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Agaricales s.l. und ihre Mykorrhizen in den Nothofagus-Wäldern Mittelchiles

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... Singer y colaboradores fueron los primeros en destacar el rol ecológico central de los consorcios de hongos ectomicorrícicos y sus hospederos respectivos del género Nothofagus en la historia fitogeográfica y fitosociológica de los bosques andino-patagónicos, creando el concepto del bosque ectotrófico (en inglés: "ectotroph", Singer y Morello 1960, Singer y Moser 1965, Singer 1971. En este contexto es importante destacar que Nothofagus es el único género arbóreo nativo en Chile que forma obligatoriamente ectomicorriza (Garrido 1988, Palfner 2001, lo que tiene implicancias claves en la diversidad y el nivel de endemismo de su micobiota asociada. Avances significativos en el conocimiento de la diversidad de Basidiomycetes y sus enlaces estrechos con Nothofagus en Chile representan las monografías de algunos grupos, principalmente del orden Agaricales sensu lato según concepto de Singer (1986), publicadas por Horak y , Singer (1969), Moser y Horak (1975), Horak (1977), Horak (1980), Garrido (1988), Valenzuela (1993) y Lazo (2016, entre otras. ...
... En este contexto es importante destacar que Nothofagus es el único género arbóreo nativo en Chile que forma obligatoriamente ectomicorriza (Garrido 1988, Palfner 2001, lo que tiene implicancias claves en la diversidad y el nivel de endemismo de su micobiota asociada. Avances significativos en el conocimiento de la diversidad de Basidiomycetes y sus enlaces estrechos con Nothofagus en Chile representan las monografías de algunos grupos, principalmente del orden Agaricales sensu lato según concepto de Singer (1986), publicadas por Horak y , Singer (1969), Moser y Horak (1975), Horak (1977), Horak (1980), Garrido (1988), Valenzuela (1993) y Lazo (2016, entre otras. Este grupo bastante bien estudiado contrasta con el persistente déficit de inventarios de Ascomycetes, con excepción de unos pocos estudios regionales (Gamundi 2003, Gamundi et al. 2004) y descripciones de algunos taxones individuales (Sandoval Leiva 2012, Sandoval Leiva et al. 2014, Kraisitudomsook et al. 2020). ...
... A partir de 1982, Garrido realizó los primeros inventarios de basidiomicetes micorrícicos y saprotróficos en la zona de la "Reserva Forestal del Maule", hoy conocida como "Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles" en la comuna de Chanco, provincia de Cauquenes. Estos registros fueron publicados en su monografía de Agaricales de los bosques de Nothofagus de Chile central (Garrido 1988). En la misma obra, el autor describe por primera vez la presencia del ascomicete micorrizógeno común Cenococcum geophilum Fr. en raíces finas de ruil, fenómeno posteriormente confirmado en estudios de Flores et al. (1997) y Palfner (2001. ...
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La comunidad de hongos o micobiota de un ecosistema boscoso es altamente diversa, pero en la mayoría de las regiones biogeográficas del planeta esta diversidad aún es insuficientemente conocida. Mientras sigue faltando información sobre la riqueza global y regional de los hongos del bosque, su clasificación funcional es menos compleja y corresponde, a grandes rasgos, a dos grupos universales: los descomponedores de necromasa orgánica o saprobiontes y los hongos biotróficos o simbiontes que se alimentan en relación con organismos vivos. Estos últimos a su vez se dividen en parásitos y mutualistas. Entre los simbiontes mutualistas se destacan los hongos micorrícicos cuyos micelios forman redes complejas en el suelo del bosque, conectando las raíces de árboles de diferentes edades e incluso de diferentes especies, no solamente con los recursos esenciales del sustrato sino también entre ellas, formando las designadas redes micorrícicas comunes. En bosques naturales mixtos de las zonas templadas dominan típicamente dos grupos de hongos formadores de micorriza con sus árboles hospederos o fitobiontes respectivos: los Glomeromycetes que forman la micorriza arbuscular (MA) y por otro lado, una parte de los grandes grupos de los Ascomycetes y Basidiomycetes que forman la ectomicorriza (EM). Estos dos consorcios no interactúan directamente entre sí y por ende forman redes micorrícicas separadas. También se distinguen fundamentalmente en su visibilidad en terreno: mientras los hongos formadores de MA con muy pocas excepciones pertenecen al gran grupo morfológico de los hongos microscópicos que requieren técnicas de laboratorio para su detección e identificación. Muchos de los hongos ectomicorrícicos, igual como numerosos hongos descomponedores, forman cuerpos fructíferos o esporomas visibles a ojo desnudo in situ durante su temporada reproductiva, por lo cual son considerados como “macromicetos”. Aunque estos macrohongos constituyen solamente un porcentaje menor de la diversidad fúngica de los ecosistemas terrestres, por conveniencia y debido a su fenotipo llamativo han sido más ampliamente estudiados y por ende están más representados en colecciones científicas, inventarios, guías de campo, estudios fenológicos y listas de especies en categoría de conservación a nivel global y regional. Consecuentemente también priorizamos este grupo en nuestro estudio.
... Debido a esto, tradicionalmente se ha utilizado la identificación de especies utilizando el criterio biológico mediante tests de compatibilidad sexual (Alexopoulos y col. 1996), que resulta un método efectivo pero poco I I II II III III IV Singer 1969Singer , 1970Horak 1979;Garrido 1988 Nothofagus spp., árboles de la familia Myrtaceae Singer 1969Singer , 1970Pildain y col. 2010Pildain y col. ...
... , 2013 A.sparrei (Singer) Herink / 1956 Aextoxicum sp., Drimys sp., Nothofagus spp., Saxegothaea sp., Pinus radiata. Singer 1969Singer , 1970Garrido 1988 Mientras que la taxonomía y sistemática de las especies del hemisferio Norte, Sudáfrica y Oceanía está bien dilucidada desde hace varios años, en Sudamérica estos aspectos se encuentran menos estudiados. En Patagonia continental, además de las publicaciones de Spegazzini (1889), Singer (1953Singer ( , 1956Singer ( , 1969Singer ( , 1970Singer ( , 1989 y Garrido (1988) existían muy pocos reportes referentes a la taxonomía de las especies de Armillaria de este continente. ...
... Singer 1969Singer , 1970Garrido 1988 Mientras que la taxonomía y sistemática de las especies del hemisferio Norte, Sudáfrica y Oceanía está bien dilucidada desde hace varios años, en Sudamérica estos aspectos se encuentran menos estudiados. En Patagonia continental, además de las publicaciones de Spegazzini (1889), Singer (1953Singer ( , 1956Singer ( , 1969Singer ( , 1970Singer ( , 1989 y Garrido (1988) existían muy pocos reportes referentes a la taxonomía de las especies de Armillaria de este continente. ...
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Armillaria es un género de hongos de la pudrición blanca y constituye uno de los patógenos más ampliamente estudiados por las pérdidas que ocasiona en la actividad forestal. En los últimos años se ha comenzado a utilizar la batería enzimática ligninolítica de este organismo en actividades de biorremediación que involucran la producción de enzimas extracelulares y la transformación de colorantes. En Argentina este patógeno está asociado a bosque nativo e implantado de Patagonia y recientemente han sido dilucidadas su taxonomía y filogenia estableciéndose cuatro linajes correspondientes a cuatro especies. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la enzimología ligninolítica de especies de Armillaria en Patagonia y su capacidad de biodegradar compuestos contaminantes. Se cuantificaron las actividades lacasa y manganeso peroxidasa basales de 17 aislamientos y se evaluó su inducción por aditivos xenobióticos (guayacol y cobre) en el cultivo en 6 aislamientos representativos de las cuatro especies. Se determinaron los perfiles electroforéticos de isoenzimas de lacasa de 12 aislamientos y de tres aislamientos cultivados con los distintos xenobióticos. Se evaluó la capacidad de decoloración del colorante trifenilmetano verde de malaquita. La actividad lacasa, su perfil de isoenzimas, la susceptibilidad de ser inducida y la capacidad degradadora del colorante sugirieron ser caracteres quimiotaxonómicos útiles para Armillaria en Patagonia, no así la actividad manganeso peroxidasa que no resultó de interés a estos fines y registró actividades muy bajas o indetectables en concordancia con otras especies de la pudrición blanca citadas en bibliografía. Todas las especies demostraron ser efectivas en degradar el colorante verde de malaquita pero A. montagnei y A. novae-zelandiae exhibieron las mayores capacidades degradadoras, asociadas a las mayores actividades lacasa. En A. umbrinobrunnea y A. sparrei la degradación no estuvo asociada a actividades lacasa significativas, por lo que otras ligninasas u otros procesos oxidativos podrían ser los responsables de la transformación del contaminante. A. novae-zelandiae presentó la mayor tendencia a inducción de la enzima lacasa, resultando condicionante la presencia de aditivos xenobióticos para el registro de actividades enzimáticas elevadas en condiciones de cultivo; la inducción evidenció ser diferencial para algunas isoformas de lacasa en esta especie. El perfil electroforético reveló tres isoenzimas de lacasa, dos de ellas nuevas para el género, y la heterogeneidad interespecífica suficiente para resultar útil en caracterizar las especies patagónicas; ambos elementos resultan novedosos en el marco actual de conocimiento del género.
... OTHER REFERENCES-Singer 1969, Barrera 1984, Garrido 1988. REMARKS- Gotschlich (1913) mentions "galgal" as one of the best-known edible species in Valdivia and Llanquihue. ...
... OTHER REFERENCES-Mujica & al. 1980, Lazo 1983, Lazo 1996a, Lazo 2016. OTHER REFERENCES-Montagne 1850, Hemsley 1885, Johow 1896, Gotschlich 1913, Singer 1969, Mujica & al. 1980, Garrido & al. 1985, Garrido 1988, Gamundí & Horak 1993, Lazo 1996a, Martínez & Valenzuela 2004, Palacio & al. 2017, Acevedo & Naulin 2020, MyCoPortal 2020 Neolentiporus maculatissimus (Lloyd) Rajchenb. ...
... OTHER REFERENCES-Mujica & al. 1980, Garrido 1988, Lazo 1996 Phanerochaete australosanguinea Tellería REMARKS-Synonym of Phellinus igniarius var. resupinatus Bres. in Wright & Deschamps (1972) according to Rajchenberg & Wright (1987). ...
Article
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We critically reviewed the aphyllophoroid fungal species recorded from Chile on the basis of literature reviews from 1828 to 2020. A total of 345 species names were distributed in the following categories: accepted taxa (236), uncertain taxa (83), taxa inferred by molecular analysis only (12), and excluded taxa (14). For each accepted species, information on the species name, its first record from Chile, the typification data, substrate, distribution, and remarks are presented. The distribution of accepted taxa shows a major recording from the Valdivian Forest province. We found that 61 (25.85%) of the accepted taxa were originally described from Chile. Nothofagus was the genus that hosted the highest number of fungal species.
