypertension, smoking and low education are also the main risk factors for diabetes. As high percentage of the patients had a family history of diabetes, it is clear that this condition has genetic role and can be passed on from parent to child [13]. ...
... Research also shows that the majority of diabetic people (60%) were taking combined therapy and few were taking mono therapy 32% and very small no of patients were taking insulin injections 8%. From survey it is verified that glucose level is well controlled by combined therapy [13]. ...
Article
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Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide and is associated with several complications that can lead to severe health problems. Objectives of the study were to investigate the age-wise, gender-wise prevalence of diabetes, its risk factors in district Dera Ismail Khan and aimed to examine several diabetic complications by gathering pertinent information about the patients, such as their name, age, gender, height, weight, age of onset, family history of the illness, and any other visceral organ problems. A total of 600 subjects were included in the study and blood samples were collected randomly through a disposable syringe, from different tehsils of district Dera Ismail Khan. Blood glucose levels were analyzed using glucose reagent and a chemistry analyzer machine. The collected data was analyzed using statistical tools like SPSS. Total prevalence of diabetes was found 38%, indicating that diabetes had reached epidemic proportions in the area and the majority of diabetic patients were between the ages 41 to 60 years due to obesity, improper diet, and sedentary lifestyle. Combined therapy was found to be the most effective treatment for controlling blood glucose levels. The study also found that diabetic retinopathy was present in 28.5% of diabetic patients, with men being more prone to ocular disorders than women. Overall, this study highlights the urgent need for diabetes prevention and management in the Dera Ismail Khan district, as healthy lifestyle, regular screening and early detection can help reduce the burden of diabetes, its associated complications on individuals and society.
... -Nimbin, Nimbidin, Nimbolinin, 6-desacetyl nimbinene, Nimbenane, Nimbiol (Kokate et al., 2010) [18] . 70% alcoholic Neem root bark extract was found to have anti diabetic activity (Patil et al., 2013) [19] in dose dependent manner. The plant exerts its hypoglycemic activity by blocking the action of epinephrine on glucose metabolism which in turn increases the utilization of peripheral glucose (Chattopadhyay, 1998) [20] . ...
... -Nimbin, Nimbidin, Nimbolinin, 6-desacetyl nimbinene, Nimbenane, Nimbiol (Kokate et al., 2010) [18] . 70% alcoholic Neem root bark extract was found to have anti diabetic activity (Patil et al., 2013) [19] in dose dependent manner. The plant exerts its hypoglycemic activity by blocking the action of epinephrine on glucose metabolism which in turn increases the utilization of peripheral glucose (Chattopadhyay, 1998) [20] . ...
Article
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India has vast resources of plants which possess medicinal properties. These plants and its parts have been used in the treatment of various human ailments since ancient times. Diabetes mellitus is a frequent metabolic disorder which has unfurled across the continents. Researches have been conducted all over the world on the plants which are reported to have anti diabetic properties. The present paper reviews ten (10) such plants which are found in the Southern parts of West Bengal with their active constituents, parts used and mode of action against Diabetes mellitus. The plants which are most used by the local people of South Bengal for remedies against the disease are-Aegle Marmelos
... While physical inactivity, obesity, high cholesterol level, hypertension, smoking and low education are also the main risk factors for diabetes. As high percentage of the patients had a family history of diabetes, it is clear that this condition has genetic role and can be passed on from parent to child [13]. ...
... Research also shows that the majority of diabetic people (60%) were taking combined therapy and few were taking mono therapy 32% and very small no of patients were taking insulin injections 8%. From survey it is verified that glucose level is well controlled by combined therapy [13]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide and is associated with several complications that can lead to severe health problems. Objectives of the study were to investigate the age-wise, gender-wise prevalence of diabetes, its risk factors in district Dera Ismail Khan and aimed to examine several diabetic complications by gathering pertinent information about the patients, such as their name, age, gender, height, weight, age of onset, family history of the illness, and any other visceral organ problems. A total of 600 subjects were included in the study and blood samples were collected randomly through a disposable syringe, from different tehsils of district Dera Ismail Khan. Blood glucose levels were analyzed using glucose reagent and a chemistry analyzer machine. The collected data was analyzed using statistical tools like SPSS. Total prevalence of diabetes was found 38%, indicating that diabetes had reached epidemic proportions in the area and the majority of diabetic patients were between the ages 41 to 60 years due to obesity, improper diet, and sedentary lifestyle. Combined therapy was found to be the most effective treatment for controlling blood glucose levels. The study also found that diabetic retinopathy was present in 28.5% of diabetic patients, with men being more prone to ocular disorders than women. Overall, this study highlights the urgent need for diabetes prevention and management in the Dera Ismail Khan district, as healthy lifestyle, regular screening and early detection can help reduce the burden of diabetes, its associated complications on individuals and society.
... Additionally, neem may interact with certain medications, including antidiabetic drugs and immuno suppressants, potentially altering their effects. [56][57][58][59][60][61][62] Jamun Jamun (Syzygium cumini), also known as Java plum or Indian blackberry, is one such plant with historic evident for its potential health benefits and usage in traditional medicine. A common practice followed traditionally to cure diabetes using Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) by homemade decoction, extract with water and alcohol, lyophilized powder prevails. ...
... Neem, also known as Azadirachta indica or Indian lilac, is a native plant obtained from the Neem tree (ASCHER, 1993). Neem leaves and their components have been reported to exhibit antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects (SINGH et al., 2005), anti-inflammatory activity (BISWAS et al., 2002), antihyperglycemic effects (PATIL et al., 2013), immunomodulatory properties (KUMAR Parainfluenza 1 and 3 (HPIV-1 and HPIV-3) and Sendai virus strains. The clinical symptoms of bovine BPIV-3 infections can vary significantly, from asymptomatic to a severe respiratory disease. ...
