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Throughout pathological study on skin, subcutaneous and Mucosal Neoplasia of the dromedary camel
Abstract
The aim of this study was to record, classify and describe some external tumors of single-humped camels as well as their diagnosis after surgical excision and to determine the link between occurrence of tumors and breed, sex, age, coat color, and tumor location. Clinical cases of tumors (n =26) were presented for surgical treatment. Camels were subjected to detailed study including breed, age, sex, and coat color of the animal, case history, gross and microscopic appearance of the tumor, surgical treatment, and postoperative care. This study showed that tumors were seen in three local breeds: Maghateer (n=13), Majaheem (n=12), and Sofr (n=1). Four different types of tumors were diagnosed in camels, namely, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), fibroma, lipoma and fibromyxosarcoma. The most common type of tumor in Maghateer breed which have white colored coat was SCC (69.2%), while in Majaheem breed which have dark brown to black coat was fibroma (66.7%). Incidence of neoplasia was significantly higher in females than males. The age of the animals had no significant effect either on the site or type of tumor.
... Cutaneous tumors are the most frequently diagnosed neoplastic disorders in domestic animals, in part because they can be identified easily and in other part because the constant exposure of skin to external environment predisposes this organ to neoplastic transformation. Chemical carcinogens, ionizing radiations, and viruses have been implicated, but hormonal and genetic factors may also play a role in development of cutaneous neoplasm (Al-Sobayil & El-Amir, 2013;Elmaghraby et al., 2023). Many anomalies can affect the keratinized tissue, and some are associated with hereditary hypotrichosis, while others are associated with systemic metabolic derangements. ...
... Skin biopsies are indicated in any case that appears severe, unusual, or doesn't respond to appropriate therapy. Lesions should not be scrubbed before biopsy because surface pathology is important in the diagnosis of many skin diseases (Sobayil & El-Amir, 2013). ...
The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is a significant livestock species in several nations located in desert and semi-arid regions of Asia, Northern and Eastern Africa, South America, and the high highlands of the Andes. In Iraq, the FAO figures of 2014 indicate that there are around 65,000 camels, all of which belong to the species Camelus dromedarius and have a single hump. Camels are the primary source of sustenance for all Bedouin clans and villages in various ecological zones in Iraq. This dependence involves the usage of camel milk, meat, leather, and wool. Furthermore, camels have been used as beasts of burden, means of transportation, and mounts. Camels, typically grown in their native desert environment, experience significant stress due to the prolonged dry season. This stress makes them vulnerable to many illnesses and health issues. Historically, owing to little research on camel ailments, doctors believed that camels were immune to many disease-causing causes. Scientific evidence has shown that camels, like other livestock or maybe even more so, are vulnerable to the same disease-causing viruses that impact other animal species. Camels often suffer from illnesses that are challenging to manage because to their non-specific symptoms and similarity to diseases seen in other ruminant animals. Additionally, camels have some resistance to some infections. This research attempts to provide a concise description of the most frequently seen skin disorders in dromedary camels in Iraq.
... Spontaneously or naturally occurring tumors in domestic animals are of particular interest for comparative studies. Prolonged and continuous exposure to sunlight is the best known etiologic factor, and a sunlight-induced skin cancer relationship has been established in several domestic species [4]. In the presence report, a case of fibroma is reported with the patho-morphological details and further confirmation with molecular marker AgNOR. ...
... The histopathological findings were in accordance to those reported by Moulton [7]. Al-Sobayil., et al. [4] reported case of fibroma in camel which was similar in gross and histological appearance as that seen in the present study. ...
... But, cutaneous neoplasia is rarely reported in Old World camelids. Skin neoplasms in camels such as squamous cell carcinomas (Tageldin and Omar, 1986;Ramadan and El-Hassan, 1989;Al-Sobayil and El-Amir, 2013), basal cell carcinoma (Al-Hizab et al, 2007) and recently, fibropapilloma (Oryan et al, 2012), fibroma, lipoma and fibromyxosarcoma (Al-Sobayil and El-Amir, 2013) have been reported in camels. Present study describes the incidence, gross morphology and histopathologic features of skin tumours in dromedary camels. ...
