Article

Energy savings by energy management systems: A review

April 2016
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56:760-777

DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.067

Authors:

National Taipei University of Technology

This study investigated energy saving effects of published papers related to energy management system (EMS), building energy management system (BEMS), industrial, company and factory energy management system (I/C/F/EMS); and EMS for heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) and refrigerating equipment, artificial lighting systems, motors and others (EMS for equipment). From 1976 to 2014, management performance reported by 305 EMS cases (105 BEMS cases, 103 I/C/F EMS cases and 97 cases of EMS for equipment) is analyzed to evaluate varied energy saving effects. Statistical results show that saving effects of BEMS increased from 11.39% to 16.22% yearly. Inversely, saving effects of I/C/F EMS decreased from 18.89% to 10.35%. Regarding to EMS for equipment, there is no obvious trend but only the averaged saving effect can be reported. EMS for artificial lighting systems has the highest saving effect up to 39.5% in average. For HVAC and other equipment, energy saving effects are around 14.07% and 16.66% respectively. These energy saving performances are correlated with developed EMS functions. The key EMS functions could be identified from their developing progress for effective energy savings. Based on the quantitative analysis, the future trends of EMS are discussed.

Trends in research of heating, ventilation and air conditioning and hot water systems in building retrofits: Integration of review studies

Article

Jul 2023

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and domestic hot water (DHW) systems are the main end-use energy consumers in buildings. Simultaneously, building retrofitting plays a key role in reducing energy consumption and environmental burdens. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the main research trends and possible developments in the interrelated fields of HVAC&DHW systems and building retrofitting. To this end, we searched scientific databases for related review studies. The search yielded 100 eligible articles; however, only 13 of them fully focused on HVAC&DHW in building retrofitting, indicating considerable potential for further reviews. The retrofit measures in the reviews were dominated by space heating, heat/cool generation, and control systems. Heat pumps were the most frequent retrofit measure, quoted in 42 of the reviews, followed by upgrading the control system (41). Energy efficiency was the focus of 61 of the reviews, followed by energy modelling (13), indoor environment quality (11), and life cycle assessment (8). The research suggestions found in the reviews were grouped into four main topics: reducing uncertainty in energy savings, developing calculation tools for building retrofit, more complex retrofit evaluation, and digitisation. For specific technologies, the potential was mainly related to adapting HVAC&DHW technologies to retrofit and integrating renewable energy sources into existing buildings. Research was also lacking for specific regions and building types. The results of this review help professionals better focus their efforts in the research and review activities of heating, ventilation and air conditioning, and hot water systems, especially in the context of building retrofitting.

An overview of energy management using fuzzy cognitive maps

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

Soft computing, especially fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs), has become increasingly applicable to energy management and policy-making. In recent decades, there has been a worldwide effort to minimize energy consumption and manage energy flow in private and public buildings. We present a critical overview of today’s applications of FCM-based methods in the energy domain. We analyzed FCM methods related to energy planning, efficiency, sustainability, transition, forecasting, energy policy, and scenario analysis. We highlight FCM's applicability in the energy domain, especially its contribution to the academic and research communities. Specific drawbacks and limitations were identified while using FCM methods on several challenging applications, primarily when learning algorithms are used. A new approach addressing these issues is provided and defined as the advanced fuzzy cognitive maps (AFCM) approach. These drawbacks are considered when providing future research challenges of FCMs for building energy management and efficiency. Finally, research gaps are identified, and we suggest solutions, especially AFCM is advanced fuzzy cognitive maps.

A battery energy management system to improve the financial, technical, and environmental indicators of Colombian urban and rural networks

Article

Aug 2023

This paper addresses the problem of managing battery energy in urban and rural alternating current networks, aiming at improving their financial, technical, and environmental indicators. To this end, a mathematical model was formulated that proposes as objective functions the optimization of energy operational costs of the grid, the minimization of power losses associated with energy transport, and the reduction in CO2 emissions related to the production of energy. This model also considers the set of constraints involved in the operation of an alternating current network in an environment with distributed energy resources (Photovoltaic generators + Batteries storage systems). A master–slave strategy that combines a parallel version of the Vortex Search Algorithm (VSA) and an Hourly Power Flow method based on Successive Approximations (HPFSA) was proposed as the solution methodology. To create the test scenarios, urban and rural electrical networks documented in the specialized literature were adapted using generation and demand data of an average day of operation in Medellín-Antioquia (Urban) and Capurganá-Chocó (Rural). These data represent the energy behavior of an urban and a rural network within the Colombian territory. In relation to the distributed energy devices, the integration of three Photovoltaic Distributed Generators (PV DGs) and three lithium-ion batteries of different types into the electrical networks was considered. In addition, the energy production costs and CO2 emissions of the local network and the diesel fuel in Colombia were determined, as well as the maintenance costs associated with the batteries and the PV DGs. With the purpose of validating the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of solution, repeatability, and processing times, two comparison methods reported in the specialized literature were employed to solve the problem addressed in this paper. In the urban and rural networks under study, the proposed solution methodology achieved the best results in terms of solution quality, repeatability, and processing time.

Advocacy Coalitions and Paths to Policy Change for Promoting Energy Efficiency in European Industry

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

This paper applied the advocacy coalition framework to explore and explain the political processes creating policies to enhance energy efficiency of European Union (EU) industry. The paper used legislation on energy audits and energy management systems as a proxy for EU policy on energy efficiency in industry. Based on qualitative text analysis of EU policy documents, including a proposal to recast the energy efficiency directive, amendments to the proposal suggested by Member States, the Council and the European Parliament, and reports from negotiations, the paper identified four advocacy coalitions with different core beliefs, spanning from those that want few companies to implement energy audits or energy management systems, and that recommendations from audits should not be mandatory to implement, to those that advocate that many companies implement energy audits and management systems and that it should be mandatory to implement measures recommended in audits. It was further found that policy change followed an external shock, deliberative negotiations, and policy-oriented learning. The identification of core beliefs and advocacy coalitions will help policymakers and other stakeholders become more aware of their own and others’ values on energy efficiency and how these could be changed. As important was the differentiation of deep core beliefs, policy core beliefs and secondary beliefs. Which beliefs can be easily changed, which cannot?

Predictive Model for Solar Insolation Using the Deep Learning Technique

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023
INT J ENERG RES

In this study, prediction performances of a regression model and deep learning-based predictive models were comparatively analyzed for the prediction of hourly insolation in regions located at the temperate climate and microthermal climate with high precipitation. Unlike linear regression models, artificial neural networks (ANN) and long short-term memory- (LSTM-) based models achieved reliable predictive performances with CV(RMSE) of 14.0% and 15.8%, respectively. This study proposed the direction of future research by improving the performance of predicting insolation at 1 hour after the current time-step, which has time-dependent characteristics, by utilizing insolation at 24 hours before the current time-step and insolation at the current time-step in addition to the forecasted weather data. In the proposed models, a large error occurred at sunrise and sunset times, suggesting the possibility of improving predictive performance by utilizing variables related to sunrise and sunset in the future. Along with Cheongju, the proposed model could properly predict the hourly insolation in other regions around the world. The results of predicting other regions derived slightly higher prediction errors than Cheongju. However, it is expected that it will be possible to predict the hourly insolation in other regions with better prediction performance if variables related to geographical location are additionally considered in the future.

An Intelligent Energy Management System Solution for Multiple Renewable Energy Sources

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

This paper proposes an intelligent energy management system based on multiple renewable energy sources. The intelligent energy management system is defined as a flexible energy management system built by integrating multiple renewable energy sources and facilities for energy storage. The general objective of this paper is to propose a solution to increase the use of energy potential from renewable sources by embedding small-sized energy sources to behave as a higher-power energy source. The proposed system includes solar, wind, and hydro as renewable sources. As the system is not connected to the primary distribution grid, two alternatives for energy storage are also included: batteries and a water basin used for hydro energy. The system includes a diesel generator as a reserve. The system can be adjusted depending on the consumers it serves and the location where it is implemented (i.e., the potential of electricity, wind, and hydro). The main contribution of this paper is the use of an energy storage concept in the form of a “natural” battery system composed of a water storage basin into which water is pumped when we have a surplus of energy from renewable generators.

Investigation of electricity load shifting under various tariff design using ant colony optimization algorithm

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

A price-based program through a time of use tariff (TOU) program is one of the initiatives to offer sufficient benefit for both consumers and generations sides. However, without any strategy for implementing optimal load management, a new tariff design structure will lead to the miss perception by electricity consumers. Therefore, this study offers an investigation toward appropriate TOU tariff design to reflect load profiles. Concurrently, the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm was proposed to deal with the load shifting strategy to determine the best load profiles and reducing the consumers' electricity cost. The sample load profiles data is obtained from various residential houses, such as single-story, double-story, semi-D, apartment, and bungalow houses. The significant comparison between baseline flat tariffs to several TOU tariffs has shown an improvement in the percentage of cost saving for approximately 7 to 40%. Furthermore, the identified load management was observed where the maximum load shifting weightage was set up to 30% to reflect the consumers' effort towards energy efficiency (EE) program. The previously proposed TOU design was identified to be a suitable structure that can promote balancing of EE and demand response (DR) program effort in most consumers' houses category in Malaysia.

