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The development of Hodgkin lymphoma in male patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome

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Abstract

There are some data that the frequency of malignancy increases in some autoimmune diseases. The development of Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been reported rarely. Here, we presented a young male SLE patient who had recurrent thrombophlebitis and deep venous thrombosis, secondary antiphospholipids syndrome, and who has been using cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids for 1.5 years for lupus nephritis. After a follow-up of 1.5 years, he developed fever, night sweats and lymphadenopathy. Lymph node biopsy was compatible with mixed-cellular type Hodgkin's lymphoma, and he was in complete hematologic remission after ABVD chemotherapy. Although SLE is a disease which may cause lymphadenopathy and B symptoms, when these symptoms develop in a SLE patient in remission, lymph node biopsy should be taken to rule out the possibility of lymphoma.
UHOD Say› / Number: 1 Cilt / Volume: 17 Y›l / Year: 2007 37
Sistemik Lupus Eritematozus ve Sekonder
Antifosfolipid Sendromlu Bir Erkek Hastada
Hodgkin Lenfoma Geliflimi: Bir Olgu Sunumu ve
Literatürün Gözden Geçirilmesi
G. Emel PAMUK*, Ömer N. PAMUK**, Emre TEKGÜNDÜZ*, Burhan TURGUT*,
Muzaffer DEMİR*, Necati ÇAKIR**
* Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Hematoloji Bilim Dalı,
** Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Romatoloji Bilim Dalı, EDİRNE
ÖZET
Otoimmün bazı hastalıklarda, malignite sıklığının arttığına dair veriler bulunmaktadır. Sistemik lupus eritematozuslu
(SLE) hastalarda, Hodgkin lenfoma gelişimi oldukça nadir olarak bildirilmiştir. Biz burada lupus nefriti nedeniyle
yaklaşık 1.5 yıldır siklofosfamid ve kortikosteroid kullanan, reküren trombofilebitleri ve geçirilmiş derin ven trom-
bozu olan, sekonder antifosfolipid sendromlu, genç erkek bir SLE olgusunu sunduk. Olguda, 1.5 yıl izlem sonunda
ateş, gece terlemesi, ve lenfadenopati gelişti. Yapılan lenf bezi biyopsisi mikst sellüler tip Hodgkin lenfoma ile uyum-
lu saptanan hasta, 8 kür ABVD protokolü sonrasında tam remisyona girdi. SLE lenfadenopati ve B semptomlarına yol
açabilen bir hastalık olmasına rağmen, remisyonda seyreden SLE’li bir hastada bu semptomlar gelişirse lenfoma
gelişimi olasılığı düşünülerek vakit kaybetmeden lenf bezi biyopsisi yaptırılmalıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sistemik lupus eritematozus, Hodgkin lenfoma, Lenfadenopati, Sekonder antifosfolipid sendro-
mu.
ABSTRACT
The Development of Hodgkin Lymphoma in Male Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Secondary
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
There are some data that the frequency of malignancy increases in some autoimmune diseases. The development of
Hodgkin’s lymphoma in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been reported rarely. Here, we pre-
sented a young male SLE patient who had recurrent thrombophlebitis and deep venous thrombosis, secondary
antiphospholipids syndrome, and who has been using cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids for 1.5 years for lupus
nephritis. After a follow-up of 1.5 years, he developed fever, night sweats and lymphadenopathy. Lymph node biop-
sy was compatible with mixed-cellular type Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and he was in complete hematologic remission
after ABVD chemotherapy. Although SLE is a disease which may cause lymphadenopathy and B symptoms, when
these symptoms develop in a SLE patient in remission, lymph node biopsy should be taken to rule out the possibility
of lymphoma.
