ArticlePDF Available

Erring with Prévert: Commentary on Brazilian Portuguese translations of "Mea Culpa" by Silviano Santiago and Mário Laranjeira

Authors:
Fabiano Seixas Fernandes at Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Fabiano Seixas Fernandes
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract

The present article reviews two Brazilian Portuguese translations of French poet Jacques Prévert’s poem “Mea Culpa”, by Silviano Santiago and Mário Laranjeira; it also comments on Laranjeira’s criticism of Santiago’s translation. Both the commentary on their translations and the commentary on Laranjeira’s criticism draw upon Antoine Berman’s concepts of translation position and translation project (1995). In light of these concepts, it is possible to see that, apart from the theoretical and analytical soundness of Laranjeira’s commentary, his criticism of Santiago’s translation does not take the latter’s translation project into account, and therefore disregards his translation emphases and commitments. Finally, a third translation is proposed, not as substitute to its forerunners, but as their continuator, and as one more link in a continuous chain of retranslations.
Content uploaded by Fabiano Seixas Fernandes
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Fabiano Seixas Fernandes on Dec 20, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
UVCQDTCWVNCWOCNEGPÁCTGCVXGQOOQPU;
JVVRUETGCVXGEQOOQPUQTINEGPUGUD[
XPR
440)9624846
1//064104.021467)75
6405.61051(/7.25.801
506)10/41.40,4
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
7PXGTUFCFG(GFGTCNFQGCT
DUVTCEV 6JG RTGUGPV CTVENG TGXGYU VYQ TCNCP 2QTVWIWGUG
VTCPUNCVQPU QH (TGPEJ RQGV ,CESWGU 2TÃXGTVU RQGO /GC WNRC D[
5NXCPQ5CPVCIQCPF/TQ.CTCPLGTCVCNUQEQOOGPVUQP.CTCPLGTCU
ETVEUO QH 5CPVCIQU VTCPUNCVQP QVJ VJG EQOOGPVCT[ QP VJGT
VTCPUNCVQPU CPF VJG EQOOGPVCT[ QP .CTCPLGTCU ETVEUO FTCY WRQP
PVQPGGTOCPUEQPEGRVUQHVTCPNCVPVPCPFVTCPNCVPTLGEV
PNIJVQHVJGUGEQPEGRVUVURQUUDNGVQUGGVJCVCRCTVHTQO
VJGVJGQTGVECNCPFCPCN[VECNUQWPFPGUUQH.CTCPLGTCUEQOOGPVCT[JU
ETVEUO QH 5CPVCIQU VTCPUNCVQP FQGU PQV VCMG VJG NCVVGTU VTCPUNCVQP
RTQLGEVPVQCEEQWPVCPFVJGTGHQTGFUTGICTFUJUVTCPUNCVQPGORJCUGUCPF
EQOOVOGPVU(PCNN[ C VJTF VTCPUNCVQP URTQRQUGF PQV CU UWDUVVWVG
VQ VU HQTGTWPPGTU DWV CU VJGT EQPVPWCVQT CPF CU QPG OQTG NPM P C
EQPVPWQWUEJCPQHTGVTCPUNCVQPU
-GYTFU,CESWGU2TÃXGTV5NXCPQ5CPVCIQ/TQ.CTCPLGTC/GC
WNRC6TCPUNCVQPETVEUO
2QUUW ITCFWCÁQ GO .EGPECVWTC GO NGVTCU PINU  G QWVQTCFQ GO
.VGTCVWTC  CODQU RGNC 7PXGTUFCFG (GFGTCN FG 5CPVC CVCTPC VWQW
EQOQ2TQHGUUQT5WDUVVWVQPCOGUOCPUVVWÁQVWCNOGPVGÃRTQHGU
UQTFLWPVQPXGNFG.PIWCPINGUCG.VGTCVWTCURGNC7PXGTUFCFG(GFGTCN
FQGCTRTQHGUUQT FC 2U)TCFWCÁQGOUVWFQUFC6TCFWÁQ2167(
(QTVCNGCGCTTCUNOCNHDPHPFUIOCNEQO

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
44011/24846
1/064156475/7.2
5.801506)1/41.40,4
4GUWO 1 RTGUGPVG CTVIQ UG RTQRG C EQOGPVCT CU VTCFWÁGU RCTC Q
RQTVWIWUFQ TCUN FQ RQGOC /GCWNRC FQ RQGVC HTCPEU,CESWGU
2TÃXGTVTGCNCFCURQT5NXCPQ5CPVCIQG/TQ.CTCPLGTCDGOEQOQ
EQOGPVCTCETVECHGVCRQT.CTCPLGTCVTCFWÁQFG5CPVCIQ6CPVQQ
EQOGPVTQUVTCFWÁGUSWCPVQETVECFG.CTCPLGTCGODCUCOUGPQU
EQPEGVQUFGVTCVTCGTLGVGVTCFGPVQPGGTOCP
6GPFQGOXUVCGUVGUEQPEGVQUÃRQUUXGNEQPUVCVCTSWGPFGRGP
FGPVGOGPVGFCRGTVPPECFCCPNUGSWG .CTCPLGTC HC FQ RQGOC UWC
ETVECVTCFWÁQFG5CPVCIQIPQTCQRTQLGVQVTCFWVTQFGUVGGRQTVCPVQ
UWCUPHCUGUGEQORTQOUUQUCQVTCFWTQHPCNWOCVGTEGTCVTCFWÁQ
FQRQGOCÃRTQRQUVCPQEQOQCNVGTPCVXCUCPVGTQTGUOCUEQOQEQP
VPWCFQTCFGUVCUGFCECFGCFGTGVTCFWÁGU
2CNCTCUEJCG ,CESWGU 2TÃXGTV 5NXCPQ 5CPVCIQ /TQ .CTCPLGTC
/GCWNRCTVECFGVTCFWÁGU
P  TCNCP ETVE 5NXCPQ 5CPVCIQ UGNGEVGF RTGHCEGF
CPF VTCPUNCVGF C PWODGT QH RQGOU D[ (TGPEJ RQGV ,CESWGU 2TÃXGTV
 COQPI YJEJ JG PENWFGF VJG UOCNN /GC WNRC P
TCNCPVTCPUNCVQTCPFETVE/TQ.CTCPLGTCYQWNFRWDNUJ
P(TGPEJCPCTVENGPYJEJJGEQOOGPVGF5CPVCIQUTGPFGTPIQH
/GCWNRCCPFRTQRQUGFCPGFWECVGFTGVTCPUNCVQPPINUJCPF
TCNCP2QTVWIWGUGVTCPUNCVQPUQH.CTCPLGTCUCTVENGYQWNFDGEQOG
CXCNCDNGPYJGPTCNCPLQWTPCNVCPCPENWFGF
VJGOPVUVJUUWGCURGECNPWODGTQPRQGVEVTCPUNCVQP
 UJQWNF NMG VQ RTQXFG C VTGDNG EQPVTDWVQP VQ .CTCPLGTCU
ETVECN GGTEUG D[ EQOOGPVPI QP DQVJ VTCPUNCVQPU QH /GC
WNRCGRCPFPIQP.CTCPLGTCUEQOOGPVUCPFQHHGTPICVJTF
VTCPUNCVQPQHVJGUCOG RQGOYNNPVCNN[GRNCP.CTCPLGTCU
XGYCPFUWOOCTGJUCPCN[UUQH5CPVCIQUVTCPUNCVQPUGEVQP
CPGRCPFGFCPCN[UUQH/GCWNRCYNNHQNNQYUGEVQP
YJEJYNNNGCFVQCPPVGTRTGVCVQPQHVJGRQGOUGEVQPDQVJ
VTCPUNCVQPUYNNVJGPDGTGXGYGFCPGYUGEVQPUVQ5CPVCIQU

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
TTPVJTGTVEOOGPVCTPDTCNCPTVGGVTCPNCVP
VTCPUNCVQP YNN DG TGCRRTCUGF UGEVQP  CU YNN .CTCPLGTCU
VTCPUNCVQP CPF ETVEUO UGEVQPU  CPF  CV NCUV C VJTF
VTCPUNCVQPYNNDGRTQRQUGFCPF VU RTQLGEVGRQUGFUGEVQP
PVQPGGTOCPUEQPEGRVUQHVTCPNCVPVPCPFVTCPNCVP
TLGEV  YNN IWFG ETVSWG VQ VTCPUNCVQT VTCPUNCVQPU CPF
.CTCPLGTCUVTCPUNCVQPETVEUO
.CTCPLGKTCUCPCNUKUUGPUGCPFUKIPKHKECPEG
/GCEWNRC
GVOCCVG
GVOCCVG
GVOCVTTCPGCVGTVJTCJG
8NEOOGPVLET
TCG
,CESWGU24846
TTG
TTG
3WGGPQTOGGTTQFGQTVQITCHC
UEQOQGUETGX
)TTCHC
VTCF5NXCPQ506)1?
/PJCEWNRC
/PJCEWNRC
/PJCOOCEWNRCGOQTVQITCHC
8GLCOEQOQGUETGX
CUUC
VTCF/TQ.404?

