Content uploaded by Jairo Nunes
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Jairo Nunes on Sep 14, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Understanding Minimalism
Abstract
Minimalist models of grammar are developed logically in this volume and the ways in which they contrast with GB analysis are clearly explained. Spanning a decade of minimalist thinking, the textbook will enable students to better understand the questions and problems that minimalism invites, and to master the techniques of minimalist analysis. Over 100 exercises are provided, encouraging students to put their new skills into practice. The book will be an invaluable text for intermediate and advanced students of syntactic theory, as well as a solid foundation for further study and research within Chomsky's minimalist framework.
... This is done by considering both the Tense Phrase (TP) domain and the FocP space known as the clausal left periphery. These spaces are described by Hornstein, Nunes and Grohmann (2005), Gelderen (2017) and Nweya (2018) as clausal bone or spine of the sentence. ...
... It is important to note that the T is not associated with a Case-feature. In this instance, Hornstein, Nunes, & Grohmann (2005) opine that the pronouns must move covertly to the next Case-checking position, say [Spec, AgrOP], for convergence. Given that AgrO is associated with accusative Case, it can check the Case for her. ...
... Violation of procrastinate is the last resort to ensure convergence. Based on the logic of the MP, Hornstein et al (2005) state that the [-interpretable] features must be eliminated before they reach LF; otherwise, Full Interpretation (FI) would be violated and the derivation would crash. It is to be noted that [-interpretable] feature should not exist. ...
This work presents a description of the minimalist account of interrogative word movement in the Ibibio language, a morphologically rich Lower Cross language of the Niger-Congo phylum spoken in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The Ibibio language attests specific interrogative items for questioning human nouns, ànìé 'who', non-human nouns, nsòó/ǹtághà 'what/why', value and quantity, ìfáñ 'how much/many', time nsínì 'what time', places úké/mmọó 'where' and processes, dìé, 'how'. These question words which are base-generated within the VP are subsequently moved overtly or covertly to the SPEC-TP domain for case checking and SPEC-CP for focus. This work adopts Chomsky (1995) Minimalist Program (MP) framework to account for the movement of these words. As a feature driven model, the MP regards sentence derivation simply as the pairing of sound and meaning guided by economy principles of Shortest Move, Greed and procrastinate. Movement is understood to mean copy and delete. The work establishes that interrogative words move to different positions in overt syntax. It is observed that interrogative words which are base-generated within the VP Shell are overtly displaced for case activation for interrogative word subjects at the SPEC-TP. The study also observes that the movement of the interrogative words within the VP Shell can be covert for interrogative objects. It therefore postulates that the LF raising of the interrogative word is covert for interrogative word objects. The work also reveals that object interrogative words can be moved to the left periphery of the sentence identified as I SPEC-C-a FOCUS Phrase. Once they are moved, they are obligatorily followed by the focus marker ké in the language and such leftward unbounded movement is for some prominence on the focused item. Keyword: case, feature, interrogative, movement, left periphery. 1. Background to the Study Language is a complex and structured arbitrary vocal system in which words are merged for communication. It is the output of the cognitive process in which the stock of lexical items are minimally ordered for communication. Communication also includes question formation or posing a question for an answer. With the human mind as a language processor, it is assumed that lexical/phrasal elements/interrogative words are rearranged to produce different questions or sentences. Interrogative words are words used in asking questions. 2
... Art movements represent the artistic philosophies and ideas of contemporary artists who similarly saw art. Cubism [18], Surrealism [19], Impressionism [20], Romanticism [21], Minimalism [22] and Expressionism [23] are some examples of these styles. Most of these artistic styles were pioneered in the 19th and 20th centuries, predominantly based in the European region, except for movements like Ukiyo-e [24] which was formed in Japan. ...
