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Tissue sulfhydryl groups
... Cholinesterase activities were measured using the procedure of Ellman [40], as reported by Adedayo et al. [9], which involves a mixture containing distilled water (50 µL), 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (50 µL), 0 mM 5,5-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (30 µL), and acetylthiocholine or butyrylcholine (15 µL). A spectrophotometer was used to read the absorbance at 412 nm for 5 min. ...
... Essential neurotransmitters such as butyrylcholine and acetylcholine are notable substrates for cholinesterase enzymes. They are CNS-found neuromodulators that are crucial for cognitive function [40]. Purinergic signaling has an impact on the CNS's regular operation and is essential for synchronizing the functional activity of neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells [47]. ...
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder linked to cognitive
impairment and memory deficit, known as diabetes encephalopathy. This study examined the
anti-diabetic and neuroprotective effects of alkaloid extracts from Andrographis paniculata
(A. paniculata) and Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) leaves, a Traditional Chinese Medicine,
on carbohydrate-metabolizing (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) enzyme, cholinesterase and
purinergic enzyme activities, and antioxidants in the brains of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced
diabetic rats.
Methods: The alkaloid extraction of A. paniculata and P. amarus was done. Male Wistar rats
were divided into seven groups (n = 5) and were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of
50 mg/kg of STZ except Group I, which received saline (normal control). Group II-untreated
diabetic rats (diabetic control), Group III-diabetic rats received 5 mg/kg Glibenclamide
(standard drug); Group IV and V received 5 and 50 mg/kg P. amarus respectively; and Group
VI and VII received 5 and 50 mg/kg A. paniculata, respectively.
Results: The results showed that the elevated blood glucose and redox makers levels and
enzyme activities were significantly increased in the untreated diabetic rats. Reduced
antioxidant biomolecules (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant) levels were also
observed. However, these were considerably ameliorated upon treatment with the alkaloid
extracts in a dose-dependent manner.
Conclusion: The study found that the alkaloid extract of P. amarus and A. paniculata leaves
can modulate cognitive functioning and antioxidant profile in STZ-induced diabetic rats,
suggesting it could be a promising alternative for managing diabetes and its complications,
including cognitive impairment, in the treatment of diabetes and diabetes encephalopathy.
Keywords: Diabetes, Neuroprotective, Cognition, Impairment, Alkaloid, Streptozotocin
... Determination of reduced GSH GSH levels were measured by using the method described by Ellman (1959). Firstly, brain homogenates (20 μL) were mixed with 10% (w/v) TCA solution and centrifuged at 1000×g for 10 min at 4 •C. ...
... After incubating for 1 h, absorbance values were measured at 412 nm. GSH levels were calculated from an analytical curve of reduced glutathione, and the results were expressed as nmol SH mg 1 protein (Ellman 1959) Determination of MDA MDA levels were estimated as described by Ohkawa et al. (1979). Briefly, brain homogenates (50 μL) were mixed with 100 μL of 15% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and centrifuged at 2500×g at 4 •C for 10 min. ...
... Bu işlem sonrasında sarı-yeşil renk oluşumu sağlandı. GSH ölçümü, 410 nm absorbansta bir spektrofotometre kullanılarak yapıldı (Ellman, 1959). ...
Sıçanlarda paklitaksel (PTX) kaynaklı akciğer hasarına karşı misoprostol’ün (MP) koruyucu etkilerinin incelendiği bu çalışmada, yirmi bir adet dişi Sprague-Dawley cinsi sıçan kullanıldı. Bu hayvanlardan rastgele bir seçimle Kontrol, PTX ve PTX + MP olmak üzere 3 grup (n=7) oluşturuldu. Kontrol grubuna 1 mL %0,9 NaCl intraperitoneal (i.p.) ve 1 mL %0,9 NaCl oral yolla 6 gün boyunca verildi. PTX ve PTX + MP gruplarına çalışmanın 0., 2., 4. ve 6. günlerinde her sıçana 2 mg/kg PTX i.p. olarak verildi. PTX + MP grubuna ayrıca 6 gün süreyle 0,2 mg/kg/gün MP oral olarak verildi. Doku numuneleri sıçanlardan anestezi altında alındıktan sonra bu numunelerde biyokimyasal ve histopatolojik analizler yapıldı. Yapılan analizlerde PTX grubu sıçanlarda akciğer dokusundaki süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) ve katalaz (CAT) aktiviteleri ile glutatyon (GSH) düzeyinin azaldığı, malondialdehit (MDA) düzeyinin ise yükseldiği belirlendi. Yapılan histopatolojik incelemelerde ise, PTX grubu sıçanlarda alveol yapısında düzensizlik ve kalınlaşma, perivasküler ödem ve perivasküler alanda inflamatuar hücre infiltrasyonu gibi histopatolojik değişikliklerin şekillendiği tespit edildi. PTX + MP grubunda ise, PTX grubunda tespit edilen patolojik değişikliklerin büyük oranda önlendiği görüldü. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar; PTX’in neden olduğu akciğer hasarının önlenmesinde MP’nin etkili olduğunu göstermekte olup, kanser tedavisinde bu iki ilacın birlikte kullanılmasının faydalı olacağını düşündürmektedir.
... The cerebellum was homogenized in ice-cold 20 Mm Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4 °C [24]. The supernatant was collected and assessed for malondialdehyde (MDA) [26], catalase (CAT) [27], superoxide dismutase (SOD) [28], glutathione [29], glutathione peroxidase (GPx) [30], nitric oxide (NO) [31] and total antioxidant activity (TAC) [32]. ...
Lead (Pb) toxicity is a worldwide significant public health challenge causing several neurological disorders. Reports indicate that plants rich in antioxidants, such as Rosmarinus officinalis (RO), can counteract Pb accumulation and its toxicity in the brain. Due to a dearth of literature evidence demonstrating the protective activity of RO against Pb toxicity, this study investigated such activity in Wistar rats. Thirty-six Wistar rats were allocated into six groups (n=6), namely I (control), II (lead acetate [Pb]; 100 mg/kg b.w.), III (100 mg/kg of RO and 100 mg/kg of Pb), IV (200 mg/kg of RO and 100 mg/kg of Pb), V (100 mg/kg b.w. of RO) and VI (200 mg/kg b.w. of RO). After 28 days, neurobehavioural, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, apoptotic and inflammatory activities as well as the histology of the cerebellum were evaluated. Body weight, locomotion and exploration as well as antioxidant enzymes were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in Pb-exposed rats when compared to control. Conversely, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and caspase-3 activities were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in the Pb-exposed rats when compared to control. These parameters were, however, significantly (p<0.05) attenuated in the RO-pretreated rats when compared to Pb-exposed rats. Cerebellar histology of the Pb-exposed rats showed severe degeneration of the Purkinje cells whereas the RO-pretreated rats showed better cerebellar architecture. These findings demonstrate that the neuroprotective activity of RO is facilitated via its effective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
... The method developed by Ellman (Ellman 1959) was used to estimate the GSH levels. In brief, the supernatant, 1% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 20% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were taken into a test tube in a ratio of 1:9:15 respectively and mixed well. ...