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
P/GCPPICPFUIPHECPEGPRQGVEVTCPUNCVQP
.CTCPLGTCOCFGUVTWEVWTCNEQOOGPVUCDQWV2TÃXGTVURQGOCPFVU
VTCPUNCVQPD[5CPVCIQYJEJHQUVGTGFJUQYPTGVTCPUNCVQP*U
UVCTVPIRQPVUCFUVPEVQPDGVYGGPGJENCTVGVOGCPPICPF
TGHGTGPEGHQEWUGF VGVU VJG VTCPUNCVQP QH YJEJ YQWNF FGOCPF
UVTEVCVVGPVQPVQOGCPPIRCPF GVE VGV
UIPHGTEGPVGTGFVGVUODWGFYVJYJCV 4HHCVGTTGECNNU
PECPEG
5IPHECPEGUTGURQPUDNGHQTQRGPPIVJGOGCPPIVQOWN
VRNGTGCFPIUCNNQHVJGORNCWUDNGCPFVJUUQPGQHVJG
VTCFGOCTMUQHVJGRQGVEVGV?4HHCVGTTGRUU
TGUGTXGUVJGVGTOOGCPPIHQTVJGPHQTOCVQPRTQXFGFD[
VJGOOGVEVGVCPFWUGUVJGVGTOUIPHECPEGVQFGUI
PCVGVJUHQTOCNCPFUGOCPVEWPVVJCVEQPVCPUVJGNGXGNUQH
QDNSWV[R
PCYC[UIPHECPEGFGVGTOPGUVJGIQCNUCPFOGVJQFQHRQGVE
VTCPUNCVQP
6JGVTCPUNCVQTQH CRQGOUJQWNFVJWUJCXGDGHQTGJU VGV
CPCVVVWFGSWVG FHHGTGPV HTQO VJCVQHVJG VTCPUNCVQT QHC
XGJENGVGV9JNGVJGNCVVGTVTCPUNCVGUGURGECNN[VJGOGCP
PIVJGHQTOGTOWUVPJUTGYTVPIQRGTCVQPCPV
JVGVVJGGEEPECPEGVJGTPCNGOYJEJ
UVUFGPVHECVQPECTF
WVCUVJGVTCPUNCVQTUCEVXV[CNCDGPVJTGCP
VJUTGCFGTYTVGTOWUVVCMGPVCEEPVCNNVJGGCEVVJCV
CTG DGTCDNG CP GPVCDNG C TGPDNG T VJG G
OCPVEDNV  VJG GO G VJG VGVWCN OCTMGTUQH
UIPHECPEGCPFYQTMVQTGEQXGTVJGOPVJGVGVJGRTQ
FWEGURGORJCUGUCFFGF

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
TTPVJTGTVEOOGPVCTPDTCNCPTVGGVTCPNCVP
9G ECP UC[ YVJ GTOCP  VJCV .CTCPLGTC GRNEVN[
PFECVGUVJG VTCPNCVP VP G JQY JG XGYU VTCPUNCVQP
CPFVJGVTCPNCVP TLGEVGJQYJGYUJGUVQVTCPUNCVGWRQP
YJEJ JG YNN DCUG JU TGVTCPUNCVQP QH /GC WNRC U YNN
DGEQOG GXFGPV NCVGT V U OQVXCVGF D[ VJG RGTEGXGF HNCYU P
5CPVCIQUTGPFGTPI
.GVWUDTGHN[TGXGYVJGOCPRQPVUQH.CTCPLGTCUCPCN[UUP
JUSWGUVHQTTGEQXGTPIVJGRQGOUUIPHECPEG
6JGVVNGQHVJGRQGOUCVGVCNPVGTTGVCPVPVJCVVTG
HGTUVQVJGPVGTCRTC[GTYJEJURCTVQHVJGJTUVCP
VTCFVQPCPFVJCVPGCEJNCPIWCIGEWNVWTGJCUCECPQPECN
QHHECNHQTOWNCCHGFHQTO2TÃXGTVTGRTQFWEGUXGTDCVO
RCTVQHVJGECPQPECNVGVP(TGPEJGUVOCHCWVGEGUV
OCHCWVGEGUVOCVTU ITCPFG HCWVG 9G CTGOOGTUGF
VJTQWIJVJU PVGTRTGVCPV P VJG V  VJG JTVCP
TVCNQHUPCPFHQTIXGPGUUWVVQVJGTGCFGTUUWTRTUG
TIJVPVJGOFFNGQHVJGRQGOVJGTGUCTWRVWTGECWUGFD[
VJGFWCNUIPCVGYJEJCNVJQWIJDGNQPIPIVQVJGUQVQR[
QH TGNIQP ECUVU WU D[ VU FGVGTOPCPV TVJTCJG
PVJGVVJGEJNPYJEJVJGGPVTGUGSWGPEG
QHVJGVGVUUVWCVGF6JGOQFGQHGRCPUQPQHVJGOCVT
QTVJG ITCOOCT QH UIPHECPEG UVJGTGHQTG HQEWUGFQP C
VGVWCNPVGTRTGVCPVPVGT CPFQPCFWCNUIPCVG
RRGORJCUGUCFFGF
*GUC[UVJGHQNNQYPIQH5CPVCIQUTGPFGTPI
6JGVTCPUNCVGFVGVGPVTGN[NQUVVJGRQGVEV[QHVJGQTIPCN
HQT VJG UORNG TGCUQP VJCV VJG VTCPNCVT C PCDNG V
OCPVCPVJGTCOOCTPECPEGGPVJGVCTIGVVGV
VJGVGVWCNPVGTRTGVCPVYJEJYQWNFDGVJGECPQPECNVGV
QHVJGPVGTPPINUJ/[HCWNVO[HCWNVO[OQUV
ITGXQWUHCWNV  CPF VJGFWCN UIP FUCRRGCTGF?F
RGORJCUUCFFGF

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
*GCNUQEQOOGPVUJUQYPTGVTCPUNCVQPPEQPVTCUVYVJ5CPVCIQU
6JWUPCFFVQPVQOCPVCPPIVJGPVGTRTGVCPVCPFVJGUJHV
HTQOVJGUQVQR[QHTGNIQPVQVJGUQVQR[QHUEJQQN
UQOGQVJGTGNGOGPVUQHUIPHECPEGUWEJCUVJGTJ[VJOQH
VJGQTIPCNCPFVJGRTOCE[QHVJGOCVGTCNGNGOGPVQHVJG
UIP QXGT VJG EQPEGRV ECP CNUQ DG OCPVCPGF 7PFQWDV
GFN[ D[ VTCPUNCVPI TCG TTCG UE? 5CPVCIQU
VTCPUNCVQPHQTDCCNVGTCNN[EGVVGQTDCPP
(TGPEJ DCUP P PINUJ  FF UQOGVJPI VQVCNN[ PEQP
EGXCDNGPRTCIOCVEVTCPUNCVQPDWVRGTHGEVN[RNCWUDNGP
RQGVEVTCPUNCVQP
PFGGFYJGP2TÃXGTVEJQUGVJGYQTFITCHHGVQGPFJU
VGVJG PV VDGECGV GOCPVEEOPGPV
?DWVHQTVYQURGEHETGCUQPUHTUVHQTVJG RJQPE TG
EWTTGPEGTVJTCJGTCGCPFVJGPDGECWUGVJGFQWDNG
EQPUQPCPVHPVJCVYQTFUCVVJGNGXGNQHURGNNPIQPN[
YVJPQRJQPEQTRJQPGOEEQPUGSWGPEG
VUVJGUCOGYVJVJGYQTFDCCYJQUGEQTTGEVURGNN
PIP2QTVWIWGUGUDCECYJEJTJ[OGUYVJTVTC
CCPFEQPVCPUCUVTEVN[URGNNPIGTTQT1PNVJGOCVG
TCNGNGOGPVVJGTGTGEPGTG9GNN5CPVCIQU
QRVQPD[CVVGORVPI VQOCPVCPVJGEQPEGRVWCNGNGOGPVU
QH TCG TCC P 2QTVWIWGUG NQUV VJG RJQPE TGEWT
TGPEGCPFCGCJPGVEGTTTVVJGGNNPGTTTP
2QTVWIWGUGVJGPVGTXQECNETTFQWDNGTURTQPQWPEGF
FHHGTGPVN[HTQOVJGPVGTXQECNETUPINGTRR
GORJCUGUCFFGF
.CTCPLGTCUVCMGQPVJGRQGOOC[DGUWOOCTGFCUEQORTUPI
VJG HQNNQYPI HGCVWTGU  064667. VJG RQGO U OCLQTN[
EQORQUGF QH C RTGXQWU VGV TGNIQWU CPF HQTOWNCE P PCVWTG
YJEJUTGRGCVGFXGTDCVOPVU(TGPEJVTCPUNCVQP506