Key Words: Systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Lymphadenopathy, Secondary antiphospholipid
syndrome
U
LUSLARARASI
H
EMATOLOJİ-
O
NKOLOJİ
D
ERGİSİ
OLGU SUNUMU /
CASE REPORT
International Journal of Hematology and Oncology
GİRİŞ
Otoimmün hastalıklarla, malignite ilişkisi farklı
birçok çalışmada araştırılmıştır. Bazı çalışmalarda,
sistemik lupus eritematozuslu (SLE) hastalarda
genel topluma göre malignitenin daha sık olduğu
bildirilmiştir (1-4). Bu çalışmaların çoğunda SLE
non-Hodgkin lenfoma (NHL) gelişimi ile ilişkili
bulunurken (1-4), sadece bir çalışmada SLE’nin
artmış Hodgkin lenfoma riskiyle ilişkili olduğu
belirtilmiştir (5).
Biz burada, birbuçuk yıl boyunca SLE ve lupus
nefriti tanılarıyla prednizolon ve siklofosfamid kul-
lanan, B semptomları ve lenfadenopatisi gelişince
yapılan lenf bezi biyopsisi mikst tip Hodgkin lenfo-
ma ile uyumlu bulunan bir erkek hastayı sunacağız.
VAKA SUNUMU
Yirmiüç yaşındaki erkek hasta Ocak 2004’te
yüzeyel trombofilebit tanısıyla başka bir merkezde
tedavi edilmiş. Şubat 2004’te sol el bileğinde ağrı
şikayetiyle Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi
Romatoloji Polikliniği’ne başvuran hastanın fizik
muayenesinde oral ülserler ve poliartralji saptandı,
fotosensitivitesi yoktu. Lenfadenopati veya
hepatosplenomegali de mevcut değildi. Hemoglo-
bin, 10.1 g/dl; hematokrit, %32.2; lökosit,
6400/mm3; trombosit, 376000/mm3; eritrosit sedi-
mentasyon hızı (ESH), 80 mm/saat idi. Karaciğer ve
böbrek fonksiyon testleri normal olup, LDH 253
U/L (N<192) idi. Antinükleer antikorlar 1/1280
titrede, çift sarmallı DNA’ya karşı antikorlar da
1/100 titrede pozitifti. İdrarda granüler silindirler
saptandı, ve Esbach ile günlük protein atılımı 1.5 g
olarak ölçüldü. Hastaya SLE ve lupus nefriti tanıları
konularak pulse steroid 3 gün boyunca 1 g/gün, ve
sonrasında 1 mg/kg/gün prednizolon verildi. Ayrıca
7 ay boyunca siklofosfamid 1 g/ay i.v. uygulandı,
daha sonra 3 ayda bir 1 g olarak uygulamaya devam
edildi. Reküren gezici yüzeyel trombofilebitleri
olan hastada izlem süresince bir kez derin ven
trombozu saptandı. Bakılan antikardiyolipin IgG
pozitif bulundu. Hasta, SLE’ye sekonder antifos-
folipid sendromu tanısıyla kumadinize edildi.
Ağustos 2005’te 390C’ye yükselen ateş, gece ter-
lemesi şikayetleri başlayan hastanın fizik muayen-
esinde bilateral servikal ve aksiller 1.5-2 cm
çapında multipl lenfadenopatiler saptandı.
Splenomegali kot altında 2 cm idi. Yapılan servikal
lenf nodu biyopsisinde normal yapıyı silen, lenfos-
it, eozinofil, histiyosit, plazma hücreleri ve nötro-
fillerden oluşan mikst tipte bir infiltrasyon görüldü.
Bu infiltrasyona klasik ve varyant tipte Reed-Stern-
berg hücreleri eşlik ediyordu. Reed-Sternberg
hücreleri CD30 ve CD15 (+), CD20 (–) idi. Klasik
Hodgkin lenfoma, mikst sellüler tip (WHO) tanısı
konulan hasta Hematoloji Servisi’ne sevk edildi.
Bu sırada hemoglobin, 12.5 g/dl; hematokrit,
%37.9; lökosit, 7700/mm3; trombosit, 319000/mm3;
ESH, 33 mm/saat idi. Hastanın üre, kreatinin, ALT,
AST, ALP, GGT, albümin değerleri normal sınırlar-
daydı. LDH düzeyi 257 U/L olarak ölçüldü. Toraks
BT’de mediastinal ve sol hiler (maksimum 4.5 cm
boyutlarında) multipl lenfadenopatiler saptandı.