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ABSTRACT Neem extracts and bioactive compounds which have been widely utilized in medicine for some time, exhibit regulatory effects in relation to various biological mechanisms, and include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, as well as antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Thus, this clearly underscores the pivotal role of Neem Bark in modulation of various biological pathways. The present study evaluated the antiviral activity of Azadirachta indica (Neem Bark) extract on Bovine Corona Virus (BCoV), Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BHV-1), Bovine Parainfluenza Virus-3 (BPIV-3) and Bovine Entero Virus (BEV) in vitro. The aim of the present study was to determine whether its antiviral activities were effective in the cell entry or replication phase of each virus. As a result of the WST-1 test, performed to determine the non-cytotoxic dose of NBE, it was determined that concentrations lower than 0.87 mg/mL were not cytotoxic in an MDBK cell line. Although Neem Bark extract (NBE) did not have any significant effect on the attachment of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus-3 and Bovine Entero Virus to the host cell, a 100-fold decrease in TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) values of Bovine Corona Virus treated with Neem extract was detected, and virus replication was completely blocked in Bovine Herpes Virus-1. In conclusion, we suggest that it would be valuable to evaluate its antiviral activity on Bovine Corona Virus and Bovine Herpes Virus-1 in vivo. Additionally, the detailed determination of the effectiveness of NBE against other viruses would contribute to future antiviral drug trials.
... Studies indicate that tannins from this species are particularly effective for medicinal applications, highlighting their potential as a therapeutic agent for health treatments due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties (Mahmoud et al., 2011;Patil et al., 2013;Patel et al., 2013). According to the results found in this research, the fact that tannins concentrations are not affected by the age of the plant allows for adequate management of A. indica. ...
Article
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Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the influence of tree age on the condensed tannins content in the bark of two forest species. Theoretical Framework: Tannins are phenolic compounds present in various parts of plants and have consolidated applications in the market. This way, silvicultural studies of different species with the potential to produce are relevant. Method: Barks of Azadirachta indica at 5, 6, and 7 years and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia at 6, 7, and 9 years were collected from an experimental plantation located in a forest area in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The barks were then air-dried and ground to obtain a material subjected to extraction. Total solids content, Stiasny index, and condensed tannin content were determined from the hot-water extracts. Results and Discussion: The condensed tannins content in A. indica bark did not vary as tree age increased, while for M. caesalpiniaefolia, the most productive age was determined to be six years old. Research Implications: The experimental approach showed that A. indica presented stable tannin content in the bark regardless of age, allowing continuous and flexible management to produce these extractives. In contrast, M. caesalpiniifolia presented condensed tannins, with their reactivity decreasing with age, indicating that younger trees are more suitable for high-quality extractions and commercial production. Originality/Value: Tannins content in Azadirachta indica bark remains stable over time, facilitating continuous management and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia bark, the concentration of tannins is higher in younger trees.
... The purpose of the study was to examine the antiinflammatory properties of lawsonia inner mis (henna) and azadirachta indica individual extracts in vitro while utilizing the same solvent in combination. [13] When compared to diclofenac sodium, the ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica has anti-inflammatory properties. Diclofenac sodium at 50, 100, and 200 µg/ml inhibits protein denaturation in percentage terms as well as in terms of membrane stabilizing ethanolic extract. ...
Article
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Azadirachta indica, or neem, is a plant whose therapeutic virtues have made it popular around the world in recent years. Neem is a contemporary medical marvel that has been utilized widely in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Homoeopathic treatment. Neem is a lovely evergreen tree with wide leaves that may reach heights of 30 meters and widths of 2.5 meters. Its normally straight trunk has a diameter of 30 to 80 cm. Its outspread branches create a circular crown with up to 20 meters wide deep green foliage and fragrant honey blooms. Azadirachtin is a common starting point for the synthesis of biopesticides, but it also has additional qualities that have been identified, the most notable of which are its antimalarial and anticancer effects. There are several different techniques for extracting azadirachtin, such as solvent extraction at high or low temperatures and solid-liquid extraction. Alcohol-based solvents are favored for isolating azadirachtin from plant components because they are linked to greater extraction yields. Extracts must usually be cleaned up before they can be further purified. Neem seeds have yielded the greatest quantities of azadirachtin; nonetheless, there is a significant fluctuation in concentration values across batches. Therefore, regular techniques for azadirachtin identification and quantification must be established in addition to extraction processes. This study aims to discuss the pharmacological relevance, phytochemistry, taxonomy, and traditional usage of the Azadirachta indica species.
... The paper discusses how neem's phytochemicals can help purify soil and groundwater in contaminated areas. According to Patil et al. (2013), a reseach was conducted to assess the 70% alcoholic neem root bark extract (NRE) in diabetes. The findings indicated that the 800 mg/kg dosage of neem root bark extract produced statistically significant outcomes. ...
Article
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The phytochemical screening of (Azadirachta indica) Neem leaf extract was conducted to identify and quantify the presence of bioactive compounds. The study conducted various tests to assess the phytochemical components. About 1kg of matured fresh leaves of (Azadirachta indica) neem was collected from five (5) different location in Bauchi metropolis, these locations are; Kobi Street, Gida Dubu, Yelwan Tudu, Wuntin dada and Federal Low-cost areas in Bauchi metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria. The leaves of the plant, which were ground into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle. An ethylacetate solvent was used to derive the A. indica leaf extract. The results of the research shows that the presence of alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and cardiac glycosides in the neem leaf extract is significant, and flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids were not detected in the neem leaf extract. The presence of alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and cardiac glycosides suggests that neem leaves may hold promise in traditional and contemporary medicinal practices. Alkaloids, known for their pharmacological significance, may contribute to the plant's therapeutic properties. Saponins, with their frothing and foaming characteristics, have been associated with immunomodulatory effects and their potential in agrochemical applications. Phenolic compounds, as evidenced by the positive response to the Ferric chloride test, indicate the antioxidant potential of neem leaves, which can combat oxidative stress. Conversely, the absence of flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids suggests that these specific phytochemical classes may be limited in neem leaves. These findings open avenues for further research and utilization of neem as a valuable natural resource.
... Another experiment was conducted to examine the pharmacological hypoglycaemic action of neem in diabetic rats and results showed that in a glucose tolerance test with neem extract 250 mg/kg demonstrated glucose levels were significantly less as compared to the control group and neem significantly reduce glucose levels at 15 th day in diabetic rats [29] . Results of a study undertaken to evaluate the 70% alcoholic neem root bark extract (NRE) in diabetes showed that neem root bark extract showed statistically significant results in 800 mg/kg dose [30] . ...
... Find out what increases your risk, how it develops, and other details. [11,12] ...