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
TTPVJTGTVEOOGPVCTPDTCNCPTVGGVTCPNCVP
VYQUGOCPVE HGNFU QXGTNCR VJQUG QHP CPFEJN FWGVQ VJG
FQWDNGOGCPPIQH (4CVG HCWNVOUVCMG 2101.1). (4
TVJTCJGCPF(4TCGTGURGEVXGN[GPFPINPGUVJTGGCPFHXG
TJ[OG1461)42 (4TCG UPVGPVQPCNN[ OUURGNNGF CU
(4TCG  .. (4TCG YCU EJQUGP UQNGN[ QP VJG DCUU
QH VU RJQPQNQIECN RTQRGTVGU VU OGCPPI DGPI TTGNGXCPV 
5066 (4TVJTCJG U CRRGPFGF CU RQUVOQFHGT VQ VJG
PQWPRJTCUG(4OCVTTCPGCVG6JGOQUVGXFGPVVTCPUNCVQPCN
EQPUGSWGPEG QH VJG CDQXG U VJCV  CPF  OWUV DG RTGUGTXGF
GCEVN[CUVJG[CTGVJGITGCVGUVQDUVCENGVJGTGVQUVJCV2QTVWIWGUG
FQGUPQVJCXGCYQTFYVJVJGGCEVFQWDNGOGCPPIQH(4CVG
1VJGT HQTOCN HGCVWTGU CTG CNUQ QH PQVG 6JGTG OWUV DG TJ[OG
DGVYGGPNPGUVJTGGCPFHXGQWTWUWCNVTCPUNCVQPCNOGTCP
FQGUPQVUVTEVN[FGOCPFVJCVVDGDGVYGGP2TVTCCCPF2TCC
CP ORQUUDNG FGOCPF UQ VJG UGOCPVE EQORQPGPV PGGF PQV DG
UQOQTRJECNN[CNIPGFVQVJGU[PVCEVEQPG6JGTGUJQYGXGTPGGF
QHNGECNVGOUYJEJYQWNFEQPHQTOVQDQVJVJGUGOCPVECPFVJG
U[PVCEVENGXGNUYJNGCNNQYPIHQTVJGQTVJQITCRJEQPGCUYGNN
(PCNN[ WPNGUU CP PVGTRTGVCVQP QH VJG RQGO U RTQXFGF VJCV
FGOCPFUVJGUGOCPVEEQORQPGPVQH(4TCGQPN[VURJQPQNQIECN
CPF QTVJQITCRJE GNGOGPVU PGGF DG OCPVCPGF C TJ[OPI YQTF
OWUVDGHQWPFYJEJYQWNFPXVGCTCVJGTEQOOQPURGNNPIOUVCMG
GPF.CTCPLGKTCUCPCNUKU
GHQTG EQOOGPVPI QP VJG VYQ VTCPUNCVQPU CPF RTQRQUPI C
VJTFQPGUJQWNFNMGVQGRCPFQP.CTCPLGTCUCPCN[UUPQTFGT
VQTGCEJCPPVGTRTGVCVQPQHVJGRQGOYNNDQVJCFFPGYGNGOGPVU
CPFGPJCPEGVJQUGJGCNTGCF[FUEWUUGF
 4)564 .CTCPLGTC UC[U PQVJPI CDQWV TGIUVGT (QT
TGCFGTUUWHHEGPVN[ CESWCPVGF YVJ VJG TGNIQWU PVGTVGV VJGTG
UCUWFFGPUJHVPTGIUVGTUYVEJPIHTQOTGN CPTOCN
VQEJNVCNMYJEJUNQYGTPHQTOCNV[DGECWUGVDGNQPIUVQ
EQOOQPMPQYNGFIGCPFVQVJGVCNMQHEJNFTGP(4CVG DGNQPIU

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
VQDQVJTGIUVGTUCPFUVJGTGHQTGTGURQPUDNGHQTVJGTVTCPUVQPCN
QXGTNCRRPI (TQO VJGP (4N EOOGPV LET P NPG HQWT
OC[UQWPFTCVJGTPHQTOCNCPFGXGT[FC[NMGPURVGQH(4N
RJTCUGUDGNQPIPIVQYTVVGPCPFQTCNNCPIWCIG6JG RQGO CU C
EQPUGSWGPEGUGGOUVQYCPFGTCOQPICVNGCUVVJTGGFHHGTGPVNGXGNU
QHHQTOCNV[VJGTGDGPICVNGCUVQPGUWFFGPDTGCEJ
 506 XGP VJQWIJ .CTCPLGTCU CTVENG FQGU PQV
UVCVGVJUJGYCURTQDCDN[CYCTGQHVJGHCEVVJCVRQUVOQFHGT(4
TVJTCJGUTGURQPUDNGHQTCEVXCVPIDQVJVJGUJHVPTGIUVGT
CPFVJGUGOCPVECODIWV[QH(4CVGNUQUJHVUPTGIUVGTCTG
UQOQTRJECNN[PQVCNIPGFVQUGOCPVEUJHVUPVJGRQGO(4TCG
UOGVCNCPIWCIGJQYGXGTVYQWNFDGORQUUDNGHQTCP[TGCFGT
HCONCTYVJVJGYQTFVQUORN[FUOUUVUOGCPPI6JGRQGO
FQGUEQPUGSWGPVN[OQXGPVJGGPFVQCVJTFEQORNGVGN[TCPFQO
UGOCPVE HGNF JTUVCPV[UEJQQNQQNQI[ YJEJ NGCFU VQ C
PGYUWFFGPUJHV
 2101.1). 2QUVOQFHGT (4TVJTCJG
TJ[VJOECNN[GVGPFUVJGTGNIQWUHQTOWNCYJEJUJQWNFRTQDCDN[
TGEGXGCTCVJGTUVHHTGCFPIFWGVQVUDGPIWUWCNN[RGTHQTOGFP
CRWDNEEGTGOQP[UWEJTGCFPIYQWNFDGNGUURTQPGVQVJGV[RG
QHFQU[PETCVEXCTCVQPVCMPIRNCEGPPFXFWCNRQGOTGCFPI
 .. ,WUV CU VJG PVGT UGIOGPV (4CVG
TVJTCJGUCHGFGRTGUUQPP(TGPEJYJEJFQGUEQPHGT
V C HQTOWNCE EJCTCEVGT CU YGNN 6JWU (4CVG CNNQYU HQT VJG
VTCPUVQPHTQO QPGNQPI TGNIQWUHQTOWNCE RCUUCIGVQ CDTGH
VGEJPECNRJTCUG
142150666JGUORNGRTGUGPVXGTD(4LETOC[
PFECVGDQVJCPCEVQP LWUVEQORNGVGFCPFCTGVGTCVGFCEVQPP
VJUECUGCTGEWTTGPVURGNNPIOUVCMG
6TCPUNCVQPCNRTQDNGOUFGGRGPCUVJGCPCN[UUGXQNXGUVJGOCVE
UJHVUECWUGVJG RQGO VQUQWPF UNIJVN[ RNC[HWNCPFEQOE VJGUG
CTGRCTVCNN[UQOQTRJEVQTGIUVGTUJHVU6JGVTCPUNCVQPYQWNFDG
GRGEVGFVQHQNNQYCUONCTRCVJ6JGCHQTGOGPVQPGFCODIWV[
P(4CVGUCUYGECPUGGGXGPOQTGUGTQWUVJCP.CTCPLGTCJCF
OCIPGFUGOCPVE QXGTNCRRPIJCRRGPU PC NGECNVGO YJEJ

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
TTPVJTGTVEOOGPVCTPDTCNCPTVGGVTCPNCVP
DGNQPIUVQVYQFHHGTGPVHQTOWNCEGRTGUUQPUYJEJEQTTGURQPF
VQ2OPJCOOCENCG2GTTGTVTCCNUQ.CTCPLGTC
RC[U NVVNG CVVGPVQP VQ VJG TQNG QH VJG RQUVOQFHGT YJEJ U
VJG VTWG TGURQPUDNG HQT VJG RQYGTHWN QXGTNCRYVJQWV VJG RQUV
OQFHGTPQCFFVQPCNUGPUGQH(4CVGYQWNFJCXGDGGPCEVXCVGF
PQTYQWNFVJGTGDGPVGTVGVWCNTJ[VJOECNCPFFCRJCUEEWGUVQ
VJGCFFGFOGCPPI
GPF.CTCPLGKTCUCPCNUKUKPVGTRTGVKPI/GCWNRC
.CTCPLGTC FQGU PQV VTCPUNCVG HTQO CP PVGTTGVCVP QH VJG
RQGOQPN[HTQOVUCPCN[UU6JGUJHVHTQOJTUVCPUQVGTQNQI[
VQUEJQQN[CTFVCNMEGTVCPN[PXVGURQVGPVCNN[FUVWTDPIEQPVTCUVU
YJEJ YQWNF DG GPNIJVGPPI VQ CFFTGUU 6JGTG U EQPUFGTCDNG
FHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP OPFPI QPGU QYP UCNXCVQP D[ TGHNGXG
CPCN[UUQHQPGUEQPFWEVVJUUDGNGXGVJGGRGEVGFGHHGEVC
RGEGUWEJCUVJGPVGTCPFOPFPICUORNGURGNNPIOUVCMG
PQVYVJUVCPFPITGNIQP CPF URGNNPICTG UJQYP VQDG EWTQWUN[
UONCTYJGPCRRTQOCVGFUUCFGCTNGT2GTTGTVTCC
URGNNPIOUVCMGDGNQPIUVQVJGTGRGTVQTG QH HGF RJTCUGULWUV
CU2OPJCOOCENCVQVJGHQTOWNCETGRGTVQTGQHJTUVCP
NVWTI[URGNNPIOUVCMGUDWVWPPVGPVQPCNNCEMQHCVVGPVQP
VQ EQPXGPVQP P YTVPI YJEJ UGNFQO RTQFWEGU CP[ UGTQWU
EQPUGSWGPEG2TÃXGTVU(4TCGCPF.CTCPLGTCU2DCCFQPQV
JPFGT EQORTGJGPUQPRGTJCRU PQV GXGP 5CPVCIQU 2TTCC
YJEJPFGGFEJCPIGUURGNNPIPTCVJGTWPWUWCNYC[UDWVJUQYP
EJQEGYNNDGFUEWUUGFNCVGTPQTFQDGNGXGVJG[YQWNFGXGP
HVJGURGNNPIOUVCMGUPRQGOCPFVTCPUNCVQPUJCFPQVDGGPEWGF
CUN[TECNN[PVGPVQPCN
4GCN URGNNPI OUVCMGU CTG WPPVGPVQPCN CPF OQTCNN[ PGWVTCN
CPF ECP QPN[ DG EQPUFGTGF OUVCMGU HTQO VJG RQPV QH XGY QH
EQPXGPVQP2DCECOIJVCUYGNNJCXGDGGPGUVCDNUJGFCU2DCC
0TCGCUVJG1UJQYUEQOGUHTQO(TGPEJYJEJRTQDCDN[
OGCPU(4TCGOC[JCXGDGGPURGNNGFYVJHPEFGPVCNN[VU