Aims
Cytarabine (CYT), a prevalent anticancer drug for blood cancers, detrimentally affects male reproductive development and function. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a universal antioxidant, offers defense against chemical-induced reproductive dysfunction. Our study sought to explore ALA's protective role against prenatal CYT-induced reproductive impairment in F1 male adult rats.
Main methods
Pregnant rats were divided into 5 groups and administered normal saline, ALA 200 mg/kg, CYT 12.5 mg/kg, CYT 25 mg/kg, and CYT 25 mg/kg + ALA 200 mg/ kg from gestational day 8 to 21. On postnatal day 73, F1 male rats were sacrificed, and general, oxidative, steroidogenic, spermatogenic, histological, and morphometrical parameters were evaluated.
Key findings
Prenatal CYT caused dose-dependent reductions in body weight, testis, and accessory gland weights; elevated oxidative stress; delayed puberty onset; sperm anomalies (decreased count, motility, viability, seminal fructose; increased morphological anomalies); impeded steroidogenesis (lower testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(HSD), 17β-HSD, and elevated cholesterol); and testicular histopathological and morphometric disturbances. Maternal supplementation of ALA was found to alleviate all the CYT-induced reproductive disruptions.
Significance
The present work accentuates the beneficial actions of ALA against CYT-induced impairment in reproductive development and functions by combating disruptions in oxidative balance, steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, and testicular histological aberrations. However, future experimental and clinical studies are warranted to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in the ALA’s protection against prenatal CYT-induced testicular injury.
Graphical Abstract
... Renal GSH and MDA levels were assessed based on methods previously described by Ellman (1959) and Mihara and Uchiyama (1978), respectively, while the SOD enzymatic activity in kidney tissue was assessed according to Marklund (1985) method. ...
Indomethacin (INDO) is an NSAID with remarkable efficacy and widespread utilization for alleviating pain. Nevertheless, renal function impairment is an adverse reaction linked to INDO usage. Nifuroxazide (NFX), an oral nitrofuran antibiotic, is frequently employed as an intestinal anti-infective agent. Our study aimed to investigate the renoprotective effects of NFX against INDO-induced nephrotoxicity and explore the protection mechanisms. Four groups of rats were allocated to (I) the normal control, (II) the NFX-treated (50 mg/kg), (III) INDO control (20 mg/kg), and (IV) NFX + INDO. NFX attenuates renal impairment in INDO-induced renal injury, proved by decreasing serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, and NGAL while the albumin was elevated. NFX mitigates renal oxidative stress by decreasing MDA levels and restoring the antioxidants’ GSH and SOD levels mediated by upregulating Nrf2, HO-1, and cytoglobin pathways. NFX mitigated renal inflammation and effectively decreased MPO, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels in the rat’s kidney mediated by significant downregulation of NADPH-oxidase and NF-κB expression and suppression of JAK-1 and STAT3 phosphorylation. NFX mitigates renal apoptosis by decreasing the expression of cleaved caspase-3 expression. In conclusion, NFX treatment prevents INDO nephrotoxicity by regulating Nrf2/HO-1, cytoglobin, NADPH-oxidase, NF-κB, and JAK-1/STAT3 signals.
... Les métallothionéines dans les échantillons sont quantifiées en évaluant le contenu en résidus -SH par une méthode spectrophotométrique utilisant le réactif d'Ellman (DTNB : 5,5dithiobis 2-acidonitrobenzoique) [6]. ...
L’application de l’approche de réponse intégrée des biomarqueurs (IBR) a permis d’évaluer l’état de santé de l’écosystème marin du littoral de Sidi Ifni en général et l’influence des eaux usées sur les moules, et par conséquent les ressources marines, en particulier.
L’analyse corrélative, couplant les interactions entre les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques dans l’espace et le temps, a permis d’identifier une corrélation positive entre les métaux traces et les biomarqueurs et précisément les métallothionéines. Elle a aussi contribué à réaliser une interprétation intégrée des biomarqueurs lors de contamination par les eaux usées dans le littoral de Sidi Ifni.
Cette situation nous incite, dans les conditions actuelles, à renforcer la surveillance du littoral de la ville de Sidi Ifni et des sites avoisinants et de développer des moyens efficaces de prévention contre la pollution. Par ailleurs, il faut penser, à long terme, à traiter l’ensemble des eaux usées de la ville et assurer à suivre les performances d’épuration de la STEP installée à Sidi Ifni.
... 0.75ml of supernatant was mixed with 0.75ml of 4% sulphosalicylic acid and then centrifuged at 1200 RPM for 5 min at 4°C, from this 0.5ml of supernatant was taken and added to 4.5 ml of 0.01 M DTNB and absorbance was measured at 412 nm by using a (ELICO, 171) UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. [20] ...
... Lipid peroxidation was determined using the described method by Varshney and Kale (1990). Total thiols, catalase, and AChE activities were evaluated using the described methods by Ellman (1959), Claiborne (2018) and Ellman et al. (1961), respectively. ...
Buchholzia coriacea is known for its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties. This study evaluated the effect of alkaloid-rich extract of Buchholzia coriacea seed (ArEBCs) against copper-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster . The flies were exposed to graded doses (25 to 200 mg/kg diet) of ArEBCs for 12 days and thereafter, a survival test was carried out to determine the safe and therapeutic doses used in the ameliorative study. For this, flies were exposed to CuSO 4 (1 mM) alone or in combination with ArEBCs (25 and 50 mg/kg diet) for 5 days. Locomotor activity and biochemical assays such as glucose (GLU) level, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, malonaldehyde (MDA) and antioxidant biomarkers (catalase and reduced glutathione) were performed to assess the effect of ArEBCs on the copper-induced flies. Copper-exposed flies showed reduced survival rates and disrupted locomotor activity when compared to the control flies. In addition, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in AChE activity, GLU and MDA levels and a decrease in the antioxidant biomarkers activities were observed in the copper-exposed flies. Treatment of flies with ArEBCs mitigated the negative effect of copper on the flies by increasing the survival rate of the flies, reducing the activities of AChE, GLU and MDA. The activities of the cellular antioxidant status were also significantly (p < 0.05) increased. This study suggests that ArEBCs could mitigate the effect of copper-induced oxidative damage in Drosophila melanogaster and could be considered a potential therapeutic agent against copper-induced oxidative damage.
... The determination was carried out as described by Ellman [18]. Precisely, 1.0 ml of 0.5 mmolar 5, 5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) in 0.1 molar phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was added to a test tube containing 1.0 mL of the glycated sample and incubated at room temperature of 29 °C for 15 min. ...
Background
The specificity of protein functions depends on its folding ability into a functional structure. Protein folding is an essential systemic phenomenon that prevents incorrect folding which could result in harmful aggregation. This harmful aggregation of proteins causes neurodegenerative diseases and systemic amyloidosis. Experimental and theoretical approaches were used in this study to explicate the probable mechanisms of action of quercetin in inhibition of glucose-induced glycation through estimations of percentage glycated protein, inhibited induced protein aggregation, and unoxidized bovine serum albumin thiol groups and assessments of molecular interactions of quercetin with the structures of bovine serum albumin, amyloid beta-peptide (1–42) and 3D amyloid-beta (1–42) fibrils retrieved from the protein databank ( http://www.rcsb.org ).