... Studies have shown that the establishment of Nothofagaceae forests in Argentina and Chile depends on EcM associations (Singer and Morello, 1960;Singer and Moser, 1965;Garrido 1988;Carrillo et al., 1992;Valenzuela Flores, 1993), reporting EcM colonization rates higher than 70% (Diehl et al., 2008;Longo et al., 2011). High colonization rates together with the fact that Nothofagaceae species do not show a P deficit, suggests that EcM constitute an effective adaptation mechanism of Nothofagaceae to P-deficient soils (Diehl et al., 2003(Diehl et al., , 2008Agüero et al., 2014), making trees more aggressive and resistant to adverse conditions, well adapted to disturbances and also have the ability to act as pioneers (Garrido, 1988;Valenzuela Flores, 1993). ...
... Studies have shown that the establishment of Nothofagaceae forests in Argentina and Chile depends on EcM associations (Singer and Morello, 1960;Singer and Moser, 1965;Garrido 1988;Carrillo et al., 1992;Valenzuela Flores, 1993), reporting EcM colonization rates higher than 70% (Diehl et al., 2008;Longo et al., 2011). High colonization rates together with the fact that Nothofagaceae species do not show a P deficit, suggests that EcM constitute an effective adaptation mechanism of Nothofagaceae to P-deficient soils (Diehl et al., 2003(Diehl et al., , 2008Agüero et al., 2014), making trees more aggressive and resistant to adverse conditions, well adapted to disturbances and also have the ability to act as pioneers (Garrido, 1988;Valenzuela Flores, 1993). ...
... Hosts are Nothofagus pumilio, N. dombeyi, N. antarctica, N nitida, L. glauca, F. alessandri. Austropaxillus mycorrhizas have been reported by Godoy and Palfner, (1997) from nursery L. alpina seedlings and from successful axenical synthesis with all Patagonian Nothofagaceae with colonization rates between 51-100% (Garrido, 1988). Edibility: not edible (Gamundí and Horak, 1993). ...
Article
The southernmost portion of the Andes in South America hosts Nothofagaceae forests that form ectomycorrhizal (EcM) associations. We compiled all the published reports of EcM taxa from these woodlands, based on fruit-body collections and molecularly identified root tips. This resulted in 87 peer-reviewed research papers dealing with EcM associations from Nothofagaceae forests published over the past 62 years. Based on these papers the EcM richness and its association with Nothofagaceae species was analyzed. Represented by 45 genera (34 Basidiomycetes and 11 Ascomycetes), 479 EcM taxa have been recorded, plus an additional 46 EcM taxa which are potentially EcM. Cortinarius was the most frequent and diverse genus, with 64.9% of total species. Nothofagus dombeyi had the highest number of unique EcM species, followed by N. pumilio, N. antarctica and Lophozonia obliqua. The EcM community associated with Nothofagus species, except N. nitida, showed higher similarities among themselves, than with Lophozonia and Fuscospora species. Beta diversity indexes showed EcM Nothofagus species have 29–42% niche overlap, while Nothofagus - Lophozonia only had 1–16%. The assessment of the accuracy of the EcM diversity, host specificity and community structure deserve further studies combining phylogenetic analysis based on broad ecological surveys. On the basis of pre-selected criteria Austropaxillus statuum, Cortinarius fragilis, Cortinarius xiphidipus and Hallingea purpurea are proposed as candidates for nursery spore inoculations, and should be subject to scientific evaluation to determine costs and benefits.
... Several morphoanatomical classification studies followed (Godoy and Mayr 1989;Carrillo et al. 1992;Godoy et al. 1994;Valenzuela et al. 1999Valenzuela et al. , 2001, registering as many as 651 ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi taxa exclusive to Nothofagus spp. (Garrido 1988), and concluding that the most abundant EM fungal orders on Nothofagus forests are: Boletales, Cortinariales, Gautieriales, and Russulales (Palfner and Godoy 1996a, b;Flores et al. 1997;Godoy and Palfner 1997;Palfner 2001;Nouhra et al. 2013). ...
... According to descriptions and collections of EM fungi, the Nothofagus spp. forests of this region have a high diversity of Agaricales when compared with European Fagus forests (Garrido 1988;Valenzuela et al. 1999;Palfner 2001Palfner , 2002Marín et al. 2017b). Molecular studies of soil fungi, particularly mycorrhizal fungi, are very recent in Argentinian and Chilean temperate rainforests (Nouhra et al. 2012(Nouhra et al. , 2013Tedersoo et al. 2014;Davison et al. 2015;Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2015;Marín et al. 2017b;Truong et al. 2017Truong et al. , 2019. ...
... Greenhouse experiments involving mycorrhizal fungal inoculation of both Nothofagus spp. (Garrido 1988;Godoy et al. 1995;Marín et al. 2018a), and native conifer (Godoy et al. 1994) species, have shown significant effects on the plant growth rate, biomass, and seedling survival. ...
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Old-growth temperate rainforests, located at the Patagonian and Valdivian regions of southern Chile and Argentina, represent unique ecosystems in South America. These forests are characterized by a large amount of precipitation, with very little to none atmospheric pollution, and a flora derived from Gondwanian elements. The mycorrhizal traits of the dominant plants of these ecosystems are also exceptional: the angiosperm Nothofagus spp. associates with ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, while the native conifer species associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, an opposite pattern to that of the Northern hemisphere. On this chapter we present an overview of the mycorrhizal types of 245 vascular plant species, where 187 species associate with AM fungi, seven with EM fungi, 14 with other mycorrhizal types, and 37 plant species are non-mycorrhizal. On these southern Chile ecosystems, we also show the role of mycorrhizal fungi on crucial ecosystem processes, as biogenic weathering, and their potential use as ecological restoration tools for the re-establishment of native flora. Specifically, we found that the co-inoculation of two EM fungi species significantly increases the growth of Nothofagus spp. as compared to singular inoculations. On these temperate rainforests, mycorrhizal fungi play key roles on nutrient cycling, maintenance of biodiversity, and ecosystem productivity.
... Several studies on Nothofagus forests in central Chile revealed the presence of 43 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Fig. 14.4), divided in 3 Orders, 9 Families, and 13 Genera (Singer 1969; Moser and Horak 1975;Horak 1980;Garrido 1985Garrido , 1988. Cortinarius is the dominant fungal genus, comprising 56% of the total species richness (Table 14.1). ...
... We have found 17 ectomycorrhizal fungi corresponding to 10 species of the genus Cortinarius, two species of Inocybe, two species of Laccaria, one Hebeloma species, one Amanita species and one Paxillus species (Dibán et al. unpublished work). Although they are in the process of taxonomic determination, none of them coincide with those described in the literature for N. macrocarpa (Singer 1969;Moser and Horak 1975;Garrido 1985). Thereby, this study increases documented EcM fungal richness for N. macrocarpa to 28 species in total. ...
... Most of the species records previously mentioned are based on the presence of ectomycorrhizal species through fruiting bodies (Singer 1969;Moser and Horak 1975;Garrido 1985), with few studies confirming the presence of the species in the roots (Garrido 1988). Thus, in mixed forests with the presence of two or more Nothofagus species, it makes it difficult to interpret which ectomycorrhizal species is associated with which host species. ...
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One of the most important microorganisms in the soil are the mycorrhizal fungi; however, little research exists regarding mycorrhizal symbiosis on the South American Mediterranean-type ecosystem (MTE) – also commonly known as Chilean matorral. The aims of this chapter are to highlight and compile the existing and arising knowledge on mycorrhizal symbiosis of the Chilean MTE, as well as detect knowledge gaps and propose future directions of research. So far, the mycorrhizal type of some plant species of the Chilean matorral is known. Regarding arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, there are few investigations on mycorrhizal ecology and applied research with agricultural purposes and more is in development. Some ectomycorrhizal and orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis research is available on ecological concerns about biodiversity patterns with applied potential for conservation. The lack of studies on ericoid mycorrhiza was detected. Finally, in spite of the ecological diversity studies carried on the mycorrhiza from the Chilean MTE, further studies quantifying the mycorrhizal contribution should be performed so as to be applied on conservation and sustainable systems.
... Ectomycorrhiza description and characterization.-Characterization of rhizomorph structures seems to be important for distinguishing ectomycorrhizae in the Boletales (Brand 1989). After the revision of the previously published Boletus genus ectomycorrhizae descriptions by Ceruti et al (1983Ceruti et al ( -1984, Ceruti et al (1987Ceruti et al ( -1988, Garrido (1988), Gronbach (1988), Agerer and Gronbach (1990), Franz and Acker (1995), Hahn (2001), Palfner (2001) and Rambold (2004-2005) it can be concluded that the ectomycorrhizae of this genus are characterized by the lack of hyphal clamps, the plectenchymatous mantle and rhizomorphs with differentiated hyphae. The mantles of all of the Boletus ectomycorrhizae described are formed by three plectenchymatous layers of colorless hyphae forming ring-like structures (type A, Agerer 1991). ...
... Rhizomorphs of B. loyo Phillippi and B. putidus E. Horak (Palfner 2001) are similar to the B. edulis described here, but both present cystidia. The two descriptions of B. aestivalis (Ceruti et al 1983-1984, Garrido 1988) described the characters of the mantle exclusively. All descriptions of B. edulis ectomycorrhizae (Ceruti et al 1987, Gronbach 1988, Garrido 1988, Agerer and Gronbach 1990, Franz and Acker 1995, Palfner 2001, Agerer and Rambold 2004-2005 report smooth hyphae and differentiated rhizomorphs according to Agerer (1999). ...
... The two descriptions of B. aestivalis (Ceruti et al 1983-1984, Garrido 1988) described the characters of the mantle exclusively. All descriptions of B. edulis ectomycorrhizae (Ceruti et al 1987, Gronbach 1988, Garrido 1988, Agerer and Gronbach 1990, Franz and Acker 1995, Palfner 2001, Agerer and Rambold 2004-2005 report smooth hyphae and differentiated rhizomorphs according to Agerer (1999). Although some of the hyphae of the ectomycorrhizae described in this paper are slightly dotted and the external hyphae of the rhizomorphs are slightly twisted, those characteristics could not be considered definitive. ...
Article
Field ectomycorrhizae sampled under Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer have been characterized and described in detail based on standard morphological and anatomical characters. The described ectomycorrhiza has traits typical of Boletales: whitish with three differentiated plectenchymatous layers in the mantle in plan view forming ring-like structures and rhizomorphs with highly differentiated hyphae. The inflated, smooth cystidia-like clavate end cells on the surface of the rhizomorphs and their slightly twisted external hyphae are additional characterizing features. The Hartig net occupies 1½ rows of cortical cells, partly reaching the endodermis. Not all hyphae have clamps. The identification of the fungal symbiont as B. edulis was confirmed by ITS rDNA sequence comparison between mycorrhizas and sporocarps. The singularity of this symbiotic association, as well as its ecological and practical implications, are discussed.