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Azadirachta indica, generally known as neem, is widely distributed in several semi-tropical and tropical nations, including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. For ages, the components derived from the neem plant have been utilized in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including cancer. The extracts of neem seeds, leaves, blossoms, and fruits have repeatedly demonstrated chemo preventive and antitumor activities in many forms of cancer. Azadirachtin and nimbolide are two of the few bioactive components of neem that have been thoroughly investigated, although more research on a wide range of other bioactive components is needed. The primary anticancer effects of neem components on malignant cells include cell growth inhibition, cell death induction, suppression of cancer angiogenesis, restoration of cellular reduction/oxidation (redox) balance, and stimulation of host immunological responses against tumor cells. Importantly, the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities of neem components are tumor-specific, with no effect on normal cells. Furthermore, neem extracts make cancer cells more susceptible to immunotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as improve the efficacy of certain cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. This review highlights the most recent research on the oral anticancer properties of neem components and their potential impact on cancer incidence and treatment management.
... Diterpenoids from the roots of AI have been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects [12]. Earlier studies have confirmed their roles as antioxidants [13], inhibitors of angiogenesis [14], and antidiabetics [15]. Decoction of the stems of TC has been employed as an antipyretic in Thai folk treatments to reduce thirst, boost appetite, decrease body temperature, and preserve good health [16,17]. ...
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Tri-Yannarose is a Thai traditional herbal medicine formula composed of Areca catechu, Azadirachta indica, and Tinospora crispa. It possesses antipyretic, diuretic, expectorant, and appetite-stimulating effects. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities, cytotoxicity, and chemical constituents of an aqueous extract following a Tri-Yannarose recipe and its plant ingredients. The phytochemical analysis was performed using LC-QTOF-MS. Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH, ABTS, TPC, TFC, FRAP, NBT, MCA, and ORAC assays. Cytotoxicity was investigated using a methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. In addition, the relationship between the chemical composition of Tri-Yannarose and antioxidant activities was investigated by examining the structure–activity relationship (SAR). The results of the LC-QTOF-MS analysis revealed trigonelline, succinic acid, citric acid, and other chemical constituents. The aqueous extract of the recipe showed significant scavenging effects against ABTS and DPPH radicals, with IC50 values of 1054.843 ± 151.330 and 747.210 ± 44.173 µg/mL, respectively. The TPC of the recipe was 92.685 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of extract and the TFC was 14.160 mg of catechin equivalent/g of extract. All extracts demonstrated lower toxicity in the Vero cell line according to the MTT assay. In addition, the SAR analysis indicated that prenyl arabinosyl-(1–6)-glucoside and quinic acid were the primary antioxidant compounds in the Tri-Yannarose extract. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Tri-Yannarose and its plant ingredients have potent antioxidant activities with low toxicity. These results support the application of the Tri-Yannarose recipe for the management of a range of disorders related to oxidative stress.
... NRE) was given in the dose of 800 mg/kg showed important reduction in blood sugar level. They have reduced the blood sugar level very fastly.54 ...
... A. indica is known for its anti-diabetic activity. Extracts of A. indica have prevented oxidative stress and diabetes (Patil et al., 2013;Satyanarayana et al., 2015). In our earlier study, we isolated Nimbin (N1) from A. indica and modified them semi-synthetically to analogs (N2) and (N3). ...
Article
Background Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin dysfunction or failure of the pancreatic β-cells to produce insulin resulting in hyperglycemia. Adverse effects of hyperglycemic conditions continue to be common, reducing treatment adherence. Intensified therapies are required for the constant loss of endogenous islet reserve. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Nimbin semi-natural analogs (N2, N5, N7, and N8) from A. indica on high glucose-induced ROS and apoptosis with insulin resistance in L6 myotubes evaluated along with Wortmannin and Genistein inhibitors and the expression of key genes in the insulin signalling pathway. Materials and methods The analogs were screened for anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activity using cell-free assays; The ability of analogs to suppress ROS and prevent apoptosis induced by High glucose and uptake glucose and glycogen storage in L6 myotubes was evaluated using DCFH-DA, AO-PI and 2NBDG staining. Further, the glucose uptake was performed in the presence of Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (IRTK) inhibitors, and the expression of key genes PI3K, Glut-4, GS and IRTK in the insulin signalling pathway were evaluated. Key findings The Nimbin analogs were not toxic to the L6 cells, and the analogs could scavenge ROS and suppress cellular damage induced due to high glucose. Enhanced glucose uptake was observed in N2, N5 and N7 compared to N8. The maximum activity of optimum concentration was found to be 100 μM. The N2, N5 and N7 showed an increase in IRTK, which is equivalent to insulin at a concentration of 100 µM. The IRTK inhibitor with Genistein (50 µM) confirmed the presence of IRTK-dependent glucose transport activation; it also supports the expression of key genes PI3K, Glut-4, GS and IRTK. As a result of PI3K activation, N2, N5, and N7 exhibited the insulin-mimetic effect by enhancing glucose uptake and glycogen conversion regulating glucose metabolism. Significance N2, N5 and N7 could therapeutically benefit against insulin resistance by glucose metabolism modulation, insulin secretion, β-cell stimulation, inhibition of gluconeogenic enzymes and ROS protection.
... Neem is called 'arista' in Sanskrit a word that means 'perfect, complete and imperishable'. and also consider as a 'reliver of sickness' and hence is considered as 'Sarbarogaribarini' Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem or Indian lilac, and is native to India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Maldives [1] . It is typically grown in tropical and semitropical region. ...
... During the OGTT studies, we first analyzed the antihyperglycemic activity of different extracts (aqueous extract, DCM extract from the aqueous extract and DCM extract) of P. oleosa alone. An oral administration dose of 400 mg/kg was selected for each P. oleosa extract, as this dose had already been described in the literature for the extracts of other plants cited in this work (Atangwho et al., 2014;Attakpa et al., 2017;Faisal et al., 2014;Patil et al., 2013). As a result, only the dichloromethane extract was able to significantly reduce the area under the curve (AUC) when compared to the CTL HFD group (Fig. 3A&B). ...
