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Caffeine content in turkish coffee: A question of concern in sport community

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Abstract

Caffeine (trimehylxantkine) is an alkaloid present in many beverages and rood sources. It is widely consumed and it is known for its stimulating properties and potential performance-enhancing effects. World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has placed caffeine on the 2006 monitoring program for stimulants in-competition only substance if its presence in the urine exceeding 12.0 μg/ml. Turkish coffee is the most commonly used type of coffee in the Middle-East region. However, athletes who arc Turkish coffee consumers may not easily appreciate how much caffeme they can ingest before being accused of breaching the new WADA regulation of caffeine monitoring program for stimulants in-competition. Such problem could be avoided by establishing caffeine content in each cup of Turkish coffee, based on the understanding of the cultural practice in drinking and preparing Turkish coffee, and estimating the dose of caffeine present m each cup of Turkish coffee. Twenty-four volunteer participated in (lie study as group A and B and consumed Turkish coffee cups (40ml each) with caffeine mean dose of S.56 (4 cups) and 12.84 (6 cups) mg-'kg respectively over a two-hour interval. Volunteers of Group A who had 4 cups showed minary maximum caffeine concentration of 8.86±2.3d μg/ml three horns post ingestion. However, Group B who consumed 6 cups of coffee under the same experiment conditions showed a maximum urinary concentration of 12.36±2.02 μg/ml. such caffeine concentration is above the permitted level of 12.0 μg/ml. In Conclusion, athletes who arc Turkish coffee drinkers are advised to lower their intake of Turkish caffeine to less than two cup of regular coffee during or before sport competition especially if the athlete ingests soft or hot dunks containing caffeine or taking permitted drugs containing caffeine. The small volume of Turkish coffee cup of 40ml could be misleading to athletes, and a cross over with the new WADA regulations of caffeine misuse will be reported if the athlete consumed 6 regular cups of Turkish coffee only.

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... Regarding the effect of roasting, medium roasted coffee in our study increased cholesterol, LDL, and total lipids, these findings were supported by findings obtained by Telma et al. [41] Although roasted Turkish coffee had slightly more caffeine [42] but we think that caffeine had no effect on blood lipids. The results of this study showed that Turkish dark coffee and Instant coffee had decreased the concentrations of cholesterol and other blood lipids, meanwhile the Turkish coffee contain approximately double fold of caffeine occurred in Instant coffee (approximately 84.7 mg vs. 37 mg of caffeine per 100 ml respectively) [42,43]. ...
... Regarding the effect of roasting, medium roasted coffee in our study increased cholesterol, LDL, and total lipids, these findings were supported by findings obtained by Telma et al. [41] Although roasted Turkish coffee had slightly more caffeine [42] but we think that caffeine had no effect on blood lipids. The results of this study showed that Turkish dark coffee and Instant coffee had decreased the concentrations of cholesterol and other blood lipids, meanwhile the Turkish coffee contain approximately double fold of caffeine occurred in Instant coffee (approximately 84.7 mg vs. 37 mg of caffeine per 100 ml respectively) [42,43]. ...
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... The mean caffeine concentration per cup of Turkish coffee (40 mL) is 165 mg. 17 Lifetime daily caffeine intake was coded into two different groups: 0, low caffeine intake (£300 mg/day), and 1, high caffeine intake (>300 mg/ day), at data analysis. 18 Duration of menopause was calculated by subtracting age at menopause from current age at BMD measurement. ...
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