Batın BT’de ise multipl konglomere maksimum 6
cm çapında retroperitoneal lenfadenopatiler ve
splenomegali görüldü. Evre IIIBS Hodgkin lenfo-
ma tanısı konulan hastaya 8 kür ABVD kemoterapi
protokolü uygulandı. Çekilen kontrol toraks ve
batın BT’lerde tam remisyon sağlandığı görüldü. Bu
süre içerisinde antimalaryal ilaç (hydroksiklorokin,
200 mg/gün) ve düşük doz steroid (prednizolon, 10
mg/günaşırı) alan hasta SLE yönünden remisyon-
daydı, idrar sedimentinde patolojik bulgu veya pro-
teinürisi saptanmadı.
TARTIŞMA
Romatizmal hastalıklarla malignite arasındaki ilişki
farklı vaka sunumları ve epidemiyolojik çalışmalar-
la gösterilmiştir (6). Sjögren sendromlu, pulmoner
fibrozu olan sistemik sklerozlu, veya dermatomiy-
ozit/polimiyozitli hastalarda malign hastalık
riskinin arttığı ileri sürülmüştür. Romatoid artritli
hastalarda da, kanser riski muhtemelen artmıştır.
Ancak, SLE’li hastalarda malignite riskinin artıp
artmadığı konusu tartışmalıdır (6).
SLE ile ilişkili bazı çalışmalarda malignite riskinin
artmış olduğu gösterilmişken (7-9), diğerlerinde bu
doğrulanmamıştır (5, 10-11). SLE’li hastalarda, 1.3
ve 2.6 kat arasında değişen malignite risk artışı
bildirilmektedir (6).
Lewis ve ark. (12), hipertansiyonlu hastane kon-
trolleriyle karşılaştırıldığında SLE’li hastalarda
malignitenin daha sık olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.
Petersson ve ark. (7), SLE’de NHL, yumuşak doku
38 UHOD Say› / Number: 1 Cilt / Volume: 17 Y›l / Year: 2007
sarkomu ve malignitenin genel topluma göre artmış
olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir. Mellemkjaer ve
ark.’nın (8) 1585 kişilik SLE kohortunda NHL ve
karaciğer, akciğer, vajina ve vulva kanselerinin
riski artmış olarak bulunmuştur. Benzer şekilde,
Ramsay-Goldman ve ark.’nın (9) çalışmasında da
meme ve akciğer kanserinin artmış olduğu
görülmüştür. Kanada’dan bildirilen bir çalışmada,
SLE’li hastalarda NHL ve serviks kanserinin genel
topluma göre belirgin derecede arttığı saptanmıştır
(1). Bjömadal ve ark. (2) 30 yıldan daha uzun bir
sürede 5715 SLE hastasında malignite riskinin %25
artmış olduğunu görmüşlerdir. Başlangıçta NHL
riski artmışken, takibin ileri döneminde akciğer
kanseri ve skuamöz hücreli cilt kanseri risklerinin
artmış olduğunu saptamışlardır. Ayrıca, Hodgkin
lenfoma ve akut nonlenfoblastik lösemi risklerinde
de belirgin artış saptanmıştır.
Sweeney ve ark. (11), 219 kişilik SLE kohortla-
rında malignite riskinin artmamış olduğunu sap-
tamışlardır. Abu-Shakra ve ark. (10) 724 kişilik
SLE hastalarında malignite artmadığını, ancak NHL
riskinin biraz artmış olduğunu görmüşlerdir. Ram-
sey-Goldman ve ark.’nın (9) çalışmasında da NHL
riskinin artmamış olduğu söylenmiştir. Sultan ve
ark.’nın çalışmasında (5), SLE’de malignite riskinin
artmadığı; ancak, Hodgkin lenfoma riskinin
topluma göre biraz arttığı saptanmıştır. İsveç’ten
bildirilen bir çalışmada, malignite riskinde artış
olmadığı; ancak, NHL, akciğer ve prostat kanseri
sıklıklarının arttığı ileri sürülmüştür (13). En son
2005’te yapılan bir meta-analizde, otoimmün
hastalığı olanlarda -özellikle primer Sjögren
sendromlu ve SLE’li hastalarda- genel topluma
göre NHL’nin daha sık olduğu görülmüştür (4).