Recently, the quality of artworks generated using Artificial Intelligence (AI) has increased significantly, resulting in growing difficulties in detecting synthetic artworks. However, limited studies have been conducted on identifying the authenticity of synthetic artworks and their source. This paper introduces AI-ArtBench, a dataset featuring 185,015 artistic images across 10 art styles. It includes 125,015 AI-generated images and 60,000 pieces of human-created artwork. This paper also outlines a method to accurately detect AI-generated images and trace them to their source model. This work proposes a novel Convolutional Neural Network model based on the ConvNeXt model called AttentionConvNeXt. AttentionConvNeXt was implemented and trained to differentiate between the source of the artwork and its style with an F1-Score of 0.869. The accuracy of attribution to the generative model reaches 0.999. To combine the scientific contributions arising from this study, a web-based application named ArtBrain was developed to enable both technical and non-technical users to interact with the model. Finally, this study presents the results of an Artistic Turing Test conducted with 50 participants. The findings reveal that humans could identify AI-generated images with an accuracy of approximately 58%, while the model itself achieved a significantly higher accuracy of around 99%.
... The last possibility for ensuring convergence is to break the procrastination rule. Hornstein et al. (2005:) assert that the [-interpretable] features must be removed before they reach LF in order to maintain Full Interpretation (FI) and prevent the derivation from crashing. This assertion is based on the MP's rationale. ...
This study examines argument preposing in Ibibio, a Lower-Cross language spoken in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, from its base-generated position to a case feature position and then to the left periphery of the sentence. It used the Minimalist Program (MP) as its theoretical model to explain the syntactic and semantic causes of argument preposing in overt syntax. According to the MP, sentence derivation is the process of combining meaning and sound while adhering to specific economic rules. Fifty-two sentences were elicited from fourteen native speakers in addition to the researchers' intuitive knowledge. Findings reveal that interrogative, topicalised, left-dislocated and cleft structures show evidence of argument preposing. The work establishes that Ibibio displays both the in-situ and non-in-situ patterns concerning the position of wh-operators. The preposing of the object wh-operators is obligatorily followed by a base-generated "ke'' focus marker. Topic arguments are probed by the ke particle. Left dislocation is characterised by an overt trace in the form of a resumptive pronoun. Clefting process also utilises the ké particle as a relativiser to introduce the clause that modifies the cleft argument in the language. Argument preposing in Ibibio is basically a strategy for focusing. Abstract in Ibibio Utom ami akese abaña daña eben anamñkpọ ke ntịppe itie amọ eka edem mbaak akenie anyʌñ abọ idiọñọ nte anamñkpọ ke usem Ibibio-ake Lowa Krọs, eesemme ke Akwa Ibom Sted. Naiyiria. Nduuñọ ami akeben awọt mme mbed usem ye se adiinam uben-anamñkpọ ñkaa edem ada anọ. Edeet utom ami ekeene akikere se isịne ke fremwọk Minimalis Prokram. Fremwọk ami abo ke enam usem ekeene ewuana ami mme uyo ikọ eniehe ye se mme udịm ikọ eda enọ ke ibio-ibio mbed. Udịm usem aba mme duob mme iba ke ekebọọ eto mme asem-usem dian ye ifiọk mbon JOLAN Volume 27.1&2, December 2024 26 nduuñọ ke ekama enam nduuñọ ami. Nduuñọ ami ayaara abo ke ubịp mbịmme, usio ikọ nnyan ke nsio-nsio usʌñ edo mme usʌñ ebenne anamñkpọ eka nwuọ-nda itie ke ubọk ufien ke usem. Utom ami amaana abo ke usem ami anie usʌñ iba ekemeke adiibịp mbịmme: Anye abịppe mbịmme ke ñkped-ñkped (in-situ) ye ada abọadinam akaañake akeda ke ubọk ufien adiwọt idiọñọ mbịmme. Utom ami ñko ate ke idioño uben anamñkpọ ñkaa edem asesaña ye ntịppe ikọ 'ke'. Ke ami anam uwak utom dian ye adiinọ ikọ nwuọ-nda ke usem. Anamñkpọ aseenie ndukpọñ ke ntak adiika edem. Adiiben anamñkpọ ñkaa edem ado usʌñ adiinọ ikọ nwuọ-nda ke usem Ibibio.