... However, it was Carlo Luigi Spegazzini who led a systematic investigation regarding fungi from Andean region in Argentina (Spegazzini 1880) and Chile (Spegazzini 1910(Spegazzini , 1921. Also, in the second half of the twentieth century, the work of Rolf Singer, Meinhard Moser, Egon Horak and Norberto Garrido increased the knowledge about Agaricomycetes from Southern South America (Singer et al. 1965;Singer 1969;Moser and Horak 1975;Horak 1979;Garrido 1988). Palacios (1966) pioneered on incorporating the biological activity of Agaricomycetes collected in Chile. ...
... The genus Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray is an ectomycorrhizal fungus, commonly found in Nothofagus forests in southern South America (Moser and Horak 1975;Horak 1979;Garrido 1988;Arnold et al. 2012). A substantial number of the species in this group are edible or have biotechnological properties (Li et al. 2021a). ...
Article
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Fungi have a unique metabolic plasticity allowing them to produce a wide range of natural products. Since the discovery of penicillin, an antibiotic of fungal origin, substantial efforts have been devoted globally to search for fungal-derived natural bioactive products. Andean region forests represent one of the few undisturbed ecosystems in the world with little human intervention. While these forests display a rich biological diversity, mycological and chemical studies in these environments have been scarce. This review aims to summarise all the efforts regarding the chemical or bioactivity analyses of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota) from southern South America environments. Overall, herein we report a total of 147 fungal species, 21 of them showing chemical characterisation and/or biological activity. In terms of chemical cores, furans, chlorinated phenol derivatives, polyenes, lactones, terpenes and himanimides have been reported. These natural products displayed a range of biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, neuroprotective and osteoclast-forming suppressing effects.
... Basidiomata of Boletales hosts were identified in the field and in the laboratory by macroscopic and microscopic examination of diagnostic morphological attributes, according to keys and reference descriptions [13,22,26] for native Chilean species; for adventitious taxa we consulted [27][28][29], as well as various electronic resources. Dehydrated voucher specimens were deposited at CONC-F (Fungarium G. Palfner, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile). ...
... None of the other three detected Sepedonium species (S. ampullosporum, S. chrysospermum, S. laevigatum) could be found on endemic Chilean boletes during our study which allows the conclusion that those taxa, like their respective hosts and associated trees, are adventitious in Chile. The report of S. chrysospermum on B. bresinskyanus Garrido, an insufficiently known Chilean bolete [13], may be the result of a misidentification based on the historic taxonomic limitations mentioned above. ...
Article
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We present the first major survey of regional diversity, distribution and host-association of Sepedonium. Whereas the rather scarce worldwide records of this mycoparasitic fungus suggested no specific distribution pattern of most species before, we provide new evidence of endemic and specific host-parasite guilds of Sepedonium in Southern South America, including the description of a new species. The corresponding inventory was performed in temperate central Chile. The regional landscape, a mosaic of exotic timber plantations and remnants of native Nothofagus forests, facilitates a unique combination of endemic and adventitious Boletales hosts. During a two-year survey, 35 Sepedonium strains were isolated and cultured from infected basidiomata of allochthonous Chalciporus piperatus, Paxillus involutus, Rhizopogon spp. and Suillus spp., as well as from the native Boletus loyita, B. loyo, B. putidus and Gastroboletus valdivianus. Taxonomic diagnosis included morphology of conidia and conidiophores, sequences of ITS, RPB2 and EF1 molecular markers and characteristics of in vitro cultures. Phylogenetic reconstructions were performed using Bayesian methods. Four Sepedonium species could be identified and characterized, viz.: S. ampullosporum, S. chrysospermum, S. laevigatum and the newly described species S. loyorum. The most frequent species on introduced Boletales was S. ampullosporum, followed by S. chrysospermum and S. laevigatum. S. loyorum sp. nov. was found exclusively on native boletacean hosts, separated from its closest relative S. chalcipori by micromorphological and molecular attributes. Species descriptions and identification keys are provided. Ecological and biogeographical aspects of endemic and allochthonous symbiotic units consisting of mycoparasite, ectomycorrhizal fungal host and respective mycorrhizal tree are discussed.
... Los árboles incluidos en las reservas de este estudio y otras especies del género Nothofagus tienen una estrecha asociación obligatoria con hongos formadores de ectomicorrizas, donde el micelio invade la raíz sin entrar en el interior de las células (Garrido 1988, Palfner 2001. ...
... biotróficos como el llao llao (Cyttaria hariotii E. Fisch.), se describe la presencia de especies micorrícicas como el hongo Cortinarius austroturmalis Moser & Horak, que produce setas comestibles poco conocidas por las comunidades aledañas(Garrido 1988, Lonsdale et al. 2008, Brundrett 1991.La productividad de los PFNM es un parámetro a medir, ya que constituye una característica importante de las poblaciones para cuantificar de alguna manera la cantidad de estos productos y también como índice para definir el funcionamiento de cualquier ecosistema. Su estudio puede realizarse a nivel de las especies, cuando interesa su aprovechamiento económico o en general(Lugo & Morris 1982). ...
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Los bosques de Nothofagus de la zona mediterránea de Chile, que incluye la VII Región, están constituidos por especies caducifolias y siempreverdes, las cuales se encuentran asociadas a diversos hongos ectomicorrícicos dentro de los que destaca el hongo nativo Cortinarius austroturmalis (Agaricales, Basidiomycota). Este hongo constituye un Producto Forestal No Maderero poco conocido, cuya productividad no ha sido determinada, lo que implica que la población rural cercana a las Reservas Nacionales Altos de Lircay y Los Ruiles de la VII Región, no lo identifique como un hongo apto para el consumo humano y por ende, no lo coseche. En consecuencia, el objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la productividad de basidiomas del hongo nativo C. austroturmalis asociado como ectomicorriza a la especie de Nothofagus siempreverde, N. dombeyi y caducifolias, N. obliqua, N. glauca y N. alessandrii en las Reservas Nacionales Altos de Lircay y Los Ruiles de la VII Región. Las hipótesis propuestas fueron: 1) La productividad de basidiomas de C. austroturmalis en la Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles es mayor que en la Reserva Nacional Altos de Lircay y; 2) La productividad de basidiomas de C. austroturmalis asociados a especies de Nothofagus siempreverdes es mayor que la productividad de este hongo asociado a especies de Nothofagus caducifolias en ambas reservas estudiadas. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo, se realizó un inventario cuantitativo del hongo nativo C. austroturmalis en bosques con especies de Nothofagus siempreverde y caducifolio durante una temporada completa (otoño invierno) en dos áreas silvestres protegidas en la VII Región de nuestro país. Mediante una recolección cuantitativa de setas del hongo en estudio, se estimó su productividad en cada reserva por separado y, posteriormente, se procedió a comparar los resultados finales obtenidos entre ellas. Finalmente, se determinó la cantidad de basidiomas de C. austroturmalis asociada a las distintas especies de Nothofagus presentes en cada reserva, con el fin de establecer si existe una productividad mayor en especies siempreverdes o caducifolias.
... It is characterized by obligate ectomycorrhizal associations with diverse groups of woody seed plants, mainly across boreal and temperate forest ecosystems around the globe (Peintner et al., 2004). Also, Cortinarius dominates the ectomycorrhizal mycobiota in South American Nothofagus forests, with more than 260 species described so far (Garnica et al., 2002;Garrido, 1988;Harrower et al., 2015;Moser and Horak, 1975). Its outstanding richness of species and supraspecific lineages is reflected by a high diversity of secondary metabolites, although to date, only a minor fraction of Cortinarii has been analyzed on the chemical level. ...
... Traditionally the genus Cortinarius has been divided into several subgenera like Myxacium, Phlegmacium etc., based on microscopical and morphological characters. Cortinarius pyromyxa M. M. Moser & E. Horak (Cortinariaceae) was first described from Argentinian Patagonia based on two collections (Moser and Horak, 1975 (Garrido, 1988). It belongs to subgenus Myxacium within genus Cortinarius, comprising species featuring a gelatinous layer on pileus and stipe. ...
Article
For the first time, the pigment composition of basidiocarps from the Chilean mushroom Cortinarius pyromyxa was studied under various aspects like phylogeny, chemistry and antibiotic activity. A molecular biological study supports the monotypic position of C. pyromyxa in subgenus Myxacium, genus Cortinarius. Four undescribed diterpenoids, named pyromyxones AD , were isolated from fruiting bodies of C. pyromyxa. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on comprehensive one-and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic analysis, ESI-HRMS measurements, as well as X-ray crystallography. In addition, the absolute configurations of pyromyxones AD were established with the aid of J H,H , NOESY spectra and quantum chemical CD calculation. The pyr-omyxones AD possess the undescribed nor-guanacastane skeleton. Tested pyromyxones A, B, and D exhibit only weak activity against gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and gram-negative Aliivibrio fischeri as well as the phyto-pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea, Septoria tritici and Phytophthora infestans.
...  Micorrícicos (Fig. 5) La palabra micorriza, tiene origen griego y define la simbiosis entre un hongo "mycos" y las raíces "rhizos" de una planta, donde ambos participantes de esta asociación resultan beneficiados, pues el hongo obtiene azúcares (hidratos de carbono) para alimentarse y la planta aumenta la superficie de absorción de agua y minerales en sus raíces (Selosse et al. 2006). En Chile se sabe que los árboles del género Nothofagus (Coigüe, Hualle, Lenga, entre otros) presentan una asociación obligatoria con hongos formadores de ectomicorrizas, donde el micelio invade la raíz sin ingresar al interior de las células (Garrido 1988, Palfner 2001 Se sabe que un 95% de las plantas poseen asociaciones con hongos micorrícicos (Corwell et al. 2001), siendo dos los principales tipos de micorrizas ( Fig. 6) las endo y ectomicorrizas. ...
... En Chile se han registrado más de 3.000 especies de hongos (Mujica & Vergara 1980, Moser & Horak 1975, Garrido 1986, 1988, Minter & Peredo 2006, que pueden ser encontrados en bosques, matorrales, praderas, sobre madera muerta o semipodrida y restos orgánicos, donde es posible observar sus aparatos esporíferos que contienen esporas para su reproducción, aunque ésta también puede realizarse a través de trozos de micelio (Herrera & Ulloa 2013). Los hongos son de gran importancia para el hombre, pues han sido utilizados por varios pueblos originarios a lo largo de la historia, debido a su poder medicinal. ...
