Article

Coffee pests, diseases and their management

April 2007

Authors:

University of Greenwich

Price collapse and oversupply have made coffee a high-profile crop in recent years: never has efficient production and crop protection been more important for reducing costs and increasing quality. Packed with illustrations, this book covers the origins, botany, agroecology and worldwide production statistics of coffee, and the insect pests, plant pathogens, nematodes and nutrient deficiencies that afflict it. With emphasis on integrated crop management, this book reviews control measures suitable for any coffee pest or disease and will enable agriculturists to design and implement sustainable pest management systems. © J.M. Waller, M. Bigger and R.J. Hillocks 2007. All rights reserved.

Caterpillars and chrysalises eaten in Africa

Book

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Caterpillars and chrysalises are an important part of the traditional diet in much of sub-Saharan Africa. This book is intended to illustrate the edible species, their vernacular names, where they are found, their food plants and how they are prepared. Several popular species are becoming increasingly hard to find and attempts are being made to discover how they can be reared and how their food plants can be propagated and grown.

Coffee Berry Moth, Prophantis smaragdina (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Another threat to Robusta coffee, Coffea canephora production in Uganda

Article

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Jun 2023

A structured questionnaire eliciting farmers' knowledge of Coffee Berry Moth (CBM) was administered to 10 coffee farmers selected in the villages surrounding Kaweri. Additionally, 10 coffee trees were assessed for CBM infestation in farmers' gardens and at Kaweri. Half of the farmers knew CBM and >50% of them first observed it on their coffee recently. However, 42.8% of them thought CBM causes no effect on coffee yields. Furthermore, 57.2% of them could identify the pest by the characteristic silk webs and the same percentage was aware that CBM causes more damage during the dry season. Majority (71.2%) of them did not know the effect of shade on its infestation while all of them were not aware of any alternative host for it. Lastly, only 14.2% of the farmers mentioned that they were managing CBM. At plot level, CBM was observed in all the Kaweri sections and farmers' gardens assessed and the infestation was significantly (p≤0.05) higher at Kaweri than in farmers' gardens. Infestation decreased significantly (p≤0.05) with increase in pruning and intercropping. The results showed that CBM is gaining economic importance as a pest of Robusta coffee in Uganda. However, limited farmers' knowledge about its management, coupled with scanty literature, points to urgent need for research towards developing integrated management strategies for it.

Guía práctica para la diferenciación de frutos de café con síntomas de CBD en el campo

Article

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Dec 2023

El propósito de este documento es proporcionar una herramienta para identificar los síntomas asociados a CBD en el campo. La detección temprana de brotes de la enfermedad permitirá una respuesta rápida y efectiva para aplicar medidas cuarentenarias de contención y erradicación de cualquier incursión de CBD en Colombia.

The relationship between climate, disease and coffee yield: optimizing management for smallholder farmers

Thesis

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Dec 2023

Biruk Ayalew

Climate change and diseases are threatening global crop production. Agroforestry systems, which are characterized by complex multispecies interactions, are considered to provide nature-based solutions for climate change mitigation and pest and disease regulation. Understanding the role of the abiotic environment and species interactions in shaping diseases and yield in agroforestry systems would enable us to develop effective ecologically-informed pest and disease management under a changing climate, support sustainable agricultural practices, and maximize the benefits gained from agroforestry systems. To gain such a comprehensive understanding of what shapes pest and disease levels and yield in agroforestry systems, we need to investigate how the interactions between agroforestry system components, such as trees, crops and their associated organisms, vary in space and time, and how they are influenced by abiotic factors in terms of pests and diseases and yield. In this thesis, my overarching goal was to understand how microclimate and management impact major coffee pests and diseases, their natural enemies, and coffee yield, as well as farmers’ perceptions of climate change and climate-mediated changes in disease dynamics and yield, with the aim of using these insights to optimize management decisions for smallholder farmers in southwestern Ethiopia. With this aim, I selected 58 sites along a gradient of management intensity, ranging from minimal management in the natural forest to moderate management in smallholder farms and intensive management in commercial plantations. As an approach, I combined observational and interview studies to examine i) the impact of shade tree species identity and canopy cover on coffee pests and diseases, ii) the effect of climate and management on coffee berry disease and yield, iii) the impact of climate on a host-hyperparasite interaction, and iv) farmers’ perceptions of climate change and climate-mediated changes in disease dynamics and yield. I found that tree identity affected the incidence and severity of coffee diseases, whereas insect pests were strongly affected by canopy cover, but in a species-specific way (I). Both climate and management affected coffee berry disease and yield. Importantly, the effect of climatic variables on disease and yield differed strongly between the developmental stages from flowering to ripening (II). In chapter (III), I found that the climatic niches of coffee leaf rust and its hyperparasite differed, with coffee leaf rust severity preferring high maximum temperatures, whereas the hyperparasite preferred cold nights. The interviews revealed that the majority of farmers perceived long-term changes in one or more aspects of the climate, and the majority of farmers perceived an increase in coffee leaf rust and a decrease in coffee berry disease. Climate data also supported farmers’ knowledge on climate-disease-yield relationships (IV). Taken together, my thesis advances our understanding of the relationship between climate and management of coffee pests, diseases and yield, and this may contribute to the development of ecologically-informed pest and disease management strategies for coffee production and other agroforestry crops.

Insect pests of coffee and their management in nature-friendly production systems.

Chapter

Dec 2017

Juan F. Barrera

Notas sobre la biología y enemigos naturales de Polyphagozerra coffeae (Nietner, 1861) infestando el árboles Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. (Myrtaceae) en Riau, Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Cossidae, Zeuzerinae)

Article

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Jun 2020

Polyphagozerra coffeae (Nietner, 1861) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) es uno de los más destructivos taladradores en el mundo. El objetivo de este estudio fue identiticar y evaluar algunos parámetros biológicos de P. coffeae en laboratorio. También fueron identificadas las especies como enemigos naturales y los daños causados sobre Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) por esta plaga en Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia. Los Lepidoptera fueron identificados como P. coffeae después de analizar la morfología externa y el aedeagus (genitalia del macho). El 1.66 ± 0.28 día de las viejas hembras eran capaces de producir un promedio 591.80 ± 126.33 huevos por individuo. Las orugas se quedaron en el tallo de árbol por un período superior a los 60 días. Fueron recobrados los enemigos naturales de cinco grupos de P. coffeae. Fueron Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) como un hyperparasitoide de Cossidophaga coffeae Tachi & Shima, 2020 (Diptera: Tachinidae) parasitando la oruga, Metarhizium sp. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), un Eulophidae, Tetrastichinae (endoparásito pupal), un Nematoda (parásito pupal) y C. coffeae (parásito larval). Los daños causados por las larvas de P. coffeae sobre los árboles de Eucalyptus son las galerías y las cámaras de pupación. Desde la bibliografía examinada, se han registrado sesenta y nueve especies de plantas pertenecientes a 30 familias, como plantas huesped de P. coffeae. El corriente estudio incluye Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. y E. pellita × Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden como planta huesped de esta plaga.

Prevalence of major pests and diseases in wild and cultivated coffee in Ethiopia

Article

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Jun 2023
BASIC APPL ECOL

Assessing Cashew Orchards Management Practices and Infestation rates of Apate terebrans in Orchards in Burkina Faso, West Africa

Article

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Jan 2024

Assessing Cashew Orchards Management Practices and Infestation rates of Apate terebrans in Orchards in Burkina Faso, West Africa

Article

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Oct 2024

Cashew is a significant export crop in Burkina Faso but suffers substantial damage from the cashew wood borer Apate terebrans Pallas. Despite its economic importance, the population dynamics of this beetle have not previously been studied in Burkina Faso, limiting the development of effective control strategies. This study monitored infestation patterns on 960 cashew trees randomly selected from 8 localities in 4 regions across two agro-ecological zones. The trees were inspected monthly over two consecutive years according to typical producer management practices. As A. terebrans bores inside branches and trunks, direct observation of adults was unfeasible. Therefore, infestation rates were estimated by counting fresh entry holes monthly. Over the study period, infestations began in July, peaked in November–December, and declined to zero by May–June. Infestation rates differed significantly between years (p < 0.001), among regions (p < 0.001) and localities (p < 0.02), and were influenced by cashew tree phenology (p < 0.01), suggesting that A. terebrans preferentially infests uncleaned orchards and trees at more vulnerable phenological stages. These findings underscore the need for targeted orchard sanitation practices to reduce infestations, as well as the importance of sampling plans and population monitoring to support higher cashew yields and economic returns.

Coffee Leaf Disease Classification by Using a Hybrid Deep Convolution Neural Network

Article

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Jun 2024

The most common symptoms of coffee leaf disease are coffee leaf rust, black rot diseases, and brown eye spot. Leaf rust is the first symptom of coffee leaves that is visible on the upper surface of the leaves, i.e., small pale-yellow spots. At later stages, these spots gradually expand their diameter and become visible on the undersurface. The underside of the leaves becomes orange–yellow in colour or red–orange powdery, which varies from region to region. Finally, these leaf diseases rapidly spread and result in significant economic losses, so it's essential to identify plant diseases in their initial phases. Detailed features of the leaves have been required for this task to differentiate healthy and unhealthy coffee leaves. The proposed model utilized a mix of two deep learning methods, i.e., InceptionV3 and DenseNet121, and performed better using the concatenation and augmentation approach of convolution neural network (CNN). The proposed work contrasts existing pre-trained CNN models, such as InceptionV3 and DenseNet121, which require more computing power and parameters. According to the proposal, the hybrid deep convolution neural network model demonstrated a remarkable accuracy rate of 99%, which proved better than existing models such as InceptionV3, EfficientNetB0 and DenseNet121, which gained 94%, 98% and 96.36% accuracy, respectively.