Results
The results showed quercetin inhibited the formation of glycated protein, protein aggregation, and thiol oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner where 200 μg/ml showed the highest inhibition while 50 μg/ml depicted the least inhibition in all the studied assessments. From the docking analysis, it was observed that quercetin had a significantly higher binding affinities − 8.67 ± 0.09 kcal/mol, − 5.37 ± 0.05 kcal/mol and − 5.93 ± 0.13 kcal/mol for the bovine serum albumin, amyloid beta-peptide (1–42) and 3D amyloid-beta (1–42) fibrils respectively compared to the glucose, the inducer. Quercetin and glucose interacted with amino acid residues at the BSA subdomain IIA thus providing a clue that quercetin may impose its inhibition through the binding domain. Also, it is important to mention that the phytochemicals shared a similar interaction profile as that of glucose with the amyloid-beta.
Conclusions
These findings established the beneficial effects of quercetin as a potential agent that could alleviate hyperglycaemic-initiated disorders associated with elevated serum glucose levels.
... Pancreatic reduced glutathione (GSH) content was determined as previously described by Ellman (1959) depending on the reaction of Ellman's reagent (5,5′-dithio-bis(2nitrobenzoic acid)) (DTNB), with the thiol group of GSH at pH 8.0 to give yellow color of 5-thiol-2-nitrobenzoate anion. This was measured spectrophotometrically at 412 nm and the results were expressed as μmol/g wet tissue. ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of montelukast on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pancreatitis. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: normal control, control montelukast, LPS group, and two LPS + montelukast-treated groups. Acute pancreatitis (AP) was induced by a single dose of LPS (6 mg/kg, i.p.), while montelukast was given in two different doses (10 and 20 mg/kg/day) for 3 consecutive days prior to the injection of LPS. AP was demonstrated by significant increases in serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pancreatic enzymes lipase and amylase. Proinflammatory response activation was evident by elevated serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) and increased pancreatic concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1β), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). The activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a neutrophil infiltration marker, has also been increased. Oxidative stress was confirmed by significant increases in the concentrations of lipid peroxides measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and decreases in the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the pancreatic tissues of animals treated with LPS. Histological examination confirmed the biochemical alterations. Montelukast treatment reversed all these biochemical indices and histopathological changes that LPS induced. Montelukast reduced the increase in serum levels of lipase, amylase, LDH, total nitrite/nitrate, TNF-α, IL-1β, and ICAM-1. MPO activities and TBARS concentrations were also suppressed while GSH content was increased in pancreatic tissues. These results show that montelukast may be a beneficial pharmacological agent in protection against LPS-induced oxidative pancreatic injury by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration, counteracting oxidative stress, and suppressing inflammatory mediators.
... Using a motor-driven Teflon pestle, homogenates were created using a ratio of 1 g of wet tissue to 9 ml of 1.25% KCl. The homogenates were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4˚C at 7000 rpm, and the supernatants were utilized for the tests of the concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) [17], catalase (CAT) [18], glutathione peroxidase (GPx) [19], reduced gluthathione (GSH) [20] and malondialdehyde (MDA) content [21]. ...
Aim: The antidotal potential of Hippocratea africana root, which is used locally to cure poisoning, was studied in rats. Methodology: The hepatoprotective activity of the root extract (200-600 mg/kg), fractions (dichloromethane (DCM) and aqueous, 400 mg/kg) and Silymarin (100 mg/kg), were investigated against paracetamol-induced liver injury in rats. Assay of liver function parameters, markers of Original Research Article Noah et al.; Asian J. 115 antioxidative stress in addition to liver histological analysis were employed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of root extract and fractions. Results: Administration of the root extract (200-600 mg/kg) caused significant (P < .05-.001) increases in the blood levels of total protein and decreases in direct and total bilirubin, and the liver biomarker enzymes ALT, AST, and ALP caused by paracetamol administration. Most of the time, the effects were dose-dependent. When compared to the negative control group of animals (organotoxic-treated animals), the histology of the liver sections from animals treated with extract, fractions, and silymarin revealed a decrease in pathological characteristics. These histological observations suggest significant hepatoprotective potentials which were in line with the chemical pathological alterations. Conclusion: The outcome of the study indicated that root extract and fractions of Hippocratea africana have antioxidative stress potentials and hepatoprotective action against harmful substances, maybe as a result of its phytochemical constituents' activity.
... The thiol groups (-SH) content in liver and kidney tissues were determined according to the method of Ellman (1959). Samples were mixed with 800 μL of phosphate buffer (pH 8.2; 0.25 M) and 100 μL of EDTA (20 mM). ...
The current study investigated the possible mechanisms of aqueous extract Salvia officinalis flowers (SF‐AE) and its protective effects against hepatorenal toxicities produced by simultaneous acute administration of ethanol (EtOH)/castor oil (CO). Healthy male rats ( N = 50) were separated into five equal groups: control, Ethanol (EtOH) + Castor oil (CO), doses of increasing orders of SF‐AE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) during 15 days. Liver and kidney injuries were induced by EtOH (4 g/kg, b.w., p.o.) combined with CO (5 mL/kg, b.w., p.o.). Compared to the control group, SF‐AE pretreatment protected against simultaneous administration of EtOH and CO‐caused serious histological alterations in liver and kidney tissues. SF‐AE also reversed liver and kidney biochemical parameters and lipid profile alterations. More importantly, SF‐AE significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and counteracted the depletion of both enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidants. SF‐AE also prevents against inflammation induced by EtOH combined with CO, expressed by the rise of inflammation biomarkers (C‐reactive protein: CRP and alkaline phosphatase: ALP). Additionally, combined EtOH intoxication and CO poisoning exerted an increase in H 2 O 2 , free iron and calcium levels. Impressively, SF‐AE treatment regulated levels of these studied intracellular mediators in a dose‐dependent manner. In conclusion, SF‐AE can potentially improve liver and kidney injuries associated with biochemical parameter deregulations, possibly by controlling oxidative stress and inflammation.
... After exposure to the oxidizing agent, erythrocytes were treated with 20% TCA. The samples were centrifuged at 2500 g for 5 min (centrifuge Hermle Z 32 HK (rotor for microtubes), Hermle Labortechnik GmbH), 1.2 ml of 0.5 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) and 0.05 ml (5 mM) solution of Ellman's reagent were added to 1 ml of supernatant, GSH was determined by the optical density of the resulting product at 412 nm [15]. The concentration of stable products of membrane lipid peroxidation in rat erythrocytes (malondialdehyde and some minor low molecular weight dialdehydes) reacting with thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) was determined spectrophotometrically using the molar extinction coefficient ε 532 =1.56×10 5 M -1 ⋅cm -1 of the resultant chromogen (TBA-malondialdehyde adduct) [16]. ...