Tablo 1’de SLE’li olgularda malignite gelişimini
araştıran çalışmaların genel sonuçları toplu halde
görülmektedir (1,2,5,7-11,14). Sonuçta, çalışmala-
rın genelinde gözlenen sonuç, hematolojik malig-
nite, özellikle NHL ve Hodgkin lenfoma sıklığının
SLE’de artmış olduğudur.
Lenfomanın SLE’de niye daha sık olduğu bilin-
memektedir. Bir sebep hastaların kullandıkları
immünsupresif ilaçların yan etkileri olabilir. Ayrıca,
potansiyel olarak onkojenik virüslerle, örneğin
Epstein-Barr, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster ve
Polyoma virüsü gibi, viral enfeksiyonlar da sorum-
lu olabilir. Hastalarda mevcut olan hem hücresel,
hem de hümöral immün defektler de lenfoma riski-
ni arttırır (5).
Hodgkin lenfoma seyrinde birçok romatolojik
bulgu gözlenebilmektedir. Hastaların bir kısmında
romatolojik bulgular HL’nin klinik sunum bulgusu
bile olabilmektedir. Tablo 2’de Hodgkin lenfoma
UHOD Say› / Number: 1 Cilt / Volume: 17 Y›l / Year: 2007 39
Tablo 1. SLE’li hastalarda kanser, hematolojik malignite ve lenfoma riski ile ilgili çalışmalar ve relatif risk
oranları
Hasta Tüm Hematolojik NHL HL
sayısı kanserler maligniteler
Pettersson (7) 205 2.6* - 44* -
Sweeney (11) 219 1.36 - 10 -
Abu-Shakra (10) 724 1.08 4.12* 5.38* -
Mellemkjaer (8) 1585 1.3* - 5.2* -
Ramsey-Goldman (9) 616 2* - - -
Cibere (1) 297 1.59* 4.9* 7.01* 12.19
Bjornadal (2) 5715 - - 2.86* 4.34*
Sultan (5) 276 1.16 - - 17.82*
Bernatsky (14) 9547 1.15* 2.75* 3.64* 2.36
* Sağlıklı kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı düzeyde risk artışını yansıtır.
seyrinde gözlenebilen romatolojik bulgular veril-
miştir. Ancak bu bulguların önemli bir kısmı sadece
olgu sunumları şeklindedir ve Hodgkin lenfoma ile
birliktelikleri gerçek bir ilişkiden çok koinsidens
olabilir.
Olgumuz, Hodgkin lenfoma tanısı konulup
kemoterapi verildikten sonra SLE açısından da
remisyonda seyretti. Bu durum hastadaki SLE
tablosunun Hodgkin lenfomanın paraneoplastik bir
yansıması olduğunu akla getirmektedir. Literatürde
de olgumuza benzer şekilde Hodgkin lenfoma için
kemoterapi aldıktan sonra remisyona giren SLE’li
bir olgu bildirilmektedir (15). Ancak, Hodgkin
lenfoma tedavisinde kullanılan immunsupresif etk-
ili ilaçların SLE aktivitesini de baskılayacağı göz
önüne alındığında bu konuda kesin bir şey söyle-
mek oldukça zordur.
SLE’de NHL riskinin artmış olduğunu savunan
çalışmalar olsa da, Hodgkin lenfomanın artmış
olduğunu söyleyen fazla çalışma bulunmamaktadır
(16,17). Biz ilginç olduğunu düşündüğümüz için,
erkek bir SLE hastasında Hodgkin lenfoma
gelişimini bildirdik. Sonuç olarak, lenfomalarla
SLE’nin birçok klinik ve laboratuvar bulgusu ortak
olabileceğinden, SLE’li bir hastada lenfadenopati,
splenomegali, veya monoklonal B-hücre popülasy-
onunda artış saptanırsa, erken tanı ve tedavi için
büyümüş lenf bezinin biyopsisi yapılmalıdır.
