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Dairying and livestock economy of India - A review
... A crop production being a seasonal income generating activity whereas dairying helped the farmers to meet the daily cash needs of their families. It was also propounded that increased milk production leads to improvement in crop production (through purchase of off-farm inputs) and living standards of rural areas (Dhawan and johl, 1969;Kahlon and Aggarwal, 1967;Kahlon et al. 1975;Saini, 1989;Patel, 1981;George andChoksi, 1977 andGeorge, 1996). The dairy enterprise provided more employment opportunities to the farmers. ...
... A crop production being a seasonal income generating activity whereas dairying helped the farmers to meet the daily cash needs of their families. It was also propounded that increased milk production leads to improvement in crop production (through purchase of off-farm inputs) and living standards of rural areas (Dhawan and johl, 1969;Kahlon and Aggarwal, 1967;Kahlon et al. 1975;Saini, 1989;Patel, 1981;George andChoksi, 1977 andGeorge, 1996). The dairy enterprise provided more employment opportunities to the farmers. ...
The present study examined livestock economy of Punjab. The growth rate was ranged between from-0.61 to 7.98 per cent per annum from the year 1997 to 2012 for different species of livestock in Punjab. The overall growth rate was found to be 3.27 per cent per annum for total livestock population in Punjab over the years. Though the decrease in livestock bovine population, the milk production in Punjab had increased from 3.22 to 9.71 million tonnes and per capita availability of milk increased from 541 to 961 gram per day with an impressive growth rate of 3.51 and 1.82% per annum from year 1980–81 to 2012–13. The milk production of India had reached up to 137.7 million tonnes during the year 2013–14. With the advancement of the livestock sector, the veterinary officers, insemination centers, and veterinary hospitals had also shown an overall growth rate of 0.65, 1.96 and 0.07 per cent per annum respectively from the year 1980–81 to 2012–13. The egg production in Punjab has also shown a positive trend over the years. The egg production in Punjab has increased from 2961.3 to 3724.6 million with an overall growth rate of 2.11 per cent per annum from the year 1980–81 to 2013–14. The % share of Punjab in the country is decreasing over the years with a negative growth rate of 3.29 per cent per annum. With increasing population and urbanization, the demand for goat and poultry meat is increasing over the years with an impressive growth rate of 1.09 per cent per annum from the year 1980–81 to 2013–14. The livestock sector has great potential for increasing income and employment and also reduces income inequality among rural farmers. The study has suggested that appropriate policy measures should be undertaken to strengthen veterinary services, marketing of livestock products and improving the breed of animals for developing a strong livestock economy of the state.
... Only 2 in recent years, the livestock sector has emerged as an important segment of an expanding and diversifying agricultural sector in the Indian economy. The share of livestock products in the gross value of agricultural output increased from 6% in 1970-71 to over 25% in 1992-93 (George 1996). Livestock in India perform many functions both related to food and non-food attributes. ...
... Since the growth in demand for livestock products is expected to increase at an accelerating rate, the indirect consumption of grain in the form of concentrate feeds may increase. The excessive number of animals in relation to available feed supply has been identified as one of the major causes of the low productivity of cattle in India (George 1996). Better fed animals can be healthier and more productive. ...
... Farmers are aware of the advantages of employing manure, and with the comparatively high costs of inorganic fertilizers, manuring might play a larger part in soil fertility maintenance (Powell and Williams, 1995). Increased revenue from livestock increases a household's ability to invest in productivity-enhancing initiatives such as the purchase of off-farm inputs (George, 1996). The earnings from a majority of marginal, small and semi-medium farmers' landholdings are insufficient to support their families throughout the year, and livestock production provides an option for these smallholders (Joshi and Jha, 1981). ...