Flavonoids, secondary plant metabolites, represent the most abundant heterogeneous group of phytochemicals. The aim of this study to compare antioxidant activity and regulatory properties of several representatives of different classes of flavonoids, fisetin, apigenin, kaempferol, naringenin, naringin, using liver mitochondria and erythrocytes as research objects. In the concentration range of 2.5–25 μM fisetin, apigenin, kaempferol, naringenin, and naringin dose-dependently prevented oxidative damage of erythrocytes induced by 700 μM tert-butyl hydroperoxide: accumulation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products and oxidation of glutathione GSH. The IC50 values corresponding to the flavonoid concentration inhibiting the LPO process in erythrocyte membranes by 50%, were 3.9±0.8 μM in the case of fisetin, 6.5±1.6 μM in the case of kaempferol, 8.1±2.1 μM in the case of apigenin, 37.8±4.4 μM in the case of naringenin, and 64.7±8.6 μM in the case of naringin. The antioxidant effect of flavonoids was significantly higher in the membrane structures compared to the cytoplasm of cells. All flavonoids studied (10–50 μM) effectively inhibited the respiratory activity of isolated rat liver mitochondria and, with the exception of kaempferol, stimulated Ca2+-induced dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Cyclosporine A and ruthenium red inhibited flavonoid-stimulated Ca2+-dependent membrane depolarization, thus indicating that the mitochondrial calcium uniporter and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening were involved in the flavonoid effects. Flavonoids, as the redox-active compounds with antioxidant properties, are able to regulate mitochondrial potential and respiratory activity, and prevent mitochondrial oxidative stress. They can be considered as effective pharmacological agents or nutraceuticals.
... Tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were assessed according to the method outlined by Ellman (1959) with slight modifications. In brief, 500 mg of powdered ingredients were added with 1 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). ...
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is the fourth largest cereal crop in the world, with considerable nutritional value. Recently more studies on the toleration of barley to salt stress have been published, indicating an increased concern for food safety. Salt stress is an increasing threat to agricultural productivity; thus, an attempt was made to explore the growth-promoting capacities of an endophytic fungal strain Aspergillus niger CSR3 in H. vulgare. In the current study, we investigated various physiological and biochemical characteristics of two H. vulgare varieties, namely OM-80 and OM-82, under 300 mM NaCl and 100% seawater treatments with and without the inoculation of CSR3. Our results showed that biopriming of H. vulgare seeds with CSR3 enhanced germination ratio both in control and salt treated conditions. Under salt stress, the growth of H. vulgare plants was significantly reduced; however, CSR3 alleviated the salt stress and significantly increased root/shoot length and weight compared to their respective counterparts both under control and stress conditions. The fungal strain showed an ameliorated response to salt stress by improving the photosynthetic machinery. Results demonstrate that accumulation of reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and flavonoids decreased in inoculated plants as compared to non-inoculated under saline conditions indicating the potential of CSR3 in maintaining cellular homeostasis against salinity stress. Moreover, our finding also revealed that starch accumulation decreased with a gradual increase of salt treatment; however, CSR3 inoculation enhanced starch and decreased sugar level, indicating its potential to convert excess sugar to starch. In conclusion, CSR3 can improve plant performance significantly and can greatly improve sustainable agricultural production in saline marginal lands.
... The content of thiol groups was measured by Ellman's [30] method with minor modification. An aliquot of protein solution (0.5 mL, 0.2 mg/ mL) was added to 0.02 mL Ellman reagent and dissolved in 2.5 mL Tris-Gly buffer solution (0.086 mol/L Tris, 0.09 mol/L glycine, 4 mmol/L EDTA, pH 8.0). ...
The effects of ultrasonic brine on the physicochemical properties, sensory quality and microstructure of low-sodium beef jerkies were investigated. Compared with control jerky brined in 1.5% NaCl solution, both of the direct reduction and partial replacement of 50% NaCl by KCl decreased the sodium content. Ultrasonic treatment resulted in sharp reduction in shear force. KCl substitution together with ultrasonic treatment caused the highest yield, a* value and water content, and the water activity of all groups were below 0.85. Only the direct reduction of NaCl had negative effects on the sensory quality. KCl substitution combined with ultrasonic treatment was the most suitable for producing low-sodium beef jerkies with high quality, possibly because the mixed salt had equal total salt content to control. Meanwhile, the cavitation and mechanical effects of ultrasound may unfold protein structure, increase myofibrillar fragmentation index and break the muscle fiber, thus improving the quality of beef jerky.
... By combining 150 ml of Ellman's reagent with 50 ml of serum, the GSH level was calculated. After 25 minutes, absorbance at 414 nm was measured to determine the GSH level [30]. ...
The objective of this study was to reveal the growth, colouration and gonado-physiological changes due to the exogenous aromatase inhibitor (AIs) in an ornamental fish. 17α-methyl-testosterone (MT) and letrozole (LET) were used as potential AIs. The AI were supplemented with a gel-based feed (LET: 50, 100, 150 and MT: 12.5, 25, 37.5 mg/kg feed) in Rosy barb, Pethia conchonius fry. The fishes were reared in a 45-L glass tank using AI treated gel-based feed for 3 months. Growth in AI-based diets was reduced but the reduction was minimal compared to the control. At 25 mg/kg feed of 17 MT, the highest male proportion (84.72% 6.05%) was recorded, which was significantly higher (P�0.05) than other groups. L*, a*, and b* values showed that 17α-MT-fed groups had brighter coloration (P�0.05). Histological sections showed that LET-17α-MT suppressed ovarian development , causing atretic oocytes. Testicular development was unaffected. 25 mg/kg-treated feed increased SOD, CAT, GST, and GPX. The AI (MT) at 25 mg/kg gel-based feed could therefore be utilised for musculinization without impacting growth, colour, and antioxidant activity of rosy barb, which serves the entire male population in the ornamental fish sector.
... Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) levels in renal tissues were measured by Griess reagent (Green et al. 1982). Additionally, reduced glutathione (GSH) in renal tissue was calculated according to Ellman (1959). ...
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening complication that accompanies rhabdomyolysis. Daidzein is a dietary isoflavone that has various biological activities. This study examined the therapeutic potential of daidzein and the underlying mechanisms against AKI induced by glycerol in male rats. Animals were injected once with glycerol (50%, 10 ml/kg, intramuscular) for induction of AKI and pre-treated orally with daidzein (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Biochemical, histopathological, immunohistopathological, and molecular parameters were assessed to evaluate the effect of daidzein. The results revealed that the model group displayed remarkable functional, molecular, and structural changes in the kidney. However, pre-administration of daidzein markedly decreased the kidney relative weight as well as the levels of urea, creatinine, K, P, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and cystatin C. Further, daidzein lessened the rhabdomyolysis-related markers [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK)]. Notably, the enhancement of the antioxidant biomarkers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and reduced glutathione (GSH) is accompanied by a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Moreover, upregulated gene expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfe212) and hemeoxygenase-1 (Hmox1) were exerted by daidzein administration. Rats who received daidzein displayed markedly lower interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor nuclear factor-α (TNF-α), myleoperoxidase (MPO), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels together with higher interleukin-10 (IL-10) related to the model group. Remarkably, significant declines were noticed in the pro-apoptotic (Bax and caspase-3) and rises in antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) levels in the group that received daidzein. The renal histological screening validated the aforementioned biochemical and molecular alterations. Our findings support daidzein as a potential therapeutic approach against AKI-induced renal injury via suppression of muscle degradation, oxidative damage, cytokine release, and apoptosis.
... Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were assessed by the methods of Ohkawa et al. [35], Velikova et al. [36], and Ellman [37], respectively. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), ...