Histological characterization of the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff, 1875) female as an important destroy pest on Mitragyna speciosa

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023
Sci Asia

The ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff, 1875) is a serious pest of economically important plants including Mitragyna speciosa, but its body structure and cellular composition remain uncharacterized. In this study, we described whole-body histological characteristics of female X. compactus. Our observation found two district regions in the nervous system: frontal ganglion and ventral nerve cord. The frontal ganglion contained two layers: outer cortex and inner medullae, and the outer cortex was lined with three major types of cells including neurosecretory cells, neuroglia, and neurons. The integumentary system contained three different layers: epicuticle, exocuticle, and endocuticle in the head, thoracic, abdomen, and leg regions. Apparently, only skeletal muscles possessed muscle fibers in the muscular system. The main organ of the urinary system was the Malpighian tubule, the epithelium of which was lined with the simple cuboidal layer. The digestive system consisted of several distinct parts including foregut (for example esophagus, crop, and proventriculus), midgut, and hindgut (or rectum). Three different cell types were identified in the epithelial midgut. The respiratory organ was visible among the adipose tissue close to the integument system. Although this organ was not easily identified, it was covered by a simple squamous epithelium. The female reproductive system of this insect was a telotrophic meroistic ovary. The distribution of nurse cells was restricted to the anterior tropharium, connected to oocytes. All the above results provide the first histological description of X. compactus, which might be useful for advancing research in the related fields.

Pest Status of Antestia Bug, Antestiopsis spp. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Arabica Coffee Fields of Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania

Article

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Jan 2023

Molecular and morphological characterisation of some arabica coffee-associated parasitic nematodes in Gera and Gomma districts of southwest Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

A study of coffee rhizospheres collected from six coffee fields in the Gera and Gomma districts of Jimma Zone, southwest Ethiopia, revealed the presence of 12 genera of plant-Xiphinema were the most prevalent, detected in all soil samples with up to 1590 individuals 100 ml −1 soil for Cryphodera. Morphological and molecular analysis of three genera with higher densities revealed a single species of an unknown Cryphodera sp., Paratylenchus leptos and Tylenchorhynchus cf. zeae occurring in all soil samples. Cryphodera is reported for the first time in Africa. Molecular analyses also revealed the presence of Xiphinema citricolum and several unknown species comprising one Discocriconemella sp., one Paratylenchus sp., four Helicotylenchus spp., two Ogma spp., one Rotylenchus sp. and three Xiphinema spp. In total, 32 partial 18S, 74 D2-D3 of 28S, three ITS sequences of ribosomal DNA and 24 partial mitochondrial COI gene sequences of 16 nematode species were generated. This study demonstrates that the identities of several potentially harmful nematodes are not well known, even in relation to highly important crops such as coffee.

A Low Computational Cost Deep Learning Approach for Localization and Classification of Diseases and Pests in Coffee Leaves

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2025

Coffee cultivation is of extreme economic importance in many regions of the world, but productivity is hampered by the various diseases and pests that affect the leaves of the plants, damaging both the quality and yield of the harvest. In this context, deep learning presents itself as a promising solution for the automatic identification of plant diseases, reducing dependence on human inspection and increasing efficiency in crop management. In this sense, this study proposes a novel two-stage approach, detecting the diseased region of the coffee leaf and classifying the diseases into Miner, Rust, Cercospora and Phoma on coffee leaves. A new dataset, derived from the BRACOL and Diseases and Pests in Coffee Leaves datasets, was created and used to improve class balance and robustness. In the first stage, the YOLOv8 model is being used to detect the diseased regions. For the second stage, the InceptionResNetv2, DenseNet169, Resnet50 and ShuffleNet models are being trained and used to classify the detected region, and a modification to a low computational cost classification architecture called PavicNet-MCv2 is being proposed. The results obtained are compared and the performance analysis of the detection models shows that YOLOv8 obtained the best performance with a mAP (Mean Average Precision) of 85.1% and for classification the DenseNet169 model obtained the highest average accuracy with 97.93%. The PavicNet-MCv2 model presents itself as the best alternative with reduced complexity and an accuracy of 97.77%. The combination of promising performance and reduced computational cost suggests that PavicNet-MCv2 can be integrated into plantation monitoring systems, contributing to more effective management of diseases and pests affecting coffee production.

The influence of seed selection on coffee production and farmers' livelihood in Kagera region

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2024

Sadam Jamaldin

This study examines the influence of seed selection on coffee production and farmers' livelihoods in the Kagera region, Tanzania. Using secondary data from the National Bureau of Statistics and the Coffee Board for 2019/2020, along with a sample of 594 respondents, the research employs a multinomial logistic regression model to explore the factors affecting seed selection. Findings reveal that 96% of farmers rely on local seeds, while 2% adopt improved seeds or a combination of both. Larger planting areas increase the likelihood of adopting improved seeds, while high seed costs and limited fertilizer use significantly deter adoption. Furthermore, the results emphasize and recommend the need for targeted interventions, including improved seed supply systems, affordable seed packages, integrated input support, and incentives for large-scale farmers. Strengthening these areas could enhance coffee production and contribute to better livelihoods for farmers in Kagera. These findings provide critical insights for policymakers aiming to improve coffee productivity, improving farmers’ economic wellbeing and sustainability.

Genetic Diversity of Yellow and Red Berries Arabica Coffee Populations Grown in a Mix Populations in Garut, West Java, Indonesia, Based on SSR Markers

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Farmers in Garut, West Java, grow mixed varieties of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.). Subsequently, they use harvested beans as seeds. Intercrossing among varieties may result in hybrid progenies and harvesting hybrid progenies as seed results in genetic variations. This research aims to evaluate the genetic diversity of Arabica coffee grown in a mixed population. Ninety-one Arabica coffees comprised 37 Arabica cv. “Ahernt GRT KN” (yellow-), 45 “Sigararutang” (red-), and nine “S795” (red berries) were sampled. Twenty SSR primer pairs were validated using 15 samples representing three varieties; six were polymorphic and used to genotype 91 Arabica accessions. Genetic data were analyzed using PowerMaker 3.25 and Darwin version 6 software. The results showed that the six SSR loci generated from 2 – 3 alleles, with an average of 2.17 alleles per locus. Genetic analysis of Arabica coffee from Garut, West Java, generated SSR markers with an average PIC of 0,33 across loci and varieties. The PIC within Arabica coffee cv. “Ahernt GRT KN” and “Sigararutang” were low, and within “S795” was moderate. Those PICs indicate the presence of more genetic diversity within “S795” than the other two cultivars. The Ho across Arabica coffee cv. “Sigararutang” and “S795” were lower than the He values, confirming their self-pollination nature. However, the Ho values of Arabica coffee cv. “Ahernt GRT KN” was larger than the others, indicating the presence of residual heterozygosity and a low percentage of recent outcrossing. The low Ho values of “Sigararutang” suggest that Arabica coffee is homozygous. Arabica coffee cv. “S795” also showed a low Ho value, but its moderate He value indicates the presence of more genetic diversity than the othercultivars.

Coffee sustainability: leveraging collaborative breeding for variety improvement

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2024

The sustainability of global coffee supply is threatened by production challenges worsening with every decade since the turn of the 21st century. Coffee is among the most popular beverages in the world, and its production supports livelihoods of millions of people, mostly smallholder farmers. With a global market value exceeding US$130 billion, the coffee industry is a source of export revenue for producing countries, the majority of which are developing nations in the Global South. Climate change, pests, and diseases continue to hamper productivity, profitability, and countries’ competitiveness in the global market. At the same time, the global demand for coffee continues to rise. A crucial pillar to safeguarding the future of coffee is continuously developing improved varieties suitable for the changing environment, and that address the needs of farmers and the industry. Yet, most national breeding programs are grossly out of touch with climate change reality and market dynamics. Working in isolation, these programs are constrained by unstable funding, limited sources of genetic variability, and inaccessibility of modern technologies necessary to accelerate the breeding process. We review here key production challenges, status of genetic diversity, and breeding approaches. Additionally, we explore opportunities in leveraging a pre-competitive collaborative breeding approach encompassing sharing of germplasm, and cross-border multi-environment trials in developing next-generation cultivars. We argue that breeding efforts should be informed by the needs of all the stakeholders in the supply chain including researchers, smallholder farmers, small and medium-sized enterprises investing in coffee processing and roasting, and consumers. Using emerging and reviving producers in Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa as a model, we explore how a paradigm shift in coffee breeding from the historically nation-centric approach to a more forward-looking collaborative model could improve the efficiency of variety improvement in face of climate change and growing market demand.

The history of robusta coffee cultivation in the Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of The Congo

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2024

The study aims to trace the history of robusta coffee cultivation (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) with particular emphasis on the Tshopo province. Both the enabling and disabling factors influencing the production of Robusta from 1881 to the present day were examined. The objective is to increase our understanding of conditions related to the cultivation of the Robusta coffee in Tshopo, given its potential as a major producer and the global shift towards robusta, in light of the challenges of climate change faced by coffee farmers. A literature review was conducted, based on archives and scientific papers. Robusta production has experienced boom and bust cycles in these periods. The fluctuation in coffee production in the DR Congo is due to the orientation of agricultural economic policies, particularly investments in research and infrastructure, and to political dynamics. Fluctuations in world coffee prices have accentuated, and sometimes created, these cycles. Thus, in order to enable the re-emergence of the DRC’s coffee sector, it is recommended that the primary focus should therefore be on creating of an enabling political and economic environment. Agronomic aspects and market integration should also be addressed.