... But, cutaneous neoplasia is rarely reported in Old World camelids. Skin neoplasms in camels such as squamous cell carcinomas (Tageldin and Omar, 1986;Ramadan and El-Hassan, 1989;Al-Sobayil and El-Amir, 2013), basal cell carcinoma (Al-Hizab et al, 2007) and recently, fibropapilloma (Oryan et al, 2012), fibroma, lipoma and fibromyxosarcoma (Al-Sobayil and El-Amir, 2013) have been reported in camels. Present study describes the incidence, gross morphology and histopathologic features of skin tumours in dromedary camels. ...
... But, cutaneous neoplasia is rarely reported in Old World camelids. Skin neoplasms in camels such as squamous cell carcinomas (Tageldin and Omar, 1986;Ramadan and El-Hassan, 1989;Al-Sobayil and El-Amir, 2013), basal cell carcinoma (Al-Hizab et al, 2007) and recently, fibropapilloma (Oryan et al, 2012), fibroma, lipoma and fibromyxosarcoma (Al-Sobayil and El-Amir, 2013) have been reported in camels. Present study describes the incidence, gross morphology and histopathologic features of skin tumours in dromedary camels. ...
... But, cutaneous neoplasia is rarely reported in Old World camelids. Skin neoplasms in camels such as squamous cell carcinomas (Tageldin and Omar, 1986;Ramadan and El-Hassan, 1989;Al-Sobayil and El-Amir, 2013), basal cell carcinoma (Al-Hizab et al, 2007) and recently, fibropapilloma (Oryan et al, 2012), fibroma, lipoma and fibromyxosarcoma (Al-Sobayil and El-Amir, 2013) have been reported in camels. Present study describes the incidence, gross morphology and histopathologic features of skin tumours in dromedary camels. ...
Macroscopic and histopathologic lesions of the integumentary system were studied in 105 camels slaughtered in the central part of Iran. The gross appearance of lesions, particularly in cross section, was studied comparatively. Gross lesions consisted of focal-multifocal skin thickening with or without hair loss and crust formation, ulcerative lesions and nodules or masses on the epidermis or in the subcutis. From histopathological characteristics, skin tumours were classified as squamous papilloma (4%), fibropapilloma (4%), subcutaneous lipoma (2%), melanocytoma (2%), melanoma (2%), sebaceous gland adenoma (1%) and sebaceous ductal adenoma (1%). These results showed that the prevalence of cutaneous neoplasia in camels (15.24%) is not very rare, but it has not received adequate attention.
... These findings were in partial agreement with that reported by Siddiqui et al., (2013) who found squamous cell carcinomas were the most common tumors in the medial toenails of the forelimbs in dromedary camel. Interestingly, two different types of SCC were reported in camels; well-differentiated and poorly differentiated types were distinguished from each other by horn pearls in the center whereas, in the poorly differentiated type, no horn pearls could be observed (Al-sobayil and El-amir, 2013). Additionally, a barbed wire laceration in a 12-yearold llama is considered a predisposing cause for the development of squamous cell carcinoma (Rogers et al., 1997). ...
Background: Tumors have been rarely documented in the Arabian dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Methods: Post-slaughter inspections of different skin tumors in one-humped Dromedary camels slaughtered at different abattoirs in Egypt during the period from January 2019 and February 2022. The age of the examined animals ranged from 4 to 15 years. The pathological swelling was collected from affected camels and then subjected to a detailed study to record the different gross and microscopic findings. Results: Our study revealed the presence of 13 cases out of 988 showed neoplasia with an incidence rate of 1.3% including papilloma (0.1%), fibropapilloma (0.1%), lipomas (0.2%), adenoma (0.1%), squamous cell carcinoma (0.1%), and myxosarcomas (0.7%). Conclusions: Myxosarcomas is the most common tumor diagnosed in this study that was immunohistochemically confirmed by positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for vimentin. Meanwhile, benign cutaneous tumors are less frequent in camels such as papilloma, fibropapilloma, lipoma, and adenoma.
... They have been reported in domesticated animals including cow [3], sheep [4], goat [5], camel [6], buffalo [7], horse [8,9], dog [10] and cat [11] and wildlife such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus),black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus), fallow deer (Cervus dama), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Sika deer (Cervus nippon), moose (Alces alces), caribou (Rangifer caribou) [2], pronghorn (Atilocapra americana) [12], squirrel [13][14][15], nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcingtus) [16], African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerixal biventris) [17], short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) [18], Indiana cottontail rabbits [19], American black bear (Ursus americanus) [20], elephant [21], Indian python (Python molurus) [22], rattle snake (Crotalus horridus) [23], green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) [24,25], common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) [26], African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) [27], Japanese common toad (Bufobufo japonicas) [28], newt [29], crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) [30], giant salamander and European edible frog (Rana esculenta) [31] as well as laboratory animals [32][33][34]. ...
