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Abstract
The physico-chemical properties of trichilia emetica seeds have been studied for their domestic and commercial applications. The color of the oil was yellow and it was solid at room temperature. The seeds have been found to have good oil yield of 65.81% which is comparable to the oil yield of some selected commercial seed oils such as cottonseed, safflower, soybean and olive oil. Iodine value (60.15mgI2/100g), peroxide value (0.56mgO 2/g), saponification value (180.09mgKOH/g), acid value (8.13mgKOH/g), kinematic viscosity (49.85mm2/s), refractive index (1.47) and unsaponifiable matter (1.79) of the oil were determined by A.O.A.C. High saponification value guarantees the use of the oils in cosmetics and soap making industry. The acid value of the trichilia emetica seeds is higher than the maximum permissible acid level of 4mgKOH/g fat or oil required for edible virgin fats and oils and therefore it is necessary to purify the oil to make suitable for consumption. However the oil recorded low iodine values suggesting trichilia emetica seeds oil is highly saturated and may not be susceptible to rancidity. This study shows that, trichilia emetica seeds oil is a good source of edible oil for the local community after purification. © 2014 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Union of Chemists in Bulgaria.
... Its seed oil is rich in essential fatty acid (palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic fatty acids) which can be used in the production of natural soaps (Orwa et al., 2009). Studies have shown that, whole seed yields of T. emetica is in a range between 58% -68% (Adinew, 2014). Due to this ability, it can be considered as an alternative to other potential common oilseed bearing plants in Tanzania such as Sesamum indicum L. (sesame), Persea americana (avocado), Prunus armeniaca (apricot kernel), Brassica napus (rapeseed), (Linum usitatissimum (linseed), Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Elaeis guineensis (palm) (Lubbe and Verpoorte, 2011;Adinew, 2014). ...
... Studies have shown that, whole seed yields of T. emetica is in a range between 58% -68% (Adinew, 2014). Due to this ability, it can be considered as an alternative to other potential common oilseed bearing plants in Tanzania such as Sesamum indicum L. (sesame), Persea americana (avocado), Prunus armeniaca (apricot kernel), Brassica napus (rapeseed), (Linum usitatissimum (linseed), Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Elaeis guineensis (palm) (Lubbe and Verpoorte, 2011;Adinew, 2014). ...
... Thus, those slight differences possibly affected oil yields from T. emetica plants resulted to slight differences in the results obtained. Also, the obtained yields results are higher than 14% -35% reported on similar tree species by Saka and Msonthi, (1994), Adinew, (2014) and Orwa et al., (2009). Nevertheless, the obtained results are in agreement with the most common commercially grown seed oil content of castor (50%) and sesame (50%) seed oil and groundnut (46%), but greater than oil content of rapseed (37%), linseed oil (38%), palm kernel (36%), mustard (35%), sunflower (32%), palm fruit (20%), soybean (14%) and cotton seed (13%) (Bockisch, 1998;Agriculture Research Data Book, 2002;Adinew, 2014). ...
Despite widespread and its local available as a naturalized hedge and shade plant, the potential of Trichilia emetica was not utilized in soap making by the majority of local community in various parts of Dodoma, Tanzania. This study aimed to assess the quantity (yields) and quality (Acid Values (AVs), %Free Fatty Acids (%FFAs) and Saponification Values (SVs) of seed oil from water plant (T. emetica), suitable for soap making application. Solvent extraction method was used during oil extraction, where by 50gm of preheated and powdered seed materials were immersed in 250ml of n-hexane in 1:5 (w/v) to dissolve the oil contained in the seed cake. The oil was collected by vaporizing solvent out through Rotary evaporation at 60°C. Also standard titration methods were used to obtain SVs, AVs and %FFAs of the extracted oil. Results showed that T. emetica seeds contained higher quantity of oil (48.4% - 50.2%) than many reported commercial plant seed oils. Also, the study found higher AV (7.4 mgKOH/g - 7.8 mgKOH/g), %FFA (3.7% to 3.9%) and SVs (189.5 mgKOH/g - 191.4 mgKOH/g) than the maximum acceptable limits of 0.50 mg KOH/g, 0.020% and 175 mgKOH/g -187 mgKOH/g prescribed by ASTM standards (2002). The obtained results showed that, T. emetica seeds yielded high oil quantity with low qualities due to higher levels of acidity. But high SVs guarantees the possibility of using T. emetica seed oil in soap making. However, the oil requires purification in order to bring levels of acidity to acceptable standards and guarantee its normal use in soap making.