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
EQPXGPVQPCPCTVHECNDWVPCVWTCNGFTWNGVJCVUVJGUQWTEGQH
GTTQTUDWVURGCMGTUCPFYTVGTUCTGVJQUGYJQCTGJGNFCEEQWPVCDNG
HQTVJGOCPFCTGNCDNGVQXCNWGLWFIOGPVQPVJGTITCURQHNCPIWCIG
YJGPOUVCMGUGURGECNN[UORNGQPGUQEEWT
TG YG VJGP DGPI PXVGF VQ EQORCTG JTUVCP NV YVJ
URGNNPIOVCMGQPXGPVQPCNV[PVJGNCVVGTEGTVCPN[OC[JPV
CV VJG EQPXGPVQPCNV[ QH VJG HQTOGT VJWU VJG UWFFGP UJHVU VJG
RQGOWPFGTIQGUHTQOITCXGVQGXGT[FC[NMGVQTCPFQOJQYQP
GCTVJYQWNFC ITCHHGHV P VJGTGCPF VJG GPUWPIEQOE GHHGEV
YQWNFFGUVCDNGVJGUGTQWUPGUUQHJTUVCPEQPHGUUQPQHIWNV
6JG/QTRJQU[PVCEVEGNGOGPVCNUQRNC[UCTQNGJGTGCUPQVGF
(TGPEJUORNGRTGUGPVOC[RQPVDQVJVQCUPINGPUVCPEGCPFVQ
CTGVGTCVGFGXGPVPJUQYPOGCENCVJGRQGVEUWDLGEVOC[
DGURGCMPIQHJQYJGPQTOCNN[YTVGU QH C URGNNPIJCDVDWV
PUVGCFQHGRNCPPIJOUGNHGIPQTOCNN[YTVG(4TCGYVJ
CPFUGNHEQTTGEVPIJGEQPUEQWUN[TGRNECVGUJUOUVCMGQPEG
OQTG 9QWNF JG DG YNNPI VQ TGRGPV 1T U JG QRGPN[ FGH[PI
EQPXGPVQP *QY YQWNF JU URGNNPI FGHCPEG RTQLGEV QPVQ VJG
TGNIQWUWPXGTUGJGPXQMGFCPFYJEJECWUGFJOVQURGCMUQ
ITCXGN[QHUQOGVJPIUQVTXCN
6JUPVGTRTGVCVQPTGHNGEVUXGT[TGNGXCPVN[QPVTCPUNCVQP6JG
EGPVTCN UUWG QH VJG RQGO YQWNF DGEQOG VJG FGUVCDNCVQP QH
JTUVCP FUEQWTUG D[ EQORCTUQP VQ VJG GSWCNN[ EQPXGPVQPCN
CPFTCVJGTVTXCNWPXGTUGQHQTVJQITCRJ[6JGRQGOGPFUYVJC
TCPFQOUGOCPVEUJHVYJGPCYQTFUUGNGEVGFD[VURJQPQNQIECN
CPFQTVJQITCRJERTQRGTVGUUXGYVVJGHPCNHQTOQHVJG
RQGOUJQWNFDGUWDQTFPCVGFVQVJGEQOEQEQPVTCUVXGQRGTCVQP
QH FGUVCDNPI YJEJ VCMGU RNCEG YJGP VJGUG VYQ HGNFU CTG
CRRTQOCVGF
4GCRRTCKUKPIVJGVTCPUNCVKPUH/GCWNRC
6JG CDQXG GRCPUQP QP .CTCPLGTCU EQOOGPVU OC[ JGNR WU
TGCUUGUUDQVJVTCPUNCVQPU

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
TTPVJTGTVEOOGPVCTPDTCNCPTVGGVTCPNCVP
5CPVCIQFQGUYGCMGPVJGCVJQNEPVGTVGVYJGTGCU.CTCPLGTC
VCMGURCPUVQOCPVCPV6JUOC[DGCTNGUUJGCXN[QPVJGHPCN
SWCNV[QHDQVJVTCPUNCVQPUVJCP.CTCPLGTCCUUWOGU(TUVQHCNN
U V TGCNN[ VTWG VJCV 5CPVCIQ EONGVGN FGUVTQ[U VJG PVGTVGV
*QYOWEJ QH VUJQWNF DG OPOCNN[RTGUGTXGF P QTFGTHQT VJG
UQWTEGVGVPVGTVGVVQDG CRCTVQHVJGVTCPUNCVQP9QWNFPVVJG
.CVP VVNG /GC ENC YJEJ DQVJ RQGO CPF VTCPUNCVQPU UJCTG
UWHHEG9QWNF V PQVDG GPQWIJ VQVTIIGT VJGEQPVTCUVXG GHHGEV
CDQXGFUEWUUGF5CPVCIQUVTCPUNCVQPFYGNNUHCTOQTGQPURGNNPI
VJCPQPTGNIQP DWV VJG.CVPVVNG VCMGPCUVGVWCN PVGTRTGVCPV
CU.CTCPLGTCUWIIGUVUOC[FQVJGLQDPNIJVQHVJG.CVPVVNG
2GTTGCPF2GPTOGGTTOC[CVNGCUVUQWPFPVCNN[CODIWQWU
CPF HCNUGN[ NGCF VJG TGCFGT VQ GRGEV C EQPHGUUQP QH UP CEJ
VTCPUNCVQP JCU JU QYP CIGPFC VJG TGNIQWU PVGTVGV U NGUU
TGNGXCPVVQ5CPVCIQCOGTGJPVDWVVECPVJQPGUVN[DGUCFVQDG
EQORNGVGN[CDUGPVHTQOJUVTCPUNCVQPVJCPMUVQPQPVTCPUNCVQP
VJGUORNGUVVTCPUNCVQPVGEJPSWGWUGFDQVJD[2TÃXGTVPJURQGO
CPF.CTCPLGTCPJUVTCPUNCVQPVQTGPFGTVJGVVNG
5ORN[ JPVPI CV TGNIQP UGGOU VQ DGEQOG 5CPVCIQU OQTG
WPHQTON[PHQTOCNVQPGYJEJU UNIJVN[ WRUGVD[JUWUG QH 2
GCPFJUQOUUQPQHHTUVRGTUQP RTQPQWP 2 GYJEJPVJU
ECUGYQWNFDGV[RECNQHYTVVGPPQVQTCNURGGEJ*UVQPGCNUQ
DGEQOGUVJGUWTRTUGECWUGFD[CRWPEVWCNOUVCMGJUUORNGRCUV
2GETGTGPFGTPI(4LETPUVGCFQHUORNGRTGUGPV2GETG
FGHPGU JU URGNNPI OUVCMG CU C QPGVOG QEEWTTGPEG P HCEV
5CPVCIQUGGOUVQPXGTVTGIUVGTUDGPIPHQTOCNPVJGHTUVVJTGG
NPGUCPFTCVJGTUQNGOPPVJGHQWTVJ*GFQGUPQPGVJGNGUUUGGOVQ
WUGCVNGCUVQPGTGIUVGTUJHVUONCTVQ2TÃXGTVUPGHHGEV
5CPVCIQU VTCPUNCVQP QOVU TJ[OPI CNVQIGVJGT .CTCPLGTC
DGNGXGU JO VQ JCXG IPQTGF QT FUVQTVGF VJG RJQPQNQIECN
QTVJQITCRJE HGCVWTGU QH (4TCG YJEJ 5CPVCIQ GTTQPGQWUN[
VTCPUNCVGU DCUGF QP OGCPPI 6JCV OC[ DG VTWG CEEQTFPI VQ
.CTCPLGTCUCPCN[UUDWVJUQYPVCMGQPVJGRQGOOC[RTGXGPV
JOHTQOUGGPIVJGRQUVXGUFGQH5CPVCIQUVTCPUNCVQPEJQEGU