In fishes, neoplasia is generally a benign condition. However, few malignant diseases have been reported previously. Fibromas are benign and non-functional tumors composed of bundles of spindle-shaped cells having fibroblastic appearance arranged in a whorling or storiform pattern along with abundant collagen. A surgically removed mass from second dorsal fin of white skirt tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) with the history of unbalance swimming was referred to the Diagnostic Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Light microscopy revealed the presence of abundant collagen fibers in repetitive interwoven patterns along with spindle-shaped fibrocytes arranged in a whorling pattern presenting the histopathological feature of fibroma. Since carcinogenic compounds, viruses, irritants and parasites can be involved
in fish benign tumors development, predisposing factors should be monitored carefully to promote animal welfare.
... Renal cell carcinoma (Vitovec, 1982), bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma (Gameel et al., 1998), squamous cell carcinomas (Ramadan & EL-Hassan, 1989;Tageldin & Omar, 1986), Salivary fibroadenocarcinoma (Ramadan et al., 2001), multicentric t-cell lymphoma (Simmons et al., 2005), Vertebral osteoma (Carbonell et al., 2006), mammary and pulmonary carcinoma (Bryant et al., 2007), Rhabdomyosarcoma (Zakia et al., 2007), basal cell carcinoma (Al-Hizab et al., 2007), seminoma with cholangiocarcinoma (Birincioglu et al., 2008), peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (Weiss andWalz, 2009), Multicentric Schwannoma (Khodakaram-Tafti andKhordadmehr, 2009) and recently cutaneous papillomatosis (Barakat et al., 2013;Barker et al., 1993;Hussain et al., 2012) have been reported in the dromedary camel. Fahd and Yasmin, (2013), classified and described some external tumors of single-humped camels as well as their diagnosis after surgical excision and to determine the link between occurrence of tumors and breed, sex, age, coat color, and tumor location. Tumors were seen in three local breeds: Maghateer, Majaheem, and Sofr. ...
Toe tumor is a relatively common, aggressive and locally invasive in camels. The study was planned to investigate some aspects of toe tumor epidemiology. A total of 150 cases of toe tumor in Arabian camel has been reported to Al-Tiba Veterinary Hospital during the period of 2012-2014. Outpatient cases from different camel breeds (Hazmi, Local, Omani and Sudani). Were diagnosed after planing work-up for clinical and pathological investigations. A total of 37493 camles (6249 camel herds) were examined for the presence of toe tumor lesions. The overall prevalence rate of toe tumor in the present study was 0.4%. The prevalence of tumors in the Sudani, Local, Omani and Hazmi breed was 1.87%, 0.51%, 0.34% and 0.3%, respectively. Three different types of toe tumors squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), fibroma and spiny keratoderma were recorded in the present study. SCC showed a higher percentage of toe tumor (76.0 %), followed by Fibroma (21.33 %) and spiny keratoderma (2.67 %). The percentage of SCC was (15.79%, 29.82%, 45.61% and 8.78%) in Hazmi, Local, Omani and Sudani, respectively. Also, 15.62%, 29.82%, 45.61 and 6.25% of Fibroma were diagnosed in Hazmi, Local, Omani and Sudani, respectively, while Sping keratoderma was found only inLocal (75.00%) and Sudani breed (25.00%). The prevalence rate of toe tumor in female and male camels was 0.42% and 0.27%, respectively. The incidence of toe tumor was 101 (67.33%) in forelimb and 49 (32.67%) in the hind limb. The percentage of tumors in the right and left limbs was 88 (58.67%) and 60 (40.00%), respectively, while only 2 (1.33%) of the tumors were found in both limbs at the same time. The incidence of different types of tumors in relation to the position of the toes was (96.67%) in medial and (3.33%) in lateral, respectively. The percentage of toe tumors in left limb was 40.0% and in right limb was 58.67%. The prevalence rate of different types of tumor, according to the age of camel involved was 34 (0.23%), 43 (0.38%), 40 (0.53%) and 33 (0.88%) in the age group 6-9, 10-11, 12-13 and 14-25 years, respectively. The tumors are particularly deleterious in that they can interfere with the normal physiological function of the musculoskeletal system that is essential for life.