... This provides the viewer with a purely aesthetic and material perspective through which to appreciate the work, and there is no hidden meaning. [5] The viewer is liberated, obliged merely to feel and experience. He or she will be immersed in experiencing the spatial objects formed by the essential elements of material, colour, shape, detail and light. ...
In the modern era, which has witnessed both the democratization and super-abund ance of information, complicated structural forms have fallen out of fashion in many quarters: indeed, they have often been deemed redundant. After the emergence of Modernism, many subscribed to the view that "the useless need not exist". In consequence, a movement designated "Minimalism" enjoyed an increasing vogue. Minimalism itself might be termed "the art of the less". As a philosophical model, value, and even lifestyle, it expanded to fields such as art, architecture, design and furnishing. First, this paper will explore the genesis, background and content of this artistic perspective. Next, the author will consider the movement in a broad scope, examining its evolution from the 1960s. In this context, the paper will largely discuss Minimalism from the three perspectives of painting, sculpture and architectural design. Finally, a conclusion will evaluate the main challenges associated with Minimalism, while also considering its future aesthetic development.
... 1 These syntactic structures are based on X-bar theory (Chomsky, 1970(Chomsky, , 1981(Chomsky, , 1995Jackendoff, 1977;Kornai & Pullum, 1990;Stowell, 1981). For an introduction to X-bar theory, see Haegeman (1994), Hornstein et al. (2005), Lasnik and Uriagereka (1988), and van Riemsdijk and Williams (1986) To reconcile these findings within the framework of cue-based memory retrieval, a computational model was proposed and evaluated through simulations. The results of these simulations demonstrated that the proposed model successfully predicted the observed data. ...
This paper reports two experiments (Experiments 1 and 2) and computational simulations designed to investigate and model memory retrieval processes during real-time sentence processing. Central to this study is the hypothesis that linguistic information serves as a cue to retrieve target representations from memory during dependency formation. The basis for this cue-based memory retrieval stems from research showing that non-target representations that match a set of retrieval cues interfere with target retrieval. The susceptibility to this similarity-based interference has been debated in the sentence processing literature, and various hypotheses and models have been formulated and developed. This issue is addressed empirically in Experiments 1 and 2, which investigated similarity-based interference in sentences with a floating quantifier. Bayesian linear mixed models and Bayes factor analyses suggested similarity-based interference. However, the patterns of interference were not consistent with existing theories and models. To reconcile these findings within the framework of cue-based memory retrieval, this paper implements the Revision Integrated Cue-Based (RICB) model based on the ACT–R architecture. This model assumes that structural information is heavily weighted and incorporates the notions of initial retrieval and revision. The results of the simulations indicate that the RICB model successfully predicts the observed data, highlighting the central role of structural information and revision in memory retrieval during real-time sentence processing.
In 1981, the publication of What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, a famous collection of short stories by Raymond Carver, saddled him with the term “Minimalist”. Based on former academic achievements on Carver's minimalist writing, this research analyzed the minimalistic techniques in “Why Don't You Dance” in order, namely omitted narration, line drawing sketch and repetitive narration and decoded their textual effects and author’s intention. Under minimalistic and detached narration of the story, Carver reveals implicitly the situations of lower working-class lives, expressing deep empathy for those who lost in alcohol, vulgar culture and indifferent humanity.