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
 DGNGXG VJG RQGVE UVTGPIVJ QH 5CPVCIQU TGPFGTPI VQ TGUV
RTGEUGN[QPJU2TTCC*GOC[JCXGFUTGICTFGFVJGHQTOCNCURGEVU
QH 2TÃXGTVU (TGPEJ DWV JCU CRVN[ OCPRWNCVGF VJQUG QH JU QYP
2QTVWIWGUG2TTCCUCVTWN[RQGVEYQTFPOQTGVJCPQPGUGPUG
VJGRQVGPVCNN[ORQUUDNGOUVCMGQRGPUPGYUGOCPVEQCUUQECVXG
RQUUDNVGU GPTEJPI VJG YQTF CPF GORJCUPI VU CDUWTFV[ P
RCUUPIYGUCYVJCVVJGTCPFQOPGUUQH(4TCGYCUFUTGICTFGFP
.CTCPLGTCUCPCN[UU2QTVWIWGUGFITCRJTTCPFVUEQTTGURQPFPI
RJQPGOGTGEWTPHQWTQWVQHHXGNPGU2GTTG2GTTG2GTT2
TTCCPNPGUQPGVYQVJTGGCPFHXGTGURGEVXGN[VTGEWTUP
YQTFUU[NNCDECNN[CPFCEEGPVWCNN[UONCTVJGFITCRJTTJCRRGPUP
VJGDGIPPPIQHVJGUGEQPFU[NNCDNGQPCNNHQWTYQTFUCPFDGNQPIUVQ
VJGUVTGUUGFU[NNCDNGPDQVJ2GTTCPF2TTC6JGHPCNYQTF
DGCTPIVJGWPNMGN[OUVCMGUVJWURJQPQNQIECNN[CUUQECVGFYVJ
VJG2QTVWIWGUG YQTFUOGCPPOUVCMGCTGHPGFRJQPQNQIECN
VTEM EQORGPUCVPI HQT VJG CDUGPEG QH TJ[OG 1P VJG UGOCPVE
NGXGN2TTCCTGUGODNGUCRQTVOCPVGCWYQTFCEQODPCVQPQH2
TCCCPF2CTTCCDQVVNG3WCPVPGUUCPFTCPFQOPGUUCTGVJWU
FGNEQWUN[RTQOQVGFVQCDUWTFV[
.CTCPLGKTCUVTCPUNCVKPCNUJTVEOKPIU
.CTCPLGTCUVTCPUNCVQPQH/GCWNRCQYGUVUUVTQPIRQPVU
VQVUJIJFGITGGQHEQJGTGPEGYVJJUCPCN[UUQH2TÃXGTVURQGO
VUUQWPFPGUUPQVYVJUVCPFPIVJGUCOGCPCN[UUUTGURQPUDNGHQT
VJGVTCPUNCVQPUUJQTVEQOPIU
(TUV QH CNN D[ IPQTPI VJG ORQTVCPEG QH TGIUVGT P JU
CPCN[UU JG EQORQUGF C TCVJGT JQOQIGPGQWU RGEG YJEJ U
VJGTGHQTGFGRTXGFQHVJGJWOQTQWUGHHGEVVJGUWFFGPUJHVUDTQWIJV
CDQWV*U2GLCOEOGETGWPOUVCMCDN[DGNQPIUVQYTVVGP
2QTVWIWGUGJUXGTDEJQEG2 GTUCNUQOQTG HQTOCN VJCP VJG
CXCNCDNG2NJCTDQVJOGCPPIXTVWCNN[VJGUCOGPVJUECUGVQ
NQQMCPFNGUUWUGFVJCPVJGNCVVGTPUVWCVQPUYJGPQPGYCPVUVQ
ECNNCVVGPVQPVQUQOGVJPI

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
TTPVJTGTVEOOGPVCTPDTCNCPTVGGVTCPNCVP
NUQ.CTCPLGTCUUETWRWNQWUEQPEGTPYVJVJGPVGTOC[
DGETVECNN[ LWUVHGF DWV ECWUGF JOVQ PFWNIG P SWGUVQPCDNG
VTCPUNCVQP EJQEGU U PQVGF GCTNGT 2TÃXGTV LWVCRQUGU VYQ
HGFGRTGUUQPUVJGPVGTVGVCPF(4CVGTVTCJG
.CTCPLGTCTGPFGTU VJG NCVVGTCU 2 ENC GO TVTCJCIWNV P
QTVJQITCRJ[ 6JU U FQWDN[ UVTCPIG URGNNPI U PQ OCVVGT HQT
IWNVCPFJUWUGQHRTGRQUVQP2GOPOQVXCVGFD[JUWUGQH2
ENCIWNVPUVGCFQH2GTTOUVCMGUQWPFUCNGPVQ2QTVWIWGUG
WUCIG 6JWU VJG EGPVTCN UGSWGPEG QH VJG RQGO CEEQTFPI VQ VJG
ETVEUCPCN[UUVJGQPGUGSWGPEGPYJEJUGOCPVEHGNFUQXGTNCR
CPFVTCPUVQPUVJGQPGVQJCXGDGGPPTCOOCVECNNTGPFGTGF
JGTGOGCPPIWPPVGPVQPCNN[CPQOCNQWUUGSWGPEGCUQRRQUGF
VQ.CTCPLGTCUWUGQHPTCOOCVECNVYJEJTGHGTUVQPVGPVQPCN
FGXCVQPUHTQONCPIWCIGPQTOUQPCP[NGXGN
.CTCPLGKTCUETKVKECNUJTVEOKPIUCPF5CPVKCIUVTCPU
NCVKPRTLGEV
UEWUUPIVJGHGWFDGVYGGPETVE0GNUQPUEJGTCPFVTCPUNCVQT
2CWNQ8QNEQPEGTPPIVJGVTCPUNCVQPQHCRQGOD[,QJPQPPG
VTCPUNCVQPETVE4QUGOCT[TTQLQTIJVN[UVCVGUVJCVDQVJ
ETVEUCPFVTCPUNCVQTUCTGHCVJHWNPQVVQVJGVGVVJG[EQOOGPV
VTCPUNCVGDWVVQVJGTPVGTTGVCVPQHVJGO1PGQH VJG EGPVTCN
RTQDNGOUPVTCPUNCVQPETVEUOUVJGHCEVVJCVCUPVGTRTGVCVQP
OC[XCT[HTQOVTCPUNCVQTVQVTCPUNCVQPETVEVJGVTCPNCVGDLGEV
G VJG VTCPUNCVQTU PVGTRTGVCVQP FQGU PQV EQTTGURQPF VQ VJG
VGTVOEOCTCVP GVJGETVEUPVGTRTGVCVQPWRQPYJEJ
ETVEUOUDCUGF
.CTCPLGTCU VTCPUNCVQP U UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG EQPEGRVWCN
FEJQVQOGUGJENCTVGVGVEVGVCPFOGCPPPECPEG
VJGUGIXGJUVTCPUNCVQPCNYQTMCJIJNGXGNQHEQJGTGPEGPURVG
QHVJGNOVCVQPULWUVPQVGF9JGPUC[JU2ENCGOTVTCC
UCPQOCNQWUVT[VQFQVDCUGFQPJPVTCPNCVPTLGEV
CU UGG V PQV QPN[FQGU VJG RJTCUG HCN VQRTQRGTN[ TGCNG VJG

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
RTQLGEVVJGRTQLGEVVUGNHOC[DGWPHGCUDNGVJGEGPVTCNV[VJCV(4
CVGTVTCJGCUUWOGUPJUCPCN[UUCPFO[QYPUGGOUVQ
TGPFGTVCNOQUVWPVTCPUNCVCDNG
6JG UCOG FEJQVQOGU CNUQ UWRRQTV .CTCPLGTCU ETVSWG
QH 5CPVCIQ *U ETVECN NCRUG JGTG U HCNPI VQ VCMG 5CPVCIQU
QYPVTCPUNCVQPRTQLGEVPVQCEEQWPV5CPVCIQUCDQXGOGPVQPGF
PHQTOCNV[ CPF VJG UOCNNGT TQNG JG EQPHGTTGF VQ VJG PVGT
PVGTVGVOC[DGEQPPGEVGFVQJUVCMGQP2TÃXGTVCPFQPVTCPUNCVQP
UHQTVJGRQGV5CPVCIQUC[U
2TÃXGTVUN[TEUOCUVJCVQHUQOG QH VJG TCNCP /QF
GTPUV RQGVU QH  EQORTUGU VJG TJV EODPCVP 
GGTCNGCPJOTHQTGITQWPFPICUOCNNUECNGXUQP
QHOCP PRQGVT[6JGRQGODTPIUHQTVJYJCVUUOCNNP
OCPVJQWIJPQVYJCVUEQOOQP24846R
GORJCUUCFFGF
*WOQT U EGPVTCN VQ 5CPVCIQ VJQWIJ CDUGPV HTQO .CTCPLGTCU
VCMGUQYGTGEQPVTCUVCPFEQPQENCUO
5JHVUPRGTURGEVXGPVJGRTGUGPVCVQPQHJUVQTECNQTVTX
CNGXGPVUUVJGOCPOGUUCIGQH2TÃXGTVU RQGVT[ 5JHVU
HTGGWUHTQOOCUUH[PI EQOOQP UGPUGYJ[YQWNFEQO
OQPUGPUGCNYC[UDGTIJVCPFJCXGWUHCEGVJGWPWUWCN
VJGWPVJQWIJVQH CNNQYPI WUVQ EPENCVECNN GVP
VJGHCVGQHVJQUGYJQFFPQVJCXGVJGIQQFHQTVWPGQHDGPI
QPVJGUFGQHXEVQTQWUEQOOQPUGPUG24846
RGORJCUUCFFGF
(PCNN[5CPVCIQUEQPEGTPGFYVJCXGT[FHHGTGPVUGVQHPVGTVGVWCN
TGNCVQPU9JNG.CTCPLGTCVCMGURCPUVQGRNCP2TÃXGTVUWUGQH
VJG PVGT 5CPVCIQ U DWU[ TIJVN[ RNCEPI 2TÃXGTV PGV CPF
CYC[HTQOEGTVCPNVGTCT[VTGPFU 9GUCYJQYJGCRRTQOCVGF