... In Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus), metastasing gastric adenocarcinoma, histiocytic sarcoma, meningioma, and a vaginal leiomyoma have been reported to date (Molenaar et al. 2009). In the Arabian dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), an ovarian teratoma, bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma, lymphatic leukaemia, renal cell carcinoma, ulnar osteosarcoma, pulmonary leiomyoma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibroma, lipoma, and fibromyxosarcoma have been described (Molenaar et al. 2009;Fahd and Yasmin 2013;Gamal and Shawky 2013). To our knowledge, neoplasia involving the tendons has not been reported in camelids yet. ...
An 18-year old intact female Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) was suffering from lameness due to a mass on the right dorsal metacarpal region that caused acute swelling and local skin necrosis. Histology examination and immunohistochemistry of the biopsy material of a mass revealed haemangiosarcoma of the extensor tendons. Three weeks after the biopsy, the tumour was enlarged to 6 cm in diameter and the animal became disabled. The tumour with its associated tendon were resected and the tendon’s edges were bridged with a synthetic polytape graft. The camel was fully weight-bearing after the surgery. Two weeks later, the graft was removed due to widespread necrosis. Since the wound was positive for Corynebacterium sp., Acinetobacter iwoffii, Micrococcus sp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus sp., the post-operative antibiotic treatment was prolonged for 28 days. Four months later, the wound healed using daily irrigation and bandaging and the camel walked normally. Nine months after diagnosis, the camel suddenly died without any clinical signs. Metastases of the haemangiosarcoma were found in the liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, meninges, and mediastinum. Exsanguination due to rupture of a liver metastasis was determined as the cause of the death. Haemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm that arises from endothelial cells of blood vessels and tends to be very aggressive. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first case report of a metastasizing haemangiosarcoma arising from the lateral extensor tendon in a Bactrian camel. © 2017, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.
A 20‐year‐old, male, neutered camel presented with an 8‐month history of a proliferative and ulcerated cush pad lesion refractory to topical wound management. The referring veterinarian performed a punch biopsy to further investigate the tissue; findings were consistent with granulation tissue. The patient was referred to University of Tennessee Farm Animal Medicine and Surgery service for additional diagnostics, surgical debridement and intensive wound care. The camel underwent surgical debridement of the lesion, and histopathology was consistent with a squamous cell carcinoma. Bloodwork revealed a severe non‐regenerative anaemia and leukocytosis suspected to be paraneoplastic changes. During hospitalisation, it was identified that the patient suffered from a subluxated fetlock of the left front limb and a fully dropped fetlock of the front right limb due to compensatory over‐weightbearing. Due to poor prognosis of the aggressive squamous cell carcinoma associated with a severe anaemia and concomitant musculoskeletal disease, humane euthanasia was elected.
In the literature, there is little information on the types of of toe tumors among camels. Accordingly, the present study was
designed to investigate the prevalence, histological types and to describe the best procedure of surgical intervention for
treatment. A total of 150 cases with toe tumors were clinically identified from 37493 camels of different camel breeds (Majaheem (Hazmi),
Maghateer (Omani), Asail (Local), and Sudani) examined at at Al-Tiba Veterinary Hospital. Toe tumors were surgically excised with safe
margins. Surgical specimens were washed with iced-phosphase buffer saline and fixed with 10% buffer formalin. Representative tissue
specimens were taken from excised tumors, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol, cleared
with xylene and embedded in paraffin. Three-μm sections were prepared from paraffin blocks and stained with haematoxylin and eosin.
In total, overall prevalence of toe tumors was 0.4%. SCC is the most common type of toe tumor (67%) followed by fibroma (21%) and spiny
keratoderma (3%). In SCC, The predominant fraction were ulcerated, large- sized, poorly differentiated and medially located in forelimb.
In conclusion, We believe that constant irritation that results in ulceration of the sole and overgrown of toe nails, and prolonged exposure to sun
light are considered to be possible causes. SCC is the predominant histologic type of toe tumors. Fore limb and medial site are the most common
sites of SCC. Surgery is the gold standard in the treatment of Toe tumors.