Article
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have shown antidiabetic activity in multiple studies and can be produced by different plant-mediated ("green") methods. This study aimed to compare ZnONPs prepared via different "green" approaches (heating at high temperatures (400 °C) vs. low temperature (70°C)). The low temperature method involved addition of suspending agents (Tween 80 or gum arabic) and pH variations followed by lyophilization. The study evaluated the hypoglycemic potential of ZnONPs with the best properties (quantity of capped agents and stability) compared to the plant extract per se. The ZnONP synthesis involved a mixture of zinc nitrate hexahydrate as the zinc precursor and a plant extract with high antioxidant activity as the capping agent supplier. The results of the studies showed that the procedure using high-temperature heating resulted in almost uncapped nanoparticles with phytocompounds (0.01% of phenolic compounds) and nanoparticle sizes larger than 300 nm. The low-temperature method produced ZnONPs with high retention of capping agents (92.90% of phenolic compounds) and a size of approximately 200 nm. The use of Tween 80 with pH adjustment between 9 and 10 resulted in more stable nanoparticles than with gum arabic. These nanoparticles prepared with Tween 80, exhibited a pronounced in vivo antihyperglycemic activity at a much lower dose (10 mg ZnO/kg capped by 0.31 mg phenolic compounds per kg) than the extracts alone (400 mg extract/kg) following an oral glucose tolerance test. These results demonstrated that green-synthesized ZnONPs with a high retention rate of phytochemicals can induce antihyperglycemic effects at a low dose.
... Antidiabetic Decreases blood sugar level and precludes adrenaline and glucose-induced hyperglycemia 29 . ...
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Currently Azadirachta indica-Neem formulations are apparentlyeffective against a variety of diseases, ulcers, eczema, sores, burns, ulcers etc.it has been used in ayurvedic medicines for thousands of years because it exhibits therapeutic properties such as antiviral, antifungal, anti-insecticidal, antibacterial, antiallergic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory and anti-dermatic. Approximately 135 different structural compounds have been identified from different part of neem tree for their beneficial effects.
... Adipokines' secretion disrupts insulin signalling, which leads to a demand for the production of insulin (Belguith-Hadriche et al., 2016). The pancreatic β-cells release insulin to recompense the poor compliance of insulin action, enabling normal glucose tolerance to be maintained (Patil et al., 2013;Nam et al., 2021). Fat accumulation in the adipocytes' cytoplasm is regulated by two crucial lipid metabolizing enzymes: Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) and Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL). ...
Article
Background: Excess accumulation of lipids leads to obesity. Triterpenoids are a group of plant compounds which poses various biological activities. The biological activities of Nimbin analogs N5 and N7 were addressed in this study on inhibiting lipid aggregation and underlying the derivatives molecular mechanisms for a therapeutical approach. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the anti-adipogenic activity of semi-natural Nimbin analogs, N5 and N7, on zebrafish larvae induced with oxidative stress due to a high-fat diet (HFD) and adipogenesis using specific fluorescent stains. Materials and methods: Zebrafish at 4 days post fertilized (dpf) larvae were divided into groups for the HFD diet along with exposure to various concentrations of N5 and N7. HFD induced accumulation of neutral lipids and triglycerides (Oil Red O and Nile red staining, respectively) with weight gain, which generated intracellular ROS (DCFH-DA staining) and superoxide anion production (DHE staining) with depleted glutathione levels (NDA staining) were assayed. HFD exposure promoted the accumulation of inflammatory macrophages (Neutral red staining) and impaired glucose metabolism (2NBDG staining). The ability of N5 and N7 to reduce total regulating lipogenic specific genes C/EBP-α, SREBP-1 and FAS were evaluated using relative gene expression. Key findings: The Nimbin analogues N5 and N7 suppressed adipogenesis, forming intracellular ROS and superoxide anion while simultaneously restoring glutathione levels. The analogues significantly lowered total TC and TG levels, prevented inflammatory macrophage build-up and boosted glucose absorption. Also, N5 and N7 down-regulate the lipogenic-specific genes. Significance: Nimbin analogs N5 and N7 enhance lipolysis and inhibit adipogenesis in in-vivo zebrafish larvae model.
... Neem is a member of the Meliaceae family and widely used in Unani, Ayurveda, and TCM, especially in the Indian subcontinent, for various ailments (Neelakantan et al., 2014;Brahmachari, 2004). Various scientific studies have been undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Neem root bark extract on diabetes, and statistically significant results has been reported for reduction of blood sugar level (Ketkar and Ketkar, 2004;Patil et al., 2013;Dholi et al., 2011;. ...
... Neem is a member of the Meliaceae family and widely used in Unani, Ayurveda, and TCM, especially in the Indian subcontinent, for various ailments (Neelakantan et al., 2014;Brahmachari, 2004). Various scientific studies have been undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Neem root bark extract on diabetes, and statistically significant results has been reported for reduction of blood sugar level (Ketkar and Ketkar, 2004;Patil et al., 2013;Dholi et al., 2011;. ...
... Astudied dishes were incubated at 25 ° C and for 10 days, the diameter of the growing colony was measured . Results were recorded", and the inhibition ratio was calculated by using the following [16] ": ...
Article
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The present study appearing various compounds that have been isolated from Azadirachta indica and showed natural compounds from leaves against three typs of pathogenic fungi are as follows:" Alternaria alternate, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and Sordaria fimicola" . The Phytochemical of of Azadirachta indica leaves were exposed to (GC-MS) analysis. The results showed highest activity against all reviewed fungal, in Alternaria alternate, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and Sordaria fimicola. the three concentrations of extract (20,30,40 mg/ml) in respectively" were given a results ( 0.00) mm in the diameter of colonies. The GC-MS analysis of Azadirachta indica leaves parts showed the presence of : 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)- ؛(R)-(+)-Limonene ؛1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-cyclohexane ؛ 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-2-1-methylvinyl)-1-vinylcyclohexane) ؛ trans-beta-caryophyllene ؛ Bicyclo [2.2.1]heptane, 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylene-,dimer ؛ 1R,1α,3α,4β-4-Ethenyl-α,α,4-trimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexanemethanol diethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate Neantine ؛Selinenol ؛ 2-(4a,8-Dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-2-naphthalenyl)-2-propanol؛ tert-Butyl(6-bromofuro[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-methylcarbamate ؛ Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) ؛Palmitic acid, ethyl ester ؛ 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (2E,7R,11R)- ؛ cis-9-Octadecenoic acid ؛9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, ethyl ester ؛ Behenic acid ethyl ester ؛ Oleic Acid_GurudeebanSatyavani ؛ Acetyl-O-anisidine ؛ 1-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzene ؛ 1-(1Z-octadecenyl)-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine ؛ 23-[2-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)cyclopropyl]-24-nor-5alpha-cholane ؛ Nikko Squalane EX ؛ 24S-Ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol ؛ (2-Dodecen-1-yl)succinic anhydride, technical
... Its anticlotting phytoconstituents make it helpful in treating snake venom and insect bites. Other neem seeds and leaf products have practical uses, such as antiseptic creams, soaps, repellents, ointments, etc. (Biswas et al., 2002;Kumar and Navaratnam, 2013;Patil et al., 2013;Upadhyay et al., 1992). ...