A Cybersecurity Framework for Home Energy Management Systems using Artificial Intelligence

Conference Paper

Jun 2023

Research on Technology System Adaptability of Nearly Zero-Energy Office Buildings in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone of China

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023

In the current context of huge global energy consumption and harsh climatic conditions, the energy efficiency and sustainability of buildings have received much attention. The nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) is a feasible solution for solving the energy crisis in the building sector in recent years, and it is important to study the adaptability of its technology system. However, existing studies have not addressed well the issue of the impact of complex and diverse climates on the technology systems of nZEBs. Secondly, in contrast to residential buildings, nearly zero-energy technology systems for office buildings need to be further developed. This study takes the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zone of China as an example and uses numerical simulations and orthogonal experiments to investigate the adaptability of nearly zero-energy office building technology systems under complex and diverse climate conditions. The results show the following: (1) Passive technologies are greatly affected by the complexity and diversity of climates. Optimal envelope thermal parameters tailored to specific zones are identified. Specifically, the optimal level of KWALL in the CT and HSCWC zones is 0.2 W/(m2·K), and the optimal level of KWALL in the HSWWT zone is 0.3 W/(m2·K); the optimal level of KROOF in the CT zone is 0.15 W/(m2·K), and the optimal level of KROOF in the HSCWC and HSWWT zones is 0.25 W/(m2·K); (2) Active technologies do not mainly receive the influence of the complexity and diversity of climates, and ED, HR, and TS measures should be adopted for office buildings; (3) The rational utilization of renewable energy is influenced by local resource conditions. This study evaluates the adaptability of GSHP, ASHP, and BIPV technologies. To better meet the requirements of nearly zero-energy office buildings, it is recommended to adopt GSHP for the CT zone and ASHP for the HCWWT zone. This study will be helpful for the development of nearly zero-energy office building technology systems in other complex and diverse climatic zones.

Future Trends of Building Energy Management Systems: A Scientific Mapping Approach

Conference Paper

Jan 2023

Novel hybrid computational intelligence approaches for predicting daily solar radiation

Article

Aug 2023
ACTA GEOPHYS

Accurate estimation of solar radiation is crucial for harnessing this abundant natural resource effectively. Measuring solar radiation directly requires ground station networks, which are either unavailable or very limited in many regions of the world, including Vietnam, particularly in remote areas due to resource constraints. Therefore, this study was carried out with the objective to develop hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) models to predict solar radiations correctly using other meteorological data such as wind speed, relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperature and rainfall which can be measured at site easily. In this study, we have proposed three novel hybrid AI models, namely ANFIS-GA, ANFIS-BBO and ANFIS-SA, which combine the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) technique with genetic algorithm (GA), biogeography base optimization (BBO) and simulated annealing (SA), respectively, for predicting daily solar radiation in Hoa Binh province , Vietnam. The performance of these hybrid models was evaluated using statistical indicators, including correlation coefficient (R), root-mean-squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The results demonstrate that all three optimized models outperform the single ANFIS model. Among them, the ANFIS-BBO model exhibits the highest predictive capability (RMSE = 3.141 MJ/m 2 , MAE = 2.439 MJ/m 2 , R = 0.874). Sensitivity analysis reveals that maximum temperature is the most influential factor for predicting daily solar radiation. The findings of this study have significant implications for predicting solar radiation using AI methods, particularly ANFIS-BBO, with minimal meteorological data in remote locations not only in Vietnam but also globally.

Applied single and hybrid solar energy techniques for building energy consumption and thermal comfort: A comprehensive review

Article

Jul 2023
SOL ENERGY

This paper reviews applied single and hybrid solar energy-saving techniques with emphasis on solar chimney, Trombe wall, and photovoltaics for building energy consumption and thermal comfort. Solar energy techniques can be broadly classified into passive and active. Passive strategies refer to collecting, storing, and distributing solar energy without relying on electrical or mechanical components. In contrast, active techniques rely on mechanical and electrical components. The discussed passive devices include solar chimney and Trombe wall. Different design configurations have been reported to influence various buildings' thermal and electrical performances. On the other hand, active solar strategies in buildings including photovoltaic technologies, are discussed. Moreover, applied the hybrid system of these techniques in building is discussed. The review paper critically analyzes these systems' energy and thermal performances to demonstrate their significance in building applications. The significant findings of these studies demonstrate the capability of these systems to provide thermal comfort and considerable energy savings. The review studies indicated that passive architecture could improve thermal (as high as 20%) and visual comfort and reduce electricity consumption by 46%. Besides, several highlights on BIPV and BIPV/T systems are discussed, showcasing their status, recent research, development, and applications toward achieving building energy efficiency. Throughout the review, it is seen that solar technologies applied in buildings have undergone a remarkable revolution, demonstrated significant energy-saving potentials and opening the road for application in net-zero energy buildings. Further research is required on some of the technologies to assess the techno-economic feasibility of these systems in the building sector.

An Electrical Efficiency Audit on a Paper Factory with a Focus on Energy Monitoring Systems and Industrial Motors

Article

Jun 2023

Nicolas Toussart

Earth's average temperature continues to rise, triggering dangerous weather events that occur simultaneously and interact with each other, such as storms, floods, droughts, and wildfires. The main cause of this global warming is the excess of greenhouse gases emitted by human activities. To answer to this climate challenge, most developed countries have taken actions to reduce their carbon footprint. Industry is the third most polluting sector. This article contains research done in a paper industrial site in Belgium to reduce its carbon footprint through energy efficiency. The first part of the paper is a focus on monitoring and targeting system opportunities and barriers. The second part is about motors. Motors are generally among highest consuming equipment in an industrial site. An analysis of motors high efficiency and variable speed drive potential have been done. The savings identified are the following: Financial = $60,336; Environmental = 70.6 CO2 tons (794,000 kWh of electricity, 8.7% of the site electrical consumption). The cost is $128,680 and the payback is 2.3 years.

Recovering building information model from 2D drawings for mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems of ageing buildings

Article

May 2023
AUTOMAT CONSTR

Ageing buildings have become a significant concern for many cities, exacerbated by inadequate management and maintenance of Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) systems. Building Information Modelling (BIM) enables efficient MEP Operation and Maintenance (O&M) through the digital representation of system information; however, many ageing buildings were constructed without BIM, and manual reconstruction is costly and inefficient due to the sheer number of such structures. Although some studies have proposed methods for automatically recovering BIM from 2D drawings, few are suitable for MEP systems due to the multiscale and irregular shapes of MEP components. To fill this gap, an automatic approach is proposed for recovering MEP model from 2D drawings with three modules: 1) semantic extraction by combining image cropping with Cascade Mask R-CNN to detect and segment multiscale, irregular MEP components; 2) geometric extraction by semantic-assisted image processing to extract contours and skeletons of irregular parts; and 3) Industry Foundation Class (IFC)-based BIM reconstruction via the open-source pythonOCC and IfcOpenShell. The performance was tested on two MEP systems with 335 and 282 multiscale and irregular elements, and the results show that the method recovered BIMs for the two MEP systems in 2.85 s and 0.79 s, with semantic extraction accuracy exceeding 0.9 and geometric error below 5%. This paper contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a semantic and geometric-based approach for recovering multiscale and irregular components from 2D drawings. Future studies could further improve the approach by integrating elevation drawings, reconstructing abstract symbols, and aligning text-geometry.

DA-LSTM: A Dynamic Drift-Adaptive Learning Framework for Interval Load Forecasting with LSTM Networks

Preprint

Full-text available

May 2023

Load forecasting is a crucial topic in energy management systems (EMS) due to its vital role in optimizing energy scheduling and enabling more flexible and intelligent power grid systems. As a result, these systems allow power utility companies to respond promptly to demands in the electricity market. Deep learning (DL) models have been commonly employed in load forecasting problems supported by adaptation mechanisms to cope with the changing pattern of consumption by customers, known as concept drift. A drift magnitude threshold should be defined to design change detection methods to identify drifts. While the drift magnitude in load forecasting problems can vary significantly over time, existing literature often assumes a fixed drift magnitude threshold, which should be dynamically adjusted rather than fixed during system evolution. To address this gap, in this paper, we propose a dynamic drift-adaptive Long Short-Term Memory (DA-LSTM) framework that can improve the performance of load forecasting models without requiring a drift threshold setting. We integrate several strategies into the framework based on active and passive adaptation approaches. To evaluate DA-LSTM in real-life settings, we thoroughly analyze the proposed framework and deploy it in a real-world problem through a cloud-based environment. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the prediction performance of each approach and computational cost. The experiments show performance improvements on multiple evaluation metrics achieved by our framework compared to baseline methods from the literature. Finally, we present a trade-off analysis between prediction performance and computational costs.

DA-LSTM: A dynamic drift-adaptive learning framework for interval load forecasting with LSTM networks

Article

Full-text available

May 2023
ENG APPL ARTIF INTEL

Load forecasting is a crucial topic in energy management systems (EMS) due to its vital role in optimizing energy scheduling and enabling more flexible and intelligent power grid systems. As a result, these systems allow power utility companies to respond promptly to demands in the electricity market. Deep learning (DL) models have been commonly employed in load forecasting problems supported by adaptation mechanisms to cope with the changing pattern of consumption by customers, known as concept drift. A drift magnitude threshold should be defined to design change detection methods to identify drifts. While the drift magnitude in load forecasting problems can vary significantly over time, existing literature often assumes a fixed drift magnitude threshold, which should be dynamically adjusted rather than fixed during system evolution. To address this gap, in this paper, we propose a dynamic driftadaptive Long Short-Term Memory (DA-LSTM) framework that can improve the performance of load forecasting models without requiring a drift threshold setting. We integrate several strategies into the framework based on active and passive adaptation approaches. To evaluate DA-LSTM in real-life settings, we thoroughly analyze the proposed framework and deploy it in a real-world problem through a cloud-based environment. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the prediction performance of each approach and computational cost. The experiments show performance improvements on multiple evaluation metrics achieved by our framework compared to baseline methods from the literature. Finally, we present a trade-off analysis between prediction performance and computational costs.