Integrated Disease Management for the Sustainable Production of Colombian Coffee

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024

Coffee stands as a vital pillar of Colombia’s economic prosperity, constituting approximately 7% of the nation’s agricultural GDP. Moreover, it serves as a significant contributor to national agricultural employment, with direct jobs stemming from coffee cultivation comprising 26% of the total agricultural workforce. This underscores the pivotal role coffee plays in shaping Colombia’s social and economic landscape, solidifying its position as the primary origin of mildly washed coffees for global consumers. However, Colombia’s coffee production grapples with the challenge of operating amidst persistently rainy conditions, fostering an environment conducive to fungal diseases. This, compounded by environmental, economic, commercial, and safety constraints for disease control, creates a multifaceted scenario that continuously tests disease management strategies. Addressing this complex dynamic demands a crop protection framework that seamlessly integrates efficient and sustainable methodologies. Such methodologies should prioritize outbreak prevention, cost-effectiveness, adherence to national and international regulations, and the preservation of environmental and human health. Integrated disease management emerges as a solution capable of optimizing productivity tailored to the unique conditions of each plot. By mitigating the impact of pathogens while responsibly utilizing and conserving natural resources, this approach safeguards the well-being of both producers and consumers alike.

Assessment of Hemileia vastatrix resistance in chemically mutagenized Coffea arabica L. leaf discs and the emergence of a novel resistance scale

Article

Jun 2024
J PLANT PATHOL

Coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk. and Br, stands as a globally significant disease responsible for diminishing the grain yield and quality of Coffea arabica L. As such, the need arises for a practical and dependable method to quantify CLR disease severity and propose effective management strategies. The creation of a diagrammatic scale, featuring color photographs, proves instrumental in enhancing severity assessment and disease estimation. Mutagenesis serves as a potent tool for improving crop traits, notably resistance to pests and diseases, by inducing genetic variability, thus fostering phenotypic diversity. The primary objective of this study was to craft a novel diagrammatic scale for leaf discs, designed to gauge the severity of coffee leaf rust in C. arabica L. cv. Catuaí plants treated with sodium azide (NaN3) and ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). The assessment encompassed a thorough examination of incidence, severity, incubation period, and latency in plant leaf discs inoculated with CLR isolates, all carried out under rigorously controlled laboratory conditions. The scale’s construction hinged on the frequency distribution of severity and Weber-Fechner’s visual stimulus law, which facilitated the determination of minimum and maximum limits, as well as intermediary levels. The resulting scale comprises seven distinct levels spanning a range from 0 to 52.15% of the afflicted leaf area. Employing conglomerate analysis (Wilks, p < 0.0001) unveiled four groups of progenies exhibiting significantly different (p < 0.05) resistance responses to CLR. Notably, Plant E154 displayed an incidence rate of merely 0.3% for CLR, while the remaining plants, including A123, E6, E64, A127, CES5, A107, A93, E29, E116, and A101, showcased an incidence rate of less than 10%. In conclusion, this scale represents a suitable, valuable, and dependable tool for visually estimating CLR severity in coffee leaf discs.

Protection proceeding@2023 Final 1

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Apr 2024

Coffee trees intercropped with common beans: An opportunity to regulate the aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in coffee agroecosystems

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2024
ARTHROPOD-PLANT INTE

The coffee aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) causes direct feeding injuries and vectors the coffee ringspot virus (CoRSV) (Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae), which is more damaging to coffee plants. Coffee farmers have controlled this pest using synthetic pesticides. However, chemical control is ineffective and sometimes associated with resistance, environmental pollution, and pest resurgence, leading to the deterioration of agricultural ecosystem services. Therefore, there is a need to find more effective and safe biocontrol agents to keep this pest under the economic threshold. In that context, we installed six plots to compare the dynamics of aphid populations in coffee trees intercropped with common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Fabales: Fabaceae) to coffee monoculture farming systems in open fields in the Southern Province of Rwanda. Results show a significant difference in infestations of coffee aphids. The population of aphids is higher in coffee monocultures than in intercropping systems. Our results also indicate that beneficial insects respond positively to the intercropping system with more species of natural enemies, mostly ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae), hoverflies (Syrphidae), and wasps (Vespidae) than in monocultures. No Hymenoptera were observed in coffee monoculture plots, indicating that common beans attract diverse natural enemies. Therefore, coffee trees intercropped with beans can help to maintain and diversify indigenous natural enemies in agroecosystems and regulate the aphid T. aurantii. We recommend future researchers use the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) and compare these coffee farming systems to help people decide exactly what intercropping crops yield should be.

Review article: The coffee leaf rust pandemic: An ever‐present danger to coffee production

Article

Dec 2023
PLANT PATHOL

Coffee leaf rust (CLR) is caused by the biotrophic pathogenic fungus Hemileia vastatrix. Despite being the most researched coffee disease, mysteries still exist relating to its epidemiology and biology. The objective of this work is to highlight past and present events concerning this prominent coffee disease. We start with an historical overview of the homeland of Coffea arabica, the Afromontane forest of south-west Ethiopia, and then follow its journey across the globe linked to colonial trade and power struggles. We report the relevance of CLR to coffee production today, with a focus on the Americas and summarize unproven hypotheses in relation to the cause of recent epidemics. We present an original hypothesis concerning the first major outbreak occurring in 1869 in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), based on geopolitical connections to global trade. We review old and new options for management of the disease. The likelihood of a yet undetected alternate host of H. vastatrix is also considered as an additional piece of the epidemiological puzzle. Finally, we reflect on the interactions between H. vastatrix and a changing climate. By better understanding past events, linked to CLR, we may be better prepared for future outbreaks.

Sustainable Strategies for the Control of Pests in Coffee Crops

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

Coffee is a worldwide commodity, and both coffee-producing and coffee-consuming countries have real concerns about environmental problems and economic growth strategies based on the efficient use of resources. Because this crop is a perennial, pests can significantly affect coffee production, causing considerable yield losses and threatening coffee supply and security. The presence of insects and control strategies for coffee pests is becoming a challenge. Environmental sustainability, conservation of biodiversity, and safety of the coffee seed must go hand in hand with the economic sustainability of coffee growers. This is especially important, as there has been an increase in demand for coffee and new consumer interest in differentiated quality coffee. Regular pest control methods based only on the use of synthetic pesticides are no longer effective or sustainable due to the development of insecticide resistance and negative effects on the environment, human health, and biodiversity. Thus, to ensure better control and ecological sustainability, it is crucial to reduce pesticide use by adopting original alternative strategies to maintain pest populations below the economic threshold level and towards reaching the European Green Deal. In this review, we collect information available for sustainable control of the principal coffee pests in Colombia: coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei; Monalonion velezangeli; coffee root mealybugs; coffee leaf miner: Leucoptera coffeella; and the coffee red spider mite: Oligonychus yothersi. The control strategies include deep knowledge of the biology of insects and the coffee plant, their relationship with weather and habitats, as well as natural controllers. These control strategies do not involve the use of insecticides, are ecologically friendly and novel, and can be applied in other coffee-producing countries.

Coffee Leaf Rust: Wreaking Havoc in Coffee Production Areas Across the Tropics

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

Athina Koutouleas

Coffee ( Coffea spp.) originates from the tropical montane rainforest understorey. In this shaded environment, the coffee plant has co-evolved with a wide array of pests and diseases. The fungal pathogen Hemileia vastatrix is the most notorious of all known coffee plant diseases. With a rich history rooted in colonial trade and power struggles, H. vastatrix has had its lion’s share of research and scrutiny by the plant pathology community. Though this disease was discovered more than 150 years ago, many unknowns concerning its spread and persistence across the tropics still exist today. Despite its relevance to coffee production, there is little global data that synthesizes the impact of this disease on coffee yield and plant health. Best practices for control of coffee leaf rust are contentious. Genetic resistance has been breaking down in cultivars across the coffee belt over the past decade. How can farmers best control outbreaks of the disease? Are these practices at odds with new trends and challenges in coffee farming (e.g. organic, biodiversity-friendly, agroforestry etc.). What are the future prospects of our global coffee supply under pressure from this rampant disease? All these questions are examined in this case study using pertinent literature sources and supplemented by coffee farmers or extension service providers in Latin America and Africa. Information © The Author 2023 Cover photo courtesy of the author.

The Presence of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the Sierra Negra of Puebla, Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

The black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), was detected in Tepexilotla, town of Zoquitlán, municipality of Sierra Negra de Puebla, Mexico in Nov 2021. A subsequent visit of the infested area and the municipalities surrounding Zoquitlán, carried out in Jun and Jul 2022, showed that X. compactus infested mainly Robusta coffee but also to a lesser extent some Arabica coffee plants. In 2022, the insect pest was detected in coffee plantations in communities in the municipality of Tezonapa, Veracruz and in communities in the municipality of Santa María Chilchotla, Oaxaca, close to the infested area in Puebla. Now, with this report, there are 3 species of the genus Xylosandrus in Mexico: X. curtulus, X. morigerus, and X. compactus; of these, X. morigerus and X. compactus are economically important pests for coffee crops. El taladrador negro de las ramas, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) fue detectado en Tepexilotla, localidad de Zoquitlán, municipio de la Sierra Negra de Puebla, México en Noviembre de 2021. Una revisión posterior del área infestada y de los municipios aledaños a Zoquitlán, realizada en junio y julio de 2022, mostró que X. compactus infestaba principalmente café Robusta, pero también algunas plantas de café Arábica. En 2022, el insecto plaga se detectó en cafetales de comunidades del municipio de Tezonapa, Veracruz y en comunidades del municipio de Santa María Chilchotla, Oaxaca, cercanas a la zona infestada en Puebla. Ahora, con este reporte, existen 3 especies del género Xylosandrus en México: X. curtulus, X. morigerus y, X. compactus; de estas, X. morigerus y X. compactus son plagas económicamente importantes para el cultivo del café.