Article
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Human respiratory diseases caused by viral infections leads to morbidity. Among infectious diseases, viral infections associated with the respiratory tract remain the primary reason for global deaths due to their transmissibility. Since immemorial, traditional Indian medicinal plants, their extracts, and several phytochemicals can treat various diseases. Sources for this review paper are data derived from a peer-reviewed journal that emphasizes the economic importance of medicinal plants. Several plant-based medicines have been reported to be effective against multiple viral infections, including the Human Adenovirus, Enterovirus, Influenza virus, Hepatitis virus, etc. This review emphasizes use of the Indian medicinal plants like as Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha, Winter Cherry), Moringa oleifera (Drumstick), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Terminalia chebula (Chebulic Myrobalan), Punica granatum (Pomegranate) and the Indian household spices (ginger, garlic and black pepper). It further describes their secondary phytoconstituents extraction procedure, mode of action and the potential application to improve clinical outcomes of neutraceuticals against various viral infections.
... Neem is a member of the Meliaceae family and widely used in Unani, Ayurveda, and TCM, especially in the Indian subcontinent, for various ailments (Neelakantan et al., 2014;Brahmachari, 2004). Various scientific studies have been undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Neem root bark extract on diabetes, and statistically significant results has been reported for reduction of blood sugar level (Ketkar and Ketkar, 2004;Patil et al., 2013;Dholi et al., 2011;Bhat et al., 2011). ...
Chapter
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly becoming one of the most common non-communicable diseases. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and negative nitrogen balance. It mainly occurs due to lack of insulin secretion from beta cells of Pancreas and desensitization of insulin receptors. In Unani classical text, diabetes is described by many renowned Unani physicians, like Zakaria Al Razi, Ali Ibn Abbas Majoosi, Ibn Sina, Ismail Jurjani, Ibn Zuhar, and Ibn Hubal Baghdadi, with various names such as Ziabetus, Moattasha, Barkarya Qamamees, etc. According to Hippocrate, Ziabetus Shakri (DM) is a disease of Sue Mizaj Haar Yabis, and hence the Barid Ratab Mizaj herbs which exhibit properties of Muqawwi-e-Gurda are beneficial. On the other hand, Jalinoos described that the use of alkalizer and Tabreed kulliya and Qabizatwa Hamizat foods are the only treatment for Ziabetus Shakri. In the present chapter, the recent advances in the development of single drugs and compound formulations
... Neem is a member of the Meliaceae family and widely used in Unani, Ayurveda, and TCM, especially in the Indian subcontinent, for various ailments (Neelakantan et al., 2014;Brahmachari, 2004). Various scientific studies have been undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Neem root bark extract on diabetes, and statistically significant results has been reported for reduction of blood sugar level (Ketkar and Ketkar, 2004;Patil et al., 2013;Dholi et al., 2011;Bhat et al., 2011). ...
Chapter
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly becoming one of the most common non-communicable diseases. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and negative nitrogen balance. It mainly occurs due to lack of insulin secretion from beta cells of Pancreas and desensitization of insulin receptors. In Unani classical text, diabetes is described by many renowned Unani physicians, like Zakaria Al Razi, Ali Ibn Abbas Majoosi, Ibn Sina, Ismail Jurjani, Ibn Zuhar, and Ibn Hubal Baghdadi, with various names such as Ziabetus, Moattasha, Barkarya Qamamees, etc. According to Hippocrate, Ziabetus Shakri (DM) is a disease of Sue Mizaj Haar Yabis, and hence the Barid Ratab Mizaj herbs which exhibit properties of Muqawwi-e-Gurda are beneficial. On the other hand, Jalinoos described that the use of alkalizer and Tabreed kulliya and Qabizatwa Hamizat foods are the only treatment for Ziabetus Shakri. In the present chapter, the recent advances in the development of single drugs and compound formulations.
... Anti hyperglycemic activity: Alcoholic extract of the bark of A. Indica, in a dose of 800 mg/kg, showed significant antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetes in rats using glibenclamide as standard (Patil et al., 2013). ...
Preprint
In Ayurvedic system, there is a concept that certain drugs perform well in combination (Yoga) than used as individual in single. Ancient practitioners selected various plants, based on their experiences and combined them in formulations to enhance the efficacy and also to reduce side effects. Panchatikta is a drug combination consisting of five tiktarasa (bitter taste) drugs which is widely used for skin diseases, ulcers and benign/malignant tumors. Azadirachta indica (stem bark), Tinospora cordifolia (stem), Justicia adhatoda (root), Solanum virginianum (root) and Trichosanthes dioica (aerial parts). Though each of the ingredient herbs of the combination has various study reports related to phytochemical and pharmacological activities, but studies on the combination as such is missing. Chemical constituents of ingredient drugs and their activities will have a direct impact on the activities of the combination as well. Present review is aimed at studying the chemical and pharmacological activities reported in the ingredient herbs which may point towards the chemical and pharmacological properties of the combination.
... Over a ten-year period, the population has increased rapidly, with 605,036, 000 in 2015 compared to 492, 883,000 in 2005. [3] Chronic damage is defined by Werdin et al. 2008 and is not carried out in an ordered and prompt manner after 3 months in order to produce anatomical and functional integrity. [4] The wound healing process completes in three phase: the inflammatory phase (establishment of homeostasis and inflammation), the restorative phase, and the regenerative phase. ...
... 70% ethanolic alcoholic of neem root extract (NRE) showed anti-diabetic activity, due to the glibenclamide reduced blood sugar levels significantly in the glucose tolerance test. Only an 800 mg/kg dosage of NRE produced statistically meaningful results (11) . The upregulated blood glucose, total plasma cholesterol such as LDL-c, and triglyceride levels in the three treatment groups of mice were considerably (P≤0.001) ...