KAYNAKLAR
1. Cibere J, Sibley J, Haga M. Systemic lupus ery-
thematosus and the risk of malignancy. Lupus
10: 394-400, 2001.
2. Bjömadal L, Löfström B, Yin L, et al. Increased
cancer incidence in a Swedish cohort of patients
with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J
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3. Papadaki HA, Xylouri I, Katrinakis G, et al.
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4. Zintzaras E, Voulgarelis M, Moutsopoulos HM.
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Tablo 2. Hodgkin lenfomada gözlenen romatolojik bulgular
Artrit, artralji
Polimiyozit, dermatomiyozit
Polimiyaljia romatika
Tekrarlayıcı seronegatif simetrik artrit ve pitting ödem (RS3PE)
Vaskülit (Henoch-schönlein purpurası, ürtikeryal vaskülit, kutanöz vaskülit vs.)
Sjögren sendromu
Tekrarlayıcı polikondrit
Santral sinir sistemi granülomatöz vasküliti
Skleroderma benzeri cilt değişiklikleri
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Yazışma Adresi
Dr. Gülsüm Emel Pamuk
Eski Yıldız Cad. Park Apt. No: 24 Daire:18
Beşiktaş
İSTANBUL
Tel: (0.284) 235 00 01
E-mail: gepamuk@yahoo.com
UHOD Say› / Number: 1 Cilt / Volume: 17 Y›l / Year: 2007 41
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with lymphoproliferative diseases such as Hodgkin's lymphoma. Since there is considerable overlap between the features of SLE and Hodgkin's lymphoma (SLE/HL) there can be a great difficulty in diagnosing Hodgkin's lymphoma in the presence of SLE. Our objective was to determine the features that can suggest coexistent SLE/HL: We describe 3 cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma that occurred in the setting of SLE and review the features of 11 reported cases in which the diseases occurred simultaneously. We compare the features of these cases with those of Hodgkin's lymphoma and SLE occurring alone. Mediastinal adenopathy was seen in 58% and retroperitoneal adenopathy in 17% of patients with SLE/HL, while it was seen only rarely in these sites in cases with SLE. Severe generalized pruritus, which occurs in only 2.8% of cases of SLE, was seen in 63% of cases with SLE/HL: Features such as fever, weight loss, peripheral lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly are common to both Hodgkin's lymphoma and SLE. Renal disease is seen in half of the cases of SLE. It is rare in Hodgkin's lymphoma where, unlike SLE, it is only of minimal change or membranous type. Arthritis and positive antinuclear antibodies are rare in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Persistent lymphadenopathy, especially mediastinal and/or retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia and generalized pruritus in a patient with SLE not responding to treatment may be indicative of coexistent Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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To estimate the risk of cancer in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with SLE (n = 724) have been followed prospectively, for 24 years, at the University of Toronto Lupus Clinic. The diagnosis of cancer was confirmed by histologic or autopsy reports. Standardized rates of cancer and standardized incidence rates (SIR) (ratio of observed-to-expected cancers) were used to estimate the risk for cancers. Twenty-four cancers were identified in 23 SLE patients (3.2%) during 7,233 patient-years of followup. Compared with the Ontario population, the overall estimated risk for all cancers was not increased in the lupus cohort (SIR 1.08, 95% confidence interval 0.70-1.62). A 4.1-fold increased risk for hematologic cancers was observed, due mainly to an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The risk for cancer was significantly lower in the SLE cohort compared with patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic sclerosis (SSc). SLE is associated with a lower risk of all cancers compared with RA and SSc, but an increased risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma compared with the general population.