... In addition to being a source of food, the seeds of T. emetica yield two kinds of oil namely: (1) Mafura oil (Matakala et al. 2005), which is obtained from the fleshy envelope of seeds and (2) Mafura butter obtained from the kernel. Mafura oil is edible (Adinew 2014b) and is preferred for its particular properties (Khumalo et al. 2002). On the other hand, Mafura butter is not palatable but it is used to manufacture soap and candles Nchimbi (2020). ...
... The envelope of the seeds can yield 48.4− 50.2% of oil Nchimbi (2020). This is higher than many reported commercial plant seed oils Adinew (2014b). Besides, the characteristics of the seed oil of T. emetica are comparable to that of palm oil and olive oil (Amália and Samuel 2016), making it a potential addition to the current cooking oils market. ...
Trichilia emetica is a coastal fruit tree species from sub-Saharan Africa that has a potential for commercial harvest for its edible and useful seed oils. However, the prediction of its fruit and seed yields is necessary to plan a profitable harvest. This study aims to calibrate allometric equations that predict the amount of fruits and the biomass of seeds of T. emetica. A total of 35 trees were selected based on seven classes of the diameter at breast height (DBH) in the Umkhanyakude district. The trees were measured during fruit maturation period. The measurements included the DBH, the canopy diameter, and the total height. Fruits were counted on each tree using randomized branch sampling technique. Twelve fruits were harvested per tree and were brought to the laboratory for the determination of biomass. Six allometric models were identified and fitted to the data using ordinary least squares method. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to select the best-fit models. The results suggested that simple linear models, basing solely on DBH (in cm), were the best predictors of both the number of fruits on the trees (NF) and the fresh seed biomass (SB; in kg) of T. emetica. The exponential forms of the best-fit general models were: (1) NF = 375.364 × DBH 1.009; and (2) SB = 1.858 × DBH 1.009. The prediction tests of these models indicated that the errors were large when predicting the fruit number and the seed biomass of smaller trees (DBH ≤ 20 cm) and bigger trees (DBH ≥ 30 cm). For medium-size trees (20 cm < DBH < 30 cm), the error was small. On the other hand, tree size category models developed in this study improved statistically the accuracy of predictions. The findings recommend the use of the fitted tree size category equations.
... A study was reported that Loquat seeds from the local Turkey market had the high amount of protein and total carbohydrate content but low-fat content and ash (Taskin, and Erdal, 2011). It was reported that the oil content of these seeds was so lower than those of in common oilseeds, including rapeseed (40-48%), cottonseed (22-24%), soybean (18-22%), safflower (30-35%), and olive (12-50%) (Adinew, 2014). Saponification and iodine values of extracted watermelon seed oil were respectively reported 200±0.1 and 156±0.2, ...
Useful medicinal and chemical properties of different parts of Eriobotrya Japonica seeds including flowers, fruits, and leaves have been investigated. In this study, fat content, moisture, unsaponifiable matter, saponifi-cation and iodine values, free fatty acid compound, individual sterols, antioxidant activity, total phenol, tannin, and flavonoids content, and detection and quantification of polyphenol compounds of the extracted oil of Loquat seeds were determined. Extracted oil percentage of the seeds was obtained 0.79-1.51 (w/w%) using soxhlet extractor. Moisture of extracting oil was obtained (0.03±0.01) (w/w%). Iodine and saponification values of Loquat seed oil were obtained 92.64±0.18 (mg KOH/g fat) and 196.3±0.2 (mg I2/g fat), respectively. Unsaponifiable matter was too high about 21.44±0.02%. The amount of unsaponifiable matter shows that this oil is rich in tocopherols, sterols and squalene. Predominant fatty acids in Loquat seed oil were oleic acid (C18:1cis) (33.30±0.03%) followed by linoleic acid (C18:2cis) (31.00±0.20%) then palmitic acid (C16:0) (17.50±0.05%). The most abundant sterol of Loquat seed oil was β-Sitosterol (88.61±0.50%). The most content of triglycerides related to ECN48 (71.4±0.40%). In addition, results showed that unsaturated fatty acid content (FAC) in sn-2-position was higher than that of sn-1,3-positions. The antioxidant activity percentage of Loquat seed oil was 94.33±0.05%. Total phenol, tannin, and flavonoid content of Loquat seed oil extract were obtained 30.38±0.60 (mg GAE/g dry matter), 0.493±0.01 (mg GAE/g dry matter) and 6.97±0.10 (mg QE/g dry matter), respectively. In addition, ferulic acid was known the main polyphenol compound in Loquat seed oil extract. Loquat seed oil can be used in the food industry, cosmetics, paint, and soaps.