Experiment Findings
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Background: Therapeutic plants are an important source of medicine, and various active compounds were isolated from the plants. As per the Indian traditional system of medicine, many medicinal plants have been used for the management of various health disorders, including diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that is also referred to as a lifestyle disorder that requires modifications in diet, exercise, and behavior along with medication. The present research work was designed to evaluate the impact of multiherbal formulations on blood sugar and body weight in albino rats. Three different formulations were prepared from five plant extracts (Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus emblica, Tamarindus indica, and Zingiber officinale). After daily administration of multiherbal formulations at a dose of 300 mg/kg b.wt. and the standard drug (Glibenclamide) at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.wt. for 15, 30, and 45 days, respectively, blood samples were collected from each rat and analyzed according to standard techniques (parameters). Blood sugar and body weight were measured. Results: There was a significant (p<0.01) increase in the blood sugar levels and a significant (p<0.01) decrease in the body weight in diabetic rats when compared with normal control. However, treatment of alloxan-injected rats with three different formulations significantly (p<0.01) decreased blood sugar levels and significantly (p<0.01) increased body weight as compared to the standard group and normal control group. Conclusion: The present study made us conclude that among the three different formulations, formulation-2 (Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, and Zingiber officinale) was more effective as compared to the other two formulations, exhibited an antihyperglycemic effect, and also possessed beneficial effects in diabetic rats.
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Neem (Azadirachta indica) belongs to the Meliaceae family and is known for its health-promoting effects due to its high antioxidant content. It has been extensively utilised in Chinese, Ayurvedic, and Unani remedies globally, particularly in the Indian Subcontinent, for the treatment and prevention of several ailments. Prior research has established that neem and its components are involved in the removal of free radicals and the prevention of disease development. Research conducted using animal models has demonstrated that neem and its primary components play a crucial role in the management of cancer by influencing numerous molecular pathways, such as p53, pTEN, NF-𝜅B, PI3K/Akt, Bcl-2, and VEGF. Medicinal plants are often regarded as safe and have the ability to regulate many biological processes without causing any negative effects. This article provides an overview of the role of Azadirachtaindica in the prevention and treatment of illnesses by regulating different biological and physiological pathways
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Neem (Azadirachta indica) belonging to the Meliaceae family is popular tree. In Traditional System of Medicine, bark, leaf, flower, seed, oil and other parts are used for number of aliments. Number of patents has been filed for neem for pharmacological uses. This review provides a detailed view on Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity reported so far.
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In light of the escalating global concern surrounding diabetes mellitus, contemporary medical practices predominantly hinge on pharmaceutical interventions, accompanied by inherent side effects and enduring limitations. This investigation accentuates a discernible research void regarding the amalgamation of Ayurvedic principles an age-old traditional medical system with prevalent approaches to diabetes management. Despite Ayurveda's promising potential in furnishing a comprehensive and personalized strategy for diabetes treatment, the imperative for further research and collaboration between Ayurvedic practitioners and contemporary healthcare professionals becomes evident. Existing scholarly works underscore the potential advantages of Ayurveda in delivering holistic diabetes care, encompassing not only glycemic control but also fostering overall well-being. Nevertheless, a closer examination reveals specific limitations, challenges, and gaps in current research, necessitating targeted efforts to enable a more exhaustive exploration of Ayurvedic interventions within diabetes management. This comprehensive review scrutinizes Ayurvedic recommendations pertaining to dietary practices, lifestyle adjustments, and herbal therapeutics, shedding light on their plausible efficacy. It serves as a clarion call for heightened research endeavors, aiming to bridge existing gaps and carve a pathway toward an integrated, patientcentric paradigm in diabetes care. In summary, as diabetes prevalence continues to rise globally, the study underscores the limitations of current pharmaceutical-centric approaches and highlights the need for extensive research and collaboration to unlock the full potential of Ayurvedic principles in providing a more holistic and personalized framework for diabetes management. The review navigates through Ayurvedic recommendations, emphasizing the urgency for intensified research efforts to fill existing gaps and pave the way for a seamlessly integrated, patient-focused approach to diabetes care.
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The Neem and Butterfly Pea Plants have gained much attention recently due to their medicinal value, therapeutic effect, and nutritive role. A comparative study of Neem and Butterfly Pea Plants through biochemical parameters proves helpful in determining their role in a preferential manner. This was an analytic/experimental study on the proximate analysis of Neem and Butterfly pea plant. The plant sampling was done within the premises of the University of Sindh in the month of December 2022. The proximate analysis was done in the lab of the Institute of Biochemistry University of Sindh. The resulting data was compiled and the average and standard deviation were calculated from the replicate values of Neem and Butterfly pea plant samples. Further data was analyzed using SPSS software version 21, and a t-test was performed to find the level of significance between the two groups. The P value of <0.05 was set as statistically significant. We observed that the Butterfly pea plants were more under the effect of Nitric acid and Ethanol compared to the Neem. Also, the Leaves and Stem obtained from the Butterfly pea plants were more under effect of Nitric acid and Ethanol compared to the Neem. 88% of the stem portion of Butterfly Pea Plant was solubilized by HNO3 and 92% of the leaf portion of Butterfly Pea Plant was solubilized by HNO3. The results from our proximate analysis indicated that the proximate values Butterfly Pea Plants vary greatly compared to the Neem. Our results concluded that the Butterfly pea plants had more ethanol soluble and Nitric acid soluble components compared to the Neem. This study is important in providing additional knowledge about proximate values, the medicinal and biochemical role of Butterfly Pea Plants, and their comparison with the Neem.
Chapter
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Millettia pinnata is a type of leguminous pea tree that grows naturally in East Asia, Tropical Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. The roots, bark, leaves, flowers and seeds of this plant also have medicinal properties and are traditionally used as medicinal plants.