Impact of Digital Transformation on the Energy Sector: A Review

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

Digital transformation is a phenomenon introduced by the transformative power of digital technologies, and it has become a key driver for the energy sector, with advancements in technology leading to significant changes in the way energy is produced, transmitted, and consumed. The impact of digital transformation on the energy sector is profound, with benefits such as improved efficiency, cost reduction, and enhanced customer experience. This article provides a review of the impact of digital transformation on the energy sector, highlighting key trends and emerging technologies that are transforming the sector. The article begins by defining the concept of digital transformation, describing its scope, and explaining two conceptual frameworks to provide a deep understanding of the concept. This article then explores the benefits of digital transformation, examines its impact, and identifies its enablers and barriers. Each source examined was analyzed to extract qualitative results and assess its contribution to the researched topic. This paper also acknowledges the challenges posed by digital transformation, including concerns about cybersecurity, data privacy, and workforce displacement. Finally, we discuss the potential developments that are expected in the future of digital transformation in the power sector and conclude that digital transformation has the potential to significantly improve the energy sector’s efficiency, sustainability, and resiliency.

Strategies to save energy in the context of the energy crisis: a review

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023
ENVIRON CHEM LETT

New technologies, systems, societal organization and policies for energy saving are urgently needed in the context of accelerated climate change, the Ukraine conflict and the past coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. For instance, concerns about market and policy responses that could lead to new lock-ins, such as investing in liquefied natural gas infrastructure and using all available fossil fuels to compensate for Russian gas supply cuts, may hinder decarbonization efforts. Here we review energy-saving solutions with a focus on the actual energy crisis, green alternatives to fossil fuel heating, energy saving in buildings and transportation, artificial intelligence for sustainable energy, and implications for the environment and society. Green alternatives include biomass boilers and stoves, hybrid heat pumps, geothermal heating, solar thermal systems, solar photovoltaics systems into electric boilers, compressed natural gas and hydrogen. We also detail case studies in Germany which is planning a 100% renewable energy switch by 2050 and developing the storage of compressed air in China, with emphasis on technical and economic aspects. The global energy consumption in 2020 was 30.01% for the industry, 26.18% for transport, and 22.08% for residential sectors. 10–40% of energy consumption can be reduced using renewable energy sources, passive design strategies, smart grid analytics, energy-efficient building systems, and intelligent energy monitoring. Electric vehicles offer the highest cost-per-kilometer reduction of 75% and the lowest energy loss of 33%, yet battery-related issues, cost, and weight are challenging. 5–30% of energy can be saved using automated and networked vehicles. Artificial intelligence shows a huge potential in energy saving by improving weather forecasting and machine maintenance and enabling connectivity across homes, workplaces, and transportation. For instance, 18.97–42.60% of energy consumption can be reduced in buildings through deep neural networking. In the electricity sector, artificial intelligence can automate power generation, distribution, and transmission operations, balance the grid without human intervention, enable lightning-speed trading and arbitrage decisions at scale, and eliminate the need for manual adjustments by end-users.

Challenges and opportunities for improving energy efficiency in SMEs: learnings from seven European projects

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

This paper analyses challenges and opportunities for improving energy efficiency in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by reviewing research design and results out of seven Euro-pean projects: SPEEDIER, SMEmPower Efficiency, E2Driver, Innoveas, Triple-A, DEESME and ICCEE. These projects aim to improve SMEs' awareness of energy efficiency and support an effective decision-making-oriented approach to it. Drivers and barriers to energy efficiency improvements in European SMEs of various industrial sectors have been investigated by means of surveys, focused group discussions and interviews. A meta-analysis of the results of the seven EU projects was carried out to discover trends related to energy efficiency in European SMEs; this was supported by the use of a unifying analytic framework that enabled merging and cross-validation of the findings of the seven projects. The analysis indicated, by means of new data collected by the seven projects , that staff training, facilitation of energy audits, development of corporate policy measures and collaboration between SMEs involved in the same supply chain are key mechanisms to improve the uptake of energy efficiency measures in SMEs which has significant potential to achieve higher energy savings and energy cost reductions.

Home Energy Management Systems A Review of the Concept Architecture and Scheduling Strategies

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

Growing electricity demand, the deployment of renewable energy sources and the widespread use of smart home appliances provide new opportunities for home energy management systems (HEMSs), which can be defined as systems that improve the overall energy production and consumption of residential buildings by controlling and scheduling the use of household equipment. By saving energy, reducing residential electricity costs, optimizing the utilization rate and reliability of utility companies’ power systems, and reducing air pollution for society, HEMSs lead to an enhancement in the socioeconomic development of low-carbon economies. This review aims to systematically analyze and summarize the development trends and challenges of HEMSs in recent years. This paper reviews the development history of the HEMS architecture and discusses the characteristics of several major communication technologies in the current HEMS infrastructure. In addition, the common objectives and constraints related to scheduling optimization are classified, and several optimization methods in the literature, including various intelligent algorithms, have been introduced, compared, and critically analyzed. Furthermore, experimental studies and challenges in the real world are also summarized and recommendations are given. This paper reveals the trend from simple to complex in the architecture and functionality of HEMSs, discusses the challenges for future improvements in modeling and scheduling, and shows the development of various modeling and scheduling methods. Based on this review, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of current research trends in HEMSs and open up ideas for developing new modeling and scheduling approaches by gaining insight into the trade-offs between optimum solutions and computational complexity.

Digitales Energiemanagement im Milchviehbereich

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Heinz Bernhardt

Zusammenfassung Die nachhaltige Nutzung von Energie spielt weltweit eine immer wichtigere Rolle in der gesellschaftlichen Diskussion. Am Beispiel der Milchviehhaltung sollen die Möglichkeiten, die sich dadurch für ein Energiemanagement ergeben, erläutert werden. Als Basis für dieses Energiemanagementsystem ist eine umfassende Durchdringung des Systems Kuhstall mit Digitalisierung, Automatisierung und IoT notwendig. Dabei werden die einzelnen Bereiche der Energieerzeugung, -speicherung und -nutzung in der Landwirtschaft aufgezeigt. Als Regelgröße dienen dabei Smart Livestock Farming und regionalisierte Wetterdaten. Aufbauend auf diesem Datenpool können dann Entscheidungssysteme die internen und externen Energieflüsse ordnen. Dabei wird auf die besonderen Anforderungen des Energiemanagements im regionalen Verbund eingegangen und welche Auswirkungen dies auf die Landwirtschaft, die Region und die Gemeinschaft hat.

A Review on Active Customers Participation in Smart Grids

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Industrial, commercial, and residential facilities are progressively adopting automation and generation capabilities. By having flexible demand and renewable energy generation, traditional passive customers are becoming active participants in electric power system operations. Through profound coordination among grid operators and active customers, the facilities' capability for demand response (DR) and distributed energy resource (DER) management will be valuable assets for ancillary services (ASs). To comply with the increasing demand and flexible energy, utilities urgently require standards, regulations, and programs to efficiently handle load-side resources without trading off stability and reliability. This study reviews different types of customers' flexibilities for DR, highlighting their capabilities and limitations in performing local ancillary services (LASs), which should benefit the grid by profiting from it through incentive mechanisms. Different financial incentives and techniques employed around the world are presented and discussed. The authors successfully identified the potential barriers in technical and regulatory aspects and discussed potential solutions along with future guidance.

Influence of built environment on building energy consumption: a case study in Nanjing, China

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023
Environ Dev Sustain

Unlabelled: Built environment plays a significant role in optimizing building energy consumption. However, few studies have explored the comprehensive effect between built environment metrics on building energy consumption. Thus, this study aims to explore interrelationships between built environment on building energy consumption focused on moderating effect. In this study, we established a built environment measure system from the perspective of land use and land cover, landscape structure and building configuration. This study explored the correlation between built environment and building energy consumption and analyzed the moderating effect of building configuration emphatically. Results show that: for integrated grids group, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) have a positive influence and impervious area (IA) has a negative influence, with NDVI has the greatest impact. Building floor (BF), building coverage ratio (BCR) and aspect ratio can weaken the positive relationship between NDVI and energy use intensity of grid ( EUI grid ). BCR weakens the positive effect of MNDWI on EUI grid . The moderating effect of building configuration on EUI varies in the same grid group and among different grid groups. For sample 1, BCR inhibits the negative effect of mean perimeter-area ration (PARA-MN) on EUI grid . For sample 2, BF promotes the negative effect of number of patches and land use richness index (R) on EUI grid . And sky view factor inhibits the positive effect of IA on EUI grid . This study reveals the pathways of built environment on building energy consumption. As a result, the keys of optimizing building energy consumption are the reasonable planning and optimization of the urban built environment of different land cover. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-02930-w.

End-use energy indicator approach to improve energy performance at the National University of Colombia Bogotá, under the parameters of the ISO 50001 standard

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

The university belongs to the services sector, which is why it cannot implement traditional industry indicators such as energy consumption per unit produced. For this reason, we propose indicators for the final use of energy. The indicators were developed through an energy review process of the information in the database of advanced energy meters with the support of the Specialist in Geographic Information Systems of the Environmental Management Office (EMO). Additionally, we considered several existing reports that characterized the final use of energy for some buildings and essential data for defining the percentages each final use will have within the conglomerate of loads registered. Continuity was also given to this process by collecting face-to-face information with the support of each building’s environmental manager. This article shows the behavior of two buildings of the National University Bogotá, the Uriel Gutiérrez building and the Roberto Franco Station, to propose an indicator of final energy use. This approach enabled determining in which end-use the load has the highest consumption, taking into account that this may contribute to the management system energy of the university. This article uses the guidelines implemented in the ISO 50001 standard.

A Scientometric Analysis of Energy Management in the Past Five Years (2018–2022)

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Energy management is an essential part of the integration of renewable energy in energy systems, electric vehicles, energy-saving strategies, waste-heat recovery, and building energy. Although many publications considered energy management, no study addressed the connection between scientists, organizations, and countries. The present study provides a scientometric analysis that addresses the trend of publications and worldwide dynamic maps of connectivity and scientists, organizations, and countries and their contribution to energy management. The results showed that Javaid Nadeem published the most papers in the field of energy management (90) while Xiao Hu received the most citations (1394). The university with the highest number of publications in energy management is the Islamic Azad University (144 papers), while the Beijing Institute of Technology has received the most citations (2061 citations) and the largest h-index (28). China and the United States are in the first and second rank in terms of total publications, citations, and h-index. Pakistan has the most publications relative to the country’s research and development investment level. The maps of co-authorship show islands of isolated groups of authors. This implies that the researchers in energy management are not well-connected. Bibliographic coupling of countries revealed China and USA are influential contributors in the field, and other countries were coupled mostly through these two countries.

