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Training laypersons to detect deception in oral narratives and exchanges
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to identify a limited set of indicators of truthfulness and deception in oral narratives and exchanges, as well as to train laypersons to use the indicators. In Experiment 1, participants attempted to judge whether an actor in a video was being truthful or deceptive during a consensual conversation with a law enforcement officer. Truth and deception were defined by a limited set of indicators compiled from the research and literature review by McCormack et al. (1). The results showed a strong bias toward judgments of deception. In Experiment 2, research volunteers were instructed to give arguments that were either consistent with their true beliefs or opposite their true beliefs. Differences in verbal, vocal, and behavioral components were quantified and were used as training materials in Experiment 3. With limited training on the indicators, laypersons in Experiment 3 did not improve their rate of accuracy. Practical implications for detecting deception and implementing training protocols are discussed.
... Reason for exclusion Cao, Lin, Deokar, Burgoon, Crews, and Adkins (2004) Usability study (no deception detection training study) Cao, Crews, Nunamaker, Burgoon, and Lin (2004) Usability study (no deception detection training study) Clark (1983) Not retrievable Dando and Bull (2011) Training study, but lack of untrained control group or pre-test; only five trainees. Elaad (2003) Lack of statistical data for computing an effect size Enos, Shriberg, Graciarena, Hirschberg, and Stolcke (2007) No training study, computer program used-no human judges Ford (2004) Detection of five specific cue categories (emotional, arousal, memory, cognitive effort, communication tactics) measured between pre-and posttest, no data provided for detection accuracy overall Geiselman, Elmgren, Green, and Rystad (2011) Training program is based upon cues derived from the same stimulus material (Exp. 2) that the experimental (training) group also rated later (Exp. ...
This meta-analysis examined whether training improves detection of deception. Overall, 30 studies (22 published and 8 unpublished; control-group design) resulted in a small to medium training effect for detection accuracy (k = 30, gu = 0.331) and for lie accuracy (k = 11, gu = 0.422), but not for truth accuracy (k = 11, gu = 0.060). If participants were guided by cues to detect the truth, rather than to detect deception, only truth accuracy was increased. Moderator analyses revealed larger training effects if the training was based on verbal content cues, whereas feedback, nonverbal and paraverbal, or multichannel cue training had only small effects. Type of training, duration, mode of instruction, and publication status were also important moderators. Recommendations for designing, conducting, and reporting training studies are discussed.
Стаття присвячена теоретичному аналiзу брехнiяк психологiчного феномену. Проаналiзовано неоднозначнiсть,амбiвалентнiсть i водночас соцiально-психологiчну значущiсть цiєїпроблеми. Розглянуто специфiку брехнi та її основнi вiковi особливостiв дитячому та пiдлiтковому вiцi, а також мотиви та причини цьогоявища в рiзних вiкових групах (дошкiльний вiк, молодший шкiльнийвiк, пiдлiтковий вiк). Проаналiзовано основнi iдентифiкатори тамаркери, якi можуть диференцiювати елементи правди та брехнi увисловлюваннях дiтей i пiдлiткiв (особливостi мовлення, рухи очей,рухи тiла, його пластика тощо). Показано, що феномен брехнi має своєвираження в поведiнцi особистостi у виглядi сукупностi вербальних iневербальних ознак, якi можуть бути помiченi та визначенi у процесiкомунiкацiї
Investigators are continually faced with the task of detecting deception. Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID) is a system of interviewing and credibility assessment that maximizes verbal cues to detect deception, and teaches content analysis that highlights attempts to withhold, distort, or manipulate information. The ACID technique has been successful in discriminating honest from deceptive statements when credibility determinations are made either by statistical methods or trained raters. Unfortunately, the training has required several hours and application has required the time-consuming process of transcription. The current study demonstrates the utility of ACID following a brief training, and compares the credibility ratings made from analysis of transcripts to the credibility ratings made from the analysis of audio recordings. Twenty-nine university undergraduate and graduate students read or listened to a series of eight transcripts. Raters were provided with accounts before training and 4 accounts after training. Prior to training, raters performed at 55% accuracy. Following training, raters performed at 71% accuracy. Additionally, there was an untrained control group that performed at 53% accuracy. Of note, the post-training performance was identical for accounts presented in written and audio formats. In sum, the ACID technique was reliable, valid, easy to train, and showed that accurate decisions can be made from simple audio recordings.