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
TTPVJTGTVEOOGPVCTPDTCNCPTVGGVTCPNCVP
2TÃXGTVVQTCNCP/QFGTPUVRQGVUJGCNUQYCPVUVQFUVCPEGJO
HTQO5WTTGCNUO
2TÃXGTVU CTV TCVJGT VJCP DGPI VJCV QH VJG UWTTGCNUVU VQ
YJQOUQOGYUJ VQ CVVCEJJO? U ENQUGTVQVJCV QH
VJGCGRCPVGTUVUCPCTVPYJEJRTOVXGPCXGQT
EJNFNMGEQORQUVQPVCMGUQPXQNGPVEQNQTPICPF UJPGU
HQTVJCEGTVCPCOQWPVQHN[TEUOR
RRTQOCVQPVQTCNCP/QFGTPUOUSWVGUVTQPICPFHPFU
VU YC[ PVQ 5CPVCIQU VTCPUNCVQP RTQLGEV EGPVGTGF CTQWPF JU
EQPEGRVQHDNGNCCTO
VYCUPQVHQTVJGVTCPUNCVQTVQORQUGVQVJGVTCPUNCVGFVGVC
ENCTH[PIRQGVEFEVQPDWVVQGCTEJVJGTGGTVTG
DNGEVPPJPPCVPCNNVGTCVTGHQTCHVGSWXC
NGPVVYCUHQTVJGVTCPUNCVQTHTUVVQOCVGTVJGGCNGPV
VJCVUVJGRQGVEFEVQPYJEJJGHQWPFHVCPFQPN[VJGP
WPFGTVCMGVQVTCPUNCVG
PVJUUGPUGVJUVTCPUNCVQTUCUJQTVYPIGFGGIGVGEGT
VCPN[CDNGNCCTV*GRNCICTGUVJGVTCPUNCVGFVGV
CPFRNCICTGUVJGPCVQPCNRQGVUUGNGEVGFCUOQFGNU
RGORJCUGUCFFGF
6JGUGRQGVUCTGGRNEVN[PCOGFVYCUHTQOOQFGNUUWEJ
CU /CPWGN CPFGTC CTNQU TWOOQPF FG PFTCFG G /WTNQ
/GPFGUVJCVYGUQWIJVVQTGPFGT2TÃXGTVURQGVT[PVQ2QTVWIWGUG
R
[IPQTPIEGPVTCNCURGEVUQH5CPVCIQUVTCPUNCVQPCNYQTMJU
OQTGOCTMGFN[NVGTCT[PVGTVGVUJUINQDCNXUQPQHVJGGVCU
QRRQUGFVQCENQUGXUQP QH VJG GOCPFVJGGPUWPIVTCPUNCVQP
OGVJQF.CTCPLGTCETVEGU5CPVCIQHTQOJUQYPUGVQHPVGTGUVU

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
/[ QYP VCMG QP 5CPVCIQU VTCPUNCVQP UQWIJV VQ GORJCUG
UVTWEVWTCNGNGOGPVURGTVCPPIVQJUVTCPUNCVQPRTQLGEVCUJQRGJCU
PQYDGEQOGGXFGPVHO[QYPEQOOGPVQP5CPVCIQU2TTCC
U VJQWIJV HVVPI YG OC[DCUGF QP 5CPVCIQU QYP RTQLGEV
PQVGVJCVJURQTVOCPVGCWYQTFJCUCEEFGPVCNN[CRRTQOCVGFJU
2TÃXGTVVQVJGUWTTGCNUVUJGUQWIJVVQCXQF6JUUJQYGXGTCP
FQU[PETCVECURGEVQHO[EQOOGPVCT[VOC[PQVHPFHCXQTYVJ
QVJGT ETVEU CPF TGCFGTU CPF VJGTGHQTG ECPPQV DG WPTGUGTXGFN[
ORWVGFVQVJGVTCPUNCVQT
VJKTFVTCPUNCVKP
/GCEWNRC
OPJCEWNRC
OPJCEWNRC
OPJCQTVQITHECEWNRC
QNJCUEQOQGWGUETGXQ
WXC
OPJCVTCFWÁQ
/[ QYP TGPFGTPI QH /GC EWNRC U OQVXCVGF D[ C FGUTG
VQ HPF UQNWVQPU VJCV YQWNF DGVVGT EQPVGORNCVG .CTCPLGTCU CPF
5CPVCIQU XGY QH VJG RQGO CU  HPF VJGO VQ DG FHHGTGPVN[
HQEWUGFDWVPQVOWVWCNN[GENWFPIVPGXVCDN[HCNNUUJQTVQHVJG
OCTMCPFUNOVGFPRTGVV[OWEJVJGUCOGYC[CUVJGTUPURVG
QHVUFHHGTGPEGU
6JGPVGTVGVWCNOCVGTCNYCUTGFWEGFVJQWIJPQVCUFTCUVECNN[
CUP5CPVCIQU VTCPUNCVQP CUUWRRQUGF C TGCFGTCESWCPVGF
YVJVJGPVGTYQWNFMPQYYJGTGCFLGEVXG2OOC(4VT
TCPG0OVTGUUWRRQUGF VQ DGTGRNCEGFVYVJ 2
TVTEC 2TÃXGTVU HPCN RQUVOQFH[PI TJ[VJOECN GVGPUQP
VJWUDGECOGCOGFCNRTGOQFH[PIQPGYJEJDGNGXGUJQWNF
ECNN CVVGPVQP VQ VJG UWDUVVWVQP QH VJG ECPQPE CFLGEVXG 6JG
RJTCUG2TVTECENCURCTQFEPQVHQTOWNCEYJEJOGCPU

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
TTPVJTGTVEOOGPVCTPDTCNCPTVGGVTCPNCVP
VJGFQWDNGOGCPPIQH(4CVGYCUPQVUQOQTRJECNN[PEQTRQTCVGF
PVQVJGVTCPUNCVQP6JGRTQRCTQ[VQPGCFLGEVXGPRTGOQFH[PI
RQUVQPWUWCN PPINUJ DWVPQV RTGHGTGPVCNP 2QTVWIWGUGU
PCEEQTFCPEGYVJCOQTGHQTOCNTGIUVGTCNVJQWIJVOC[ECWUG
VJGVGVVQUQWPFCDVRQORQWUYJEJUCNGPVQ2TÃXGTVUUV[NG
6JG UWDUVVWVQP U CNUQ UVTCPIG P VJCV CU OGPVQPGF DGHQTG
URGNNPIOUVCMGUCTGPQOCVVGTHQTIWNVDWVVJGRCTQFECURGEVQH
VJGRJTCUGOC[YGNNCPUYGTHQTVJGUVTCPIGPGUUPQTFGTVQOCMG
VUQWPFPVGPVQPCN 6JG MPFQHPVGTPCN PVGTVGVWCN VGPUQPVJG
UWDUVVWVQPIGPGTCVGUCPFVUPVGPVUVTCPIGPGUUOCMGVDGNGXG
C OQTG HVVPI UQNWVQP VJCP .CTCPLGTCU 2ENC GO TVTCC
DWVCOYGNNCYCTGVJCVVJUUCOCVVGTQHVCUVGJUQYPUQNWVQP
OC[DGFGHGPFGFPVGTOUPQVFUUONCTHTQOVJQUGYVJYJEJ
GRNCPGFO[QYP
.PG HQWT YCU TGPFGTGF CU PHQTOCNN[ CU RQUUDNG VJGTG
JCXPIGXGPTGEQWTUGVQYJCVÃNC/CICNJGURECNNU
PTOCNCVPVJGGCIIGTCVQPQHVCTIGVNCPIWCIGHGCVWTGUPQTFGT
VQOCMGVJGVTCPUNCVGFVGVUQWPFOQTGPCVWTCNVJGCEETGVQPQH2
NVGTCNN[QPN[DWVJGTGWUGFCUCPGORJCVERCTVENGIGPGTCVGU
CXGT[EQOOQPGRTGUUQPPTCNCP2QTVWIWGUGYJGPQPGYCPVU
VQECNNCVVGPVQP VQ UQOGVJPI2 NJC  6JGNPGDGEQOGU VJWU
CODIWQWU2 NJC  OC[RQPVDQVJVQ UQOGQPG GNUGUOUVCMG
QT CHHTQPV CPF VQ QPGU QYP FGNDGTCVG CEV QH FGHCPEG 2TGUGPV
UORNG2 G GETGYCUCNUQ TGUVQTGF6JGUGVYQ EJQEGUCNNQY
HQT C FWDQWU CVVVWFG QH VJG RQGVE UWDLGEV YJEJ OC[ TGCF CU
DQVJUWTRTUG OOEMPI JTUVCP UGNHTGHNGEVQP CPF EJCNNGPIG
FGNDGTCVGPUUVGPEGPOCMPICOUVCMG
(PCNN[UGNGEVQPQH2EJCTCPOUURGNNGFCUCFGTXGU
HTQO.CTCPLGTCUEQOOGPVU6JGEJCNNGPIGJGTGYCUVQHPFCYQTF
VJCVYQWNFTJ[OGYVJ2ENCYQWNFDGNCDNGVQCVTXCN
URGNNPI OUVCMG CPF  YCU EQOOQP GPQWIJ CU VQ CXQF NVGTCN
EQORTGJGPUQPRTQDNGOUQTNGCTPGFCHHGEVCVQP2JCYCUVJG
ENQUGUVOCVEJCNVJQWIJVUWVUTGUVTEVQPQPN[RCTVCNN[VJGTGU
CUUQPCPEGDGVYGGP2ENCCPF2EJCPQVTJ[OGYGNEQOGFVJG
RCTVCNOCVEJDGECWUGVCNNQYGFHQTRJQPQNQIECNTGNCVQPUYVJQWV