Energy Savings Through VOD (Ventilation-on-Demand) Analysis in Indian Underground Coal Mine

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

The mining sector’s sustainability is contingent upon operational efficiency improvements. This has resulted in significant improvements in industrial energy efficiency, resulting in reduced emissions and resource waste. Indian mine ventilation fans were discovered to be energy guzzlers, paving the way for more efficient driving techniques. A thorough investigation of cost savings, energy savings, and pollution reductions associated with different airflow scenarios utilizing Tandsi underground coal mine ventilation networks were conducted. Two applications of ventilation-on-demand were investigated: dynamic and steady-speed reduction. Economic feasibility suggests that variable speed drives operating at medium voltage (3.3 kV) may be utilized in ventilation-on-demand systems. With the adoption of ventilation-on-demand solutions, a total yearly electrical energy savings of 1070618 kWh might be accomplished. The estimated cost savings are 119588 US $, with a payback period of seven months on average. Emissions of greenhouse gases have been reduced by around 37% annually. A variable speed drive operating at medium voltage (3.3 kV) may be placed on the Tandsi mine ventilation fan to improve efficiency and decrease emissions. These audits identify underutilized resources that may be used to increase mining sustainability and profitability.

Machine Learning and Deep Learning Approaches for Energy Management in Smart Grid 3.0

Chapter

Sep 2023

Energy management systems (EMS) in smart grid (SG) are complex and dynamic systems that require intelligent decision-making to optimize energy usage and reduce costs. Integrating renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and SG technologies has significantly increased data volume and complexity in EMS. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques are increasingly being applied to the EMS to address these challenges and to make them more efficient and reliable. ML algorithms can be used to analyze large amounts of data from smart meters, IoT devices, and other sources to identify patterns and trends. This can help predict energy demand and supply and identify areas of inefficiency that can be improved. On the other hand, DL techniques can be used to model complex relationships between variables and make accurate predictions. For example, neural networks can be used to predict energy consumption based on historical data and weather patterns. Overall, ML and DL techniques can help optimize energy usage, reduce costs, and improve the efficiency of EMSs in smart grids. This chapter systematically reviews various ML and DL algorithms covering their critical applications, advantages, disadvantages, research gaps, and solutions. The several ML and DL strategies employed to meet various restrictions and achieve various EMS objectives are also compared and critically analyzed in this review study. It also discusses potential research directions and recommendations for implementing ML and DL techniques in EMS for SG 3.0.

Low delta-T syndrome in cooling systems: A systematic review of the signs, symptoms, and causes

Article

Aug 2023
APPL THERM ENG

A literature review: Integrating Dali and BMS for enhancing the facility management

Conference Paper

Jan 2023

Emad Al-Mahdawi

Direct and Inverse Neural Modelling of Buildings HVAC Systems

Conference Paper

Jul 2023

Systematic Literature Review About Energy and Industry 4.0: A Manufacturing Perspective

Chapter

Jul 2023

Energy management is a topic of concern, particularly due to rising energy prices and environmental impact. To optimize energy efficiency, industries seek to implement energy management systems (EMS). Industry 4.0 is also included in this scenario since environment 4.0 can help energy management by the implementation of technologies for the collection of real-time data and improvement of EMS. The industrial sector is the major consumer of electricity in Brazil and despite studies about energy management and industry 4.0 that are already found in the literature, few studies explore the relationships between these two areas in manufacturing by presenting current perspectives and future research trends. The objective of this article is to present a literature review on energy management and industry 4.0 for manufacturing, identifying what is already being discussed and opportunities for future research. To achieve this goal, the ProKnow-C method was adapted for the selection of articles, and an analysis of the literature was executed with the software Atlas TI. Fifty-eight articles were selected and analyzed. A bibliometric analysis was performed, and the year of publication, local of publication, area of research, and type of work were highlighted. Results showed a concentration of articles in energy evaluation, focusing on studies of the energy consumption of processes, utilizing industry 4.0 technologies to real-time measurement, but without a specific guide for implementation, resulting in a gap in the managerial perspective. The level of analysis for the articles was narrow, concentrating in an industrial plant or multi-machine evaluation, showing the need to expand the analysis for broader levels, such as supply chains. For future research, it is recommended the expansion of the research protocol established in the literature review, and the development of a framework for the implementation of 4.0 technologies from a managerial perspective for the improvement of energy management for manufacturing.KeywordsEnergy managementIndustry 4.0ManufacturingISO 50001

Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zones of China

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

Issues of energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings are gaining increasing attention in the context of the “3060” dual-carbon initiative. In recent years, nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEBs) have emerged as a potentially viable solution to the challenges of the energy crisis in the building sector, and it is important to study the factors influencing their energy consumption and carbon emissions. However, existing research lacks analyses of multifactor interactions, and the problem of high energy consumption has not been sufficiently addressed. Taking a typical residential building in the Yangtze River basin as the study subject, this study, jointly funded by the University of Nottingham and Hubei University of Technology, proposes a hybrid approach that combines building energy simulation and orthogonal experiments to investigate factors pertaining to buildings, people, and the environment to identify key influencing factors and explore the energy consumption and carbon emission characteristics of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zones. Our findings reveal the following: (1) The use of renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic power generation and solar hot water, and renewable energy systems such as ground-source heat pumps, in the operation phase of a baseline building can result in a 61.76% energy-saving and a 71% renewable energy utilization rate. (2) To more easily meet the requirements of nZEB standards, it is recommended to keep KE within the range of 0.20–0.30 W/(m2·K), KR within the range of 0.15–0.20 W/(m2·K), and VT within the range of 0.6–0.7 h−1. This study will help to identify the critical factors affecting energy consumption and provide a valuable reference for building energy efficiency in HSCW zones.

Research on designated calibration method of fault sensor in photovoltaic thermal heat pump system based on fault detection and virtual calibration

Article

Jul 2023

Electrical Power Quality, Availability, and Energy Efficiency

Article

Jun 2023

Cheng LIU

A performant electrical distribution network is essential to ensure electricity quality, availability and reduce energy losses. The research has been conducted in a food company in Belgium. Energy losses occur in each part of the power system until it reaches to the consumer. Thus, Emission begins well before generation and continues well beyond consumption. Thus, CO2 emissions take place at generation and during transportation and consumption. Voltage reduction, transformers upgrade and replacement when selected following specific criteria defined in this paper will contribute also to improve quality of electricity generation, availability, and environmental impact.

Do pilot zones for green finance reform and innovation promote energy savings? Evidence from China

Article

Jun 2023
ENERG ECON

Environment Sensor Node Design for Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS)

Conference Paper

Apr 2023

High Efficiency Motors and Variable speed drive a powerful combination for carbon footprint and costs reduction

Article

Mar 2023

Nasser Allaoui

AI Approaches for Electricity Price Forecasting in Stable/Unstable Markets: EU Improvement Project

Conference Paper

Dec 2022

Review on Nano Enhanced PCMs: Insight on nePCM Application in Thermal Management/Storage Systems

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Phase change materials (PCMs) proved to be valuable and drew the attention of numerous scientists striving to establish novel techniques to minimize energy consumption and expand heat storage; yet a number of challenges hampered their research. This paper provides an overall overview on how to overcome those constraints by adapting nano-enhanced phase change materials, the motivation behind their investigation, their advantages, area of applications, and their impact on thermal management and storage equipment. Recent computational and experimental studies have revealed that nanoparticles are extremely useful in terms of improving the thermo-physical properties of PCMs, allowing nano-PCMs, mainly nano-paraffin, to have a major positive influence on thermal concepts at the economical, ecological, and effectiveness levels. In this context, nano-enhanced PCMs are now able to store and release large amounts of heat in short intervals of time, which is relevant to thermal storage systems and contributes to augmenting and boosting their efficiency. It also improves the thermal performance of cooling and heating systems in buildings and regulates the operating temperature of PV systems, electronic components, and batteries.

Energy Management Strategies of Hybrid Power System Under Varying Load Conditions- An Analysis

Conference Paper

Nov 2022

The structure of documentation when implementing energy management systems for public sector institutions

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Kristina Shirrime

The paper presents the energy management technique within the Russian management system and gradual way of introduction of energy management system in accordance with ISO 50001 for Russian organizations. Its distinctive features are: list of developed documents that suitable in accordance with the Russian recording style and system of normative documents; implementation of the system is carried out not on the basis of the new division, and responsibilities are distributed among the existing personnel; in developed countries should be adopted the terminology with the possibility of replacing by terms and definitions that traditional for our country; in the proposed system the main attention is focused not on the procedures for the final performers, regulating their main activities, from the point of view of improving its energy efficiency, and to document the process of obtaining analysis of energy consumption. Research shows that proposed hierarchy is optimum in the implementation processes of the most effective management within the budgetary organizations at the municipal, regional level.

Energy Consumption in a Smart City

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

According to the last census of 2019, about two million Italian buildings are more than 100 years old. Building energy retrofitting involves a diverse mix of influencing factors, depending on history, intended use, and construction techniques. This paper aims to assess the energy needs of a historic building by evaluating the variability of climatic conditions and internal loads, as well as the thermal capacity of the building envelope. The energy analysis was conducted using dynamic simulation systems (TRNSYS). The purpose of the study is to provide an analysis of the current energy conditions of the building to identify the main critical issues and suggest the most suitable interventions to be implemented. All the transformations were conducted to meet the nZEB requirements and evaluate technical and economic feasibility, compatibility with architectural and landscape constraints, and large-scale replicability. Specifically, to reach the proposed targets, a 36 kWp PV system was implemented for an area of 210 m2, in addition to the Air Handling Unit (AHU) already present. The profit index is above the unit, and it yields a time range between three and four years. Therefore, fully respecting the energy performance parameters required by the Italian legislation, the study demonstrated the unattainability of the nZEB class for a listed building.