Application of ethylene synthesis inhibitor in arabica coffee on field infestation, preference, and performance of Hypothenemus hampei

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2023
ARTHROPOD-PLANT INTE

Coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei is the major pest of coffee fruits worldwide. Bioregulators have been applied in crop plants with the aim of changing their physiology and metabolism for better yield and quality of produce, but little knowledge exists on the effects on insect pests. This study evaluated application of ethylene synthesis inhibitor in arabica coffee on CBB field infestation, preference, and performance in function of application time and dose. Field experiments were conducted in Lavras, Brazil, and the effects of ethylene synthesis inhibitor Mathury™ on CBB were evaluated using five treatments: control (water); Time1 + Dose1; Time1 + Dose2; Time2 + Dose1; and Time2 + Dose2. The first and second applications were performed at 80 and 110 days after flowering, respectively, using the doses of 2 and 15 L ha−1. CBB field infestation was recorded through time as the percent bored fruits, and the colonization in the beans and degree of fruit maturation were evaluated at harvest. CBB preference and colonization were assessed in dual-choice bioassay and the performance under no-choice condition in the lab. Plants treated with the bioregulator overall presented fruits less suitable for CBB preference and performance in terms of females choice and survival in the lab, but varying effects were found between field experiments for bored fruits (%), which increased with fruit maturation. In the second field experiment, reduced larvae and pupae infestations were found in bioregulator-treated fruits. Application of ethylene synthesis inhibitor is promising to complement CBB management in sustainable coffee crops. Future research should evaluate the underlying induced-resistance mechanisms.

Genetic diversity and structure of the coffee leaf rust fungus Hemileia vastatrix across different coffee management systems in Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023
INT MICROBIOL

Although coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by Hemileia vastatrix, poses an increasing threat to coffee production in Ethiopia, little is known regarding its genetic diversity and structure and how these are affected by coffee management. Here, we used genetic fingerprinting based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers to genotype H. vastatrix samples from different coffee shrubs, across 40 sites, covering four coffee production systems (forest coffee, semi plantation coffee, home garden coffee, and plantation coffee) and different altitudes in Ethiopia. In total, 96 H. vastatrix samples were successfully genotyped with three primer combinations, producing a total of 79 scorable bands. We found 35.44% of amplified bands to be polymorphic, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.45, suggesting high genetic diversity among our CLR isolates. We also found significant isolation-by-distance across the samples investigated and detected significant differences in fungal genetic composition among plantation coffee and home garden coffee and a marginally significant difference among plantation coffee and forest coffee. Furthermore, we found a significant effect of altitude on CLR genetic composition in the forest coffee and plantation systems. Our results suggest that both spore dispersal and different selection pressures in the different coffee management systems are likely responsible for the observed high genetic diversity and genetic structure of CLR isolates in Ethiopia. When selecting Ethiopian coffee genotypes for crop improvement, it is important that these genotypes carry some resistance against CLR. Because our study shows large variation in genetic composition across relatively short geographical distances, a broad selection of rust isolates must be used for coffee resistance screening.

Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Activity and Infestation in the High Mountain and Blue Mountain Regions of Jamaica

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Aug 2023

Simple Summary The coffee berry borer (CBB; Hypothenemus hampei) is an invasive beetle that causes extensive damage to coffee plantations worldwide. Controlling the CBB is difficult because it primarily resides inside coffee berries during its lifecycle, which limits the effectiveness of insecticide applications. Identifying periods of heightened female CBB flight activity can assist growers in making management decisions and evaluating integrated pest management programmes. This study monitored seasonal CBB activity using traps on coffee farms in the high mountain and Blue Mountain regions in Jamaica. Trap collection numbers were compared with berry infestation in the field. The highest CBB infestation levels occurred in November and October in the high mountain region and Blue Mountain region, respectively, coinciding with the presence of susceptible berries. CBB activity and infestation were similar in both study locations and were not significantly influenced by temperature or humidity; however, there was a notable correlation between CBB activity and infestation and the amount of rainfall. Differences in cultural control practices and cropping cycles were also observed between locations. The study lays the groundwork for understanding the dynamics of CBB populations in Jamaica, which is crucial for managing the beetle. Abstract Jamaica produces coffee marketed as Blue Mountain and high mountain (grown outside the Blue Mountains). Since the discovery of the coffee berry borer (CBB; Hypothenemus hampei) in Jamaica in 1978, chemical control has traditionally been the primary approach used to protect the crop from the pest. However, in the last 20 years, there has been an effort to shift towards more sustainable management strategies. The study was conducted to determine CBB activity (trap catch) and field infestation on coffee farms in the high mountains and Blue Mountains of Jamaica, over a crop cycle. A total of 27,929 and 12,921 CBBs were captured at high mountain and Blue Mountain farms, respectively. Peak CBB activity occurred in April in the high mountain region (365 CBBs/trap/month) and February in the Blue Mountain region (129 CBBs/trap/month). The highest levels of infestation were in November (33%) and October (34%) in the high mountain region and Blue Mountain region, respectively. There was no significant difference in the patterns of CBB activity and infestation between the study locations, and neither were related to the temperature or relative humidity. However, there was a significant relationship with rainfall. These data suggest that the population dynamics of the CBB may involve complex interactions among weather conditions, berry development, and agronomic practices.

Biology, Dispersal and Management of Coffee Berry Disease: A Review

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Jun 2023

Agronomic performance and productivity of Arabica coffee intercropped with timber species

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

The insertion of the tree component in coffee production is a strategy from an economic and environmental perspective. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal influence on the agronomic and productive performance of the coffee crop under the interference of different tree species as a function of spacing. The experiment was set in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Amparo-MG, in 2012, and conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were: cultivar ‘Catuai Vermelho IAC 99’ in monoculture (3.40 m x 0.65 m) and intercropped with African mahogany, teak and pink cedar, in two spacings (9 x 13.6 m and 18 x 13.6 m), in coffee rows. Three coffee rows were fixed between rows, totaling 13.6 m. The following variables were evaluated: height (m), stem diameter (cm), crown diameter (m), productivity (bags ha⁻¹) and yield (l/sc) for coffee. From the evaluations, there is a significant effect of height, productivity and yield for the coffee crop. The system intercropped with tree species did not influence coffee productivity and yield until the 3rd harvest and, for the 5th harvest, intercropping with mahogany favored productivity, although the accumulated productivity did not show any treatment effect. Keywords Acrocarpus fraxinifolius ; Coffea arabica ; Khayana ivorensis ; Tectona grandis ; agroforestry system

Management intensity affects insect pests and natural pest control on Arabica coffee in its native range

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023
J APPL ECOL

Agroforestry systems provide opportunities to reduce the trade‐off between agricultural production and biodiversity, for example by enhancing a diverse community of species potentially acting as natural pest control agents. While management of agroforestry systems is intensifying across the globe, we lack insights into the impact of management intensity on pest levels and natural pest control, especially along broad management gradients and as compared with natural forests. We assessed the impact of management intensity on major insect pests (the coffee blotch miner, the serpentine leaf miner, the coffee leaf skeletonizer and damage by other free‐feeding herbivores) and natural pest control by parasitoid wasps across sixty sites in the centre of origin of Arabica coffee in southwestern Ethiopia. Within this region, coffee is growing along a broad management gradient ranging from little or no management in the natural forest to intensively managed commercial plantations. In the wet season, pest levels were largely similar in the natural forest, semi‐forest and semi‐plantation systems, whereas pests reached outbreak densities in the most intensively managed plantation system. In contrast, management intensity did not significantly affect pest levels in the dry season. The insect pests differed in their seasonal dynamics, consistently declined with elevation and were largely unaffected by shade levels. Parasitism rate of the coffee blotch miner was lower, and the parasitoid community was distinct, in the most intensively managed plantation system. Synthesis and applications : Our findings support the hypothesis that the weaker top‐down control by parasitoids in the intensively managed plantation sites leads to higher pest levels, and that—at least for some pest species—there is a threshold in the effect of management intensity on pest levels and natural pest control. It is important to consider such non‐linear relationships to maintain or enhance the sustainability of agroforestry systems during management intensification. Overall, our findings highlight that ecological knowledge of natural pest control can be used to intensify production to improve the livelihood of smallholder farmers without jeopardizing natural pest control but only up to a certain point where it starts to deteriorate.

Minador de las hojas del cafeto: Una plaga potencial por efectos del cambio climático

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2011

En este Avance Técnico se presenta la biología y hábitos de Leucoptera coffeellum, las evaluaciones de diagnóstico para tomar decisiones de manejo, los diferentes tipos de control y las recomendaciones de manejo integrado en Colombia.

A Combined Ridging and Cover Crop Tillage System for Sustainable Coffee Plantation in Kenya

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

The introduction of ridge tillage and beans as a cover crop was investigated as a means of management for mitigating soil erosion and increasing the physical functionalities of soil. In a completely randomized design, four treatments were applied to twelve plots, three with ridges introduced (T1), three with beans as the cover crop (T2), three with cover crops combined with ridges (T3), and another three as controls without intervention (T4). Four physical properties were monitored, i.e., soil moisture content, bulk density, infiltration rate, and aggregate stability. Data were collected from two seasons with beans as the cover crop, with each season lasting three months. The results showed that T3 resulted in the highest soil moisture content at 34.87 ± 6.78%, followed by T2 and T1 with 34.20 ± 0.65% and 32.65 ± 1.71%, respectively, while T4 had the minimum value of 28.28 ± 5.30%. The bulk density of the soil was found to be lowest at T2 and T3, both having a value of 0.92 g cm⁻³ with standard deviations of ±0.03 and ±0.11, respectively. This was followed by T1 with 0.98 ± 0.05 g cm⁻³ while T4 had the highest bulk density of 1.17 ± 0.13 g cm⁻³. A similar trend was observed for both the basic infiltration rate and aggregate stability, except that, in terms of the latter, T1 was ranking second after T3, with 64.07% of water stable aggregates greater than 0.25 mm diameter. The interventions introduced in coffee plantations had significant effects on the bulk density and infiltration rate; however, there was no significant difference in the moisture content and aggregate stability. Further investigation is needed to quantify the environmental effects of these interventions, e.g., greenhouse gas emissions and yields.