The phenomenon of the head- and constituent ellipsis is one of the most discussed issues that grammarians have given a different name to each of its types. The present paper deals with a specific type of ellipsis within the clause, which is referred to, in the tradition of generative grammar, as the Right Node Raising, and it is distinct from the deletion of the second coordinate clause, namely gapping. In the aforementioned ellipsis, the verb alone, or together with its dependents, is removed from the first coordinate clause. While examining such structures, the present article analyzes the ellipsis from the coordinate clauses which contain a complement or adjunct small clause, and therefore, due to the simultaneous deletion of the primary predicate (from the main clause) and the secondary predicate (from the subordinate clause), they represent more syntactic complexity of its own. In the analysis, which is based on the assumption of two processes, namely the “verb movement out of the vP” and the “object shift”, the discussed structures are divided into two types: coordinates with a common subject and ones with a non-common subject; and thus, a different explanation is provided for each kind. In coordinates that have a common subject and host a small clause in their argument structure, in fact, two vPs, and not two clauses, are coordinated, and the process known as Across-the-Board movement, which is applied to the verb and the subject of the clause, leaves some gaps in the first coordinate clause in place. In contrary, the ellipsis phenomenon is applied to coordinates with non-common subjects. Since this phenomenon occurs at PF level, it is expected that its occurrence is related to the phase domain. In this research, based on the Phase Theory, as well as the empirical evidence of the Persian, we argue that in the latter structures, ellipsis occurs at the higher phase stage, and the elements that have already reached the edge of the phase are pronounced at the phonetic level, following the Phase Impenetrability Condition.
1.Introduction
In the tradition of generative grammar, the phenomenon of ellipsis or deletion includes cases where some elements of the syntactic structure are deleted under certain conditions. This phenomenon, which can be applied to both heads and constituents, includes various elements such as predicate and internal/external argument, complement and adjunct clauses and even the entire main clause. Due to the fact that ellipsis is applied to many syntactic elements with different structures, and is found in both spoken and written language, it creates significant variations in structure, each of which is known by a self-determining name in syntactic research. This structural diversity arose from deletion in Persian language has attracted the attention of grammarians and linguists, and each of them have addressed different aspects of this syntactic phenomenon or investigated and analyzed specific types of deleted constructions (cf. MirEmadi 1998; Toosarvandani 2007; Karimi and Azmudeh 2012, 2015; Sato & Karimi 2016; Rasekhi 2014, 2018; Sha’bani 2015, 2016; Vaezi 2016; Anousheh 2017; Osmani et al. 2018). Based on this rich background and also according to the researches that have been carried out in the framework of Minimalism and the late Phase Theory, the present article deals with the deleted constructions that have not been mentioned much in the previous works of Persian grammarians and Western theorists. These constructions are found in the first clause of two coordinates that have a complement or adjunct clause, and the process of deletion, in addition to the primary predicate, may also be applied to the secondary predicate in the small-clause, and as a result, two primary and secondary predicates are removed from the derivation. Adjunct clauses have the same behavior as complement clauses in allowing the deletion of the predicate and keeping the argument. The verb deletion of the first clause, is recognized as the Right Node Raising, within the generative grammar, and it is distinct from the verb deletion of the second coordinate clause, namely gapping (cf. Ross 1970; Jackendoff 1071; Johnson 2006, 2009; Yoshida et al. 2014). Of course, the analyzes presented for these two processes have been very diverse and different. Anyway, considering that on the one hand, the Right Node Raising and gapping, as two types of deletion are completely distinct and follow different mechanisms in removing syntactic elements, and on the other hand, the gapping process in Persian has been discussed in detail (including: Anoushe 2018, Vasegh 2022), the present article tries to analyze and explain the process of deletion in complement- and adjunct small clauses by focusing on the phenomenon known as the Right Node Raising, that is, the removal of the verb from the first coordinate clause.
2. Analysis of deletion in coordinates with a common subject. In examining the deletion process in coordinate clauses, we must take into account the economy condition. According to Chomsky (1989), the language system always prefers fewer derivations and representations. In the coordinate clauses with a common subject, the default representation is that the second coordinate subject has been removed. But the vital question is that it is really accurate to make such an assumption. According to an analysis known as Across-the-Board movement, it is proved that the non-economic assumption of the coordination of two clauses is not necessary in these cases, and in such constructions, we are faced with the coordination of two vPs; So there is no ellipsis in work. In the phenomenon of Across-the-Board movement, if identical constituents that are in two parallel and symmetrical syntactic derivations move, they will have the same landing site and move under one node.