Comparison of the Thermal Effect of Two Automatic Controls of Roller Shutters in an Academic Space

Chapter

Jan 2023

Roller shutters are passive systems that can be operated automatically to improve building energy efficiency based on different criteria. This paper aims to compare the effect of an occupant-based and a thermal-based control of roller shutters on heating and cooling demand in an academic space. We run dynamic energy simulations of a case study in the Mediterranean climate (Barcelona, Spain). We found that the automatic control of roller shutters can significantly decrease heating and cooling demand. Both controls here analyzed perform similarly, with a rough reduction in heating of 1/2 and in cooling of 2/3. Therefore, occupant-based controls can be good alternatives that reduce energy demand as well as preserve occupants’ capacity to satisfy their needs or wills. Automated control of roller shutters could perform better if based on the energy balance of solar gains, thermal conduction and infiltration through the window. In addition to solar shading, the thermal insulation and infiltration-control provided by roller shutters are also key to improving building thermal performance in the Mediterranean climate.KeywordsRoller shuttersSolar shadingThermal insulationAutomationOccupant-centric controls

Intelligent Solar Photovoltaic Development Model for University Campus Buildings

Chapter

Dec 2022

The aim of the paper is to investigate the opportunity of implementing and optimizing an electricity production structure from renewable sources that can be integrated into a university campus building consisting of photovoltaic solar panels, respectively their management using deep learning techniques, in particular long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks. A comprehensive study and starting from it the designing of a technical solution based on the use of local energy potential that contributes to increasing energy efficiency and reducing costs by storing energy or transferring the surplus to the public power network are performed. Also, a mathematical model that allows the optimization of the investment in renewable solutions such as photovoltaic panels is proposed as a base for energy management decision support. A case study for Central Romania region for different university campus buildings (a student residential building and a professional activity building) is performed for testing and validation purposes.KeywordsRenewable energySmart University campusSmart managementOptimizationDeep learning

How combination of control methods and renewable energies leads a large commercial building to a zero-emission zone – A case study in U.S.

Article

Nov 2022
ENERGY

This paper aims to develop a decision-making tool to minimize large commercial buildings’ Heating, Ventilation, Air-conditioning, and Cooling (HVAC) system environmental footprints. We modeled a terminal of an airport as a case study constituting hot water boilers, chillers, and air handling units, which forms the initial HVAC system, in EnergyPlus. The case study model is validated with monthly energy consumption data. Then, the decision-making system is applied on the retrofitted hybrid HVAC system resulted by combining Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system, Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) unit, and existing HVAC system. The decision-making system is developed based on three kinds of optimized controllers including Model Predictive Controller (MPC), Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control (FSMC), and relay controller (Initial controller of HVAC system). The optimization is designed based on reducing CO2 emission as well as providing comfort temperature. We found that retrofitting by hybrid system reduces emission by 90% compared with the initial system and applying intelligent controllers including MPC and FSMC, improve it to 95% CO2 emission reduction. While initial system provides comfort temperature 85% of the simulation period, retrofitted HVAC system controlled by MPC or FSMC sets indoor temperature 96% of 1-year simulation.

Energy Management Systems in Latin American Industry: Case Study Colombia

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022

The increase in energy demand, mainly due to the dependence of industry and transport on fossil fuels, has led to the extensive use of these fuels and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, generating a severe environmental concern in all countries. Then, the need for a proportionate consumption of energy resources and the decarbonization of the economy to leverage the reduction of emissions into the atmosphere becomes evident. Therefore, implementing Energy Management Systems (EnMS) within industries makes sense, seeking to promote energy's rational and efficient use. Consequently, this paper presents a bibliographic review on the integration of EnMS in the industry, highlighting the main barriers and motivators for its implementation, emphasizing the leading role that management has within companies in converting these programs into sustainable initiatives in an extended time horizon. In addition, an analysis of the Latin American panorama is presented, especially the Colombian one, on the integration of mechanisms to improve energy efficiency in industries. One of the main conclusions evidenced was the need to increase support at the regulatory level for energy efficiency programs in the industry. Currently, greater prominence is given to renewable energy sources, which are a fundamental step for the energy transition but must be complemented with the rational and efficient use of resources. Here, the industry has an essential role in representing the segment of users that more energy traditionally consumes.

A Study on Challenges in Adoption of Electric Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Grid Technologies in India

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022

Sambaiah Kola Sampangi

A viable remedy for lowering hazardous greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint is through the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Electric vehicles minimize fossil fuel reliance and ozone-damaging compounds by supporting large-scale renewable deployment. However, EV modeling and manufacturing are continuing to change despite extensive study on the qualities and characteristics that are evaluated from time to time. This is due to restrictions on EV adoption and their charging infrastructure. The present study addresses the numerous modeling approaches and optimization strategies used in studies of EV, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, battery, and fuel cell EV penetration and adoption rates in the market. The study is unique for a developing country like India in that it addresses crucial challenges in adoption and the lack of charging facilities for EV consumers. In addition, when renewable energy sources are unavailable, the development and deployment of the vehicle-to-grid concept is an innovative strategy to provide auxiliary supply to the grid. It is concluded that considering the unique features of EVs is vital to their adoption and mobility.

Control of sustainable energy management implementation

Chapter

Jan 2023

Mirjana Radovanović

This chapter describes fundamental assumptions of the strategic control of realization of the sustainable energy management processes. System and control processes are presented, and standards and precise measurements of indicators are defined. Apart from that, the procedure for comparing achieved results with the previously defined standards is thoroughly described. There is a precise control procedure together with an actual proposal of the frequency and control object, way and volume of necessary information, and their processing. After that, the main phases of planning and taking actual activities in cases when the outcomes of the energy management process do not meet previously defined standards are presented. The chapter also describes the control of financial and nonfinancial outcomes, which are created as a result of the application of sustainable energy management in a company. The chapter especially stresses the importance of determination of nonfinancial effects of the process of sustainable energy management, which primarily relates to ecological and social effects.

Strategic priorities of sustainable energy development

Chapter

Jan 2023

Mirjana Radovanović

This chapter defines three fundamental strategic priorities of sustainable energy management: exploitation of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and risk management. Basic information is presented on energy production from renewable sources with basic technical and technological solutions, and a proposition for managing and economic evaluation of energy production from renewable sources is given. The chapter defines fundamental assumptions of energy efficiency, audits, and possibility for improvement of energy efficiency in particular business areas. There is a detailed overview of the risk estimation process, which is related to the energy exploitation of a particular company. Finally, the chapter defines fundamental assumptions in the process of risk management in plants in all exploitation phases of energy resources. The chapter presents the basic model of the risk management process in this field.

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring: A Review

Article

Jul 2022

The rapid development of technology in the elec- trical energy sector within the last 20 years has led to grow- ing electric power needs through the increased number of electrical appliances and automation of tasks. In parallel the global climate protection goals, energy conservation and efﬁcient energy management arise interest for reduction of the overall energy consumption. These requirements have led to the recent adoption of smart-meters and smart-grids, as well as to the rise of Load Monitoring (LM) using energy disaggregation, also referred to as Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), which enables appliance-speciﬁc energy monitoring by only observing the aggregated energy consumption of a household. The real-time information on appliance level can be used to get deeper insights in the origin of energy consumption and to make optimization, strategic load scheduling and demand management feasible. The three main contributions are as follows: First, a generalized up-to-date review of NILM approaches including a high-level taxonomy of NILM methodologies is provided. Second, previously published results are grouped based on the experimental setup which allows direct comparison. Third, the article is accompanied by a software implementation of the described NILM approaches.

Predictive control techniques for energy and indoor environmental quality management in buildings

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2009
BUILD ENVIRON

Enabling Energy Management for Planning Energy-Efficient Factories

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2013

Due to the reasons of sustainability, energy efficiency becomes a more and more important objective for industrial companies. Among others, the term "energy management" is often mentioned as a practical instrument to raise energy efficiency. Because of the long-term influence at an early stage of the factory life cycle, factory planning provides an important contribution to realize company goals regarding energy efficiency. Until now, there is a lack of methodical concepts considering the combination of energy management and factory planning. In this paper, the interaction between both of these topics is described and by this, the meaning of energy management as an integral part of energy-efficient factories is underlined. Generally, energy management is used in the phase of factory operation to improve the energy performance, including energy efficiency, energy supply security, energy use and energy consumption. Besides, the integration of energy-related tasks in the factory planning process should also be realized as far as possible, e.g. regarding the purchase, distribution, storage and use of energy. This leads to a more systematic and holistic consideration of energy efficiency in organizational and technical processes of a company. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Smart Sensors Enable Smart Air Conditioning Control

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2014
SENSORS-BASEL

In this study, mobile phones, wearable devices, temperature and human motion detectors are integrated as smart sensors for enabling smart air conditioning control. Smart sensors obtain feedback, especially occupants' information, from mobile phones and wearable devices placed on human body. The information can be used to adjust air conditioners in advance according to humans' intentions, in so-called intention causing control. Experimental results show that the indoor temperature can be controlled accurately with errors of less than ±0.1 °C. Rapid cool down can be achieved within 2 min to the optimized indoor capacity after occupants enter a room. It's also noted that within two-hour operation the total compressor output of the smart air conditioner is 48.4% less than that of the one using On-Off control. The smart air conditioner with wearable devices could detect the human temperature and activity during sleep to determine the sleeping state and adjusting the sleeping function flexibly. The sleeping function optimized by the smart air conditioner with wearable devices could reduce the energy consumption up to 46.9% and keep the human health. The presented smart air conditioner could provide a comfortable environment and achieve the goals of energy conservation and environmental protection.