Heavy metal pollution refers to the excessive deposition of harmful heavy metals in the soil, which includes mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium and arsenic. In addition to zinc, copper, nickel, stannum, vanadium, and other metals are listed. With the recent expansion of the global economy, the kind and concentration of the presence of heavy metals in the soil created by human activities has steadily increased, resulting in environmental deterioration. Because soil contamination had a wider range of consequences and is more difficult to control and regulate than air and water pollution, it was previously disregarded in favour of air and water pollution. Air pollution, improper industrial solid waste stacking, sewage irrigation, mining activities, pesticide and fertilizer use, and other factors contribute to greater levels of heavy metals in the soil. Increased levels of industrialization, on the other hand, have aided India's economic success, but environmental destruction has become a major concern. Researchers identified severely contaminated industrial areas and clusters, as well as prospective impact zones, using the Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index score. Researchers discovered 43 extremely contaminated zones with a CEPI of 70 in 16 states. Gujarat, UP, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu account for 21 of the 43 locations. The capacity of the soil to immobilize metals is influenced by soil features such as clay type, organic matter, oxides, carbonates, phosphates, sulfides and other metals, as well as pH and Eh (via sorption, complexation and other processes). As a result, the toxicity of organisms is affected by soil contamination and soil quality. Remediation technologies can be categorized into chemical, engineering, and biological approaches to counter toxicity. Industrialization and modern lifestyles have influenced heavy metal pollution. Soil-borne pathogens may affect the human body by interfering with the body's natural functions. Most remediation methods reduced crop absorption by converting harmful heavy metals to non-toxic forms or converting accessible heavy metals to inaccessible forms in soil. Segregation and safe disposal of heavy metal-containing waste should be the primary approach.
Keywords: Heavy metal, toxicity, environmental degradation, remediation, pollution
... It acts as a significant tool for poverty reduction as the incidence of poverty has been found less in the states having higher livestock share in total agricultural output (Ali, 2007;Birthal and Negi, 2012;Birthal, 2014;Birthal, 2016). Livestock is a labour intensive activity; therefore, it creates gainful employment for marginal and small farmers who, in general, are characterised as having abundant family labour, but tiny pieces of land (George, 1996;Pandit and Dhaka, 2004;Ali, 2007;Bardhan, 2007;Kumar et al. 2007;Baba et al. 2011;Kumar et al. 2011;Birthal, 2016). ...
Using data of various rounds of Agricultural Census, the study has revealed that rural inequalities are largely attributed to disparities in ownership of land leading to unequal distribution of income. Land inequalities during various rounds among various farmer categories have remained almost constant with minor fluctuations, whereas inequalities in ownership of various livestock such as cattle, buffalo, horse and pony have reduced drastically. The extent of land inequalties is also found to be much larger than livestock inequalties. Small size of operated area among marginal and small cultivators is compensated by ownership of cattle and buffalo, which helps to mitigate inequalities caused by land. The study concludes that government policies should be targeted at strengthening sustained development of livestock activities, which can go a long way in mitigating land inequalities and removing agrarian distress.
... Increased income through livestock increases the capacity of the household to invest on productivity enhancing methods through purchase of off-farm inputs (George, 1996). ...
... National livestock development plans often make mention of poverty alleviation, employment generation, food security and nutritional improvement as their goals. Asmall number ofstudies have shown empirically that livestock, especially dairy animals, have increased income and employment, and helped to reduce poverty (Alderman 1987; Mergos and Slade 1987; Doornbos et a11990; Somjee and Somjee 1990; Viswanathan 1992; Huq 1994; Thirunavukkarasu et a11994; George 1996). In all of the countries, livestock ownership is more egalitarian than land ownership as many landless farmers own livestock. ...
... The major feeds available to these small and marginal farmers, the landless labourers and village artisans rearing 1-2 milch animals, are crop residues and cereal by-products such as straw from rice, wheat, sorghum, barley and millet. However, the available feed and fodder resources indicate that the availability was far below the requirements of the total cattle population (George 1996). In this context, new technologies developed to upgrade the crop residues through enrichment of straw by ammonia treatment and use of urea molasses blocks were considered as potential means for effective utilisation of available supplies (Kunju 1988). ...
The Australian Centre of International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) has sponsored several research projects with the aim of increasing the efficiency of straw utilisation by cattle and buffaloes in some Australian and Indian situations. These projects involved research on upgrading technology and field testing specific feed formulations to determine their impact on improving livestock production in India. This report contains an economic assessment of three interrelated projects supported by ACIAR over a period of nine years, starting 1983–84. Apart from validating the feasibility of improving the efficiency of strawbased diets through strategic supplements, the projects under review had played a significant role in the commercial introduction of urea molasses blocks (UMBs) in 1985 and bypass protein feed (BPF) in 1989. It was anticipated that the supply of these products, through the milk producers cooperatives organised under the Operation Flood Programme in India, would make a substantial contribution to Indian dairy farmers towards increasing the efficiency of milk production. Based on the adoption level of these products over a period of about eight years, an assessment was made on the likely contributions of the products over a period extending up to 2013. The results of the analysis indicate that these projects are economically viable even under the most conservative set of assumptions regarding the project outcome. The internal rate return of the project was above 12 per cent and the benefit–cost ratio was 2.15 for the base level estimates, with a net present value of $4.7 million. Sensitivity analysis has also clearly demonstrated that the cost incurred on these projects is justified by the potential economic benefits to the Indian dairy farmers.