ABSTRACT
Herein, diffuse-type seminoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in an 18-year-old male camel are described. The seminoma was located on the right testis ( 11 x 8.5 x 4.5 cm) and the cut surface of the tumor had a lobulated appearance. The tumor cells disseminated diffusely in the tumoral stroma with hemorrhages, and multiple necrotic foci were seen with microscopic examination. Additionally, the liver was enlarged, firm, and grayish-white; multiple lesions were observed both on the serosal surface and in the cut surface of the liver. Microscopically, the intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was composed of gland-like structures and/or solitary islands of neoplastic cells in the tumoral stroma. This is the first reported case of these 2 tumors simultaneously presenting in a camel.
The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of neoplastic lesions affecting farm animals. A total of 202 tumors were collected from different farm animals in different localities of Egypt (Assiut, El-Menia and Sohag). The tumors were fibropapilloma (54.4%), equine sarcoid (32.1%), fibroma (8.4%), squamous cell carcinoma (1.9%), lymphosarcoma (0.9%), haemangiosarcoma (0.9%), Liposarcoma (0.4%) and malignant teratoma (0.4%). It was concluded that neoplasms of the skin were frequently observed tumors in farm animals. The benign neoplasm was more commonly observed than malignant one and the neoplasm was more commonly observed in females (56.5%) than males (43.5%).
A nine year old she camel was presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospital, King Faisal University, having a rounded hard nodular growth occluding the right nostril. The growth which was removed surgically did not recur 6 month after excision. Hisopathologically, the tumour revealed variable sized round cells, spindle, polygonal including racquet-shaped, strap like and multinucleated cells. Muscle striation were scarcely observed and mitotic figures were frequently seen. These cells were strongly positive for desmin. According to the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings the case was diagnosed as relatively poorly differentiated pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours are lesions in which it is difficult to predict clinical outcome from the histological appearances. Sixty cases were studied using three different methods of assessing aspects of cellular proliferation; these were (i) immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), (ii) interphase nucleolar organizer region staining (AgNORs), and (iii) a histological grading system based on mitotic counts. Both PCNA immunostaining and AgNOR counts were found to correlate well with histological grading and all three methods independently showed good correlations with survival. This suggests that these proliferation-associated markers may be used as additional features to support histological grading in this relatively uncommon group of tumours.
Beagle dogs that were part of a life span study of the effects of low-level ionizing radiation during development were evaluated for the incidence of skin neoplasia and solar dermatosis. A total of 991 dogs up to 14 years of age were examined. The dogs were housed in gravel-based, outdoor pens with doghouses in a high-altitude, high-sunshine level environment. Solar dermatosis was restricted to the sparsely haired, nonpigmented abdominal skin. Skin neoplasms were either removed surgically or found at necropsy. Solar dermatosis was diagnosed in 363 of the 991 dogs, an incidence of 36.6%. There were 175 hemangiomas, hemangiosarcomas, or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin in the 991 dogs. Of these, 129 tumors occurred in dogs with, and only 46 in dogs without, solar dermatosis. Of the dogs with solar dermatosis, 93 (26%) had at least one of the three tumor types, compared to only 44 (7%) of dogs without solar dermatosis. Thirty-two dogs had multiple tumor types and solar dermatosis, compared to only two dogs with multiple tumor types and no solar dermatosis. There was a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between the occurrence of these tumor types and solar dermatosis in the unpigmented abdominal skin. This correlation was strongest for the malignant neoplasms. Whole-body gamma-radiation exposures were delivered at one of three prenatal or three postnatal ages up to 1 year of age. There appeared to be an increased risk for hemangiosarcomas and squamous cell carcinomas in dogs with solar dermatosis and given gamma-ray exposures at 1 year of age. This suggests an interaction between exposures to ionizing and ultraviolet radiation.
The clinicopathological features of 62 cases of malignant melanoma in goats in Sudan are described. The tumours occurred most frequently in grey or brown goats. The predilection site was the perineum. The tumour invaded locally and metastasized through lymphatics and blood vessels. Surgical excision of the tumour was followed or preceded by lymphadenectomy in some cases. The tumour was highly malignant and carried a poor prognosis. Possible aetiological factors are discussed.