Book
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Este manual pretende ser una guía para todos aquellos que estén interesados en la Micología, entregándoles información básica para adentrarse en el mundo de los hongos. En este texto, se dan a conocer las generalidades y clasificación del Reino Fungi, además se muestran fotografías de algunos hongos presentes en Chile.
... El primer inventario de hongos chilenos en base a una bibliografía histórica extensa fue publicado por Mujica y colaboradores en 1945 y reeditado treinta y cinco años después en una edición ampliada y actualizada (Mujica et al., 1980). Catálogos de especies y estudios monográficos de los macrohongos, particularmente aquellos que crecen en la zona boscosa del país, incluyendo numerosas descripciones de especies nuevas para la ciencia, fueron publicados durante la segunda mitad del siglo xx por Singer (1969), Moser y Horak (1975), Horak (1980), Garrido (1988), Valenzuela (1993), ex-tendiéndose hasta el siglo xxi (Furci, 2013;Lazo, 2016, entre otros). ...
... En este contexto se destacan los estudios pioneros de Singer yMorello (1960), Singer et al. (1965) y Singer (1970, donde se definieron correlaciones funcionales y sociológicas entre micobiontes y fitobiontes nativos. Esta línea de investigación después fue complementada, ampliada y metodológicamente actualizada por diferentes investigadores (Garrido, 1988;Godoy y Mayr, 1989;Carrillo et al., 1992;Godoy et al., 1994;Palfner y Godoy, 1996a, b;Flores et al. 1997;Valenzuela et al., 1999Valenzuela et al., , 2001Palfner, 2001;Marín et al., 2016Marín et al., , 2017aAguilera et al., 2017). Sobre todo en la caracterización de las especies y comunidades de hongos nativos se ha observado un incremento del uso de métodos moleculares durante los últimos veinte años (Palfner y Horak, 2001;Bueno et al., 2017;Godoy et al., 2017;Marín et al., 2017b;Truong et al., 2017). ...
Article
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Though Chile has a large variety of fungi and a long tradition of research on this fiels, there is little information on its conservation status, specifically in relation to its presence in protected areas. This review was intended to establish the conservation status of terrestrial fungi and inside the protected areas in Chile, recording examples on the conservation of the Chilean fungi diversity and stating the latest developments in the field of micology inside the Chilean educational system. The results showed that according to the current list of twenty eight species classified under the conservation cathegory, there are therteen species showing some degree of threat and twenty of therm can be found in protected areas, though the quantitative information about fungi species inside protected areas is almos nonexistent. Though the teaching about fungi has almost no part in the Chilean educational system, there are several public-private initatives for their conservation. For an effective conservation of the national biota there must be a major research and funding, a better systematization of the information on the presence of fungi species inside protected areas, a reinforcement of the fungi subject in the educational system and among parkrangers, in addition to establish base documents on fungi diversity in Chile.
... In Argentinian Patagonia this species is not only considered an edible fungus of high nutritional quality (Barroetaveña and Rajchenberg, 2008;Gamundí and Horak, 1993;Toledo et al., 2014) but is also renowned for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and acidifying properties (Toledo et al., 2016). Moreover, C. magellanicus is reported as an ectomycorrhizal fungus typical for Nothofagaceae forests in sub-Antarctic South America (Garnica et al., 2003;Garrido, 1988;Valenzuela et al., 1996;Teasdale et al., 2013). Moser and Horak (1975) were first reluctant to use Spegazzini's epithet C. magellanicus (Spegazzini, 1887a), because the type material was lost (Horak, 1967). ...
... The conspicuously limoniform and large basidiospores rather indicate that this taxon is closely related to Stephanopus, viz. S. azureus M.M. Moser & E. Horak (1975) or S. vilchensis Garrido & E. Horak (Garrido, 1988), which were also described from Nothofagaceae forests in Chile. ...
Article
Cortinarius magellanicus Speg. is an edible, ectomycorrhizal fungus, widely distributed in Argentina, Chile and New Zealand. However, earlier studies already indicated that the epithet ‘magellanicus’ might have been applied in a wide sense, thus circumscribing several species. A neotype was designated by Moser and Horak (1975) due Spegazzini's type was lost. Argentinian Nothofagaceae forests’ samples, from autumn of 2017, morphologically recognized as C. magellanicus were used for a phylogenetic analysis, including sequences from type material and closely related species. Our results showed that C. magellanicus represents a complex of species, with at least three phylogenetic lineages, each with strong regionalism and distinct host associations. Cortinarius magellanicus s. str. is restricted to Patagonia of Argentina and Chile. The misidentified reports from New Zealand and Australia represent distinct and different lineages. In the present contribution, the re-description of C. magellanicus is based on neotype material and two new species are proposed. Cortinarius vitreopileatus var. similissimus is described as variety from New Zealand resembling C. magellanicus, however without close phylogenetic relationship to it. The taxonomic delimitation for C. magellanicus species complex is of high relevance due to the abundance of these fungi and their ectomycorrhizal role in Nothofagaceae forests in Gondwanian region.
... Comparative paper-and thin layer chromatographic studies were so far performed on European Dermocybe species [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] as well as on taxa from North America [17], Australia [18] and New Zealand [19]. Only two South American species (D. amoena, D. icterina) occurring in Argentinia [19,20] and Chile [21] has been investigated to date. ...
... (1) Dermolutein (2) Endocrocin (3) Skyrin (4) Flavomannin C (5) 7,7'-Biphyscion (6) This study reported for the first time the chemical investigation of fruiting bodies of D. nahuelbutensis, a mushroom so far only known from Chile. Around 18 Dermocybe species are named for South America (Argentinia, Chile), among them 10 species for Chile [21]. Two naturally occurring anthraquinones, dermolutein (2) and endocrocin (3), and the bisanthraquinone skyrin (4), well known from different Dermocybe species [5] as well as the dimeric pre-anthraquinone flavommanin C (5), so far only known from Talaromyces wortmannii, an endophyte of Aloe vera [22], were isolated from fruiting bodies of the Chilean mushroom D. nahuelbutensis (Fig. 1). ...
Article
Full-text available
Fruiting bodies of the Chilean mushroom Dermocybe nahuelbutenis Garrido & E. Horak (syn.: Cortinarius nahuelbutensis (Garrido & E. Horak) E. Valenz. & G. Moreno) were chemically investigated for the first time and afforded the new dimeric anthraqinone 7,7’-emodinphyscion (1) beside the know anthraquinones dermolutein (2), endocrocin (3), skyrin (4) and the dimeric pre-anthraquinone derivative flavomannin C (5). The chemotaxonomic significance of the pigments is discussed.
... [2][3][4][5] A wide variety of symbiotic, saprophytic, and parasitic fungi grow within the Patagonian forest. 6,7 The literature indicates that there are approximately 3000 species of fungi reported from Chile, and around 50% of them belong to the basidiomycete group. Chemical studies of fungi in the Andean Patagonian region of Chile-Argentina are limited and not abundant, being directed mainly at metabolites from fruiting bodies. ...
... The available literature shows that most of the records of fungi in Chile are concentrated between Regions VI and X, with fewer collections in Region XII. 6,7,48,49 The maps published by Garrido 6 register the sites where the most important monitoring of the Chilean fungal flora has been carried out, and show a total lack of records in the area between 43°and 52°S, including Regions X, XI, and the north of Region XII, although it is precisely this area where more than 30% of the country's wild protected areas are located, with a total area of 4,814,557 ha. 50 Among the first mycological studies of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego are the expeditions of the Argentine botanist Carlos Spegazzini between 1887 and 1925 and the visit of the North American botanist Roland Thaxter between 1905 and1906. ...
Article
Secondary metabolites from fungi have become a major source of chemical innovation in programs searching for lead molecules with bioactivities, especially over the last 50 years. In this review, we discuss the fundamental considerations in the discovery of molecules for agricultural and medicinal uses. This group of organisms possesses a strong potential for scientific and industrial communities. Recently, the incorporation of new technologies for the artificial cultivation of fungi and the use of better equipment to isolate and identify active metabolites has allowed the discovery of leading molecules for the design of new and safer drugs and pesticides. The geographical region including the Patagonian Andes mountains harbors a wide diversity of fungi, many of them still unknown and so far associated with Chilean–Argentinian Andean endemic forests. There have been very few chemical studies of the fungi located in this region. However, those few studies have allowed the discovery of new molecules.We argue that the richness of fungal biodiversity in this region offers an interesting source for the discovery of bioactive molecules for the basic and applied sciences.
... The remaining ECM lineages in the Tricholomatineae showed no elevated rates of diversification and, unlike Tricholoma, associated with a narrower range of hosts. Porpoloma is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, forming ECM associations with Nothofagus (Trappe 1962;Garrido 1988), and probably with Eucalyptus and/or Acacia. Catathelasma associates with members of the Pinaceae (Hutchison 1992). ...
... Tricholoma and Porpoloma are widely accepted as ECM taxa (Garrido 1988;Tedersoo et al. 2010). On the contrary, there is inconsistent evidence regarding the mycorrhizal status of Leucopaxillus, which we scored as non-ECM in the present work. ...
Article
Although fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms, little is known about the processes that shape their high taxonomic diversity. This study focuses on evolution of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom-forming fungi, symbiotic associates of many trees and shrubs, in the suborder Tricholomatineae of the Agaricales. We used the BiSSE model and BAMM to test the hypothesis that the ECM habit represents an evolutionary key innovation that allowed the colonization of new niches followed by an increase in diversification rate. Ancestral state reconstruction supports the ancestor of the Tricholomatineae as non-ECM. We detected two diversification rate increases in the genus Tricholoma and the Rhodopolioid clade of the genus Entoloma. However, no increases in diversification were detected in the four other ECM clades of Tricholomatineae. We suggest that diversification of Tricholoma was not only due to the evolution of the ECM lifestyle, but to the expansion and dominance of its main hosts and ability to associate with a variety of hosts. Diversification in the Rhodopolioid clade could be due to the unique combination of spore morphology and ECM habit. The spore morphology may represent an exaptation that aided spore dispersal and colonization. This is the first study to investigate rate shifts across a phylogeny that contains both non-ECM and ECM lineages. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
... 1969Singer (e.g. , 1976, and Horak (1979). Garrido (1985) presents a full list of Agaricales recorded in Chile and a complete summary of the history of the study of this group in the country, but there are few studies since then. Lazo (2001) compiled photographs and descriptions of many Chilean species, including some species described by Singer (1969) from Chile. ...
... Although some of its characteristics resemble the genus Campanella, its unique set of macro-and micromorphological features distinguishes it from all taxa present in works made in similar environmental conditions in Argentina and Chile (e.g. Singer 1969, Horak 1979, Garrido 1988) as well as in Australia and New Zealand (e.g. Horak 1987, Segedin 1993, Bougher 2007, and phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal DNA sequences place this taxon on a separate lineage of the gymnopoid clade, Omphalotaceae. ...