... As well, the same samples were used to estimate malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) following the previously published protocols (Ellman, 1959;Nishikimi et al., 1972;Ohkawa et al., 1979;Aebi, 1984;Benzie and Strain, 1996). ...
... Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA)(Ohkawa et al., 1979). The tissue sulfhydryl groups were assessed by determining the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH)(Ellman, 1959). Catalase activity was determined by measuring the Distance between stimulation sites Latency of M wave (sciatic notch) -Latency of M wave (Achilles tendon) ...
... The gastric mucosal homogenate was precipitated and reacted with 5, 5'dithiobis 2nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) to estimate the reduced glutathione content, and the absorbance was measured at 412 nm as per the method stated by Elman et al. [23] . ...
Natural polysaccharides are emerging gastro-protective agents that need extensive characterization and subsequent commercialization. Diclofenac sodium, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is generally used as a model drug to induce gastric ulcers experimentally. Therefore, in the present study, Basella alba mucilage is modified to form hydrogel beads, and its gastro-protective potential is judged by incorporating Diclofenac sodium in it and administered orally to Swiss albino rats at an equivalent weight of 50mg Diclofenac sodium/ kg bw for ten days. The results were compared with the rats administered Diclofenac sodium (50 mg/kg bw) and with the group of rats administered Diclofenac sodium (50mg/kg bw) and Pantoprazole (10mg/kg bw). Another group of rats were administered blank hydrogel beads, and another group served as control. The gastro-protective property was evaluated from the gastric secretory parameters, ulcer index, biochemical tests, and histopathology studies. The administration of Basella alba mucilage-based hydrogel beads in rats decreased the ulcer index, total and free acidity, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide level, and myeloperoxidase activity. It elevated the level of enzymic antioxidants and increased gastric juice's pH significantly compared to the Diclofenac-treated rats. All the evaluated parameters showed similar results for the rats treated with Diclofenac sodium-loaded Basella alba mucilage beads and those treated with Diclofenac sodium and Pantoprazole, with no significant differences. The histopathology analysis also supports the gastro-protective property of the beads. Thus, Basella alba mucilage-based hydrogel beads can be a promising gastro-protective agent against Diclofenac sodium-induced gastric ulcers.
... Spectrophotometric analysis of renal GSH was performed according to Ellman (1959). In summary, the sulfhydryl group of GSH combines with Ellman's reagent (5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)) at controlled pH to create a yellow color, detected at 412 nm. ...
Amphotericin B (AmB)–induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common health problem having an undesirable impact on its urgent therapeutic utility for fatal systemic fungal infections. Tadalafil (TAD), a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, has been observed to have a wide range of pharmacological actions, including nephroprotection. The study’s objective was to examine the possible underlying protective mechanism of TAD against AmB-induced nephrotoxicity. Experimentally, animals were divided randomly into four groups: control, TAD (5 mg/kg/day; p.o.), AmB (18.5 mg/kg/day; i.p.), and TAD+AmB groups. Sera and tissue samples were processed for biochemical, molecular, and histological analyses. The biochemical investigations showed that TAD significantly ameliorated the increase of kidney function biomarkers (creatinine, urea, CysC, KIM-1) in serum, renal nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) in AmB-treated rats. Meanwhile, TAD significantly retarded AmB-induced decrease in serum magnesium, sodium, potassium, and renal glutathione content. Molecular analysis revealed that TAD reduced AmB-induced imbalance in the protein expression of eNOS/iNOS, which explains its regulatory effect on renal NO content. These results were also supported by the down-regulation of nuclear NF-κB p65 and cleaved caspase-3 protein expressions, as well as the improvement of histological features by TAD in AmB-treated rats. Therefore, it can be suggested that TAD could be a promising candidate for renoprotection against AmB-induced AKI. That could be partly attributed to its regulatory effect on renal eNOS/iNOS balance and NO, the inhibition of NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, its downstream inflammatory cytokines and iNOS, and ultimately the inhibition of caspase-3-induced renal apoptosis.
... Rats showing blood glucose levels more than 250 mg/dl was included in the study. The parameters which were evaluated were body weight, blood glucose, SOD [8] (superoxide dismutase), CAT [9] (catalase), GSH [10] (glutathione), MDA [11] (malondialdehyde), Triglyceride (TG), Total cholesterol (TC), HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein). Blood glucose, TG, TC, HDL, LDL were estimated using biochemical estimation kits obtained from Crest-Goa. ...
Anti-diabetic activity of Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit extract was carried out against streptozotocin induced diabetic model in wistar rats. Soxhlet extraction using methanol was carried out on Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit to obtain the extract. Acute Oral Toxicity– Acute Toxic Class Method 423 was performed to obtain the low and high doses respectively at 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg. Experiment using streptozotocin as diabetic model was actioned. The parameters which were evaluated were body weight, blood glucose, SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GSH (glutathione), MDA (malondial- dehyde), Triglyceride (TG), Total cholesterol (TC), HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein). Streptozotocin brought derangements in the above estimated parameters which were ameliorated by administration of Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit extract. The findings of the present study support anti-diabetic activity of Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit extract in the animal model.
... Using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a reference protein, the protocol developed by Bradford was used to determine the crude extract's protein content [22], while the sulfhydryl group concentration in the extract samples was determined in accordance with Ellman's method [23]. ...
The agro-industrial sector generates diverse waste that requires effective handling to mitigate economic loss and pollution. Consequently, this study assessed bacterial isolates from poultry dumpsites for feather decomposition and keratinase production capacity. The protein hydrolysates generated from feather dismemberment by two bacteria identified as Chryseobacterium proteolyticum FGNn (accession no. MW165478) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa GNFx (accession no. MW165479) were profiled for amino acids composition. The biochemical properties of the bacteria-associated keratinases were determined. Initial keratinase production (with percentage feather degradation), demonstrated by the isolates, was 693.63 ± 62.99 U/mL (81%) and 619.09 ± 37.28 (76%) against FGNn and GNFx, respectively. At optimized process conditions, C. proteolyticum and P. aeruginosa extracellular keratinase production was 1756.36 ± 2.57 U/mL at 72 h and 2055.45 ± 50.14 U/mL at 96 h, respectively. Analysis of the feather hydrolysates showed a relatively high abundance of arginine (3.18%) and glycine (3.26%) for FGNn and glutamic acid (6.05%), serine (3.31%), aspartic acid (4.74%), glycine (3.71%), alanine (3.43%), valine (3.09%), and leucine (3.23%) for GNFx. The keratinolytic proteases showed pH and temperature optima of 8.0 and 50°C against FGNn, and 8.0 and 60°C against GNFx. GNFx keratinase was thermostable, displaying a half-life time of more than 60 min at 80°C. In addition, GNFx keratinolytic enzyme was chemical agent tolerant post-treatment. The findings underlined the significance of C. proteolyticum FGNn and P. aeruginosa GNFx as suitable in the valorisation of keratinous biomass. Also, the robust stability profile of GNFx keratinase highlights its prospects in green technology.
... Reduced glutathione (GSH) estimation was done by Spectrophotometric method using Ellman reagent (Ellman, 1959) as modified by Sigma Aldrich diagnostic. The principle of the method showed that 5,5'-dithiobis-(2,-nitrobenzoic acid) is reduced by SH groups to form 1 mole of 2-nitro-5-mercaptobenzoic acid per mole of SH. ...