... Country-specific national livestock development plans often make mention of poverty alleviation, employment generation, food security and nutritional improvement as their goals. Studies have clearly demonstrated that livestock, especially dairy animals, have increased income and employment, and helped to reduce poverty (Doornbos et al. 1990;Somjee and Somjee 1990;Viswanathan 1992;Huq 1994;Thirunavukkarasu et al. 1994;George 1996). Livestock have contributed to a reduction in income inequality and poor farmers prefer to invest in livestock than in anything else, particularly dairy animals, as a means to improve their asset and income (Verma and Malik 1991;Adams and Alderman 1992). ...
... Increased income through livestock strengthens the capacity of a household to invest on productivity enhancing measures through purchase of off-farm inputs (George, 1996). Earnings from the landholdings of a majority of marginal, small and semi-medium farmers alone are not adequately sufficient for the household round-the-year and livestock rearing provides an alternative to these smallholders ( Joshi and Jha, 1981). ...
This review paper attempts to bring together different issues in the light of recent developments in organic farming. The after effects of green revolution have encouraged the farmers to take up organic farming. This paper has reviewed the global and Indian scenario with reference to organic farming. In India, the cultivated land under certification is 2.8 Mha only. The key issues emerging in organic farming include yield reduction in conversion to organic farm, soil fertility enhancement, integration of livestock, certification constraints, ecology, marketing and policy support. The potential for organic farming, especially in the dryland regions has been discussed. It has been argued that organic farming is productive and sustainable, but there is a need for strong support to it in the form of subsidies, agricultural extension services and research.
The highly dynamic and flamboyant characteristics of Livestock Sector has invented a potential milestone in response to its expeditiously increasing demand globally, particularly in the developing nations. Though the demand for livestock products in the developed nations are observed to be stagnating, but ample of production strategies are constantly escalating its efficiency and sustainability. Livestock is rapidly creating a major contribution in the rural development by producing high quality food, magnifying crop production, and allocating tremendous economic goods and services along with incredible income. The fluctuating trends of human population growth, income growth, urbanization and production in the livestock system has largely driven the demand for livestock products.
The competition for natural resources, including land and water, competition between food and feed and the fluctuations in the economy are the major factors devastating the future association of livestock production. With the recent advances in the development related to nutrition, breeding and animal health, a remarkable contribution towards its potential production, efficiency as well as genetic gains has been discerned. Precision Livestock Farming and wearable sensors, Biosensors as an application for animal health management are an emerging market contributing to rise in the socio-economic benefits of Livestock Management as well as animal farming.
Contribution of Amul Model as well as various other programs in India have enhanced the Livestock Industry leading to the growth of productivity and economic assets. Smartphone Apps as a result from the Digitalized India Scheme have embarked a major awareness amongst the farmers of India.
India produces a large variety of food crops including cereals, pulses, and oilseeds. In the name of increased productivity, indiscriminate application of an enormous quantity of chemical fertilizers is being followed keeping the health factor at bay. Hence an alternative method of farming is of urgent need which could satisfy the needs of increased food production as well as providing security against any potential health problem. Organic farming has been proved as a solution to both of these problems. Also since the need for the prerequisites for organic farming is less as compared to chemical farming, therefore, in a country like India where the agriculture is highly influenced by the vagaries of various biotic and abiotic factors, organic farming is capable enough to provide economic security to the mediocre farmers as well. However, with the policies implemented by the government of India to encourage organic farming regarding the commencement, implementation and the marketing of organic food products as well as the increasing demand of the organic products in the domestic as well as international market, there is ample scope for organic food industries to expand and generate revenue for strengthening the Indian economy.