Chapter
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Jungle jalebi is an evergreen tree which belongs to family Leguminoceae. It is widely distributed in the greater part of India and is also found in Southeast Asia [1] . This Plant is known by various names at different regions such as In Hindi- Vilayati babool, vilayati imlee, jungle jalebi; In English- Quamachil, Madras thorn, manila tamarind; In Bengali�Dekhani babul; In Telugu- Simachinta; In Tamil- Kodukkaapuli etc [2] . The generic name is derived from the Greek word as ‘Pithekos’ meaning an ape and lobos refers to a pod and its species name as ‘dulce’ in Latin means sweet in reference to the palatable pulp of the pod. This plant is also recognized as ‘jungli jalebi’ because its fruits resembles as Indian sweet ‘jalebi’. The bark of this plant is used as an astringent in the treatment of dysentery, febrifuge and also used in dermatitis and iinflammation of eye. Their leaves have been used as astringent, emollient, abortifiacient and antidiabetic agent. Jungle jalebi is well known for its edible fruits and they have been consumed for various ailments in a traditional manner
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Herbs have been used as sustenance and medicine for a very long time, often in conjunction with other prescribed medications. Even though they are thought to be natural and secure, many of these herbs can interact with other medications and cause potentially dangerous adverse effects or decrease the benefits of the medication. The complex and diverse pharmacological functions carried out by the active ingredients in herbs unavoidably alter the pharmacokinetics of chemical drugs when administered in vivo. Drug transporter expression has a direct impact on how medications are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in living organisms. Changes in substrate pharmacokinetics can affect the effectiveness and toxicity of a drug when the active ingredients of a herb inhibit or stimulate the expression of transporters. By reviewing published clinical and preclinical studies, this review aims to raise awareness of herb-drug interactions and discuss their evidence-based mechanisms and clinical consequences. More clinical information on herb-drug interactions is required to make choices regarding patient safety as the incidence and severity of herb-drug interactions are rising due to an increase in the use of herbal preparations globally.This review seeks to increase understanding of herb-drug interactions and explore their evidence-based mechanisms and clinical implications by reviewing published clinical and preclinical studies. The incidence and severity of herb-drug interactions are on the rise due to an increase in the use of herbal preparations worldwide, necessitating the need for more clinical data on these interactions in order to make decisions regarding patient safety. Healthcare workers and patients will become more alert to potential interactions as their knowledge of pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions grows. The study's objective is to raise readers' awareness of possible interactions between herbal supplements and prescription medications who regularly take them.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem owing to its high prevalence and increased morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of DM and impaired glucose tolerance in Uganda is approximately 4.1% and 6.6%, respectively. Medicinal plants are commonly used for the management of DM, especially in developing countries, such as Uganda . According to several ethnobotanical surveys conducted in Uganda, various medicinal plants are used in DM management. Meanwhile, ethnopharmacological studies have confirmed the anti-diabetic efficacy of various plants and plant-derived formulations from Uganda. However, these information remain highly fragmented without a single repository for plants used in the management and treatment of DM in Uganda, hindering further investigations. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively explore plants used for DM treatment in Uganda and retrieve relevant ethnopharmacological and ethnomedicinal information that can be used for DM therapy development. English peer-reviewed articles and books were searched in scientific databases, especially PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, SciFinder, and Medline, to retrieve information on medicinal plants used for DM treatment and management in Uganda. The databases were searched to obtain published literature on the anti-diabetic activities and safety of plants among the identified plants. The family name, plant parts used, anti-diabetic activities, dosage, and mechanisms of action of plant extracts were captured. In total, 46 species belonging to 26 families are used to treat DM in Uganda. Most species belonged to the Fabaceae (20%), Asteraceae (13%), and Solanaceae (7%) families. Anti-diabetic activities of 27 (59%) species have been scientifically investigated, whereas the rest have not been evaluated. This review indicated that various medicinal plants are used in the traditional treatment and management of DM across different regions in Uganda. Scientific investigations have revealed the anti-diabetic potential and safety of several of these plants. However, there is a need to validate the anti-diabetic potential of other unstudied plants. Additionally, isolating and characterizing active principles and elucidating the anti-diabetic mechanism of these plants and performing preclinical and clinical studies in the future could aid in the formulation of an effective and safe treatment for DM.
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Neem (Azadirachta indica) belongs to the Meliaceae family. Neem is well-known around the world for its medicinal and nutritional properties. Various parts of the plant like fruits, leaves, flowers, twigs, gum, seed, oil, bark, and root are known to have medicinal properties and are scientifically established for the various properties. Since ancient times, plant’s parts have been utilized for their medicinal value. The plant contains a high amount of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme, and many other phytoconstituents such as isoprenoid-containing protomeliacins, limonoids, azadirone and Csecomeliacins such as azadirachtin, nimbin, and salanin. The non-isoprenoids include sulphurous compounds, polyphenolics like flavonoids and their glycosides, dihydrochalcone, coumarin and tannins, proteins (amino acids) and carbohydrates (polysaccharides), as well as aliphatic compounds. Due to such type of versatile phytoconstituents, the plants show lots of pharmacological applications. In this review article, we summarized the information regarding the various pharmacological activities of neem plants. All information presented in this review article regarding the beneficial application of Neem (Azadirachta indica) has been acquired by imminent various electronic databases including Scopus, Google scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed. The Neem plant, including leaves, bark, latex, seed, and their active constituents, plays a significant part in the management of progressive illness. The neem plant contains active ingredients were accountable for the basketful therapeutic function such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antifertility, and also helps in proper digestion, hair growth, skin related problems and relief in menstrual pain and many more. The main findings showed that neem has strong medicinal properties and is also useful in cosmetic applications. There is no evidence of adverse effects of neem in literature. Only the people who are allergic to it can have side effects otherwise it is stomach friendly in all conditions due to which it can be applicable for treatment of various health related disorders. Keywords: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Phytochemical constituents, Therapeutic application
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Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic medical condition, has attained a global pandemic status over the last few decades affecting millions of people. Despite a variety of synthetic drugs available in the market, the use of herbal medicines for managing diabetes is gaining importance because of being comparatively safer. This article reviews the result of a substantial literature search on polyherbal formulations (PHFs) developed and evaluated with potential for DM. The accumulated data in the literature allowed us to enlist 83PHFs consisting of different parts of 147 plant species belonging to 58 botanical families. The documented plant species are laden with bioactive components with anti-diabetic properties and thus draw attention. The most favoured ingredient for PHFs was leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and seeds of Trigonellafoenum-graecum used in 29 and 27 formulations, respectively. Apart from herbs, shilajit (exudates from high mountain rocks) formed an important component of 9 PHFs, whereas calcined Mytilus margaritiferus and goat pancreas were used in Dolabi, the most commonly used tablet form of PHF in Indian markets. The healing properties of PHFs against diabetes have been examined in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) of action of PHFs are still unclear and considered the pitfalls inherent in understanding the benefits of PHFs. From the information available based on experimental systems, it could be concluded that plant-derived medicines will have a considerable role to play in the control of diabetes provided the challenges related to their bioavailability, bioefficacy, optimal dose, lack of characterization, ambiguous mechanism of action, and clinical efficiency are addressed.