Investigation of Advanced Energy Saving Stand by Strategies for Production Systems

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2014

Switching machinery into standby during non-productive phases for saving energy is rarely applied in today's production environments. Frequent reasons for this are lack of information on potential benefits and the uncertainty on resulting, potentially negative effects. Thus, in a recent project an approach for investigating both economical and ecological benefits was developed, integrating a facile definition process of possible standby modes and basic production system simulation for investigation of different switching strategies. The results of this estimation are evaluated both economically and ecologically, providing a clear decision base for strategy selection. In this paper, the approach is introduced along with exemplary results.

Management and monitoring of public buildings through ICT based systems: Control rules for energy saving with lighting and HVAC services

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2013

The presented work addresses the topic of energy savings in existing public buildings, when no significant retrofits on building envelope or plants can be done and savings can be achieved by designing intelligent ICT-based service to monitor and control environmental conditions, energy loads and plants operation. At the end of 2010 the European Commission, within the Seventh Framework Program, has founded a project entitled “Smart Energy Efficient Middleware for Public Spaces” (SEEMPubS). To achieve this goal the project will implement, in a set of demonstrator buildings, an interoperable web-based software and hardware solution for real-time monitoring and control of lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning services, through both wired and wireless sensor networks. In this paper the first phase of the project, concerning the selection of the environments to be used as demonstrator and the definition of the control and monitoring strategies to reduce energy consumptions for lighting and air conditioning, are presented.

Simulation-Assisted Management and Control Over Building Energy Efficiency – A Case Study

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2012

The specific aim of this research paper is to demonstrate how much energy use will be reduced if the simulation -assisted building energy management and control system is applied to a representative large office building. The methodology applied includes: (1) choosing an appropriate building simulation software to assess energy savings, (2) selecting a representative building and then creating the building model for simulation, (3) identifying the year with available weather data and actual building energy consumption data for the building selected, and then calibrating the simulation model using the actual building energy consumption, (4) selecting proper energy-saving strategies and applying them to obtain hourly energy use for a day. The optimal temperature schedule that saves the most energy was identified. Cost effectiveness studies were performed to evaluate how much annual energy saving has been achieved by using the management and control optimization strategy and how long it will pay back.

Behaviour, attitudes and opinion of large enterprise employees with regard to their energy usage habits and adoption of energy saving measures

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2012
ENERG BUILDINGS

Occupants’ behaviour is one of the important aspects in diminishing energy waste. It is imperative that working environments should provide comfort to occupants and at the same time, they should also be in line with energy saving practices. The present study aims in investigating energy usage habits of a large enterprise employees in Cyprus, in evaluating their perception on consumption on various energy saving measures and finally, in statistically analyzing their behaviour, attitudes and opinion on energy usage and energy saving measures. Furthermore, the decisions taken by the upper management and its role on energy management is presented and analysed. To achieve the above aims, a detailed questionnaire was designed. Results showed that the majority of employees acknowledge that there is energy waste and that, in theory, they would be open to energy saving measures. They tend to believe that a complete energy management system must be applied, but when they were asked specifically about temperature control, they prefer individual control. Thus, they are not willing to sacrifice their own personal satisfaction for these measures. Furthermore, statistical analysis showed that employees sharing an office and have either less than 10 or more than 20 years of employment are the most dissatisfied about room temperature and thus, they would pose a difficulty in accepting energy saving measures. Finally, the upper management lacks in the promotion of energy saving measures, and this also contributes negatively in the employees’ behaviour.

Constructing Energy Saving System Based on Low-carbon Economy

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2011

Constructing a comprehensive energy-saving system is an effective way to meet the development of global lowcarbon economy, energy crisis and the deterioration of ecological environment. In this paper, we made an analysis and evaluation to the practical urgency and constraints of energy-saving system construction with system analysis, combining with our low-carbon economy and the fact of energy saving, we construct a model of energy saving system based on energy, economy and environment in China. Then we put forward some ideas that the way to construct energy-saving system on the perspective of energy supply, energy consumption and the ecological environment based on the model.

Energy-saving estimation model for hypermarket HVAC systems applications

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2011
ENERG BUILDINGS

Energy saving estimation model (ESEM) use normal distribution (Gaussian) probability theory to predict potential savings for previously determined system improvements. Those improvements are low/high cost investments based on data gathered during one year monitoring of typical hypermarket facility HVAC system. The consumption of electrical energy and natural gas has been monitored and system segments with largest amount of energy consumption have been marked. Gathered data pointed out to fan units as the biggest energy consumers and suggested that system energy-saving improvement must be focused on fans energy consumption control. This paper deals with ESEM inputs and outputs in order to provide correct financial estimation of specific investment.

Industrial Experience on the Implementation of Real Time On Line Energy Management Systems in Sugar and Alcohol Industry

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2009

Sugar and alcohol market are increasing, due humanity needs to find alternatives for fossil fuels dependence. Brazil joins climactic and technologic features to place itself at the forefront of this industry. Sugar-alcohol industry is professionalizing and rising portfolio of product and the electric energy became an important product of these new ones. In this context, an increase in energy efficiency and actions to maximize this product shows it essential for these sites become competitive and reach their goals. Visual Mesa is a process on-line analysis tool to support decisions on energy reduction costs. This work describes how Soteica and Usaçúcar teams have modeled the site and implemented this new way to evaluate energy on this kind of industry. A full model of the energy system has been developed. All the constraints have been included and the model is continually being updated with live data. Performance monitoring was done and it includes the tracking of equipment efficiencies by utilizing updated data for its continuous calculation. By auditing the energy system, imbalances can be identified and reduced. Planning for a better operation of the energy system by performing case studies is usually done by using the validated model. As a result of the project, new sensors have been installed and a completely new way to evaluate energy on the site was implemented.

Implementation conditions for energy saving technologies and practices in office buildings: Part 1. Lighting

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2012
RENEW SUST ENERG REV

This paper provides a review of lighting energy saving and energy efficiency policies and practices in office buildings. The results of a face to face survey of 685 managers of companies are presented, which give insights into the factors that have influenced them to invest in lighting saving technologies. The assessment of the available lighting technologies in use in office buildings, showed that the installation of lighting saving technologies was positively influenced by a number of parameters, such as high annual financial turnover, recently established companies and companies managed by older, highly educated and energy aware people. The acceptability of the adoption and use of new efficient lighting technologies and the willingness to pay for proposed new efficient office lighting technologies, following a technico-economic information session, were also investigated. The willingness of a manager to invest in lighting energy saving/efficient technology was positively influenced by a number of factors including when a company was located in old buildings, if it was companies affected by electricity shortages, and/or if it had a large floor area.

12 - Energy efficient electrical services

Article

Dec 2009

Clive B Beggs

Energy demand and optimization of the energy choice

Article

Jan 1976

D. Finon

ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN BUILDINGS TODAY: THERMAL ASPECTS (FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF A SUITABLE ROOM TEMPERATURE).

Article

Jan 1973

David P Wyon

Review of literature on the integrated assessment of the environment in buildings and thermal influences on human activity.

Reduction of wasted energy in a volunteer computing system through Reinforcement Learning

Article

Sep 2014

Volunteer computing systems provide an easy mechanism for users who wish to perform large amounts of High Throughput Computing work. However, if the Volunteer Computing system is deployed over a shared set of computers where interactive users can seize back control of the computers this can lead to wasted computational effort and hence wasted energy. Determining on which resource to deploy a particular piece of work, or even to choose not to deploy the work at the current time, is a difficult problem to solve, depending both on the expected free time available on the computers within the Volunteer computing system and the expected runtime of the work – both of which are difficult to determine a-priori. We develop here a Reinforcement Learning approach to solving this problem and demonstrate that it can provide a reduction in energy consumption between 30% and 53% depending on whether we can tolerate an increase in the overheads incurred.

Modelling and optimization aspects in energy management and plant operation with variable energy demands-application to industrial problems

Article

Aug 1998
COMPUT CHEM ENG

While formal methods to account for uncertainty in process optimization have been developed in the literature, little use of this research work has been reported for industrial applications. An attempt is made in this paper to integrate techniques for modelling and optimization under uncertainty in order to explore flexible operating scenaria and energy management schemes of real industrial utility systems. Multiperiod optimization principles are employed to account for variable demands and/or uncertain operating conditions, while discrete operating decisions (e.g. switching on/off a piece of equipment) are explicitly considered, enhancing, thus, the concept of operating cost for flexible operation.

Energy management systems according to the ISO 50001 standard — Challenges and benefits

Conference Paper

Oct 2012

The transition to renewable energy sources and energy efficiency have become a central topic, also for the producing industry in Romania and all over Europe. Saving energy is on the agenda for companies as well as facilities and public institutions. Energy efficiency in companies can be controlled and systematized in an energy management system. The ISO standard 50001:2011 enables companies and other institutions to achieve a sustainable energy reduction by systematic energy controlling, documentation and raising the awareness of all personnel involved. This paper presents the challenges and benefits of an ISO 50001 implementation in an industrial environment as well as the methodology and systematic approach, but also tools such as energy controlling systems and measurement equipment which are helpful to achieve energetic transparency.

Simplified Factory Energy Management System based on operational condition estimation by sensor data

Conference Paper

Aug 2012

This paper describes a visualization technique to analyze causalities among the productivity indices and energy for improving energy efficiency of factory equipment. Recently, energy-saving has been important worldwide. Especially, energy-saving for factories is very important in manufacturing. Meanwhile, productivity indices must be kept in manufacturing process. Thus, we realize the improvement of energy efficiency on factory equipment by adding our visualization technique to conventional Factory Energy Management System. Our visualization technique quantifies the operational condition of equipment by the energy consumption and the equipment behavior. As the result of the visualization in our factory, our proposed technique could successfully improve the energy efficiency on a molding machine, a press machine and compressors without a negative effect to the productivity that means production volume and supply pressure.