Combination of Nanobioproduct and Chemical Ethylene Synthesis Inhibitor with Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Novel Management Strategy for Coffee Berry Borer in Arabica Coffee

Article

May 2025

Brazil is the leading producer and exporter of coffee, accounting for more than one-third of global production. However, the coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, poses a significant threat to coffee yield and quality. Its control has been primarily based on the use of chemical insecticides, which entail risks to human health and the environment. We evaluated the efficacy of an ethylene synthesis inhibitor and a Bacillus subtilis-based nanobioproduct combined with entomopathogenic fungi against the CBB. The treatments included combinations of potassium phosphate-based and nanobioproduct-based bioregulators, bioinsecticide comprising Beauveria bassiana + Metarhizium anisopliae, and chemical insecticides (acetamiprid + bifenthrin). The experiment included an in vitro assay assessing the reproduction of CBB females on treated coffee berries and a field trial evaluating the impact of the treatments on coffee bean quality, beverage sensory attributes, and antioxidant enzyme activities. All insecticide treatments, except the bioregulator at 6 L ha−1 + insecticides, significantly reduced larvae production. The 6 L ha−1 bioregulator treatment reduced bean defects. The fungi + insecticide treatment increased superoxide dismutase activity, while ascorbate peroxidase activity was highest in the control, followed by the fungi + nanobioproduct treatment group. The nanobioproduct bioregulator combined with entomopathogenic fungi proved to be an efficient strategy for managing the CBB.

Agriculture and Life Sciences: The Power of Global Food Security LJSIR Book Series (Volume 1)

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May 2025

Africa is confronted with an unprecedented food crisis, according to a new report launched on December 7, 2023 at Johannesburg by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the African Union Commission (AUC), the UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), and the World Food Programme (WFP). Nearly 282 million people in Africa (about 20 % of the population) are undernourished, an increase of 57 million people since the COVID–19 pandemic began. Africa remains off–track to meet the food security and nutrition targets of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, and the Malabo targets of ending hunger and all forms of malnutrition by 2025. The deterioration of the food security situation and the lack of progress towards the WHO global nutrition targets make it imperative for countries to step up their efforts if they are to achieve a world without hunger and malnutrition by 20230. The food security in Africa empowers individuals, communities and the continent as a whole by enhancing economic stability, promoting better health and nutrition, and fostering social and political stability. It improves living standards strengthens national economies, and contributes to overall progress and development. More importantly, food security is not just about having enough to eat; it’s about building a foundation for sustainable development and prosperity. The Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research (LJSIR) is a young and thriving journal published by the Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia (FULafia), Nasarawa State. The journal was established in 2023, in an effort of providing credible platforms for publications of research outputs by researchers across the globe. LJSIR also publishes Book Series which accommodate contribution chapters that allow more space for reflection on bigger ideas than journal articles. The LJSIR Book Series Volumes 1 and 2 are entitled, ‘Agriculture and Life Sciences: The Power of Global Food Security’, and ‘Agriculture and Physical Sciences: Breaking the Barrier of Food Security’, respectively. Agriculture, Life Sciences and Physical Sciences empower food security by enhancing food production, improving access to nutritious food, improving food safety and reducing post–harvest losses, enhancing food distribution and accessibility, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This involves a multifaceted approach, including developing drought–resistant crop varieties, improving soil fertility, optimizing farming techniques, and utilizing biotechnology to improve yields and nutrition. The two Volumes are dedicated volumes by honouring our amiable, indefatigable and digital Vice–Chancellor, Prof. Shehu Abdul Rahman, FNAAE, FHORTSON, FASI, FASN. Prof. Shehu Abdul Rahman is a seasoned university administrator, the third and current Vice–Chancellor of Federal University of Lafia. Prof. Rahman was the pioneer and former Vice–Chancellor of Federal University, Ghasua, Yobe State, Nigeria. He was also a former Deputy Vice–Chancellor Administration, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, (NSUK) Nigeria. Prior to his appointment as DVC at NSUK, he was the Dean of Faculty of Agriculture, the position he held for two terms. During the period as a Dean, he served as the Chairman of Association of Deans of Agriculture in Nigerian Universities for two years. Shehu Abdul Rahman is a Professor of Agricultural Economics and he is widely published. Within the last four years as the Vice–Chancellor, he has transformed and taken FULafia to a greater height. Prof. Matthew Olaleke Aremu Editor–in–Chief, LJSIR

A Study on Coffee Leaf Rust and Farmer’s Management Practices in Lalitpur District

Article

Apr 2025

This study was conducted to assess coffee leaf rust (CLR) prevalence and farmers' management practices. Eighty farmers from five VDCs in Lalitpur were interviewed. The survey found diseases to be the primary issue for 60% of farmers, with CLR being the most damaging (80%). White stem borer infestations were also significant (91%). Thuladurlung had the highest disease incidence (71%), while Gimdi had the lowest (57.5%). The average disease intensity was 2.65 on a scale of 1-4, with Gimdi scoring the highest at 2.52 and Pyutar the lowest at 2.22. Most farmers (79%) used Bordeaux mixture, and 48% had received training on CLR. The study identified a lack of cultural practices, organic manure, essential nutrients, and biological control agents, and a need for more research on CLR in Nepal.

Responses of four coffee varieties to infestations of the aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Article

Mar 2025
Int J Trop Insect Sci

Insect pests can significantly reduce coffee yields. Coffee trees are susceptible to phytophagous insects, including the black citrus aphid Toxoptera aurantii, (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This pest can substantially reduce yields, especially during severe and prolonged infestations. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility of coffee varieties BM71, BM139, Jackson 2/1257, and Pop 3303/21 which are currently being expanded in Rwanda. We analyzed the survivorship, the number of offspring in the F1 generation (∑lxmx), intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), finite rate of growth (λ), and mean generation time (T) for each variety to assess its susceptibility. Laboratory experiments were followed by field trials in a completely randomized block design with 24 replicates under natural environmental conditions. The number of aphids on the soft upper leaves of each plant was assessed weekly. At the same time, natural enemies were collected and preserved in 70% alcohol for future identification, except for butterflies and entomopathogens. Results revealed significant differences among the coffee varieties. The variety BM71 can be the least susceptible, while Jackson 2/1257 can be the most susceptible, with the other varieties showing moderate susceptibility. The natural enemy communities in the field experiments can be dominated by ladybird beetles, with Cheilomenes lunata and C. sulphurea (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) being the most prevalent species. We recommend further evaluation of the quality of BM71 and its indirect effects on beneficial insects to promote Integrated Pest Management strategies. Studies should also explore ways to enhance the conservation and effectiveness of natural enemies, especially ladybird beetles, to strengthen sustainable pest management practices in coffee farming systems in Rwanda.

Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2025

Alabi Olugbenga Omotayo

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT OF ANTHRACNOSE CAUSED BY COLLETOTRICHUM SPECIES IN TROPICAL AFRICA

Article

Jan 2022

Colletotrichum is a fungal genus comprising several pathogenic species that cause anthracnose in an array of key cash and food crops in the world's tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Considerable losses in various crops due to anthracnose in the African tropics have been reported despite the efforts to curb the disease. Several options are used to manage the disease in the region with little success. The challenges in managing Colletotrichum species include toxicity, high cost, inadequate farmers' knowledge of applying synthetic fungicides, variable and cross-infection nature of pathogenic species, physiological variability of pathogens, and unavailability of biological control agents to farmers in rural areas in tropical Africa. Several species of Colletotrichum are also known to develop mechanisms that allow them to counter immunity factors of the host plants. Consolidated information on the species prevalent, losses, and evaluation of the current control methods for anthracnose in the African tropics are essential for developing and adopting sustainable management strategies for anthracnose. This review discusses the key pathogenic Colletotrichum species in Africa, infection mechanisms, colonisation in several hosts, and the plant-pathogen interaction and losses due to the disease. Pathogen identification methods, disease management options, challenges, and prospects for the management of anthracnose in tropical Africa are also discussed. Keywords: Anthracnose, pathogen, cross-infection, races, botanicals

Pests and Diseases in Spices, Plantation and Tuber Crops

Book

Feb 2025

Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2025 vol 28

Book

Full-text available

Jan 2025

Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences is a scientific publication of the Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences which was founded and Edited by Binayak P. Rajbhandari (Chief editor). This volume of January 2025 consists of original articles based on the research conducted in Nigeria, Nepal, Pakistan, and Tanzania.

Arthropod Pests, Nematodes, and Microbial Pathogens of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and Their Management—A Review

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2024

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is an important agricultural crop of the Malvaceae family, cultivated across tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions. However, okra production faces numerous challenges from diverse pest species, including insects, nematodes, arachnids, and mites, that significantly reduce its yield. Major economic pests include the cotton aphid, cotton spotted bollworm, Egyptian bollworm, cotton mealybug, whitefly, cotton leafhopper, cotton bollworm, two-spotted spider mite, root-knot nematode, reniform nematode, cotton leaf roller, and flea beetle. Additionally, less prevalent pests such as the blister beetle, okra stem fly, red cotton bug, cotton seed bug, cotton looper, onion thrips, green plant bug, and lesion nematode are also described. This review also addresses fungal and oomycete diseases that present high risks to okra production, including damping-off, powdery mildew, Cercospora leaf spot, gray mold, Alternaria leaf spot and pod rot, Phyllosticta leaf spot, Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt, collar rot, stem canker, anthracnose, and fruit rot. In addition to these fungal diseases, okra is also severely affected by several viral diseases, with the most important being okra yellow vein mosaic disease, okra enation leaf curl disease, and okra mosaic disease, which can cause significant yield losses. Moreover, okra may also suffer from bacterial diseases, with bacterial leaf spot and blight, caused primarily by Pseudomonas syringae, being the most significant. This manuscript synthesizes the current knowledge on these pests. It outlines various management techniques and strategies to expand the knowledge base of farmers and researchers, highlighting the key role of integrated pest management (IPM).