This study evaluated the in vivo Prophylactic and Suppressive antimalarial activities of a locally formulated herbal antimalarial therapy, dry plantain leaf extract (Musa paradisiaca) on liver antioxidant profile of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Prophylactic assessment involved six groups (control, P. berghei infected, P. berghei infected and artesunate treated, P. berghei infected and oral treatment with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg Musa paradisiaca leaf extract) using Prophylactic model. Another six groups following the same order was used for suppressive assessment using suppressive model. The rats were sacrificed on the 10th day, and blood samples collected through cardiac puncture for Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione and Malondialdehyde. Blood smears was evaluated microscopically for parasitaemia. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Catalase (umol/ml/mins) showed considerable variation in the control, P. berghei infected, and treatment groups; 24.62 ± 0.99, 10.04 ± 0.50, 23.97 ± 0.00 suppressive, and prophylaxis assessments respectively. The Glutathione Peroxidase (u/l) also showed significant decrease in the P. berghei infected group (205.22 ± 4.61) when compared with control 332.34 ± 0.64, and treatment groups 317.34 ± 0.00, 319.46 ± 0.64 and 317.76 ± 0.15 and 301.59 ± 0.00, 305.66 ± 1.36 and 309.45 ± 0.00 respectively (p < 0.05). Malondialdehye in the P. berghei infected group was increased 61.65 ± 1.72 when compared with the control and other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Protein (g/dl) decreased in the P. berghei infected group (10.22 ± 0.00) when compared to control and treatment groups (p < 0.05). The study showed that P. berghei elevated liver oxidation parameters while Musa paradisiaca leaf increased some antioxidants parameters, suggesting prophylasis and suppressive properties.
... The homogenate was then transferred to a microcentrifuge tube and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 15 min at 4 • C temperature. The supernatant was collected and stored at − 80 • C temperature for tissue oxidative experiments, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) [45], catalase (CAT) [46], lipid peroxidation [47], reduced glutathione (GSH) [48], and nitric oxide (NO) activity assay [49]. The protein concentration in the tissue supernatant was determined by the method of Bradford (1976) [50] using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a standard. ...
The global incidence of autoimmune diseases is on the rise, and many healthcare professionals believe that chronic stress plays a prominent role in both the aggravation and remission of these conditions. It is believed that prolonged exposure to stress is associated with neuroimmune axis malfunction, which eventually dysregulates multiple immunological factors as well as deregulates autoimmune responses that play a central role in various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Herein, we performed validation of an 8-week long rat model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) which consisted of exposing groups of rats to random stressors daily for 8 weeks. Additionally, we developed a novel rat model combining 8-week long random stressor-induced CUS with CIA-triggered arthritis and IMQ-triggered psoriasis and have successfully used both these models to assess the role of chronic stress in the aggravation of arthritis and psoriasis, respectively. Notably, the 8-week CUS protocol extensively aggravated and prolonged both arthritis and psoriasis condition in the rat model by upregulating the release of different pro-inflammatory cytokines, dysregulation of immune cell responses and oxidative stress system, which were all related to severe inflammation. Further, CUS aggravated macroscopic features and the increase in destruction of joint tissue and epidermal thickness induced by CIA and IMQ, respectively, in rats. In conclusion, this study suggests that exposure to an 8-week long CUS paradigm aggravates the distinctive characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis in rats via amplifying the inflammatory circuits and immune cell responses linked to these autoimmune diseases.
... The Ellman technique [14] was employed to ascertain GSH levels. The method relies on the response of reduced GSH with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). ...
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress can contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Isoproterenol (ISO), a synthetic catecholamine, is used to study the effects of drugs on cardiotoxicity. Agmatine (AGM) is a type of biogenic amine produced through the decarboxylation of arginine. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of AGM against ISO-induced cardiotoxicity due to the described roles of AGM in cardiovascular disease. Four groups of thirty-two Wistar Albino rats were divided equally as control, ISO, AGM+ISO, and ISO+AGM. ISO was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice at a dose of 150 mg/kg, at 24-hour intervals. Prior to and after ISO injection, 20 mg/kg of AGM was injected i.p. Hemodynamic measurements and serum and tissue biochemical analyses were evaluated at the end of the experiment. The levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the tissue were measured. In the ISO group, levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were increased significantly (p<0.05). Co-administration of ISO and AGM significantly reduced CK and LDH levels (p<0.05). MDA levels increased in the ISO-treated group but decreased in the AGM-treated groups (p<0.05). Notably, there was a reduction in the CAT level in the ISO treatment group (p<0.05). CAT was found to be significantly increased (p<0.05) in the groups that received AGM compared to the ISO group. AGM+ISO group had a reduced density of degenerated cardiomyocytes and granulation tissue compared to the ISO group (p<0.05). Although granulation tissue demonstrated a significant reduction in the ISO+AGM group in comparison to the ISO group (p<0.05). In this study, the results indicate that AGM treatment can potentially inhibit ISO-induced myocardial injury and vascular dysfunction by preserving vascular integrity. Notably, the protective effects of AGM on cardiac damage appear to outweigh its therapeutic benefits, as shown by histopathological analysis
... The glutathione (GSH) levels of homogenates were determined as previously reported [22]. The values were presented as nmol/g wet tissue. ...
Ovarian torsion is a gynecological emergency characterized by ovarian ischemic damage. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of dexpanthenol (DEX)-an antioxidant molecule-against ovarian ischemic damage in rats. The rats were simple randomly grouped into (1) Sham group (n=8); (2) Ischemia (I) group (n=8) (2 hours of I in ovaries); (3) DEX+I group (n=8) (500 mg/kg DEX administration 30 minutes before 2 hours of I.) The removed ovaries were examined histopathologically and biochemically. In the DEX+I group, necrosis-pycnosis severity was significantly reduced compared to the I group; but congestion-hemorrhage severity was similar. In the I group, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were slightly increased, and glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly decreased compared to the Sham group. In the DEX+I group, MDA and TOS levels were slightly reduced and GSH levels were slightly increased compared to the I group. DEX prevents ischemic damage in rat ovaries via an antioxidant effect. Further research is needed to support our findings.
... Aliquots of the supernatants (1.0 mL) were mixed (1:1) with 10% TCA and then centrifuged. To determine the NPSH content of the tissues, aliquots of the supernatants (500 lL) were added to a phosphate buffer (0.5 mmol L -1 pH 6.8, 10 mmol L -1 5,5 0 -dithio-bis[2-nitrobenzoic acid] [DTNB], 0.5 mmol L -1 cysteine) and the color change measured at 412 nm (Ellman 1959). Levels of NPSH were expressed as lmol g -1 of tissue. ...
Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) is a fish species with neotropical distribution, and is a potential model organism to study polluted environment. The aim of this study is to analyze the response of silver catfish to environmental concentrations of waterborne zinc (Zn) over 96 h. Significant metal accumulation was seen in gill, intestine and liver tissues. No significant accumulation was seen in muscle tissue. Lipid peroxidation increased in the brain, and decreased in the muscle and liver at all levels of exposure. Zinc exposure led to decreased protein carbonyl levels in the brain and increased levels in the liver. The activity of catalase in the liver was reduced for all exposed groups. Glutathione S-transferase activity decreased in the brain at the highest level of exposure and in the liver at all Zn concentrations tested. Non-protein thiols increased in the muscle and in the gills after exposure. Ascorbic acid levels increased in the brain and in the gills. Exposure to Zn also altered the metabolic parameters, causing decreased lactate and ammonia levels in the muscle, and decreased glycogen in the liver. Zinc exposure increased ammonia and amino acid levels in the liver, and increase glycogen and amino acid levels in muscle tissue. Our results demonstrate that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of Zn led to accumulation of metals in the tissues of silver catfish, with significant changes in biochemical parameters.
... Calculation: MDA in tissue = Asampleχ10 Astandardχgm tissue nmol/gm tissue. The concentration of GSH in homogenate from the parotid and submandibular glands was measured by a kinetic assay described by Ellman (1959), using a dithionitrobenzoic acid recycling technique. Briefly, mix well the tissue homogenate sample with trichloroacetic acid, allow to stand for 5 min at room temperature, centrifuge, remove the supernatant for assay. ...
... wavelength of 412 nm (Perkin Elmer Lambda 20 Spectrophotometer,) and GSH levels were calculated using molar extinction coefficient of 1.36*10 4 M −1 cm −1 and expressed as micromole per milligram protein (Ellman 1959). ...
Background
Morbidity and mortality rates associated with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) are high (30–40%). Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor, associated with transcription of numerous cytokines leading to cytokine storm, and thereby, plays a major role in ALI/ARDS and in advanced COVID-19 syndrome.
Methods
Considering the role of NF-κB in ALI, cost-effective in silico approaches were utilized in the study to identify potential NF-κB inhibitor based on the docking and pharmacokinetic results. The identified compound was then pharmacologically validated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rodent model of acute lung injury. LPS induces ALI by altering alveolar membrane permeability, recruiting activated neutrophils and macrophages to the lungs, and compromising the alveolar membrane integrity and ultimately impairs the gaseous exchange. Furthermore, LPS exposure is associated with exaggerated production of various proinflammatory cytokines in lungs.
Results
Based on in silico studies Olopatadine Hydrochloride (Olo), an FDA–approved drug was found as a potential NF-κB inhibitor which has been reported for the first time, and considered further for the pharmacological validation. Intraperitoneal LPS administration resulted in ALI/ARDS by fulfilling 3 out of the 4 criteria described by ATS committee (2011) published workshop report. However, treatment with Olo attenuated LPS-induced elevation of proinflammatory markers (IL-6 and NF-κB), oxidative stress, neutrophil infiltration, edema, and damage in lungs. Histopathological studies also revealed that Olo treatment significantly ameliorated LPS-induced lung injury, thus conferring improvement in survival. Especially, the effects produced by Olo medium dose (1 mg/kg) were comparable to dexamethasone standard.
Conclusion
In nutshell, inhibition of NF-κB pathway by Olo resulted in protection and reduced mortality in LPS- induced ALI and thus has potential to be used clinically to arrest disease progression in ALI/ARDS, since the drug is already in the market. However, the findings warrant further extensive studies, and also future studies can be planned to elucidate its role in COVID-19-associated ARDS or cytokine storm.
... The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) was determined spectrophotometrically by Ellman's method (Ellman 1959) and modified by Sedlak and Lindsay (1968), where 5-dithiobis 2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) is reduced by sulfhydryl groups of the reduced glutathione (GSH) present in the sample to produce 2-nitro 5-mercaptobenzoic acid which has an intense yellow color detectable at 412 nm. Two hundred milligrams of the liver was homogenized with 8 ml of 0.02 M EDTA in an ice bath. ...
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play a vital role in optimizing plant development and harvest quality. However, excessive use can lead to the accumulation of residues on plants, posing a risk to the consumer health. The current study focuses on 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an emerging PGR used for the last 20 years to reduce post-harvest and increase the shelf life up to several months. The aim of our research is to investigate the effect of the 1-MCP residue exposure on mammalian tissues. To do so, we evaluated the effect of the consumption of 1-MCP-contaminated diet on the liver function, antioxidant system, and hematopoietic parameters of albino Wistar rats for a period of 90 days. Rats were fed with whether a control diet (group I) or a contaminated diet with two respective doses of 1-MCP (D1 for group I and D2 for group II). At the end of the experiment, we conducted a CBC, we measured the body and liver weight, the biochemical liver biomarkers (AST and ALT serum activities), the antioxidant system (GSH content, GST, GPx, CAT, and SOD activities) as well as the lipid peroxidation end-product (MDA levels), and we also calculated the OSI and conducted H&E stained sections to observe the histopathological changes of the liver. The results revealed that the contaminated diet with the lowest dose of 1-MCP increased significantly the WBC count and MCV and altered the PLT count and P-LCR suggesting a leucocytosis and macrocytic anemia. 1-MCP also induced oxidative stress in the liver and depleted the general enzymatic activity of the anti-oxidative system including GST, GPx, CAT, and SOD and the OSI of the 1-MCP treated rats was significantly elevated. 1-MCP also elevated MDA levels but with no observable pathological changes in the hepatocytes or modified AST and ALT serum levels. Although exposure to 1-MCP through the diet may contain antioxidants that can potentially reduce the toxic effect, the risk of significant health implications discovered in this research cannot be ignored. Further investigation into the effects of 1-MCP when directly ingested or inhaled, targeting multiple mammalian tissues and understanding its mode of action on a molecular level, would be valuable in designing safety guidelines and healthcare measures, especially for farmworkers who are in direct contact with 1-MCP.
... Nitric oxide (NO) level in the renal samples was assayed using Griess reagent (sulfanilic acid and N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine) at 540 nm, as described by Green et al. (1982). Moreover, glutathione (GSH) contents were calculated using Ellman's reagent, and the formed yellow chromogen was measured at 412 nm as a result (Ellman 1959). ...
Lead is one of the cursed substances that threaten all human life. Lead poisoning can occur through food or water contaminations and it is hard to be detected. This incognito metal accumulates over time and resides in the liver, kidneys, and brain tissues leading to serious medical conditions, affecting organ functions, causing failure, kidney tubule degeneration, and destroying neuronal development. However, known metal chelators have bad negative effects. Asparagus officinalis (AO) is a promising herb; its root extract exhibited antioxidant, antiapoptotic, protective, and immunomodulatory activities. Inspired by those reasons, this study investigated to which extent Asparagus extract affected male mice’s renal toxicity caused by lead acetate (LA) and antioxidant defense system. This work screened for its nephroprotective activity in four mouse groups: negative and positive control, LA group with renal injury, and diseased but pretreated mice with AO extract (AOE). Kidney index and kidney function biomarkers were evaluated. Antioxidant activities, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide (NO), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also tested. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), renal pro-apoptotic protein (Bax), antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 levels were evaluated. The results showed that LA administration induced oxidative stress, renal inflammation, apoptosis, and renal histopathological alteration. However, due to its antioxidant activities, AOE was found to restrain oxidative stress, therefore preventing inflammation and apoptosis. Collectively, AOE perfectly clogged lead poisoning sneaking, stopped the bad deterioration, and succeeded to protect kidney tissues from toxicity, inflammation, and apoptosis.