Article
A novel, lignicolous agaric fromNothofagusforests of southern Chile is described as a new genus and species,Gymnopanella nothofagi This taxon falls within the family Omphalotaceae as a sister group toGymnopusin phylogenetic analyses based on sequences spanning the internal transcribed spacer region and D1/D1 region of nuclear 28S rDNA. Morphologically it is characterized by convex to flabellate basidiomata with distinctly gelatinized trama, pileipellis in the form of a cutis with erect fascicles of cylindrical, spirally incrusted hyphae and nonamyloid, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. This combination of features, in particular the lack of a rameales structure, serve to distinguishGymnopanellafromGymnopus,Marasmiellusand other similar genera of the Omphalotaceae or Marasmiaceae. The new taxon is known only from ChileanNothofagusforests at approximately 45-46° south latitude, but concerted searching in similar habitats in surrounding areas or in New Zealand may extend the known range considerably.
... As the only larger native ectotrophic community in the Andean Patagonian biome, Nothofagus-dominated forest ecosystems provide major resources for studies of the high natural biodiversity of Cortinarius species which is still insufficiently explored. Apart from the first and so far only comprehensive monograph by Moser and Horak (1975) and the important inventory for southern Patagonia by Horak (1979), only a few other publications contribute to the knowledge of this genus (Garrido 1988;Garnica et al. 2002;Garnica et al. 2003;Harrower et al. 2015;Romano et al. 2017;Salomón et al. 2018;San-Fabian et al. 2018;Liimatainen et al. 2020;Nouhra et al. 2021). Based almost exclusively on morphological attributes, historic Cortinarius s.l. ...
Article
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The new species Cortinarius steglichii is described from Chilean Nothofagu s forest based on morphological and microscopical attributes, molecular phylogeny, and chemical analysis of secondary metabolites. C. steglichii is characterized by abundant, long, ramified cystidia on the lamellar edges and stipe apex, further by a deep violet color reaction after treatment with KOH. As responsible secondary metabolite for the cytoplasmatic color reaction of cystidia and some hyphae, the new diterpenoid steglichon ( 1 ) could be recognized, showing also remarkable antibacterial and anticancer activity. Phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, RPB1 ) confirm the close relationship to species of the Cortinarius dulciolens group .
... Many species or species complexes posed unresolved taxonomic problems. In most cases, taxonomic conclusions have been based on descriptions made before the use of molecular tools on Patagonian material (Spegazzini, 1887;Horak, 1979;Garrido, 1988; among others) and on morphoanatomical keys generated for the northern hemisphere, which in some cases has led to misinterpretations of phenotypic diversity or errors in taxonomic determination and, consequently, in the distribution of taxa. A clear example is the case of Ramaria flava, known as changle, described for Europe and recorded in Patagonian forests. ...
Chapter
The book "Forest Fungi" explores sustainable option aspects of forest fungal research, from the selection of hosting plants, isolation, identification, fermentation, identification of secondary metabolites, omics-tools for better understanding the plant–fungus Interactions. Forests are the world’s greatest repository of terrestrial biomass, soil carbon and biodiversity. They provide a variety of provisioning, supporting, regulatory and cultural ecosystem services, which are crucial for the survival of human beings. Fungi play key roles in forest ecosystems as mutualists, saprobes and pathogens.
... rejic., Art. 14 (Shenzhen) (Desjardin et al. 2014, Sánchez-García & Matheny 2017, Sánchez-García et al. 2021, He & Yang 2022. Only Porpoloma sensu stricto and Tricholoma are considered ECM-forming genera without doubt (Kühner 1980, Garrido 1988, Tedersoo et al. 2010, Sánchez-García et al. 2014, Sánchez-García & Matheny 2017. The family Tricholomataceae is characterized by a tricholomatoid or rarely tricholomatoid-collybioid habit; pileus conical, convex, plano-convex to applanate, smooth, tomentose, or scaly, dry or viscid, rarely hygrophanous; lamellae adnate, adnexed, sinuate-emarginate to decurrent; spore deposit pure white, rarely pale cream; basidiospores subglobose, ellipsoid or ellipsoidoblong, colourless, thin-walled, without a germ pore, smooth or verrucose, positive reacting to Melzer's reagent (immediately amyloid, latently amyloid or dextrinoid, Vizzini et al. 2020c); basidia without siderophilous granulation; hymenial cystidia present or absent as cheilocystidia, pleurocystidia present in some groups; hymenophoral trama regular; pileipellis a cutis, ixocutis or trichoderm; clamp connections present or absent; ectomycorrhizal or saprotrophic on soil, humus and debris in forests and grass-lands; mainly found in temperate regions of the northern and southern hemispheres, but also in the tropics. ...
Article
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The phylogenetic position of several clitocyboid/pleurotoid/tricholomatoid genera previously considered incertae sedis is here resolved using an updated 6-gene dataset of Agaricales including newly sequenced lineages and more complete data from those already analyzed before. Results allowed to infer new phylogenetic relationships, and propose taxonomic novelties to accommodate them, including up to ten new families and a new suborder. Giacomia (for which a new species from China is here described) forms a monophyletic clade with Melanoleuca (Melanoleucaceae) nested inside suborder Pluteineae, together with the families Pluteaceae, Amanitaceae (including Leucocortinarius), Limnoperdaceae and Volvariellaceae. The recently described family Asproinocybaceae is shown to be a later synonym of Lyophyllaceae (which includes also Omphaliaster and Trichocybe) within suborder Tricholomatineae. The families Biannulariaceae, Callistosporiaceae, Clitocybaceae, Fayodiaceae, Macrocystidiaceae (which includes Pseudoclitopilus), Entolomataceae, Pseudoclitocybaceae (which includes Aspropaxillus), Omphalinaceae (Infundibulicybe and Omphalina) and the new families Paralepistaceae and Pseudoomphalinaceae belong also to Tricholomatineae. The delimitation of the suborder Pleurotineae (= Schizophyllineae) is discussed and revised, accepting five distinct families within it, viz. Pleurotaceae, Cyphellopsidaceae, Fistulinaceae, Resupinataceae and Schizophyllaceae. The recently proposed suborder Phyllotopsidineae (= Sarcomyxineae) is found to encompass the families Aphroditeolaceae, Pterulaceae, Phyllotopsidaceae, Radulomycetaceae, Sarcomyxaceae (which includes Tectella), and Stephanosporaceae, all of them unrelated to Pleurotaceae (suborder Pleurotineae) or Typhulaceae (suborder Typhulineae). The new family Xeromphalinaceae, encompassing the genera Xeromphalina and Heimiomyces, is proposed within Marasmiineae. The suborder Hygrophorineae is here reorganized into the families Hygrophoraceae, Cantharellulaceae, Cuphophyllaceae, Hygrocybaceae and Lichenomphaliaceae, to homogenize the taxonomic rank of the main clades inside all suborders of Agaricales. Finally, the genus Hygrophorocybe is shown to represent a distinct clade inside Cuphophyllaceae, and the new combination H. carolinensis is proposed.
... Jayawardena et al. (2022) divided Tricholomopsis into five clades: Rubroaurantiaca, Decora, Rutilans, Scabra, and Aurea. To date, approximately 40 species have been recognised from Africa (Pegler 1977;Desjardin 2017), Asia (Hongo 1959(Hongo , 1960(Hongo , 1966He 1989;Liu 1994;Hosen et al. 2020;Mao et al. 2021;Wang and Yang 2023), Australia (Horak 1971;Cooper and Park 2016), Europe (Singer 1939;Holec 2009;Olariaga et al. 2015;Vizzini et al. 2019), North America (Singer 1943(Singer , 1951Thiers 1958;Smith 1960), and South America (Singer 1953(Singer , 1989Horak 1980;Pegler 1983;Garrido 1988;Singer et al. 1990;Jayawardena et al. 2022). In China, 14 species of Tricholomopsis, including eight novel species (T. ...
Article
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The order Agaricales was divided into eight suborders. However, the phylogenetic relationships among some suborders are largely unresolved, and the phylogenetic positions and delimitations of some taxa, such as Sarcomyxaceae and Tricholomopsis, remain unsettled. In this study, sequence data of 38 genomes were generated through genome skimming on an Illumina sequencing system. To anchor the systematic position of Sarcomyxaceae and Tricholomopsis, a phylogenetic analysis based on 555 single-copy orthologous genes from the aforementioned genomes and 126 publicly accessible genomes was performed. The results fully supported the clustering of Tricholomopsis with Phyllotopsis and Pleurocybella within Phyllotopsidaceae, which formed a divergent monophyletic major lineage together with Pterulaceae, Radulomycetaceae, and Macrotyphula in Agaricales. The analysis also revealed that Sarcomyxaceae formed a unique major clade. Therefore, two new suborders, Phyllotopsidineae and Sarcomyxineae, are proposed for the two major lineages. Analyses of 450 single-copy orthologous genes and four loci suggested that Tricholomopsis consisted of at least four clades. Tricholomopsis is subsequently subdivided into four distinct sections. Seventeen Tricholomopsis species in China, including six new species, are reported. Conoloma is established to accommodate T. mucronata. The substrate preference of Tricholomopsis species and the transitions of the pileate ornamentations among the species within the genus are discussed.
... Species of Boletus s. str. are sought after for their edibility and are consumed worldwide (Garrido 1988;Wang & Yao 2005;Arora 2008;Lukić 2009;Halling et al. 2014;Sun et al. 2017). Medicinally, collections identified as B. edulis have antioxidant, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral properties, as well as being able to alleviate hyperglycemia, liver damage, and constipation (Zheng et al. 2007;Kan et al. 2009;Luo et al. 2012;Wang et al. 2014;Wu et al. 2016b;Xiao et al. 2018;Zhang et al. 2011Zhang et al. , 2018Zhu & Jia 2018a, b;Tan et al. 2022). ...
Article
Boletus littoreus (Boletaceae, Boletales) is described as a new species from tropical China based on morphological and molecular evidence from the nuclear ribosomal large subunit RNA (28S), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (RPB2). It is morphologically characterized by white basidiomata, a stipe without reticulations, a pileipellis composed of elliptic-fusiform to subglobose, sometimes filamentous, chains of hyphae, and is associated with trees of Dipterocarpaceae. An illustrated morphological description is provided along with comparison to related and similar species.