100+ Substitutes

Chapter

Jul 2024

Michal Salamonik

This chapter functions as a bridge between introductory comments and the detail of later content. It particularly examines the volumes and varieties of coffee substitutes in nineteenth-century Sweden and the laws relating to them. The chapter starts by reviewing legislative and prohibition measures, along with the economic and geopolitical circumstances behind the spread of coffee and coffee alternatives. Specifically, the chapter follows the coffee history from prohibition to mass production, propagating permaculture and extending knowledge processes, as well as the emergence of specialized literature and institutions. The study finishes by categorizing coffee substitutes according to the discourses about nutrition and health, together with additional characteristics such as flavor, fragrance, and price. These classifications provide the basis for further discussions on the various international and domestic alternatives.

Populasi, Serangan dan Pola Distribusi Hypothenemus hampei Ferr. pada Kopi Arabika Gayo Berdasarkan Zona Elevasi

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2024

Provinsi Aceh sebagai sentral penghasil kopi arabika berada di Dataran Tinggi Gayo yaitu Kabupaten Bener Meriah. Faktor yang menyebabkan produksi kopi arabika tergolong rendah yaitu serangan hama penggerek buah kopi, Hypothenemus hampei Ferr. Hama ini termasuk hama utama yang paling merugikan yang menyebabkan kerugian kuantitatif dan kualitatif pada kopi arabika dan robusta. Pola sebaran H. hampei dipengaruhi oleh zona elevasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pola sebaran hama H. hampei pada kopi arabika Gayo berdasarkan elevasi. Lokasi penelitian mencakup wilayah perkebunan kopi arabika milik petani di Kecamatan Bukit, Timang Gajah, dan Pintu Rime Gayo di Kabupaten Bener Meriah Provinsi Aceh dengan waktu penelitian dari bulan Juli sampai dengan Desember 2021. Lokasi yang dipilih sebagai tempat pengamatan dan pengambilan sampel yaitu perkebunan kopi rakyat dengan variasi zona elevasi. Setiap wilayah ditentukan dua titik lokasi pengamatan dan pengambilan sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa populasi dan serangan hama H. hampei pada kelompok zona elevasi rendah (700 mdpl–1000 mdpl) tergolong tinggi dibandingkan kelompok ketinggian medium (1000–1250 mdpl) dan tinggi (1250–1500 mdpl). Pola sebaran hama H. hampei pada kopi arabika Gayo pada parameter populasi dan serangan mengikuti pola mengelompok berdasarkan perbedaan zona elevasi. Tindakan monitoring populasi dan serangan hama H. hampei diperlukan untuk mengurangi penurunan produksi kopi arabika Gayo terutama di daerah dengan zona elevasi antara 700–1000 mdpl.

Agricultural practices influence foliar endophytic communities in coffee plants of different varieties

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2024

Fungal endophytes are pivotal components of a plant's microbiome, profoundly impacting its health and fitness. Yet, myriad questions remain concerning the intricate interactions between these microorganisms and their hosts, particularly in the context of agriculturally important plants such as Coffea arabica. To bridge this knowledge gap and provide a comprehensive framework, this study investigated how farming practices shape the taxonomic and functional diversity of phylloplane endophytes in coffee. Coffee plant leaves from two distinct producing regions in Costa Rica were sampled, ensuring the representation of various coffee varieties (Obatá, Catuaí, and Caturra), agricultural management methods (organic vs. conventional), sun exposure regimes (full sunlight/monoculture vs. natural shade/agroforestry), and leaf developmental stages (newly emerged asymptomatic vs. mature leaves). Fungal communities were characterized by employing both culture‐dependent and independent techniques (internal transcribed spacer 2 nuclear ribosomal DNA metabarcoding). The results showed a greater diversity of endophytes in mature leaves and conventionally managed plants, with coffee variety exerting an unclear influence. The effect of sun exposure was surprisingly negligible. However, data emphasize the benefits of agroforestry and organic farming, which are linked to reduced putative pathogens and heightened levels of potentially mutualistic fungi, fostering functionally diverse communities. Despite the role that plant microbiomes might play in agricultural production, the knowledge to shape endophytic communities through breeding or management is lacking. The results from this study provide a framework to understand how both plant and agricultural practices influence endophyte diversity within coffee crops. These insights hold promise for guiding future efforts to manipulate coffee microbial communities effectively.

Evaluation of Coffee (Coffea arabica L. var. Catuaí) Tolerance to Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) Using Inoculation of Leaf Discs Under Controlled Conditions

Chapter

Full-text available

Oct 2023

Coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix , is considered one of the most devastating diseases of Arabica coffee. The use of leaf rust resistant or tolerant coffee varieties is a critical component for effective management of this disease at the farm level. Conventional breeding of Arabica coffee for leaf rust resistance requires many years of breeding and field-testing. Induced mutagenesis is an effective tool to increase genetic variability and generate new alleles with potential benefit for addressing abiotic and biotic stresses such as leaf rust in Arabica coffee. Efficient screening methods are required to evaluate coffee germplasm or mutant populations for resistance to H. vastatrix . Here, we present a screening method that uses inoculation of leaf discs in a controlled environment. The method was evaluated using M 1 V 1 and M 2 plants derived from chemically mutagenized Arabica coffee cell suspensions. In this method, the first rust symptoms appear on the leaf discs approximately 29 days after inoculation while the disease severity and incidence can be scored about 47 days after inoculation. Our results show that the methodology is simple, efficient and suitable to rapidly screen large mutant populations in a small area.

Multi-Locus Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Association of Six Colletotrichum Species with Anthracnose Disease of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Saudi Arabia

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023
J. Fungi

Several Colletotrichum species are able to cause anthracnose disease in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and occur in all coffee production areas worldwide. A planned investigation of coffee plantations was carried out in Southwest Saudi Arabia in October, November, and December 2022. Various patterns of symptoms were observed in all 23 surveyed coffee plantations due to unknown causal agents. Isolation from symptomatic fresh samples was performed on a PDA medium supplemented with streptomycin sulfate (300 mg L⁻¹) and copper hydroxide (42.5 mg L⁻¹). Twenty-seven pure isolates of Colletotrichum-like fungi were obtained using a spore suspension method. The taxonomic placements of Colletotrichum-like fungi were performed based on the sequence dataset of multi-loci of internal transcribed spacer region rDNA (ITS), chitin synthase I (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT), β-tubulin (TUB2), and partial mating type (Mat1–2) (ApMat) genes. The novel species are described in detail, including comprehensive morphological characteristics and colored illustrations. The pathogenicity of the isolated Colletotrichum species was assessed on detached coffee leaves as well as green and red fruit under laboratory conditions. The multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of the six-loci, ITS, ACT, CHS-1, TUB2, GAPDH and ApMat, revealed that 25 isolates were allocated within the C. gloeosporioides complex, while the remaining two isolates were assigned to the C. boninense complex. Six species were recognized, four of them, C. aeschynomenes, C. siamense, C. phyllanthi, and C. karstii, had been previously described. Based on molecular analyses and morphological examination comparisons, C. saudianum and C. coffeae-arabicae represent novel members within the C. gloeosporioides complex. Pathogenicity investigation confirmed that the Colletotrichum species could induce disease in coffee leaves as well as green and red fruits with variations. Based on the available literature and research, this is the first documentation for C. aeschynomenes, C. siamense, C. karstii, C. phyllanthi, C. saudianum, and C. coffeae-arabicae to cause anthracnose on coffee in Saudi Arabia.

NON-CHALCIDOID WASPS RECORDED IN BANGLADESH: SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES TO THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD PESTS

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

Though Bangladesh has rich diversity in non-chalcidoids, they have received very little attention in Bangladesh. Due to limited taxonomic and biological resources, we are unable to implement their potentiality in biological control for crop protection and their management. This paper presents an updated list of Bangladeshi non chalcid parasitoids based on literature records from 1962 to date, and employment of DNA barcoding to confirm their taxonomic position in some cases. The final list included 71 species of 7 non-chalcidoid superfamilies. Of them, DNA sequences based Euscelinus sarawacus, Leiophron sp., Mirax sp., (Braconidae), Hyposoter sp., Goryphus sp., Gotra marginata and Pimpla sp. (Ichneumonidae), Paratelenomus saccharalis (Scelionidae) are new country records in the country. We principally focus on the local hosts of the non-chalcidoid parasitoids, their global distribution and different significant notes in the present study. Infact, we aim to define the potential application and distribution of non-chalcid parasitoids that can help underscore the improvements in biological control of arthropod pests in context in Bangladesh.

Temperature-Dependent Biology and Population Performances of the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) on Artificial Diet

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

At different observation intervals of 1, 5, and 10 days during a trial period of 30 days, the mortality rates of Hypothenemus hampei were 100, 95, and 55%, and the fecundity rates were 0.55, 8.45, and 19.35 eggs/female, respectively. At temperatures of 18, 21, 24, and 27 °C, the development time of the immature stage of H. hampei was significantly shortened with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the lower developmental threshold (T0) and thermal summation (K) of the immature stage were 8.91 °C and 485.44 degree-days, respectively. The greatest longevity of female and male adults reached 115.77 and 26.50 days, respectively, at 18 °C. The highest fecundity was 29.00 eggs/female at 24 °C. The population parameters of H. hampei were analyzed on the basis of the age–stage, two-sex life table theory. According to the data, the parameters were significantly affected by temperature. The highest net reproductive rate (R0) was 13.32 eggs/individual at 24 °C. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were calculated as 0.0401 and 1.0409 day−1, respectively, at a temperature of 27 °C. The shortest mean generation time (T) was 51.34 days at 27 °C. Overall, we provide a discussion on comprehensive biological information regarding H. hampei, thus providing basic knowledge for further research on this pest.