Design of the household energy management system

Conference Paper

Oct 2012

The smart electric networks are developed rapidly in our country. Relying on the construction of China State Grid Corporation on smart electricity, to realize the social philosophy as a new lifestyle, like low-carbon, energy saving, environmental protection and so on, this paper designs a home energy management system on web for the full use of intelligent demand side management requirements, the capacity of power grid and its intelligence level. By the use of the control software on WEB, the users can configure or operate the smart home system locally or remotely, get the electricity information and the electrical energy control program. The design plan, process and management effectiveness of the system is only to provide a reference to enhance the level of electricity services and smart electricity construction of the State Grid Corporation.

Context aware building energy management system with heterogeneous wireless network architecture

Conference Paper

Apr 2013

Energy wastage in buildings is to be minimized to reduce the carbon footprint of electricity. Wireless sensor and actor networks (WSAN) have been providing solutions for effective energy management within buildings. In this paper, we present a decisive server based context aware energy management system for smart buildings through Cyber Physical System (CPS) models. A layered architecture for building energy management is proposed to enhance scalability of the system. Heterogeneous wireless network based multiple radio gateway is proposed and implemented to make the system more adaptive to different applications catering to variable data rates. A smart room test bed is deployed in the IIT Hyderabad campus, where the decisive server collects various physical parameters through sensors, and based on the context generates wireless control messages to power electronics based actuators. Integrating context awareness into the system increases the efficiency in terms of energy savings and was observed to be significant, around 30%. The paper also presents a detailed analysis on the turnaround time required to realise the real saving after recovering investments. Applications are developed to integrate smart phones and tabloids providing web enablement to the end user. In this paper, each of the sensors and actuators in the smart room are associated with a state machine, which enables modelling of the system using Hybrid automata for future scope of applications.

A practical approach of energy efficiency management reporting systems in micro-grid

Conference Paper

Jul 2011

Smart grid and micro-grid are global development trend worldwide in which many countries are planning to do. Some of them will take this as a driving force to the green industry development. They would make use of it for carbon emission reduction. In micro-grid, peak demand response, renewable energy and energy efficiency will also play vital roles as well. We may use the smart meters and building management system to enhance the energy efficiency. In this paper, the author will introduce the implementation ideas of Energy Management Reporting System (EMRS) and Facilities Management Reporting System (FMRS) via the integration of Power Quality, Energy Management System (PQEMS) and Building Management System (BMS). EMRS provides the feedback on the energy management performance and feedback to the daily operation. FMRS reflects the maintenance management and highlight those energy concern repairing items if they fail. It helps to enhance the operational and energy efficiency.

Smart Heating and Air Conditioning Scheduling Method Incorporating Customer Convenience for Home Energy Management System

Article

May 2013

A Home Energy Management System (HEMS) is expected to be vital for saving energy costs considering the time-varying price of electric power in a smart home environment. Studies on various energy resources such as energy storage systems and fuel cells in a smart home environment are required for HEMS development. In the area of the HEMSs, however, there exists very limited research on heating and air conditioning scheduling incorporating customer convenience. This paper presents a smart heating and air conditioning scheduling method for HEMS that considers customer convenience as well as characteristics of thermal appliances in a smart home environment. The prototype software based on the proposed method for HEMS is also implemented.

Assessing the energy efficiency improvement potentials of HVAC systems considering economic and environmental aspects at the hospitals

Article

May 2014
RENEW SUST ENERG REV

The energy use in the world is increasing significantly owing to increase in per capita consumption of energy and growing population. Due to increased energy demand and the depletion of existing fossil fuel based sources, it is required to use the energy more efficient. Researches show that, hospitals represent approximately 6% of total energy consumption in the utility buildings sector. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are the major part of electrical energy consumption at the hospitals. In this paper, the research papers and practical studies on energy efficiency and energy saving potentials on HVAC systems at the hospitals are presented. Under the following sections, the latest literatures including research articles, conferences, e-books, handbooks and company reports interested in energy efficiency, energy saving and energy management HVAC systems are summarized. Variant Refrigerant Flow (VRF) technology enables greater energy efficiency and cost savings compared with traditional HVAC systems is also introduced. This detailed review also focuses on the payback periods of some projects on HVAC including the installation of cogeneration, trigeneration, chiller, new burners, heat exchangers and steam trap systems.

A three-phase energy-saving strategy for cloud storage systems

Article

Jan 2014

In the running process of cloud data center, the idle data nodes will generate a large amount of unnecessary energy consumption. Furthermore, the resource misallocation will also cause a great waste of energy. This paper proposes a three-phase energy-saving strategy named TPES in order to save energy and operational costs for cloud suppliers. The three phases are replica management based on variable replication factor, cluster reconfiguration according to the optimal total costs and state transition based on observed and predicted workloads. These three phases save energy for the system at different levels which enhance the adaptability of our strategy. We evaluate our strategy using the expanded CloudSim toolkit and the results show that the proposed strategy achieves better energy reduction under different conditions in comparison with the existing schemes.

Improved energy management of chiller systems with data envelopment analysis

Article

Jan 2013
APPL THERM ENG

The operation of chiller systems could take up over half of the electricity consumption of air-conditioned buildings in subtropical regions. This paper explains how to examine the effectiveness of their energy management by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). A large-scale system with seven chillers of two different capacities was studied. The scale, technical and overall efficiencies defined in DEA were calculated for each set of operating conditions comprising the system coefficient of performance (COP) and input variables: the compressor power, chiller load and temperatures at the evaporator and condenser sides. Under the existing operating strategy, the average system COP was found to be 5.73 with an average technical efficiency of 0.97. This indicates that the system operated very efficiently for most of the time. Fine-tuning the temperature-related controllable variables could achieve the highest possible COP of 5.83 with technical efficiency of one. The benefits of using technical efficiency to identify energy management opportunities are highlighted.

Energy Management Systems in Microgrid Operations

Article

Oct 2012

Optimal energy management of small electric energy systems including V2G facilities and renewable energy sources

Article

Nov 2012
ELECTR POW SYST RES

The emerging of plug-in hybrid vehicles results not only in the increase of electric vehicles as means of transportation, but also in the utilization of vehicle batteries for grid support, which is referred to as vehicle-to-grid (V2G). However, V2G is still at a conceptual stage, and the lack of practical and realistic frameworks to help moving from concept to implementation causes serious challenges to its adoption. In this context, this paper proposes a practical model for the assessment of the contribution of V2G systems as a support to energy management within realistic configurations of small electric energy systems (SEESs) including renewable sources, such as Microgrids. Considering the uncertainty factors related to renewable power sources and gridable vehicles, the model materializes into a robust linear optimization problem suited to be easily integrated in the Energy Management System of SEESs, to support – in operation or operation planning – SEESs’ participation in the electricity market. The paper also presents a practical methodology to model the aggregation of gridable vehicles, contributing to the literature in the field and helping towards the actual implementation of V2G. The efficiency and usefulness of the developed aggregation and optimization models are shown using a realistic SEES case study.

Energy saving in lighting system with fuzzy logic controller which uses light-pipe and dimmable ballast

Article

Jun 2013
ENERG BUILDINGS

Approximately, 20% of the electricity consumed in the world is spent for lighting. More efficient utilization of the sun, as a natural source of light, for lighting would save electricity used for lighting. The aim of this study is to illuminate a windowless room via a light-pipe and dimmable electronic ballasts. Light-pipe is used for the illumination of the space during the daytime. In case of inadequate daylight, artificial lighting is made via dimmable electronic ballasts and fluorescence lamps. Artificial lighting is supervised by a fuzzy logic control system to keep the illumination level at 350 lux. When there is a motion in the room, the system works with the message of the motion sensor, which, thereby, enables energy saving. Additionally, dimming the lamps result in conversation of the electrical energy used for illumination. After the experimental studies, 350 lux value targeted in the work plane is achieved with ±10 lux error.

Development of multi-agent system for building energy and comfort management based on occupant behaviors

Article

Jan 2013
ENERG BUILDINGS

Energy and comfort management is the major task for a building automation system. As a trend of next-generation's commercial buildings, intelligent buildings are capable of facilitating intelligent control of the building to fulfill occupants’ needs. Since occupants’ behaviors have a direct impact on the system performance, the building should be able to interact with occupants by responding to their requests and obtaining feedbacks based on their behaviors. In this paper, a multi-agent based intelligent control system is developed for achieving effective energy and comfort management in a building environment. The developed multi-agent system turns out to be capable of facilitating the building to interact with its occupants for realizing user-centered control of buildings.

Energy efficiency measurement in industrial processes

Article

Feb 2012

Although the meaning of energy efficiency is clear, different definitions exist and important issues relating to its implementation still need to be addressed. It is now recognised that complicating factors – such as complex industrial sites and energy flows, multiple products and fuels, and the influence of production rate on energy efficiency – render it necessary to adopt a structured framework to define and measure energy efficiency more precisely. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to build such a framework. The whole energy system of a site is represented using a single matrix equation, which expresses the relationship between imported energies and energy drivers. The elements of the matrix are the specific energy consumptions of each single process. Mathematical process modelling, through statistical analysis of energy consumption data, is used to quantify the specific energy consumption as a function of the output. The results of this structured approach are relevant for energy benchmarking, budgeting and targeting purposes. Furthermore, this approach is suitable for implementation in an energy management system standard (e.g. EN 16001, ISO 50001) or LCA standard (e.g. ISO 14044). Glass and cast iron melting processes are presented in order to illustrate the application of the method.