... Vizzini et al. (2020), using a novel standardized method to test sporal amyloidity showed evidence that in the tested European species of this genus, the spores are amyloid. Tricholoma is widely accepted or supposed to be an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) genus (Trappe 1962;Garrido 1988;Molina et al. 1998;De Roman et al. 2005;Agerer 1999Agerer , 2006Zeller et al. 2007;Rinaldi et al. 2008;Tedersoo et al. 2010;Ryberg and Matheny 2011;Christensen and Heilmann-Clausen 2013;Heilmann-Clausen et al. 2017). However, the genus also encompasses some species that form dual ectomycorrhizal/monotropoid or ectomycorrhizal/pyroloid associations linking trees and monotropoid or pyroloids mycoheterotrophic plants (Ericaceae) (Björkman 1960;Bidartondo andBruns 2001, 2002;Leake et al. 2004;Bidartondo 2005;Tedersoo et al. 2007;Trudell 2012) or are associated with green or achlorophyllic orchids (Jacquemyn et al. 2016;Pecoraro et al. 2018;Schweiger 2018;Chen et al. 2019b). ...
Article
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Fungi are eukaryotes that play essential roles in ecosystems. Among fungi, Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla with more than 40,000 described species. We review species diversity of Basidiomycota from five groups with different lifestyles or habitats: saprobic in grass/forest litter, wood-decaying, yeast-like, ectomycorrhizal, and plant parasitic. Case studies of Agaricus, Cantharellus, Ganoderma, Gyroporus, Russula, Tricholoma, and groups of lichenicolous yeast-like fungi, rust fungi, and smut fungi are used to determine trends in discovery of biodiversity. In each case study, the number of new species published during 2009–2020 is analysed to determine the rate of discovery. Publication rates differ between taxa and reflect different states of progress for species discovery in different genera. The results showed that lichenicolous yeast-like taxa had the highest publication rate for new species in the past two decades, and it is likely this trend will continue in the next decade. The species discovery rate of plant parasitic basidiomycetes was low in the past ten years, and remained constant in the past 50 years. We also found that the establishment of comprehensive and robust taxonomic systems based on a joint global initiative by mycologists could promote and standardize the recognition of taxa. We estimated that more than 54,000 species of Basidiomycota will be discovered by 2030, and estimate a total of 1.4–4.2 million species of Basidiomycota globally. These numbers illustrate a huge gap between the described and yet unknown diversity in Basidiomycota.
... Cortinarius is one of the largest and most taxonomically diverse genera in the Agaricales, accounting for at least 2700 described species worldwide (Peintner et al. 2001(Peintner et al. , 2004Garnica et al. 2005;Frøslev et al. 2007;Danks et al. 2010;Soop et al. 2019). Cortinarius is also considered the largest and most species-rich genus of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in the Patagonian region of Argentina and Chile (Garrido 1988;Garnica et al. 2002;Romano and Lechner 2014;Truong et al. 2017). The forests of Patagonia are dominated by Nothofagaceae (Nothofagus and Lophozonia), and these trees serve as the main ECM host plants in the region (Garnica et al. 2003). ...
Article
In the Patagonian region, Cortinarius is the most diverse and abundant genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi with at least 250 species. Sequestrate forms were until recently documented within the genus Thaxterogaster, a genus now known to be polyphyletic, and many were consequently transferred to Cortinarius. Original descriptions were mostly available in German and Spanish and interpretations of morphological structures outdated. Despite recent advances in Cortinarius systematics, the current classification, diversity, and ecology of sequestrate “cortinarioid” fungi in Patagonia remain unclear. The objective of this study was to provide an update on sequestrate Cortinarius of southern South America. We documented each species with morphological descriptions, photographs, basidiospore scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and molecular characterization using nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and nuc 28S rDNA (28S) sequence data. Original descriptions of taxa were also translated to English and revised based on fresh collections. We documented 24 species from Patagonia based on molecular data and conducted morphological and phylogenetic analysis for 18 previously described species based on type and reference specimens. In addition, we formally described two new species. Four additional taxa were provisionally determined as new but require further study. New ITS sequence data were produced from eight type specimens. We also provide a new name, Cortinarius gloiodes, nom. nov., for the taxon previously described as Thaxterogaster gliocyclus. In addition to the species treated in detail, we provided additional reference information and discussion on six described species that remained incompletely known or for which no recent collections were found. Of the 24 taxa documented from Patagonia, 15 species were assigned to 12 current sections in the genus Cortinarius. Analysis of spore ultrastructure showed that sequestrate forms of Patagonian Cortinarius lack a true perisporium.
... Mycena interrupta (Berk.) Sacc., originalmente emplazada en la sección Cyanocephalae Singer pertenece claramente a la sección Exornatae, y hasta el momento, sólo ha sido registrada en el hemisferio sur en Australia, Nueva Zelanda y Tasmania (Grgurinovic 2002), así como en Chile (Singer 1969;Garrido 1988) y Argentina (Raithelhuber 1996) bajo el nombre de Mycena cyanocephala Singer. Es fácil de distinguir macroscópicamente por su píleo de color azul más o menos intenso y microscópicamente por presentar queilocistidios ornamentados. ...
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Mycena discobasis Métrod is registered from the Los Alcornocales Natural Park (Cádiz) for the first time in Europe. A detailed macro and microscopic descripion is provided, as well as a phylogeneic analysis and a comparative study is carried out with other taxa of the section Exornatae and other species of related sections.
... A large number of regional mycological floras, comprehensive monographic treatises, color atlas, reference books, checklists and popular field guides have dealt with fleshy pored mushrooms and related lamellate, sequestrate and corticioid taxa over the past two centuries (Fries, 1821(Fries, , 1838Frost, 1874;Quélet, 1888;Peck, 1889;Bataille, 1908;Smotlacha, 1912;Murrill, 1914;Coker and Couch, 1928;Coker and Beers, 1943;Singer, 1945Singer, , 1946Singer, , 1947Singer, , 1965Singer, , 1967Singer, , 1986Chiu, 1948Chiu, , 1957Heinemann, 1951;Imazeki, 1952;Digilio, 1957, 1964;Pilát, 1958;Hongo, 1960Hongo, , 1973McNabb, 1967McNabb, , 1968McNabb, , 1969Horak, 1968Horak, , 2011Corner, 1971aCorner, ,b, 1972bSnell and Dick, 1970;Smith and Thiers, 1971;Pilát and Dermek, 1974;Kühner, 1977;Vasiljeva, 1978;Tai, 1979;Wolfe, 1980;Pegler and Young, 1981;Moser, 1983;Singer et al., 1983Singer et al., , 1990Singer et al., , 1991Singer et al., , 1992Alessio, 1985;Garrido, 1988;Imazeki et al., 1988;Watling and Hollands, 1990;Turnbull, 1992, 1994;Both, 1993;Lakhanpal, 1996;Nagasawa, 1997;Watling and de Meijer, 1997;Ginns, 1998;Watling and Li, 1999;Bessette et al., 2000;Li and Song, 2000;Montecchi and Sarasini, 2000;Lannoy and Estadès, 2001;Ladurner and Simonini, 2003;Muñoz, 2005;Šutara, 2005Zang, 2006;Klofac, 2007;Ortiz-Santana et al., 2007;Knudsen and Taylor, 2008;Bernicchia and Gorjón, 2010;Zang et al., 2013;etc.), however, the approach to the study of bolete taxonomy has radically changed with the increasing availability of molecular genetic investigation applied to the study of basidiomycetes, casting doubts on the validity of relying solely on visible features for identification and highlighting the necessity to clarify the discrepancies between genetic and morphological criteria. ...
Chapter
An outline on the current knowledge of the order Boletales (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) is presented and elucidated on a global scale. Delineating taxonomic framework based on macro-morphology, anatomical features and key chemical compounds, complemented by notes on a historical overview, information on recent phylogenetic circumscription and systematic arrangement, origins, diversification and evolutionary dynamics, symbiotic partners, mutualistic interactions and ecology, biogeography and distribution patterns are highlighted and briefly discussed. Insights on the edibility/toxicity and therapeutic properties, and a review on ethnomycological traditions, cultivation, consumption and marketing of well-known taxa are also summarized.
... Sotto abete rosso in estate. Inocybe graveolens (Horak) Garrido è un nome che GARRIDO (1988) 15: 743. 1978 [1977]. ...
Article
Recent bibliographical research revealed the exsistence of some taxa established by SCHWALB (1894) of which there is no trace in today’s literature. Such taxa are here reproposed together with a recombination and the proposal of new names made necessary by the fact that some later taxa have consequently become illegitimate because later homonyms. In particular, Inoloma lilaceum is recombined as Cortinarius lilaceus, while Collybia ochracea, Inocybe gilibertoi and Lactarius cyanotinctus are proposed as new names (explicit substitutes).
... In South America Gymnopilus has been recorded by Berkeley & Cooke (1876), Saccardo (1887), Patouillard & Gaillard (1888), Singer (1951Singer ( , 1953bSinger ( , 1961Singer ( , 1969Singer ( , 1975, Singer & Digilio (1951), Dennis (1953Dennis ( , 1961Dennis ( , 1970, Raithelhuber (1974Raithelhuber ( , 1980Raithelhuber ( , 1991Raithelhuber ( , 2004, Talice & Talice (1980), Bononi et al. (1984), Lazo (1984), Garrido (1985Garrido ( , 1988, Horak (1989), Pegler (1988Pegler ( , 1990Pegler ( , 1997, Putzke (1994), Valenzuela et al. (1994), Sede & López (1999), Cardona et al. (2005), Cortez & Coelho (2005), Franco-Molano et al. (2005), Wright & Wright (2005), Lechner et al. (2006), Drechsler-Santos et al. (2007), Karstedt & Stürmer (2008), Wright et al. (2008), Lobato et al. (2010), Vasco-Palacios & Franco-Molano (2013), Magnago et al. (2013), Sequeira (2013), Silva-Junior & Wartchow (2015) and Grassi et al. (2016). These authors have cited species for Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Uruguay. ...
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Gymnopilus is characterized by its ferruginous-yellow basidiomata and lamellae, ferruginous spore print, ellipsoidal basidiospores with warty and rough ornamentation, and lacking a germinative pore. Here, novel data on the Gymnopilus species of Paraguay is presented, macro and microscopic morphological characteristics, distribution, and ecology are described, and a taxonomic discussion is provided. Gymnopilus imperialis is recorded in the Alto Paraná Department, G. lepidotus in the Central Department, G. luteofolius in the Cordillera Department, G. peliolepis in the Paraguarí Department, and G. purpureosquamulosus in the Central Department and Boquerón, all as new records for Paraguay. Photographs of the fresh basidiomata and some microscopic structures such as basidia and basidiospores are attached.
... The knowledge of Chilean larger fungi is rather good thanks to the works of Singer (1969), Garrido (1988), and Valenzuela (1993), among others. A baseline for this knowledge has been the works by Mujica and Vergara (1945), Mujica and Oherens (1967), and Mujica et al. (1980), which offered a database of pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. ...