Participación del control cultural, químico y biológico en el manejo de la broca del café

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2002

La broca del café, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), es una plaga destructiva que afecta seriamente la economía de los países productores de café en vías de desarrollo. La presencia de este insecto ha llevado a muchos caficultores a asperjar insecticidas de alta peligrosidad para el ecosistema cafetero. Esta investigación se planeó para evaluar estrategias biológicas y económicamente efectivas, para el control de este insecto. Después de investigaciones previas se seleccionaron tres elementos para el manejo integrado de la broca: el control cultural, que se refiere a la recolección frecuente y eficiente de cerezas maduras en el campo; el uso del entomopatógeno, Beauveria bassiana y el control químico con insecticidas de catego• ría 111 como el pirimiphos-methyl, clorpyriphos y fenitrothion. Estos tres componentes y algunas combinaciones de éstos, se evaluaron en cinco fincas cafeteras (bloques), del municipio de Pereira, Colombia, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar. En cada finca o bloque, se tuvo como unidad de trabajo un lote de 1500 árboles. Las variables de respuesta fueron: la infestación media por árbol-mes, la tasa diaria de infestación en la fase de crecimiento y la infestación media en café pergamino. Como información complementaria se tuvo el ingreso total y margen de contribución económica. Los resultados permitieron concluir: 1. El control cultural fue el componente más importante en el manejo integrado e la broca con una mayor producción de café, mayores ingresos y márgenes de contribución económica. 2. El control químico no fue eficaz en ausencia del control cultural. 3. El uso de B. bassiana no reflejó beneficio económico durante la duración del estudio.

Faunal survey of the coffee leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella, parasitoids in Puerto Rico

Article

Full-text available

Apr 1988

Fernando Gallardo

The coffee leaf miner (CLM), Leucoptera coffeella Guérin-Méneville, is the worst coffee pest in Puerto Rico. Damage by this insect can reduce yields up to 40%. In Puerto Rico the use of chemical insecticides is the main control tactics while little attention has been given to the use of CLM natural enemies. Little is known about CLM endemic parasitoids. In an attempt to obtain more information about CLM parasitoids, a faunal survey throughout the coffee region of Puerto Rico was done in 1985 and 1986. In the 1985 survey the highest parasitism percentage (66.7) was obtained on the Bennazar farm at Bo. Yahuecas, Adjuntas, followed by Hacienda Balear at Bo. Guayo, Adjuntas, and Roman's farm at Bo. Espino Ceiba, Lares, with 42.9 and 36,4% of parasitism, respectively. In the 1986 survey the highest parasitism percentage (54.0%) was obtained at Bo. Toro Negro, Villalba followed by Bo. Carmelita, Ponce and Bo. Collores, Juana Díaz, with 47.8 and 47.0% of parasitism, respectively. No correlation was obtained between elevation and parasitism percentage. Five Eulophidae, Cirrospiloideus sp., Zagrammosoma sp., Horismenus sp., Achrysonocharoides sp., Chrysonotomyia sp., and a Braconid, Mirax insularis Musesebeck, were collected. The Braconid parasitoid, Mirax insularis, imported from Guadeloupe, West Indies, to Puerto Rico in 1937 and liberated at Lares and Quebradillas, was collected by the author over the entire coffee areas. The highest percentage of parasitism was recorded for Achrysonocharoides sp., (33.1%) followed by M. insularis (32.4%). The Eulophidae complex represents 67.6% of the total parasitoid population. The total percentage of CLM parasitism for the coffee area surveyed was 23.5% for 1985 and 19.5% for 1986.

Effect of inseticides at sowing on seedling pests and yield off-season maize crop under no-tillage system

Article

Full-text available

May 2004

Due to an increasing pest diversity in maize crop during the off-season, two autumn-winter experiments were conducted in the Medium Paranapanema region, State of São Paulo, Brazil, designated as Fields A and B, both in Cândido Mota County. The aim of the experiments were to evaluate the effect of insecticides on the control of pests occurring in the initial plant development. Treatments were the recommended dosage of the insecticides thiamethoxam (Cruiser 700 WS), carbofuran (Furazin 310 TS), imidacloprid (Gaucho FS), imidacloprid (Gaucho FS) + carbofuran (Furazin 310 TS), fipronil (Regent 800 WG), thiodicarb (Semevin 350 RPA); and the control (without insecticide). The soil insects (burrowing bugs and grubs) populations were evaluated at 14th and 28th days after plant emergency (DAE), in Field A, and at 7th and 21th DAE, in the Field B. Spodoptera frugiperda incidence and corn plant parameters were evaluated at 14th and 28th DAE. Fipronil and carbofuran performed best on the control of Scaptocoris castanea. Fipronil alone provided also the best control for grubs (Phyllophaga spp.). Carbofuran and thiodicarb reduced damages from fall armyworm. The chemical control of corn pests in the initial stage of the crop enhanced grain productivity only in the field A were the number of grubs in the soil was highest.

Distribution and pathogenicity of Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp in coffee in Puerto Rico

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2003

Seventeen pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas cichorii were isolated from leaf samples of coffee (Coffea arabica) collected from nurseries in eight municipalities of Puerto Rico. Two different inoculation methods were evaluated under in vitro conditions: inoculation of plant-attached old and young leaves grown under greenhouse conditions, and plant-detached young coffee leaves grown under field conditions. Pseudomonas cichorii was more virulent in older leaves, thus indicating that resistance mechanisms differ according to leaf age. Both inoculation methods were reliable in identifying resistant genotypes. Three commercial varieties of coffee (Borbón, Pacas and Caturra) were susceptible to bacterial leaf blight, whereas coffee species Coffea liberica var. Excelsa and Coffea canephora var. Robusta were resistant.

Field estimates of coffee yield losses and damage threshold by Meloidogyne exigua

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2004

Natural infestation by frugivorous flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea) in shaded and unshaded arabic coffee under organic management in Valença, RJ, Brazil

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2005
NEOTROP ENTOMOL

Frugivorous flies have been acquiring great economic importance in coffee crop because they cause premature dropping of coffee beans and significantly decrease the quality of the beverage. The coffee plant is also a natural reservoir of Tephritidae species that infest fruits of economic importance. This study evaluated the influence of the shaded and unshaded coffee systems, under organic management, on the natural infestation of fruits of Coffea arabica L. var. Icatu Amarelo by frugivorous flies. An experiment in completely randomized design was carried out in Valença, RJ, Brazil, with two treatments (shaded coffee with Musa sp. and Erithrina verna Vell. and unshaded coffee monoculture) and four replicates. A 1kg-sample of maturing fruits per plot was harvested in Mach 2004 to evaluate infestation and identify the flies. The mean infestation index was significantly higher in the shaded coffee system. Four species of Tephritidae (Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) and Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi), and six of Lonchaeidae (Neosilba pendula (Bezzi), Neosilba pseudopendula (Korytkowski and Ojeda), Neosilba certa (Walker), Neosilba glaberrima (Wiedemann), Neosilba n.sp.9 and Neosilba n.sp.10) were recovered from coffee fruits. Nine parasitoid species were obtained, six belonging to Braconidae (Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), Opius bellus Gahan and Opius sp.), and three to Figitidae (Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Dicerataspis flavipes (Kieffer) and Odontosema anastrephae Borgmeier). The total percent parasitism was 8.8% and 12.4% in the shaded and unshaded coffee systems, respectively.

Cigarras associadas ao cafeeiro

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1987

Cotton pesticides cause more deaths in Benin

Article

Jan 2001

Induccion de resistencia por Pseudomonas spp., em plantulas de cafe contra la roya del cafeto Hemileia vastatrix Berk. et Br

Article

Jan 1999

Some problems of evaluating fungicides for use on coffee in Kenya

Article

Jan 1973

Bees and the fertilisation of coffee

Article

T.B. Fletcher

Influence of yield on coffee tree leaves rust

Article

Jun 1996

Yield is a definite factor in the development of coffee tree rust. With the objective of learning which processes occur in those plants and affect the susceptibility to rust, trials were conducted at Epamig Experimental Farm, in Machado County, Brazil, from 1989 to 1991. Evaluation of coffee tree rust, leaf nitrogen, potassium and boron were investigated on plants which underwent a total pruning of fruits, in plants with 50% and 100% of berries, at two pruning times, viz December and April, and in three developmental stages of fruit (initial, green and ripe stages). Correlation coefficient among rust indices and contents of leaf compounds (N, K and B) were also determined. The leaf nitrogen contents occurred at normal levels, although an inverse correlation had been observed with the rust indices. The inverse relationships between leaf potassium contents and rust indices denoted that low levels of that element favored the disease. There was no significant correlation between boron and rust index.

The coffee breeding programme in Kenya: A review of progress made since 1971 and plan of action for the coming years

Article

Jan 1981

Laboratory and field studies on parasitism of Hemileia vastatrix with Verticillium lecanii and V. leptobactrum

Article

Jan 1991

Proteção de cafeeiros contra Hemileia vastatrix por cloreto de benzalcônio (composto de amônio quaternário)

Article

Jan 1999

The morphology and phenology of the white coffee stem borer, Monochamus leuconotus (Pascoe) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a pest of Arabica coffee

Article

Mar 1998
AFR ENTOMOL

The life cycle of the white coffee stem borer was studied at Schoemansdal Coffee Estate in Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. The main emergence period of adult beetles was during mid December just after the first summer rains. A single emergence occurred each year. Mean longevity of female and male beetles was 122 and 112 days, respectively. Female beetles laid an average of 80.5 eggs during their life span. The male-biased sex ratio was 1.4. Oviposition peaked in the middle of January. Early-instar ringbarking larvae fed mainly on phloem and cambium tissue. This phase lasted approximately 14 weeks. Larvae of three months and older fed mainly on xylem tissue. Pupation occurred in specially prepared pupal chambers. A single pupal period occurred during September to December. Adult beetles usually did not cause significant damage, although shoots and green twigs were occasionally ringbarked.