The new television series Lie to Me portrays a social scientist solving crimes through his ability to read nonverbal communication. Promotional materials claim the content is based on actual science. Participants (N = 108) watched an episode of Lie to Me, a different drama, or no program and then judged a series of honest and deceptive interviews. Lie to Me viewers were no better at distinguishing truths from lies but were more likely than control participants to misidentify honest interviewees as deceptive. Watching Lie to Me decreases truth bias thereby increasing suspicion of others while at the same time reducing deception detection ability.
Since the 1970s, more than 150,000 criminal investigators around the world have been trained in The Reid Technique of Interviewing and Interrogation. The Reid Technique contains a model of nonverbal behaviour that is purported to help investigators determine if a criminal suspect is giving truthful or deceptive answers in response to investigative questions. This paper discusses the existing research regarding nonverbal behaviour and how this behaviour coincides with the Reid model. Existing research provides only limited support for the model. Policy implications are discussed.
The authors examined whether a cognitive interview would negatively affect the accuracy of a criteria-based content analysis (CBCA) in distinguishing truthful and fabricated statements. Adults (
N = 59) gave a truthful or a fabricated account of a blood-donation episode. They were interviewed with either a cognitive or a structured interview. The number of correct, incorrect, and confabulated details were counted from written transcripts of the accounts. The cognitive interview produced significantly more correct and confabulated details than did the structured interview. The transcripts were further evaluated according to a subset of CBCA criteria plus 6 additional criteria. The content characteristics reliably discriminated truthful and fabricated accounts. No interaction was found between truthfulness and the type of interview, indicating that the cognitive interview did not impair the potential of CBCA in distinguishing truthful and fabricated statements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This experiment was designed to assess, for the first time, the effects of training police officers, social workers and students in Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) in an attempt to increase lie detection accuracy. A within-subjects design was implemented. Participants rated the truthfulness of a maximum of four statements before training in CBCA and rated the truthfulness of a different set of four statements after training. The raters were only exposed to the written transcripts of the communicators. Two thirds of the statements utilized were truthful and one third were based on fabrications. Before training, there were no significant differences in detection accuracy between the police officers (66% accuracy), the social workers (72% accuracy) and the students (56% accuracy). After training, the social workers were 77% accurate and significantly more accurate than the police officers (55%) and the students (61%). However, none of the three groups of raters significantly improved their lie detection accuracy after training, in fact, the police officers performed significantly poorer. Overall, police officers were significantly more confident than social workers and lay persons regardless of accuracy. Further, participants were most confident when labelling a statement truthful regardless of whether or not this was the correct decision. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This research was designed to identify a small set of reliable indicators of deception in oral narratives. Participants told a story about one true autobiographical event and one fabricated autobiographical event. The stories were examined for ten prospective indicators of deception and truthfulness. Confabulated stories were lacking in contextual details and interactions, with spontaneous rationalizations for the limited details. The confabulations were presented with low speech fluidity. Practical implications are discussed for first responders who must engage suspicious persons in casual conversation.
The impact of interview styles on lie detection was examined. Thirty-six truth tellers and liars (undergraduates) were interviewed in three different ways: The interview started with an information-gathering interview style (Phase 1), which then developed into an interrogation (Phase 2), and finally transformed back into an information-gathering interview style (Phase 3). On the basis of DePaulo and Kirkendol's Motivational Impairment Effect, which suggests that when people are highly motivated to get away with their lies they actually look like they are controlling their behavior, it was hypothesized that the most prominent differences between liars and truth tellers would emerge in Phase 3. The findings supported this hypothesis, and thus suggest that specific interview styles could facilitate lie detection.