3. Analysis of deletion in coordinates with non-common subjects
In this case, unlike the previous one, due to the existence of two different subjects and different verbal inflections, we have to accept the coordination of two TPs. It seems that based on the Phase Theory, it is possible to explain the way of derivation of such constructions. In these cases, we are faced with ellipsis, and relying on Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC), which is closely related to the two domains of PF and ellipsis, we argue that, while the two TPs coordinate, the mentioned process is applied to the complement of the upper phase, that is, CP, and the constituents that have reached the edge of vP and TP, have the oportunity to be pronounced after the representation.
Linguistic typology identifies both how languages vary and what they all have in common. This Handbook provides a state-of-the art survey of the aims and methods of linguistic typology, and the conclusions we can draw from them. Part I covers phonological typology, morphological typology, sociolinguistic typology and the relationships between typology, historical linguistics and grammaticalization. It also addresses typological features of mixed languages, creole languages, sign languages and secret languages. Part II features contributions on the typology of morphological processes, noun categorization devices, negation, frustrative modality, logophoricity, switch reference and motion events. Finally, Part III focuses on typological profiles of the mainland South Asia area, Australia, Quechuan and Aymaran, Eskimo-Aleut, Iroquoian, the Kampa subgroup of Arawak, Omotic, Semitic, Dravidian, the Oceanic subgroup of Austronesian and the Awuyu-Ndumut family (in West Papua). Uniting the expertise of a stellar selection of scholars, this Handbook highlights linguistic typology as a major discipline within the field of linguistics.
Generative syntax was built on the foundations of Immediate Constituent (IC) analysis, and IC methods and heuristics were an important tool in the early days of the generative enterprise. However, developments in the theory entailed a departure from some fundamental IC assumptions: we will argue that structural descriptions in contemporary generative grammar (transformational and non-transformational) define not constituents, but strictly ordered sequences closer to arrays. We therefore define and characterise IC approaches to syntax as opposed to what we will call Array-Based (AB) approaches. IC grammars define distributional generalisations, and proper containment and is-a relations between indexed distributionally defined categories. AB grammars, in contrast, define strictly ordered sequences of categories. In this paper we introduce and define the fundamental properties of IC grammar, and the changes in the generative theory that introduced arrays in phrase structure. We argue that it is crucial to distinguish between IC and AB grammars when evaluating the empirical adequacy of structural descriptions used in current syntactic theorising, as structures in AB and IC grammars represent different relations between expressions and may be better suited for different purposes.
In this paper, I will be concerned with some of the distributional and interpretive properties of certain superficially subjectless non-finite VPs. Within the principles and parameters approach to syntax of Chomsky (1981; 1986) assumed here, these VPs actually do have subjects (phonetically null ‘PRO’) hence, are predicates of clauses. How this PRO selects an antecedent in a given structure (the theory of Control) is a major research question. And, of course, once PRO is admitted as a possible NP, an explanation of its distribution (only subject, and only of non-finite clauses) becomes another major research question.
This paper is part of a more extensive project whose main topic is the role of Case-theory in the general design of the language faculty. The ultimate goal of this work would be to show that Case does not play the central role current linguistic theories attribute to it, and to derive its effects from other general conditions of the system. In this paper, we will focus on several phenomena that show, contrary to standard assumptions, that Case and Agreement-checking are independent processes. We will argue that Case-features are not the relevant trigger for overt agreement-inducing movement; in particular, in the cases we will analyze, we will show that verbal agreement is sensitive to some animacy feature of the attracted object. Case-marking will then be analyzed as a property of the morphological component, with no bearing on the issue of syntactic movement.