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Neem has been used as a medicine due to its beneficial properties such as anti-microbial effects. Neem products for oral application are on the rise. Before recommendation for therapeutic use in human, its effects on cellular activities need to be examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effects of the ethanolic neem crude extract on dental pulp cells and osteoblasts in terms of cell viability, mineralization, and gene expressions. The ethanolic neem extract derived from dry neem leaves was subjected to chemical identification using GC-MS. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3) were treated with various concentrations of the neem crude extract. Cell viability, mineralization, and gene expressions were investigated by MTT assay, real-time PCR, and alizarin red S assay, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett test. GC-MS detected several substance groups such as sesquiterpene. Low to moderate doses of the neem crude extract (4 - 16 µg/ml) did not affect hDPSC and MC3T3 viability, while 62.5 µg/ml of the neem extract decreased MC3T3 viability. High doses of the neem crude extract (250 - 1,000 µg/ml) significantly reduced viability of both cells. The neem crude extract at 1,000 µg/ml also decreased viability of differentiated hDPSC and MC3T3 and their mineralization. Furthermore, 4 µg/ml of neem inhibited viability of differentiated hDPSC. There is no statistical difference in gene expressions related to cell differentiation. In conclusion, the neem crude extract affected cell viability and mineralization. Cell viability altered differently depending on the doses, cell types, and cell stages. The neem crude extract did not affect cell differentiation. Screening of its effect in various aspects should be examined before the application for human use.
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This study was carried out with the aim of determining the effects of jasmonic acid (JA) elicitation on the bioactive pigments' biosynthesis and the antioxidant activities in green callus of Azadirachta indica of two different ages (4- and 8-week-old). Plant tissue culture technique was employed to induce the formation of green callus from leaf explants of A. indica on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/L thidiazuron (CM) and three different concentrations of JA (2, 4, and 6 mg/L). The methanolic extracts from the green callus were used for determination of total chlorophyll content (TCh), total carotenoid content (TC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) through colorimetric and HPLC analyses. The highest amount of yield was obtained from CM and 2 mg/L JA (2JA) extracts for 4- and 8-week-old samples, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids in all 4- and 8-week-old samples elicited with 2, 4 and 6 mg/L JA. The highest value for TAC, TCh, TC, TPC, and TFC of 4- and 8-week-old samples were from callus cultured on media supplemented with 6 mg/L JA (6JA) and 4 mg/L JA (4JA), respectively. The lowest IC50 values were found to be 8.29 ± 0.10 mg/mL (6JA) for 4-week-old and 7.73 ± 0.03 mg/mL (4JA) for 8-week-old samples. The highest Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) values obtained in this study were 90.60 ± 1.55 g/g (6JA), and 74.59 ± 3.91 g/g (4JA), respectively, for 4- and 8-week-old samples. Moreover, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between TAC, TCh, TC, TPC, and TFC with ABTS and FRAP assays. In addition, PCA analysis revealed that 83.5% of the information (variances) contained in the data were retained by the first two principal components. Overall, these findings suggested that JA supplementation into the culture media significantly increase the chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, phenolic and flavonoid contents and JA concentrations at 6 mg/L JA and 4 mg/L JA yielded the highest pigments content in 4- and 8-weeks-old callus, respectively.
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Diabetes mellitus is the most widely recognized endocrine disorder which is influencing a bigger populace on the planet. There are various causes of diabetes, such as physical inactivity, obesity, family history, race, and age. Diabetes mellitus is associated with some life-threatening complications, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, various eye diseases or retinopathy, and cardiovascular disorders. Many synthetic antihyperglycemic agents are available in the market for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. But, due to some serious side effects of these synthetic agents, people are opting for herbal remedies and, therefore, they are now becoming popular. Herbal remedies have lesser side effects and higher affordability and therefore can be preferably used over synthetic agents for a long-term disorder like diabetes mellitus. In the present study, scientific research and review studies on the topic were collected from Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant sources. The references of all the articles were screened manually for any additional information on popular polyherbal formulations in traditional Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Unani medicinal systems. It is found that these polyherbal formulations are studied for anti-diabetic potential. Furthermore, some are also investigated for mechanism of action of anti-diabetic effects. This review highlights various Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Unani polyherbal formulations commonly utilized in the management of diabetes mellitus along with their pre-clinical and clinical investigations, which will enhance the existing knowledge of the researchers.
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Cholistan Desert is a sandy desert located in southern Punjab, Pakistan. The area is rich in more than 64 medicinal plants among 138 plant species. It is noteworthy that this remote desert lacks modern health care facilities and its inhabitants are dependent on locally-available plant species for the treatment of acute and chronic illnesses. Medicinal plants, traditionally have been ideal sources of remedies for the management of many non-communicable diseases; most modern prescriptions drugs have their origins from plants. Diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate in the past few decades. Whereas medicinal plants are used globally, the specific properties of only a few have been identifies scientifically. Similarly, little scientific evidence exists that confirms the efficacy of the medicinal plants of this region for diabetes management. Ethnobotanical studies show that locally-available medicinal plants do have anti-diabetic potential. We reviewed the medicinal properties of 36 of these plants. Several ingredients derived from these plants have chemical constituents that demonstrate anti-diabetic activity, thereby validating their importance for the management of diabetes.
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Cholistan Desert is a sandy desert located in southern Punjab, Pakistan. The area is rich in more than 64 medicinal plants among 138 plant species. It is noteworthy that this remote desert lacks modern health care facilities and its inhabitants are dependent on locally-available plant species for the treatment of acute and chronic illnesses. Medicinal plants, traditionally have been ideal sources of remedies for the management of many non-communicable diseases; most modern prescriptions drugs have their origins from plants. Diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate in the past few decades. Whereas medicinal plants are used globally, the specific properties of only a few have been identifies scientifically. Similarly, little scientific evidence exists that confirms the efficacy of the medicinal plants of this region for diabetes management. Ethnobotanical studies show that locally-available medicinal plants do have anti-diabetic potential. We reviewed the medicinal properties of 36 of these plants. Several ingredients derived from these plants have chemical constituents that demonstrate anti-diabetic activity, thereby validating their importance for the management of diabetes.
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Plants are used traditionally throughout the world to treat various disease conditions. Diabetes is a major health problem not only in India but all over the world. Diabetic patients of rural areas cannot afford the treatment because of poor economy. Local availability of medicinal plants should be used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus because it is cheaper and effective. This paper describes anti diabetic activity containing medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents.
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