... "Vegetable oils contain 1 to 5 % free fatty acids" [7]. Acid value is an important index of physicochemical property of oil, which is used to indicate the quality, age, edibility and suitability of oil for use in industries such as paint (companies) [18]. The acid number values of J100 (1.2 mg KOH/g) and N100 (3.1 mg KOH/g) vegetable oils did not meet the ASTM D6751 acid number standard specification {0.5 mg KOH/g}, and only J100 satisfied the DIN 51605 specification {2.0 mg KOH/g}. ...
... Thus there are many nonconventional seed oils in rural communities all over the world whose agro-economic potential has not been properly evaluated (Mitei et al., 2008;Kleiman et al., 2008;Choudhary et al., 2014), due to lack of modern scientific data. There are reports in the literature on the physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of the seed kernel oil of Trichilia emetica (Khumalo et al., 2002;Vermaak et al., 2011;Adinew, 2014 and2015). These studies confirmed its various uses such as in nourishing and revitalising the skin and as hair conditioner (Phyto Trade Africa). ...
The physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of the edible aril oils from four variants of Trichilia emetica Vahl (Meliaceae), obtained by Soxhlet extraction, were determined. The oil yields ranged between 42.2 – 53.8% (w/w). Determination of the stability parameters, acid value (AV) and peroxide value (PV), indicated that all four oil samples were stable to hydrolytic and oxidative stress (AV = 0.88 – 1.02 mg KOH/g and PV = 2.02-2.62 mEq/kg). The refractive indices (RI = 1.466 – 1.467) and the iodine values (IV = 63.42 – 78.02 mEq/kg) indicated that the four oil samples were all moderately unsaturated, while the saponification values (SV = 183.71 – 189.03 mg KOH/g) indicated that the oil samples consisted mainly of medium length fatty acid chains. GC-MS determination of the fatty acid profiles (16:0 = 40.29 – 46.76%, 18:1 = 25.28 – 30.44%, 18:2 = 24.99 – 27.64%) confirmed the moderate unsaturation and showed that all four oil samples consisted mainly of C16 and C18 carbon chains. The GC-MS findings were closely corroborated by 1 H-NMR determination of the fatty acid classes. The study showed that the characteristics of the oil from the seed arils from the four variants of T. emetica were all similar to each other and compared favourably with the properties of some well-known edible household oils such as palm oil and olive oil. Hence, the four variants are all equally suitable for further evaluation towards commercial exploitation of the fruit oil.
Proximate composition, energy content and mineral concentrations of okra seeds grown in two locali-ties of Congo Brazzaville were investigated. The paper also reports the physicochemical characteristics of the oil extracted from the seeds. Ash was highest (5.84±0. 2%) in Dolisie okra seeds (DOS) followed by Brazzaville okra seeds (BOS) with a value of 5.52±0.34%. Protein ranged from 25.48±0.57% in DOS to 23.73±0.35% in BOS. Crude fat content is of 29.31±0.83% for BOS and 25.71±0.44 % for DOS. Total carbohydrates were generally high in all the seeds and ranged from 31.84% in BOS to 231.27% in DOS. The seeds were found to be good sources of minerals. Phosphorus (1755.95–1464.87 mg/100 g), magne-sium (3895.67–2743.5 mg/100 g) and potassium (124.59-116.05 mg/100 g), were highest in two okra seeds cultivars. The physical properties of the oil extracts showed the state to be liquid at room temperature and the colour to be golden-yellow, in general. Thermal analysis show that fatty acids melting point was lowest ranged between -25°C and +6.55°C. Gas liquid chromatography revealed that the major fatty acid was linoleic acid (34.89-44%), palmitic acid (25.2-28.3%) and oleic acid (21.9-24.08%). Abelomschus esculentus seeds oil (AESO) content long chain poly unsaturated acids as eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and erucic acid (1.1–4.1%). It can be inferred that the oil seeds investigated are good sources of crude fat, crude protein, ash and minerals. The oil extracts exhibited good physicochemical properties and could be useful as edible oils and for industrial applications.