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To investigate whether systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or other malignant neoplasms. Data on a cohort of 1,585 patients with SLE from the nationwide Danish Hospital Discharge Register were linked to information in the Danish Cancer Registry to determine the occurrence of cancer during up to 15 years of followup. The expected number of cancers was calculated from accumulated person-years and national cancer incidence rates. There was a significant excess of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among the SLE patients, based on 8 cases observed against 1.5 expected (relative risk [RR] 5.2, 95% confidence interval 2.2-10.3). In addition, a significantly increased RR was found for cancer of the lung (RR 1.9; n = 15), the liver (RR 8.0; n = 5), and the vagina/vulva (RR 5.7; n = 3). There seemed to be a positive association between SLE and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Other cancers with a possible virus-related etiology, such as liver and vaginal/vulva cancer, were also observed in excess. In addition, there was an indication of an increased risk of lung cancer among patients who were hospitalized for SLE.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, multisystem, autoimmune disorder that primarily affects women. Morbidity and mortality have improved for lupus patients during the last 15 years. An increased risk of malignancy in patients with lupus has been shown in some, but not all studies. The purpose of this study was to ascertain cancer risk in lupus patients by linking two disease registries. Participants in the Chicago Lupus Cohort included 616 women with lupus who were residents of Cook County, Illinois. They were seen during 1985-1995 at 4 University, inner city, and suburban inpatient and outpatient clinics in Chicago. Malignancies occurring in these subjects during the study interval, 1985-1995, were identified from the Illinois State Cancer Registry by matching name, birthdate, and social security number. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were estimated for all malignancies in this cohort of lupus patients using age, gender, and all race or race-stratified specific cancer incidence data from Cook County, Illinois. The registry linkage study with the Illinois State Cancer Registry documented that 30 women with lupus had a malignancy. The expected number of malignancies for women in the lupus cohort was 15.0. There were 8 cases of breast cancer and 4 each of lung and cervical cancer. In the remaining 14 women, 12 different types of cancers were noted. The SIR and 95% confidence interval (CI) for malignancy for all women with lupus in the study were 2.0 (1.4, 2.9) and lung cancer was the only individual cancer increased in all women--SIR and 95% CI were 3.1 (1.3, 7.9). In the analysis stratified by race, the risk of malignancy (SIR and 95% CI) was increased in Caucasian women, 2.3 (1.4, 3.9). Breast cancer was the only individual cancer increased in Caucasian women with lupus with an SIR and 95% CI of 2.9 (1.4, 6.4). Lupus patients have an increased risk of malignancy. Breast, lung, and gynecological malignancies were the most common malignancies observed in the cohort and breast cancer was significantly increased in Caucasian women.
Article
To estimate the risk of malignancy in a UK cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) under long-term review. The University College London Lupus Clinic Database was used to identify a cohort of 276 patients followed up prospectively between 1978 and 1999. Standardized incidence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for all cancers were calculated using age and sex-specific cancer incidence rates for the southeast of England. In total, 16 malignancies were diagnosed in 15 patients. However, five malignancies were diagnosed before the diagnosis of SLE and were therefore excluded from the final statistical analysis. One case of basal cell carcinoma was also identified, but this was also excluded from the final analysis as no comparable figures were available for the general population. Death as a direct consequence of the malignancy occurred in six (2.3%) patients, accounting for 22.6% of the deaths in our cohort of SLE patients. Compared with the general population, the overall estimated risk for all cancers was not increased in the lupus cohort (standardized incidence rate 1.16 (95% confidence interval 0.55-2. 13). Hodgkin's lymphoma was the only individual cancer that was increased in our cohort of patients [standardized incidence rate 17. 82 (95% confidence interval 0.45-99.23)]. In our cohort of patients with SLE we did not show an overall increased risk of malignancy. However, SLE was associated with an increased risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma compared with the general population. From our cohort of 276 patients, none of those treated with cyclosporin (3%) developed malignancy, and out of 49 (18%) patients treated with cyclophosphamide only one patient developed malignancy. Out of the 10 patients in the final analysis who developed malignancy, six had treatment with prednisolone, four with azathioprine, five with hydroxychloroquine and only one with cyclophosphamide. No statistical difference in the above cytotoxic therapy was observed between those patients who developed malignancy and those who did not.