During the last five decades, Indian agriculture has witnessed substantial change but still most of the farmers are practising subsistence agriculture and no efforts have been made to enhance the value of their produce. Indian agriculture suffers from several weaknesses but one of the major limitations is management of agriculture on the business lines. Since most of the farmers operate marginal and small landholdings it is necessary to change our focus on value addition rather than increasing the production alone. Earlier agricultural policies/programmes focused mainly on increasing food production without giving enough attention to the management of supply side. During mid-sixties to the late eighties, the focus was more on increasing food production and on deficit management, but now the situation has changed and there is a need to focus on surplus management. Hence, demand side has become much more important than supply side. In most of the development programmes operating in the country, farmers often raise the issue of marketing. Hence, there is an urgent need to promote value addition to their farm produce. This requires paradigm shift in the agricultural policies and programmes to create a conducive atmosphere for promotion of agriculture as a business. There are several important policy initiatives that can promote agriculture business management.
One of the main objectives of the governments’ export policy is to maximise agricultural exports in order to earn foreign exchange. It also seeks to provide remunerative prices to the farmers while ensuring adequate availability of essential commodities to the domestic consumers at reasonable prices. This paper analyses the India’s exports of livestock and allied products to principal groups of countries in the light of world trade. The direction of trade has been analysed to explore the areas where exports can be given a further boost. Four groups of commodities -1) Live animals, 2) meat and meat preparations, 3) milk and milk products and 4) eggs, honey and other products of animal origin- have been selected for the analysis. Harmonised system of nomenclature classifies the commodities on the basis of origin, use, functions and trade. Exports of select groups of commodities over 10 years have been analysed from the period 1993-1994 to 2002-2003 (in short 1993 to 2002). Importers of Indian products have been arranged in 5 groups- SAARC includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Middle East Group includes UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Yemen, Bahrain, Turkey, Qatar, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, and Israel. High Income Asian Countries (HIAC) includes Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines. High Income Other Countries (HIOC) include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, UK and USA, Rest of World is the fifth group. No country has been repeated in any group.
The aim of this paper is to understand the process of adoption of cross-bred goats during the last decade in the town Narayangaon, Pune District, Maharashtra State, India and in surrounding villages. The analysis of this paper is divided into four sections. A qualitative analysis of the data is given in Section I. SectionII analyses quantitatively the process of adoption of cross-bred goats in Narayangaon. Section III deals with the study of adoption of cross-bred goats in the villages surrounding Narayangaon. In the last section the conclusions of the study are presented. -from Authors
The average annual milk production per cow in India from 1951 through 1976 has been reduced to 150.38 kg from 166.90 kg. The production potential of a cow plays an important role in the profitability of dairy farm enterprise. A knowledge of different causes responsible for deterioration in production potential is necessary for deciding appropriate strategy to increase milk production. As no information is available as to why the deterioration has taken place, it was considered desirable to study the factors responsible. Policy implications are briefly discussed.-from Authors
The shift in dairy technology, conceived as a shift from buffalo to crossbred cow and from indigenous to crossbred cow, is said to have raised India's milk output by realising the higher lactation of the crossbred cattle. But the higher mean milk yield of the crossbred cattle is not necessarily a technological improvement over the existing dairy technology, based upon the indigenous cattle and buffalo. It may so happen that the entire gain in milk yield may occur due to the increased input use. This paper therefore decomposes the output gain in milk yield occurring as a result of shift in dairy technology into its causative factors. The decomposition analysis is carried out at the aggregate sample level and by farm size to show if the gains of technological shift are uniformly distributed across all cross-sections of dairy farmers in the project area. -from Author
The inputs, green fodder and concentrates are the principal factors affecting milk production in all size-groups of farm. There is a possibility of increasing milk yield by further use of these 2 inputs. Only marginal farms are using labour efficiently; the rest are over-using labour. -from Author
No or negligible improvement in milk production technology, the relative economics of buffalo milk production technology over cow milk production technology, the demand pressures on milk and animal draft power supply, and the rational economic behaviour of farmers explain the changing trends in the composition of bovine animal stock which favour buffaloes over cows, on the one hand, and leave, unaltered the share of bullock population, on the other. The policy implications of the analysis are discussed.-Author
The present study has been undertaken to investigate, analyze, and document economic and financial viabilities of investment created by the Dairy Development Co-operative Federation for its milk procurement, transport, processing, and marketing activities in a milk-surplus state of north-western India. -Authors