Wind and water dispersal of coffee leaf rust in Tanganyika

Article

Jan 1960

D.A. Burdekin

Observations faunistiques et biologiques sur quelques Pseudococcidae (Homoptera, Coccoidea) vivant dans le midi de la France

Article

Jan 1969

A. Panis

Studies on the bisexual race of Dysmicoccus brevipes Ckll.: its bionomics and economic importance

Article

Jan 1973

W.H. Lim

Callimerus sp

Article

Jan 1992

Incidence of tracheomycosis, Gibberella xylarioides (Fusarium xylarioides), on Arabica coffee in Ethiopia

Article

Mar 2001
Z PFLANZENK PFLANZEN

The incidence of tracheomycosis (coffee wilt disease), induced by Gibberella xylarioides (Fusarium xylarioides), was systematically assessed in coffee fields, following disease foci at the four localities Bebeka, Teppi, Jimma and Gera. The disease was diagnosed, external and internal symptoms were also described. At the same time, various components of specimens (root, stem, branch and cherries) were randomly collected for isolation and identification of the causative agent. The mean percentage of wilted trees ranged from 45 % at Gera to 69 % at Bebeka. The wilting symptom most frequently starts in branches on one side of infected tree that gradually progresses throughout the plant and finally become dried and stand barely with leafless branches. Brown or dark reddish discoloration on the exposed wood is the characteristic internal symptom. Abundant brownish stromata can be observed in barks of stems and branches of dying and dead trees on which a large number of ascospores and conidia were found in the laboratory. Gibberella xylarioides was isolated from 60 % of the specimens; and all the sample components, except seeds, produced the fungus; and thus emphasizing that these materials could serve as source of the fungus inoculum in the field.

Toleraqnce in isolates of Colletotrichum coffeanum to prochloraz-Mn in Kenya

Article

Jan 1994

Agnes Wakesho Mwang'ombe

Revision of the New World species of the genus Monomachus Klug (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea, Monomachidae)

Article

Jul 2004

The species of the genus Monomachus Klug occurring in the Americas are revised. The genus is found from Chile and Argentina north to the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Chiapas. A total of 20 species are considered to be valid and 9 are described as new: M. atratus sp. nov., M. aurifer sp. nov., M. cultratus sp. nov., M. exul sp. nov., M. intonsus sp. nov., M. paulus sp. nov., M. satyrus sp. nov., M. serratus sp. nov., and M. velatus sp. nov. The species M. bicolor Szépligeti, M. cubiceps Schrottky, M. eurycephalus Schletterer, M. fuscator (Perty), M. glaberrimus Schletterer, M. klugii Westwood, M. megacephalus Schletterer, M. pallescens Schletterer, M. porteri Brèthes, M. segmentator Westwood, and M. variegatus Schletterer are redescribed. Monomachus lateralis Westwood is considered a nomen dubium stat. nov.; a lectotype is designated for M. cubiceps; and Monomachus fuscator andinus Schulz is treated as a junior synonym of M. fuscator, syn. nov. A key to the species of the New World and a checklist of the world species is provided. Monomachus fuscator and M. eurycephalus are parasitoids of the coffee pest Chiromyza vittata Wiedemann (Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Chiromyzinae).

Black rot of coffee in Mysore

Article

M.J. Narasimhan

Sur divers Hyménoptères destructeurs des Cérambycides nuisibles au Caféier et au Bambou

Article

J.J. Kieffer

Genetic diversity in the coffee wilt pathogen (Gibberella xylarioides) populations: Differentiation by host specialization and RAPD analysis

Article

Mar 2005
Z PFLANZENK PFLANZEN

Gibberella xylarioides causes a vascular wilt disease, tracheomycosis, in almost all coffee species in Africa. The disease is endemic on Arabica coffee in Ethiopia and re-emerged as a major threat to Robusta coffee in Congo, Uganda and Tanzania. The population structure of the pathogen was studied in recently isolated and historic strains employing pathogenicity tests and RAPD analyses. In infection tests, the isolates from Arabica coffee plants were pathogenic only to seedlings of Coffea arabica with significantly varying degrees of aggressiveness, but incompatible with seedlings of C. canephora. In contrast, the Robusta strain was specifically compatible with seedlings of C. canephora without inducing any infection symptom in all C. arabica cultivars. This result is the first cross inoculation evidence proving host specialization of G. xylarioides populations to the two commercially important coffee species. There existed also highly significant differences among cultivars, isolates and cultivars-isolates interactions. In the RAPD-PCR analysis, the Ethiopian Arabica isolates clustered into a homogeneous population, but were distinctly polymorphic to strains from C. canephora and C. excelsa. The historic Arabica strain was only slightly different from the recent collections illustrating little genetic change in the population structure over the last three decades. The results of both host-pathogen interactions and RAPD-PCR markers corroborated the existence of host specialization into at least two pathogenic forms within G. xylarioides populations. Thus, two formae speciales, namely G. xylarioides f. sp. abyssiniae (anamorph: Fusarium xylarioides f. sp. abyssiniae) for the fungal strains attacking only C. arabica and G. xylarioides f. sp. canephorae (anamorph: F. xylarioides f. sp. canephorae) pathogenic to C. canephora and C. excelsa are proposed. This subdivision enables to design effective coffee wilt management strategies, develop resistant cultivars/lines and formulate further breeding programs towards each population group.

Spraying Arabica Coffee for the Control of Leaf Rust

Article

Oct 1962

A review of the incidence of root disease on coffee and their management

Article

Jan 1988

T.S. Govindarajan

Biological control of insect pests, with particular reference to the control of the common coffee mealybug in Kenya Colony

Article

T.W. Kirkpatrick

Effect of grafting and nematicide treatments on damage by root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) to Coffea arabica L. in Guatemala

Article

Jun 2000
NEMATROPICA

Root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp., are among the pests with the greatest negative impact on the economy of coffee production in Guatemala. A field experiment was undertaken in southwest Guatemala to assess damage due to a root-lesion nematode and to compare two methods of management: grafting onto Coffea canephora Pierre, 1897, and nematicide treatments (terbufos). The experiment was carried out for five years, and included the first three harvests. Root population densities of nematodes, coffee berry yield losses, and plant mortality rates were highest on ungrafted C. arabica, confirming its high degree of vulnerability to this root-lesion nematode population. Grafting on to C. canephora provided efficient control of populations of root-lesion nematodes and resulted in significantly greater yields compared to ungrafted plants. Nematicide treatments suppressed populations of this root-lesion nematodes only until the second year after planting. This was sufficient to significantly reduce rates of plant mortality in ungrafted plants. However, nematicide treatments did not result in significant increase of yield regardless of the rootstocks used. This work also provided evidence that growing grafted coffee trees under shade may be a beneficial tactic for managing these root-lesion nematodes.

La lutte biologique contre Stephanoderes hampei ou scolyte du cafeier au Cameroun

Article

Jan 1939

P. Pascalet

Collar canker of coffee trees in Guatemala

Article

Jan 1967

Effects of mulching on soil nutrients and yield of Robusta coffee

Article

Apr 2003

With the rising cost of inorganic fertilizers, the current low price of coffee on the international market, and subsequent reduction in coffee farmers' income, there is the need to search for low-input farming strategies in order to reduce cost and improve the income of coffee farmers. One such emerging strategy in the management of nutrients from organic matter in relation to sustainability is the use of mulch. Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed), coffee husk, banana trash, and Tripsacum laxum (Guatemala grass) that are readily available in and around coffee farms in Ghana were compared for their efficacy as mulch materials and their ability to improve soil fertility and increase coffee yield. Changes in soil characteristics such as total P, available P (using 0.2 N H 2SO 4 and 0.5 M NaHCO 3 extractants), per cent C, Na, Mg, K, and cation exchange capacity of the experimental plots were measured in addition to coffee yield. With the exception of the K and N levels of the soil which were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by the mulch materials, the changes in the other soil properties were not significant. The mulch materials significantly (P < 0.05) increased coffee yield by 4-158% over the control during the three-year period of the study. However, T. laxum and C. odorata were found to be better mulch materials than coffee husk and banana trash in terms of coffee yield improvement. Mulching in coffee plantations is therefore recommended as one of the low-input management strategies to bring about sustainable production in Ghana.

Host specialization and speciation in the American wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata

Article

Jan 2000

Thomas Harrington

A review of the Old World genus Fopius Wharton (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae), with description of two new species reared from fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera)

Article

Jan 1999

R.A. Wharton

Effect of relative humidity and temperature on the biotic agents of green scale Coccus viridis (Green)

Article

Jan 1989

The parasitoid wasps of the coffee stem borer, Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in Northern Thailand

Article

Jan 1994

J. Visitpanich

The white waxy scale

Article

Jan 1962

T.J. Crowe

The coffee planting industry in southern India

Article

R.D. Anstead

Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) associated with coffee

Article

H.F. Barnes

Manejo Integrado do bicho mineiro das folhas do cafeeiro e seu reflexo na produção de café

Article

Apr 1996

Fungal Fruit Rots of Tomatoes in Southern Nigeria

Article

Jan 1976

Studies conducted in 1974 and 1975 at Ile-Ife, Western State of Nigeria, showed that up to 21 % of the potential harvest of tomato fruits were lost to rots in the field and an additional 5–20 % rotted in transit and in the market. The major incitants of the rots were Geotrichum candidum, Rhizoctonia solarti and Sclerotium rolfsii. Other pathogens of lesser importance were Pythium aphanidermatum, Botry-odiplodia theobromae, Fusarium equiseti and F. xylarioides.

Contribution à l'étude des parasites des végétaux du Congo Belge

Article