Article
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Fomitiporia chilensis and Phylloporia boldo are described as new poroid species in the Hymenochaetaceae based on morphological, cultural, ecological, and phylogenetic analyses. Fomitiporia chilensis pertains to the Fomitiporia punctata species complex, being related to its Neotropical taxa. It is distinguished by pulvinate to effuse basidiomes that develop an indurated margin, by contextual tissue between the tube strata and basidiospores larger than 6.0 μm, and by growth on dead tissues of Peumus boldus and Cryptocarya alba. Its closest phylogenetic relatives are Fomitiporia neotropica and Fomitiporia impercepta, which differ by flatter basidiomes and by microscopical features. Phylloporia boldo grows and sporulates exclusively on living Peumus boldus. It is distinguished by a pileate basidiome with sulcate, indurated pileal surface, a dimitic hyphal system and by relatively large basidiospores 5.4-6.0 × 4.4-5.0 μm with dull chestnut walls. It was found to be phylogenetically related to Phylloporia dependens, described from China; both species being distantly related to other species in Phylloporia.
... The earliest publications of South American Cortinarius species are from Spegazzini (1887a, 1887b), whereas the largest contribution was made by Moser and Horak (1975) and Horak (1980) from Andino-Patagonian forests. Singer and Moser (1965), Garrido (1988), Valenzuela and Esteve-Raventós (1994), and Garnica et al. (2002) were also involved in the discovery and description of Cortinarius species from South America. DNA sequencing of ECM roots subsequently revealed that Cortinarius are also highly abundant and speciose on the roots of Nothofagaceae host trees (Nouhra et al. 2013). ...
Article
In this study, we document and describe the new Cortinarius section Austroamericani. Our results reveal high species diversity within this clade, with a total of 12 recognized species. Of these, only C. rufus was previously documented. Seven species are described as new based on basidiomata collections. The four remaining species are only known from environmental sequences. All examined species form ectomycorrhizal associations with species of Nothofagaceae and are currently only known from Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia. The phylogenetic analysis based on the nuc rDNA internal transcriber spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and partial 28S gene (28S) sequences shows that this section is related to other taxa from the Southern Hemisphere. Species in this group do not belong to subg. Telamonia, where C. rufus was initially placed. Cortinarius rufus and the newly described C. subrufus form a basal clade within sect. Austroamericani that has a weakly supported relationship with the core clade. Because the two species are morphologically similar to species from the core clade and share their distribution and Nothofagaceae associations, we include them here as part of sect. Austroamericani sensu lato (s.l.) until more material is available to refine the delimitation.
... Se han realizado estudios relacionados con la flora y fauna de la Cordillera de Nahuelbuta; sin embargo, existen pocas investigaciones sobre la caracterización de las especies de macrohongos (hongos formadores de esporóforos mayores a 2 mm) presentes en la zona, siendo Garrido (1988) quién realizó una de las contribuciones más importantes sobre la materia, describiendo al menos 22 especies nuevas para la ciencia, las cuales además son endémicas de la Cordillera de Nahuelbuta (Tabla 1). ectomicorrízicos (Moser & Horak, 1975). ...
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La Cordillera de Nahuelbuta es un ecosistema de importancia ecológica, pero que se ha visto fuertemente amenazado por las plantaciones forestales, los incendios, la agricultura intensiva, la extracción de leña y la sobre explotación de especies nativas. En cuanto a la diversidad de hongos, existen pocas publicaciones, siendo Garrido (1988) uno de los micólogos destacados en el estudio de la zona, quién describió nuevas especies, siendo al menos 22 de ellas endémicas de la Cordillera de Nahuelbuta. En otoño de 2018, se realizó una expedición micológica a dos tipos de bosque nativo: Nothofagus dombeyi - Araucaria araucana, y Nothofagus obliqua - Gevuina avellana - Lomatia hirsuta. Se encontró 75 especies de macrohongos en total, siendo 8 pertenecientes al Phylum Ascomycota, y 67 al Phylum Basidiomycota, de las cuales se muestran algunas fotografías con una breve descripción macroscópica.
... Following identification, the fruiting bodies were dried and added to a reference collection. Taxonomic references of Garrido (1988) 1 29 were consulted for species determination of gasteroid and agaricoid basidiomycetes, as well as ascomycetes. ...
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Chilean temperate rainforests have unique climatic, edaphic and biotic conditions, constituting pre-industrial blueprint ecosystems. Mycorrhizal associations play a central role in the biogeochemical processes of these ecosystems´functioning ecosystems´functioning. Baseline forest ecology studies are necessary in order to better understand diversity patterns, specifically regarding mycorrhizal symbiosis. Therefore, here we describe the vegetation characteristics and the mycorrhizal relationships of vascular plants in a Nothofagus pumilio forest. We also describe, via morphological methods, the ectomycorrhizal diversity present in this forest. Additionally, we determined whether ectomycorrhizal inoculation confers positive growth effects on N. pumilio seedlings. We found that from 46 vascular plant species identified in this study, 42 (91%) were mycorrhizal and of these 33 (72%) were associated with arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), two (the dominant trees N. pumilio and N. dombeyi) were forming ectomycorrhizae (EM), five were associated with ericoid mycorrhizae, two with orchid mycorrhizae, and four were non-mycorrhizal. Additionally, 26 EM species were detected of which 15 belong to Cortinarius. Finally , there were clear differences in the growth of N. pumilio seedlings inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata compared to non-inoculated plants. We suggest that mycorrhizal fungi play a key role in seedling colonization of harsh environments such as the Andean treeline.
... The pioneer, shade-intolerant Nothofagus nitida was the only species that showed a higher probability of presence on fresher logs, where its seedlings could apparently enjoy a brief competitionfree window. Colonization of fresh logs by N. nitida may be possible because of its dependence on ectomycorrhizal (EM) association ( Lusk 1995) rather than on arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) ( Garrido 1988). EM has epigeous fructifications and therefore their spores are easier to disperse to recently fallen logs. ...
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Summary 1 We studied the importance of fallen logs as recruitment sites for tree species, their role in species coexistence, and also the influence of canopy openness and litter depth on tree species establishment in mid-successional and old-growth temperate rain forests of Chiloé Island, southern Chile. 2 Old-growth (OG) stands showed significantly more fallen logs than mid-successional (MS) stands. Concomitantly, the proportion of seedlings and saplings established on logs was significantly greater in OG than MS stands. 3 Of 13 tree species found at our study sites, eight showed a significant bias towards establishment on logs, especially those in advanced stages of decomposition. 4 In some stands, all seedlings of Eucryphia cordifolia , Laureliopsis philippiana , Not- hofagus nitida , Tepualia stipularis and Weinmannia trichosperma occurred on decaying logs, whereas all Podocarpus nubigena seedlings were found on undisturbed soil sites. 5 Small-seeded species were more common on logs, whereas large-seeded trees occurred on soil. 6 On soil, litter depth negatively affected local abundance of log-dependent seedlings, suggesting that variation in litter accumulation influences species distributions across the forest floor mosaic. 7 The density of shade-intolerant seedlings was more enhanced by the presence of fallen logs under closed canopy than by the occurrence of canopy gaps over soil sites. 8 Seed size plays an important role in successful establishment of species across the mosaic of fallen logs and different litter depth on the forest floor. We suggest that this mosaic of microsites is an important factor for species coexistence.
... Chile, es mucho más que un sitio único para estudios de comparación, con un gradiente climático y de suelos (desde muy jóvenes hasta viejos) a lo largo de una roca madre, abarcando muchos tipos de materiales parentales, con minerales de diversa naturaleza. Más allá, los bosques templados de Chile y Argentina poseen la familia Nothofagaceae con especies arbóreas cercanamente emparentadas y con asociaciones simbióticas del tipo ECM (Garrido 1988, Valenzuela et al. 1999, Palfner 2001, Donoso 2006, adaptadas a los diversos ambientes, lo que otorga una posibilidad de comparación única sobre la influencia climática en el flujo de energía hacia el subsuelo. Adicionalmente, las coníferas endémicas de Chile y Argentina son del tipo de simbiosis MA (Godoy y Mayr 1989, Carrillo et al. 1992, Godoy et al. 1994, constituyendo la excepción de este tipo de asociación para el Hemisferio Sur y pueden ser usadas, en estudios comparativos de meteorización biogénica, así como en estudios de funcionalidad entre las Gimnospermas y Angiospermas. ...
... Los bosques chilenos dominados por especies de Nothofagus spp. soportan una alta diversidad de flora fúngica de Agaricales, que forman ectomicorrizas (Garrido 1988, Valenzuela et al. 1999, Palfner 2001. Por otro lado, la mayor parte de la flora vascular del bosque templado en el Cono Sur de América, presenta una dominancia de asociación con micorrizas arbusculares (MA) (Godoy et al. 1994, Fontenla et al. 1998, Castillo et al. 2006. ...
... Singer (1969) reported it under P/eurotellus hypnophi/us, from different localities in Chile and Argentina . Lazo (1971Lazo ( , 1977Lazo ( , 1984, Horak (1979) and Garrido (1988) regarded it also in Chile , and recently , Senn-lrlet (lmazeki and Hongo, 1987;Teng, 1988). In North America , the species (as C. herbarum) is known to occur along the Pacific coast, from Canada to California (Murrill, 1912(Murrill, , 1917Hesler and Smith, 1965;Redhead , 1984), and northwest Mexico (Moreno and Ayala, 1996). ...
Article
Mexican collections of Crepidotus epibryus (= C. herbarum) are reported, and some specimens from the USA treated by Hesler and Smith either as C. herbarum or C. epybrius s. Pilát are discussed. Also, the samples of C. longicystis s. Singer 1973 from Mexico are re-evaluated and found to be conspecific with the type collection of Marasmiellus septicoides (= Crepidotus septicoides) originally described from Brazil. In addition, a type study of Crepidotus albatus from USA is provided, and it is concluded that it is a synonym of the European C. subverrucisporus. Discussions, descriptions and illustrations of the microscopical features of the mentioned taxa are included.
... & G.M. Jansen (Schalkwijk and Jansen 1982, Singer 1969 as A. gayana [Mont.] Sacc.), A. grauiana Garrido (Garrido 1988), A. merxmuelleri Bresinsky & Garrido (Garrido and Bresinsky 1985), A. toxica (Lazo) Garrido & Bresinsky nom. inval. ...
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We described and illustrated Amanita viscidolutea sp. nov. from specimens collected in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. The main characteristics of the new species are its yellow pileus with white margin, the viscidity of the pileal surface, an exannulate stipe and inamyloid basidiospores. We also present an artificial dichoto-mous key to Central and South American species of Amanita (subgenus Amanita) section Amanita.