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
OQPQVQP[HCRGTHGEVTJ[OPIOCVEJYGTGHQWPFHQWTQHVJGHXG
NPGUYQWNFJCXGVJGGCEVUCOGGPFPICUUQPCPEGFQGUPQVCXQF
VJCVOQPQVQPQWUGHHGEVCNVQIGVJGTDWVVOC[UQHVGPVCDV
(KPCNTGOCTMUPVTCPUNCVKPETKVKEKUO
NN VJTGG VTCPUNCVQPU EQWNF DG UCF VQ DGNQPI VQ VJG UCOG
VTCPUNCVQPCN RCTCFIO CU VJG[ CNN UGGO VQ UJCTG EGPVTCN
RTGUWRRQUVQPU CDQWV VTCPUNCVQP 6QIGVJGT VJG[ HQTO C VTWG
EJCPQHVTCPUNCVQPCPFTGVTCPUNCVQPCUGCEJVGVUOQVXCVGFD[
CRTGXQWUN[GUVPIQPGQTD[CUGVQHRTGXQWUN[GUVPIVGVU
VQIGVJGT VJG[ OWVWCNN[ GPNXGP CPF GPTEJ QPG CPQVJGT CPF VJG
TGEGRVQPQHVJGT(TGPEJQTIPCNCPFFURNC[VJGOCUUXGCOQWPV
QH RTQDNGOU GXGP VJG OQUV CRRCTGPVN[ WPRTGVGPVQWU RQGO OC[
DTPIHQTVJPVTCPUNCVQP
6JGITGCVFHHEWNV[PCGUVJGVECNN[GXCNWCVPICVTCPUNCVQP
JGTG CITGG YVJ QTIGUNGU P TGCEJPI PQPEQORCTCVXG
CUUGUUOGPV6JUOC[DGCTVJGJGCXGUVQPO[QYPEQPVTDWVQP
VJGNCUVQHVJGEJCPUQHCTQTPQWVQHCPCPCN[UUQHVYQRTGGUVPI
VTCPUNCVQPUQPGQHYJEJYCUCNTGCF[DQTPQWVQHCPCPCN[UUQH
VJGHTUVVTCPUNCVQPVECPPQVDGUCFVQJCXGPGQTIPCNVUC
VTCPUNCVQPQH2TÃXGTVURQGOCUUGGPD[5CPVCIQCPF.CTCPLGTC
V U ORQUUDNG HQT DQVJ .CTCPLGTCU CPF O[ QYP TGPFGTPI QH
/GCWNRCVQDGTGCFCWVQPQOQWUN[GXGP5CPVCIQUPCWIWTCN
VTCPUNCVQPQTIPCNN[RWDNUJGFPGVVQVUQTIPCNECPPQVDWVPXVG
EQORCTUQP6JG[YGTGCNNDQTPWPFGTVJGUIPQHEQPVTCUVXGPGUU
CPFEQPUGSWGPVN[WPFGTVJCVQHCPCN[VECNUMGRVEUOVYQWNFDG
VJGTGHQTG WPHCT DGUFGU JWOCPN[ CPF NPIWUVECNN[ ORQUUDNG
VQ CUM CP[ QPG QH VJGUG VTCPUNCVQPU VQ RGTHGEVN[ TGPFGT VJGT
QTIPCNUJCNN PQV CVVGORVVQFGHPG YJCV CRGTHGEVTGPFVQP
YQWNF DG HQT VJG OQOGPV YG PGGF PQ OQTG VJCP CP PVWVXG
WPFGTUVCPFPIQHVJGRJTCUG H2 NJCEOGGETGYGTG
CNPGD[CPFGTCTWOOQPFQT/WTNQ/GPFGUVOIJVUQWPF
PQPGORJCVECNN[EQNNQSWCNJGTGCUVJGVJTFVTCPUNCVQPUGEQPF

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
TTPVJTGTVEOOGPVCTPDTCNCPTVGGVTCPNCVP
TGVTCPUNCVQP P C VTCPUNCVQPCN EJCP DQTP QWV QH EQPVTCUVXG
EQPVCEVDGVYGGPVJTGGRTGXQWUN[GUVPICPFOWVWCNN[EQPXGTUPI
VGVUVURTQLGEVGFURQPVCPGV[CPFEQNNQSWCNV[CTGEJGEMGFHTQO
VJGUVCTVVUXGT[RQUVQPPVJGVTCPUNCVQPCNEJCPOC[VWTPVPVQ
VJGOQUVCTVHECNQHCNNXGTUQPU
1PVJGQVJGTJCPFRGTJCRUYGUJQWNFPQVFGP[EQORCTUQPC
RNCEGPVJG2CTPCUUWUQHCGUVJGVERNGCUWTGU2QGVEVTCPUNCVQPOC[
DGFGNIJVHWNRTGEUGN[DGECWUGVPXVGUEQPVTCUVCPFEQORCTUQP
H YG OCPCIG VQ HTGG UWEJ PVGNNGEVWCN CPF CGUVJGVE GPVGTRTUGU
HQTO RTGLWFEGU CPF UVTXG VQ DG TGURGEVHWN VQ VTCPUNCVQTU QYP
VTCPUNCVQPCN CIGPFCU GXGP VTCPUNCVQP GTTQTU OC[ DGEQOG
RNGCUWTCDNGCPFGPTEJPICPFOC[DGUGGPCUICPU
0VGU
 IGPGTCNPQVGQPVTCPUNCVQPUPVQPINUJ0QPINUJVTCPUNCVQPQHVJG
(TGPEJQTIPCNURTQXFGFDGECWUGVJGRQGOYNNDGEQOOGPVGFCVNCTIGCPF
DGECWUGPINUJUGOCPVEVTCPUNCVQPUQHVJGTCNCPVTCPUNCVQPUCTGCXCNCDNG
6JGPINUJVTCPUNCVQPQH5CPVCIQUVTCPUNCVQPU.CTCPLGTCUVHGCVWTGU
CVNGCUVPVJGPINUJVTCPUNCVQPQHJUCTVENGYVJPQPFECVQPYJCVUQGXGTQH
CP[QPGGNUGCEVPICUVTCPUNCVQTEVCVQPUHTQO.CTCPLGTCUCTVENGCNUQEQOG
HTQO VJG PINUJ XGTUQP RWDNUJGF D[ V CCPC  6JG PINUJ
VTCPUNCVQP QH .CTCPLGTCU VTCPUNCVQP U OPG JG FF PQV RTQXFG QPG CPF
UQCTGVJGVTCPUNCVQPUQHVJGEVCVQPUQH5CPVCIQURTQNQIWGVQJUUGNGEVQP
QH 2TÃXGTVU RQGVT[  QTIGUU GPFPQVG EVCVQP U EVGF P VJG QTIPCN
YJEJHCEVVJQWIJVYQTVJOGPVQPPICUJUYTVPIUCTGOQUVN[ P5RCPUJ
IGPGTCNPQVGQPHQTGIPYQTFUCRRGCTPIPVJGCTVENG9JGPPGEGUUCT[
VJGNCPIWCIGUQHYQTFUCPFRJTCUGUYNNDGURGEHGFCUHQNNQYUDRTCNCP
2QTVWIWGUGGP PINUJ HT(TGPEJ  U UGOCPVE PINUJ VTCPUNCVQPU QH
VJG TCNCP 2QTVWIWGUG VTCPUNCVQPU YGTG RTQXFGF  YNN CXQF TGVGTCVGF
VTCPUNCVQP QH (TGPEJ CPF TCNCP 2QTVWIWGUG YQTFU VTCPUNCVPI VJGO QPN[
YJGP PGEGUUCT[  U QTIPCN CPF VTCPUNCVQPU CNN EQPVCP PVGPVQPCNN[
OUURGNNGFYQTFUYNNWUGVJGTOUURGNNGFHQTOUQPN[YJGPUVTEVN[URGCMPI
QHVJGOQVJGTYUGOCPVCPPIVJGTUVCPFCTFHQTOU