Investigating the link between well-being and energy use; an explorative case study between passive and active domestic energy management systems

Article

Jul 2013
BUILD ENVIRON

Strategic perspectives on energy management: A case study in the process industry

Article

Apr 2013
APPL ENERG

Energy issues and energy management gain more interest within the society at large as well as amongst companies of different sizes. Yet, even in energy-intensive companies, like process industries, energy management is seldom treated strategically. The purpose of this study is thus to investigate the necessary prerequisites for putting energy management on the strategic agenda in energy-intensive process industries. This is done by the means of a literature review and a case study, and the analysis is based on how energy management is treated from three perspectives; a strategic perspective, an energy system utilization perspective, and an alternative revenue perspective. The case study shows, similar to other process industry companies, that the strategic importance of energy management, to a large extent, is neglected. The research also indicates necessary prerequisites, for each perspective, for highlighting the strategic importance of energy management for a typical company in the process industry sector.

An integrated system for buildings’ energy-efficient automation: Application in the tertiary sector

Article

Jan 2013
APPL ENERG

Although integrated building automation systems have become increasingly popular, an integrated system which includes remote control technology to enable real-time monitoring of the energy consumption by energy end-users, as well as optimization functions is required. To respond to this common interest, the main aim of the paper is to present an integrated system for buildings’ energy-efficient automation. The proposed system is based on a prototype software tool for the simulation and optimization of energy consumption in the building sector, enhancing the interactivity of building automation systems. The system can incorporate energy-efficient automation functions for heating, cooling and/or lighting based on recent guidance and decisions of the National Law, energy efficiency requirements of EN 15232 and ISO 50001 Energy Management Standard among others. The presented system was applied to a supermarket building in Greece and focused on the remote control of active systems.

Energy consumption and conservation in tea processing in China

Article

Feb 1992
RENEW ENERG

Energy consumption in tea processing in China reached 860,000 tons of coal equivalent in 1988 (2.93 GJ/ton), most of which was provided by biomass. The paper deals with tea production and processing and their energy consumption in 17 provinces, types of tea and associated problems, such as waste of energy, bad ecological effects and the high cost of tea production. The paper also deals with measures to solve the energy problems in tea processing and lists five energy saving techniques in the process.

A distributed energy management and security system

Article

Jan 1987

A multi-microprocessor-based energy management and security system is presented. A number of 1-bit microprocessors (MC 14500) controlling the energy consumption and security system in different locations are connected in a star configuration to an 8-bit general purpose microprocessor (MC 6800). The system proved to be flexible, reliable and cost effective. The system hardware and software is analysed and described. An example of a system interface for an air flow heating system is presented.

Computerized energy management systems—why and how

Article

Oct 1986

This paper discusses why computerized energy management systems have displaced the time clocks and mechanical controllers, and how these new systems perform. A brief review of the development of computerized energy management systems and how they compare with hard-wired digital controllers is presented first. Then the energy management needs of a facility are discussed. Various factors include size of operation, type of equipment and process, and geographical location. Four levels of energy management functions and the corresponding systems are identified. These are: (i) Level 1 system — basic energy management, (ii) Level 2 system — advanced energy management, (iii) Level 3 system — total energy management, and (iv) Level 4 system — total engineering applications. The hardware used in these systems range from simple demand controllers to minicomputers.The evaluation criteria for energy management systems (EMS) are discussed. A classification of EMS hardware and features is presented. This also includes discussion on the plant size and type, computer facility, number of control points and features.

Static VAR compensators for reducing energy losses in large industrial loads

Article

Nov 1991
ELECTR POW SYST RES

M. Z. El-Sadek

Fast and controlled regulation of voltage and reactive power may be obtained in large industrial installations which include repetitive or frequent start-up of induction motors by using static VAR compensators (SVCs) to control start-up time and inrush transient current and to maintain consumed and reactive power at minimum levels. Consequently, reduced energy losses and kW generation savings are expected. For a typical industrial load, these savings are evaluated quantitatively and are proved to be sufficient to justify the application of SVCs for energy saving purposes, accompanied by whole system performance improvements. Matching of reactive power demand during normal running conditions contributes to a decrease in energy loss and to increases in motor currents and torques.

Shaving residential electricity peaks by intelligent use of building thermal mass

Article

Jul 1991

The residential air-conditioning load is a significant component of electric utility peak demand, which typically occurs on very hot summer afternoons. Efforts by utilities to shave or shift air-conditioning demand to off-peak periods in the day have been spurred by low-cost electronics and include such strategies as direct-load control and price-induced local control by homeowners. We propose alternative practical strategies of peak shaving that use the opportunities offered by modern electronics as well as a more intelligent use of the thermal mass storage inherent in the structure and furnishings of the house. Using the framework of a simplified electrical analogue, we predict the thermal performance of the residence when the air-conditioner is switched off and illustrate the validity of such simplified estimates with monitored data from an actual residence. Finally, we discuss practical aspects related to the implementation of these strategies, particularly as to what is needed in terms of electronic sophistication of the thermostat.

The potential for energy conservation in U.K. industry

Article

Dec 1979

Christopher W. Lewis

The potential for energy conservation via the implementation of proven technology within United Kingdom industry is examined using a disaggregated model of individual industrial sectors, fuels supplied, and end-use energy purposes. Energy savings are quantified following the application of general and process-specific conservation measures. Overall, a 30% reduction in energy supply may be achieved at present output levels, varying from 22% in the Paper, Printing, and Stationery sector to 35% in the Food, Drink, and Tobacco inductries. Additionally, a pricing regime in favour of solid fuels is expected to effect a shift away from oil- and natural-gas consumption towards coal. With the advent of low-energy-intensive industries increasingly replacing traditionally high-energy-consuming operations such as iron and steel making, shipbuilding, and heavy engineering, there appears to be no reason for supposing that the continuing overall decline in the energy intensity of British industry will come to a halt. Industrial growth does not require profligate energy consumption.

Cool storage for energy saving and management in Kuwait

Article

Dec 1983

The ambient temperatures in Kuwait have a direct impact on the total national electrical power demand pattern. Electrical energy is primarily required for comfort air-conditioning. The large-scale introduction of cool storage for energy conservation and improved energy management will reduce the needed electricity generation capacity.

‘User friendly’ software for an integrated water-energy management system for center pivot irrigation

Article

Oct 1985
COMPUT ELECTRON AGR

Computers are becoming more commonly used by farmers for improving their management. The big need is ‘user friendly’ software for use by farmers. An integrated water-energy management system was developed. It includes ‘user friendly’ software run on a microcomputer which communicates to center pivot irrigation systems via radio. The program provides monitoring, control, irrigation scheduling and electrical load control. The system has been used and accepted by our cooperator for three irrigation seasons. He has been able to improve his management and reduce the amount of overirrigation and the variation between systems of total water applied.

Mutual impacts of lighting controls and daylighting applications

Article

Dec 1984
ENERG BUILDINGS

Several types of lighting control strategies, techniques, and equipment are examined with respect to cost and performance. Daylighting is found to require the use of sophisticated equipment that can provide more than one control strategy. Simple control systems can reduce the lighting load by 12 to 50%, while implementing four control strategies provides savings from 60 to 79%. The use of daylighting, properly integrated with electrical lighting, makes economic sense and will be a more common practice in the future.

Study on Realization of Energy Monitoring and Management System for Metallurgical Enterprise

Article

May 2009

Xin Ma

High energy consumption and unsatisfactory environmental quality is a long-standing problem of metallurgical enterprises. In order to reduce consumption and improve environmental quality, information technology can be used as a platform and integrating new technologies, techniques and management measures to construct the security, stability, economic and efficient energy supply system for metallurgical enterprises. An energy monitoring and management system of Linyun Iron and Steel Group is designed base on the fieldbus, GPRS, ORACLE database and expert system technology, and the problems in realization of the system is also be discussed in this paper.

HVAC system strategies for energy conservation in commercial buildings in Saudi Arabia

Article

Dec 2011
ENERG BUILDINGS

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in energy consumption in Saudi Arabia. The building sector being the largest consumer of electric energy represents a major potential contributor for reducing energy consumption. Due to their functional and operational characteristics, commercial buildings relatively consume more energy (per unit area) than other types of buildings. The heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system (HVAC) is one of the largest end-users of energy in these buildings, particularly in harsh climates. Energy efficient design and operation of HVAC systems in commercial buildings can offer major opportunities for reduced energy consumption and contribute to sustainable development. However, improper utilization of energy conservation measures can result in reduced environmental quality. This in turn exposes the occupants to thermal discomfort and health risks, and consequently diminishes the economic value of the facility. Therefore, a well assessed and balanced energy conservation strategy is required to achieve energy efficiency while maintaining desired level of thermal comfort. In this study, major design and operational parameters for different types of HVAC systems influencing energy consumption are investigated utilizing the Visual-DOE program. Results indicate that energy savings of up to 30% can be obtained while maintaining acceptable level of thermal comfort when HVAC systems are properly selected and operated.

Optimal sizing of residential SOFC cogeneration system for power interchange operation in housing complex from energy-saving viewpoint

Article

May 2012
Fuel Energ Abstr

A power interchange operation, in which electric power generated by multiple residential solid oxide fuel cell cogeneration systems (R-FCGSs) is shared among residences in a housing complex with no reverse power flow to a commercial electric power system, has a high energy-saving effect as compared with a stand-alone operation of individual systems. To further improve its energy-saving effect, the optimal sizing of the R-FCGS for this power interchange operation is discussed from the energy-saving viewpoint by conducting optimal operational planning based on mixed-integer linear programming. The energy-saving effect of the power interchange operation is analyzed for 14 different scales of the R-FCGSs with the rated electric power output ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 kW per 0.1 kW. The analysis for a housing complex with 20 residences located in Japan reveals that the power interchange operation has an advantage over the stand-alone operation in terms of energy saving for any scale of the R-FCGS investigated in this study. Furthermore, it is found that the 0.6-kW R-FCGS is the optimal scale for the power interchange operation in terms of the energy saving and saves the annual primary energy consumption of 17% as compared with the conventional energy supply with no R-FCGS.

Energy savings by energy management systems: A review

Abstract

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