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Nothofagus alessandrii (ruil) is an endangered relict species, endemic to the Mediterranean area of Chile, and one of the most threatened trees in the country. Its natural distribution area has been greatly reduced by the effect of human activities; the remaining fragments are mostly intervened and highly deteriorated as a habitat and refuge for the associated biodiversity. In order to produce healthy and resistant nursery plants for recovery and restoration of N. alessandrii forests, this study evaluates the early effects of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum (MFI) combined with fertilization on the cultivation of seedlings. The experiment was established under a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of the mycorrhizal factors (M0 = without mycorrhizal, M1 = Thelephora sp. and M2 = Hebeloma sp.) and fertilization (F1 = standard fertilization and F2 = intensive fertilization), with three replicates of each combination, for each type of plant (P1 = plants from one season and P2 = plants from two seasons). Each experimental unit corresponded to a group of 20 plants, with 720 plants in the test. The results indicate that application of fertilizer and MFI significantly affects some growth and photosynthesis parameters of ruil plants in one and two seasons. The morphological parameters obtained in the study show shoot height values ranging between 67 and 91 cm for P1 and between 96 and 111 cm for P2; while, for shoot diameter, values ranged between 7.91 and 8.24 mm for P1 and between 10.91 and 11.49 mm for P2. Although formation of fully developed mycorrhizal roots was not observed during the assay period, we conclude that inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi combined with fertilization could be an efficient strategy to produce a quality plant, in addition to maintaining a high photosynthetic capacity and, therefore, a higher percentage of survival in the field.
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This paper is a contribution to the current knowledge of taxonomy, ecology and distribution of South American Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray. Cortinarius is among the most widely distributed and species-rich basidiomycete genera occurring with South American Nothofagaceae and species are found in many distinct habitats, including shrublands and forests. Due to their ectomycorrhizal role, Cortinarius species are critical for nutrient cycling in forests, especially at higher latitudes. Some species have also been reported as edible fungi with high nutritional quality. Our aim is to unravel the taxonomy of selected Cortinarius belonging to phlegmacioid and myxotelamonioid species based on morphological and molecular data. After widely sampling Cortinarius specimens in Patagonian Nothofagaceae forests and comparing them to reference collections (including holotypes), we propose five new species of Cortinarius in this work. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated rDNA ITS-LSU and RPB1 sequences failed to place these new species into known Cortinarius sections or lineages. These findings highlight our knowledge gaps regarding the fungal diversity of South American Nothofagaceae forests. Due to the high diversity of endemic Patagonian taxa, it is clear that the South American Cortinarius diversity needs to be discovered and described in order to understand the evolutionary history of Cortinarius on a global scale.
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A new species, Gymnopus alliifoetidissimus, is described from China. It represents the first new species of Gymnopus sect. Impudicae for this country. It is characterized by its small, white basidiomata with a strong alliaceous smell. Additionally, G. densilamellatus and G. similis, originally described from South Korea, are reported as new records to China. Detailed descriptions, colour photographs, illustrations of microcharacters and phylogenetic analyses based on nrDNA (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-nrLSU) are presented. All known Chinese species were summarised in a preliminary report based on relevant literature and this study, and a key to the reported species of G. sect. Impudicae from China is provided.
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Four new Cortinarius species are described from Nothofagus forests in South Chile. Cortinarius aurantiorufus and C. punctatisporus, subgenus Phlegmacium, stirps Inflatipes, are mainly characterized by a viscid to glutinous pileus and a bulbous whitish stipe. They differ in the color of the pileus, and shape, ornamentation, and size of the basidiospores. Futhermore, C. punctatisporus has a translucently striate pileus. Cortinarius rubrivelatus and C. parahumilis belong to subgenus Telamonia, stirps Brunneivelatus and Scabrisporus, respectively. Cortinarius rubrivelatus has a reddish veil, a viscid pileus, and large, ellipsoid to amygdaliform basidiospores. Cortinarius parahumilis has small, subglobose to broadly elliptical, minutely verrucose basidiospores and a viscid pileus.
Article
For the first time, the pigment composition of basidiocarps from the Chilean mushroom Cortinarius pyromyxa was studied under various aspects like phylogeny, chemistry and antibiotic activity. A molecular biological study supports the monotypic position of C. pyromyxa in subgenus Myxacium, genus Cortinarius. Four undescribed diterpenoids, named pyromyxones A-D, were isolated from fruiting bodies of C. pyromyxa. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on comprehensive one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic analysis, ESI-HRMS measurements, as well as X-ray crystallography. In addition, the absolute configurations of pyromyxones A-D were established with the aid of JH,H, NOESY spectra and quantum chemical CD calculation. The pyromyxones A-D possess the undescribed nor-guanacastane skeleton. Tested pyromyxones A, B, and D exhibit only weak activity against gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and gram-negative Aliivibrio fischeri as well as the phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea, Septoria tritici and Phytophthora infestans.
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This chapter compiles data on various aspects of ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa research, carried out in South America (SA) since the first studies in the early 1900. Early research was achieved by foreign mycologists and the development of the first biological research centers in the region. The diversity of fungal taxa and data on the associated plant hosts and ecosystems are described based on biological and phytogeographic characteristics. Most publications on the topic were revised, the ectomycorrhizal lineages registered and species richness estimated based on fruiting bodies records and sequence data, derived from root tips of ectomycorrhizal hosts as well as OTU sequences from metabarcoding analysis. The review compiles previous and recent data for various areas of interest along the Andes, Guiana, Amazonian basin and the northeastern coast of SA. Additional research aspects such as physiology, cellular biology, chemistry, chemotaxonomy and mycosociology are briefly addressed.
Chapter
The advances in plant cataloging and the increase of studies on mycorrhiza in South America (SA) have led to the compilation of information to better understand the native ecosystems and their constraints. Selected environments ranging from natural to anthropized ecosystems were analyzed according to their fungal-endophyte-associations and fungal-symbionts occurrence in relation to relevant physical-chemical properties of soils of the principal biomes in SA. Considering conservation units, no National Park is under continuous research in SA and few ones have been investigated for mycorrhizal symbioses. Ectomycorrhizas, with scant host-tree species in SA, are also investigated in Argentina and Chile forestry and mostly in exotic trees in Brazil. The study of the mycorrhizas and mycorrhizal fungi ecology and their response to global change, which is urgently recommended, is still incipient. Further, the publication revisions showed that Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, and Ecuador are the countries with more published reports. Studies on mycorrhizas have developed largely; however, most of them were concerned with diversity and morphology, while the applications of mycorrhizas in environmental issues are still limited. The cooperative work between researchers from the Northern Hemisphere and SA could lead to greater advances on the quick and improved knowledge of the wonderful SA ecosystems and their mycorrhizas. This chapter revises and discusses the advances in mycorrhizal fungi understanding drawing on recent research.
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Phylloporus fibulatus and Tricholomopsis humboldtii from Colombian oak forests are newly described, and a new section of Phylloporus, sect. Fibulati, is proposed. Phylloporus boletinoides is redescribed from recently collected material and placed in sect. Manausensis. A comparison of characters distinguishing Paxillus and Phylloporus is given.
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Se presenta una breve revision del genero Amanita Pers. y posteriormente, se describen los caracteres macromorfologicos de las especies nativas comestibles Amanita diemii Singer y Amanita merxmuelleri Bresinsky & Garrido, las cuales se encuentran distribuidas desde la Region del Maule hasta la Region de Magallanes asociadas a especies del genero Nothofagus Blume.
Thesis
A mycorrhiza is a mutualistic association between certain groups of soil fungi and most plants. The main function is the exchange of chemical compounds between the plant and the fungus, in which the mycobiont takes up nutrients and water from soil and delivers to the phytobiont in exchange for carbohydrates and lipids. Moreover, this association helps plants in withstand the biotic and abiotic stress of the environment. In consequence, the occurrence of the mycorrhiza positively influences both the plant and the fungal partner. There are several mycorrhizal types, depending on the groups of plants and fungi that form the mycorrhizal association: Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), Ectomycorrhiza (EcM), Orchid mycorrhiza (OrM) and Ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM). Particularly, it has been shown the positive and essential influence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in programs of restoration of degraded ecosystems, mainly in the northern hemisphere. In central Chile, the Chilean matorral is one of only five Mediterraneantype ecosystems in the world. It is considered a biodiversity hotspot, because of the high proportion of endemic species, many of them threatened due to anthropogenic factors. In this context, AMF are attractive for developing tools for the Chilean matorral recovery. Nonetheless, the application is still restricted since there is scarce information regarding AMF ecological patterns of this ecosystem. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis is to identify the factors that determine the abundance, diversity and community composition of the AMF community of the sclerophyllous forest. This plant formation is very characteristic and the most extended in the Chilean matorral. In order to achieve this aim, two previous analysis were performed. First, (1) a bibliographic compilation was done to support the idea of a high frequency of AM in the Chilean matorral and (2) corroborate the presence of AM in the dominant plants of a representative sclerophyllous forest of the Chilean matorral. As main results, AM were found to be the more frequent mycorrhizal type in the Chilean matorral. Moreover, all the dominant plant species of the sclerophyllous forest studied (Peumus boldus, Lithrea caustica, Quillaja saponaria, Cryptocarya alba, Kageneckia oblonga y Escallonia pulverulenta), showed AMF structures. However, due the frequency and intensity of mycorrhizal structures it was concluded that all, but L. caustica form with certainty AM. With these results we continued with (3) determining the factors that influence the AMF spore abundance and (4) the molecular community of AMF in the soil and roots of associated plants. It was found that spore abundance varies significantly in relation to the seasons. Also, diversity and composition of AMF, varies significantly in relation to the AMF compartment (soil or roots) and to the host plant species. Also, spore abundance, molecular diversity and community composition of AMF varies in regard to several physico-chemical soil factors. It is concluded that while sporulation and germination of spores occur differentially along the year, the different plant species associate in a specialist manner to a small proportion of AMF, while most of the AMF are plant generalists. There is a high abundance of AMF of the genera Glomus, Claroideoglomus and Paraglomus and 20 new virtual taxa were detected and may be exclusive of the sclerophyllous forest studied. Not only mycorrhizal traits but also community structure in relation to plant species should be considered in programs of restoration. This will be important in improving the plant fitness as well as preserve the AMF diversity of the sclerophyllous forest of the Chilean matorral.
Chapter
In honor of the late J. A. von Arx two volumes with various taxonomic contributions were published, Studies in Mycology No. 31 (Anonymous 1989) and Sydowia Vol. 41 (1989). The 70th birthday of Clark T. Rogerson was celebrated with a Festschrift in the Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. 49 (1989). The genera of higher fungi were keyed out in Italian by Lazzari (1987). The consequences of the decisions on fungal nomenclature taken at the Sydney Botanical Congress were analyzed by Rauschert (1989) though some modifications decided at Berlin in 1987 (Greuter et al. 1988) could not be taken into account. An updated list of fungal family names was compiled by Hawksworth and David (1988). The steps required in monographing a fungal group (exemplified by the aquatic Hyphomycetes), with emphasis on the value of national catalogues, were described by Descals (1989).
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