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
 /[OUVCMG/[OUVCMG  9JCV C JWIG URGNNPIOUVCMG*GTGUJQY
YTQVG)TTCHG.404RVTCPUNCVQTUPQVGCRRGPFGFVQVJG
CTVENGUVCVGUVJCVVJUUCHTGGVTCPUNCVQPCPFVJCVVJCUVJGUQNGRWTRQUGQH
JGNRPIVJGTGCFGTECRVWTGVJGFGCQHVJGUQWTEGVGVFR
 /[IWNV/[ IWNV/[OQUVITGXQWUIWNVPURGNNPI5GGJQY YTQVG
CUUC DCUP?6JGUVCPFCTFPINUJ VTCPUNCVQPQHVJGPVGTWUGU0CNV
HQT.CVP ENC P TCNCP 2QTVWIWGUGVJGEQIPCVG 2ENC IWNV YQWNFDG
OQTGHVVPI6JUUYJ[EJQUGVQFGRCTVHTQOVJGUVCPFCTFVTCPUNCVQPQHVJG
PVGTPVJUUGOCPVEVTCPUNCVQP
 P VJU CTVENG JG FQGU PQV JQYGXGT P JU DQQM VEC C VTC CU
(CNGTQURRQPVU.CTCPLGTCCEMPQYNGFIGUVJCV(4NEOOGPVLET
DGNQPIUVQCPPHQTOCNTGIUVGTYJGTGCU2GWUGFD[5CPVCIQ VTCPUNCVQP VQ
TGPFGT(4NUTCVJGTHQTOCN
 VJCPMNWFC)TL8NCTQWECHQTJGTTGXUQPQHO[CPCN[UUCPFPVGRTGVCVQP
QHVJG(TGPEJQTIPCN
 9G OC[ CUM QWTUGNXGU H VJG RQUVOQFHGT U TGCNN[ PGEGUUCT[ YQWNF VJG
TGCFGTPQVDGCDNGVQPHGTVJCV(4CVGPHCEVTGHGTUVQURGNNPIOUVCMGYJGP
VJG[TGCEJ(4LET6JUYQWNFEGTVCPN[EJCPIGVJGRQGOUUGOCPVEFGPUV[
YJEJCUVUVCPFUOC[JCXGEJQUGPPQVVQEQWPVQPUWEJPHGTGPVCNICOGU6JU
FQGUPQVJQYGXGTCHHGEVVJGRTGUGPVRTQDNGO
 URQPVGFGCTNGT JG OGPVQPU TGIUVGT GNUGYJGTGUVNN JG UGGOU VQ JCXG
OUUGFVJGORCEVQHTGIUVGTVQVJGRQGOCUCYJQNG
 (QT PVQPG GTOCPHTQO YJQO  DQTTQY VJG EQPEGRV QH VTCPNCVP
TLGEV C VTCPUNCVQP ECPPQV HCN VU RTQLGEV V U CNYC[U VU HWNN TGCNCVQP
POCP[ECUGUVJGRTQLGEVYNNDGDWVCEQPLGEVWTCNTGEQPUVTWEVQPQHUQOGVJPI
PGXGTOCFG GRNEV D[ VJG VTCPUNCVQTP CP[ FTGEV YC[YJEJ YQWNF OCMG V
ORQUUDNGHQTCP[QPGVQHPFDTGCEJGUPTGCNCVQPETVEUYQWNFCNYC[UJCXGVQ
CUMVJGOUGNXGUYJGVJGTVJGTTGEPVTEVPQHVJGVTCPUNCVQPRTQLGEVUCEEWTCVG
DGHQTGENCOPI VJG VTCPUNCVQPU CV HCWNV CEEQTFPI VQ VJG RTQLGEV  DGNGXG C
VTCPUNCVQPRTQLGEVUPFGGFFHHGTGPVHTQOVUHWNNTGCNCVQPCUVTCPUNCVQPGXGP
YJGPCEEGUUVQVJGRTQLGEVUQPN[PFTGEVCPFRTQFWEGFD[VJGXGT[VTCPUNCVQPP
SWGUVQPPQVDGPICDNGVQRTGEUGN[VTCEGVJGRTQLGEVUCTGCNRTQDNGODWVFQGU
PQVEJCPIGVJGHCEVVJCVEQPEGRVQPCPFVUTGCNCVQPFQVGPFVQDGQEECUQPCNN[
PEQORCVDNG P VJG ECUG CV UVWF[ .CTCPLGTC YCU WPFGPCDN[ GRNEV YJEJ

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
TTPVJTGTVEOOGPVCTPDTCNCPTVGGVTCPNCVP
ITGCVN[JGNRU WUPCUUGUUPI VQYJCVGVGPVJUQYPXUQPUQHDQVJVTCPUNCVQP
RQGVT[CPFVJGVTCPUNCVGFVGVYGTGTGCNGFPJUVTCPUNCVQP1HEQWTUGVCVGOC[
RNC[CDITQNGPETVECNCUUGUUOGPVLWUVCUOWEJCUQVJGTV[RGUQHPEQORCVDNV[
GIFHHGTPI VCMGU QP RQGVT[ CPF VTCPUNCVQP CNNQH YJEJ CTGCNUQ RCTV QH C
VTCPUNCVQP RTQLGEV HQT GTOCP CPF ITGCVN[ CHHGEV VJG UQWPFPGUU QH ETVEUO
COCYCTG QH JCXPIVCMGPUWEJTUMUYJGP EJQQUG VQUVCVGVJCV.CTCPLGTCU
VTCPUNCVQPFQGUPQVHWNN[TGCNGJURTQLGEV
 /[HCWNV/[HCWNV/[QTVJQITCRJEHCWNV,WUVVCMGCNQQMCVJQYYTVG
:WXCTCP?
P VJG RTQEGUU QH RTQQHTGCFPI VJG CTVENG HQT RWDNECVQP  DGECOG CYCTG
QHCHQWTVJTGUVTEVQPQFFV[6JGUGOCPVEHWPEVQPQHVJGNVGTCNOGCPPIQH(4
TCGP2TÃXGTVURQGOOC[JCXGDGGPRTQRGTN[TGPFGTGFPGVJGTD[.CTCPLGTCU
2DCECPQTD[O[2EJCCUVJG[YQWNFPQVDGCUCNGPVQVJG9GUVGTPEWNVWTG
PYJEJ VCNMQHJTUVCP IWNVCPFURGNNPIOUVCMGUYQWNFJCRRGP5CPVCIQU
UQNWVQPYQWNFTGOCPVJGOQUVPVGTGUVPIJGTG
(QTGCORNGPQVGJQYUONCTVJGHQNNQYPICUUGTVQPD[5CPVCIQUVQVJQUG
D[.CTCPLGTC6TCPUNCVQPCUYGXGYVUCTGCPGEPQPVJGRCTVQH
VJGVTCPUNCVQTUUWEJVTCPUNCVQPUGGGVJGGOCUUETVECNTGCFPI
DWVV FUVCPEGUVUGNHHTQOETVECNTGCFPI PCVNGCUVQPG ETWECNRQPVTVECN
TGCFPIUGGMUVQQTICPGTGXGCNCPFOCUVGTVJGUGOCPVEOWNVRNEV[YJEJUVJG
GUUGPEGQHCP[RGEGQHRQGVT[YVJJGNRQHDQVJGTWFVQPCPFOGVJQFYJGTGCU
VTCPNCVP GOCP VJCV VJG TEGVGV NGO TGOCP NGOE P VJG
VCTGVVGV VJG NCVVGT UJQWNF PQV WPXGN DGHQTG VJG TGCFGT VJG GPIOC YJEJ U
YGCXGFPVQVJGNVGTCT[VGVR GORJCUGUCFFGF2QN[UGO[CPFVJG
QDNICVQPVQETVECNN[TGRTQFWEG VOC[DGUCFVQDGGSWXCNGPV VQ.CTCPLGTCU
EQPEGRVQHPECPEGCPFVJG QDNICVQP VQ CPCN[VECNN[ VTCEG V PVJGUQWTEG
VGVCPFDTPIVCUUWEJ VQ VJG VCTIGVVGV 5ONCT XUQPU QH RQGVT[ DCUGF QP
VJG RQN[UGOE VGPUQP DGVYGGP HQTO CPF OGCPPI CPF QH RQGVE VTCPUNCVQP
TGURQPUDNGHQTCPCN[VECNN[RGTEGXPI VJU VGPUQP CPF VCMGVUQOGJQYVQVJG
UQWTEGVGVWPFGTNGCNNVJTGGVTCPUNCVQPUJGTGPSWGUVQP
UWRRQUG H YG FF PQV MPQYYJEJ YCU VJG QTIPCNCPF YJEJ YCU VJG
VTCPUNCVQPYGEQWNFLWFIGVJGOHCTN[WVWPJCRRN[YGECPPQVFQVJUPF
UQVJGVTCPUNCVQTUYQTMUCNYC[UUWRRQUGFVQDGPHGTQTQTYJCVUYQTUGU
GNVVQDGPHGTQTGXGPVJQWIJXGTDCNN[VJG TGPFGTPIOC[DGCU IQQFCUVJG
VGVR

CF6TCF(NTKCPRNKU1PNKPG8PRLWNFG
(CDCPQ5GCU(GTPCPFGU
4GHGTGPEGU
441,14QUGOCT[  SWG UQHÃU VTCFWVQTGU G ETVEQU FGVTCFWÁQ 2CWNQ
8QNG0GNUQPUEJGT FUEWVGO ,QJP QPPG P 6TC GEPVT G
ECPNG4QFG,CPGTQOCIQRR
4/0PVQPG.GRTQLGVFWPGETVSWGnRTQFWEVXGPTPGETVG
GVTCEVP,JPPPG2CTU)CNNOCTFRR
14)5,QTIG.WU9QTF/WUECPF6TCPUNCVQPP6JTCV8GTG6JG
JCTNGTVP.GEVTG*CTXCTF7PXGTUV[2TGUURR
(.415 NXCTQ 5NXGTC /TQ .CTCPLGTC TGVTCFWVQT FG 2TÃXGTV P
CNTCOCGNQ*QTQPVGXQNPRR
.40,4 /TQ 5GPVFQ G UIPHEPEC PC VTCFWÁQ RQÃVEC  /GCPPI
CPFUIPHECPEGPRQGVEVTCPUNCVQPPVCCPC5Q2CWNQXQN
PRRUGVFG
/).*“5 ÃNC 2GUSWUCU VGVWCUFUEWTUXCU GO VTCFWÁQ Q WUQ FG
EQTRQTCP2CICPQFTCPC5NXCQTI/GVNCGGCGOVTC
GNQ*QTQPVG(CEWNFCFGFG.GVTCU7(/)RR
24846,CESWGUGOCPVTQFWÁQUGNGÁQGVTCFWÁQ5NXCPQ5CPVCIQ
4QFG,CPGTQ0QXC(TQPVGTCmOR
4GEGDFQGO
EGVQGO
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.