... Cp activity was expressed as mg/dl. Total -SH levels were analyzed according to Ellman's method (modified by Hu et al.) and expressed as mmol/g protein (23). LOOH levels were measured by the ferrous ion oxidation-xylenol orange method (24) and expressed as μmol/g protein. ...
... For the determination of total GSH, the reducing effect of ascorbic acid and glyoxylic acid at a 2:1 ratio on the oxidized GSH fraction (GSSG) was used, samples were placed in a water bath at 67°C for 5 minutes, then were left to cool and 0.3 mL of DTNB diluted in 0.5 mol/L phosphate buffer at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL was added. Finally, for the GSH/GSSG ratio, a division was performed to obtain a di-mensionless ratio between GSH and GSSG values, the samples were read at 412 nm 14,15 . ...
Introduction: The high prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases in the older adult population requires research focused on functional foods with regulatory properties on redox state and with antioxidant potential. Quail egg yolk is a food with a great diversity of antioxidant compounds with neuroprotective activity. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Coturnix japonica egg yolk administration on the nervous tissue of mice against ethanol damage induction.
Methodology: 35 mice received the following treatment via orogastric for five days: groups I and II water (10 mL/kg), group III egg yolk (5 mL/kg), group IV egg yolk (10 mL/kg) and group V egg yolk (15 mL/kg). On the fifth day, 99% ethanol was administered subcutaneously (5 g/kg) to groupsII-V. After four hours, the mice were decapitated to obtain the brain and cerebellum and subsequently perform biochemical tests and histopathological analysis.
Results: Group IV presented neuronal proliferation phenomenon and Purkinje cells pluristratification in the brain and cerebellum respectively and additionally presented a better GSH/GSSG ratio (p<0.05) in comparison to group II. Therewas no statistically significant difference between protein levels or protein sulfhydryl groups in any of the groups.
Conclusions: Coturnix japonica egg yolk administration resulted in better preservation of the brain and cerebellum’s cytoarchitecture and increased GSH profile
... The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) was determined using the Ellman method (Ellman 1959). The Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
Diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction is linked to chronic hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, cholinergic dysfunction, and neuronal degeneration. We investigated the antidiabetic and neuroprotective activity of a mixture of Sclerocarya birrea, Nauclea latifolia, and Piper longum (SNP) in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rat model-induced memory impairment. Fructose (10%) and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) were used to induce T2D in male Wistar rats. Diabetic animals received distilled water, metformin (200 mg/kg), or SNP mixture (75, 150, or 300 mg/kg). HPLC–MS profiling of the mixture was performed. Behavioral testing was conducted using the Y-maze, NORT, and Morris water mazes to assess learning and memory. Biochemical markers were evaluated, including carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative/nitrative stress, pro-inflammatory markers, and acetylcholinesterase activity. Histopathological examination of the pancreas and hippocampus was also performed. Fructose/STZ administration resulted in T2D, impaired short- and long-term memory, significantly increased oxidative/nitrative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), hippocampal neuronal loss and degeneration in CA1 and CA3 subfields, and neuronal vacuolation in DG. SNP mixture at 150 and 300 mg/kg significantly improved blood glucose and memory function in diabetic rats. The mixture reduced oxidative/nitrative stress and increased endogenous antioxidant levels. It also reduced serum IL-1β, INF-γ and TNF-α levels and ameliorated AChE activity. Histologically, SNP protected hippocampus neurons against T2D-induced neuronal necrosis and degeneration. We conclude that the aqueous extract of SNP mixture has antidiabetic and neuroprotective activities thanks to active metabolites identified in the plant mixture, which consequently normalized blood glucose, protected hippocampus neurons, and improved memory function in diabetic rats.
Graphical abstract
... Reduced glutathione (GSH) was determined using Ellman´s reagent (DTNB (5, 5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid)) which is reduced by the free sulfhydryl group on the GSH molecule generating 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid. The latter has yellow color and can be determined by reading absorbance at 412 nm (Ellman, 1959). ...
... The levels of MDA, an end product of lipid peroxidation, were measured with the absorbance coefficient of the malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid (MDA-TBA) complex at 532 nm using 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane as the standard (Ohkawa et al. 1979). GSH levels were determined using 5, 5′-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) for color development at 412 nm (Ellman 1959). SOD enzyme activity was measured by the modified method of NADH-phenazine-methosulfate-nitroblue-tetrazoliumformazan inhibition reaction at 550 nm (Kakkar et al. 1984). ...
In environmental toxicology, combined toxicity has emerged as an important concern. Atrazine (ATZ), dichlorvos (DIC), and imidacloprid (IMD) are the major pesticides, extensively used to control insect, flies, mosquitoes, and weed. Here, we investigate whether the exposure to three different types of pesticides individually and in combination for 24 h alters antioxidant enzyme responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Oxidative stress parameters (biochemical and mRNA expression), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and Metallothionein-II (MT-II) mRNA expression levels were measured. Present work includes toxicological assessment of individual and combined (CMD) exposure of ATZ (185.4 µM), DIC (181 µM), IMD (97.8 µ), and CMD (ATZ 92.7 µM + DIC 90.5 µM + IMD 48.9 µM), in the liver, kidney, and brain of adult zebrafish. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH) content, AChE, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity along with mRNA expression of SOD, CAT, GPx, and MT-II were evaluated. Briefly, LPO, GSH content, the activity of AChE, and all antioxidant enzymes enhanced significantly in individual exposure, which was further altered in the CMD group. The mRNA expression of SOD, CAT, GPx, and MT-II in the liver and kidney showed significant down-regulation in all exposed groups. In the brain, significant upregulation in mRNA expression of SOD, CAT, GPx, and MT-II was observed in DIC and IMD groups, while ATZ and CMD showed significant downregulation except for GPx. Findings postulate that the CMD group exhibits synergistic toxic manifestation. The present study provides the baseline data on the combined toxic effects of pesticides and suggests regulating the use of pesticides.
... ROS was determined by combining the samples with H 2 DCF-DA (Sigma, USA) as previously reported (Hozayen et al. 2019). Malondialdehyde (MDA) (Mihara and Uchiyama 1978), reduced glutathione (GSH) (Ellman 1959), and activities Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal extensively employed in manufacturing polyvinyl chloride, batteries, and other industries. Acute lung injury has been directly connected to Cd exposure. Agomelatine (AGM), a melatonin analog, is a drug licensed for treating severe depression. This study evaluated the effect of AGM against Cd-induced lung injury in rats. AGM was administered in a dose of 25 mg/kg/day orally, while cadmium chloride (CdCl2) was injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 1.2 mg/kg to induce lung injury. Pre-treatment with AGM remarkably ameliorated Cd-induced lung histopathological abrasions. AGM decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, suppressed NDAPH oxidase, and boosted the antioxidants. AGM increased Nrf2, GCLC, HO-1, and TNXRD1 mRNA, as well as HO-1 activity and downregulated Keap1. AGM downregulated Bax and caspase-3 and upregulated Bcl-2, SIRT1, and FOXO3 expression levels in the lung. In conclusion, AGM has a protective effect against Cd-induced lung injury via its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects mediated via regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and SIRT1/FOXO3 signaling.
... The reduced glutathione (GSH) was estimated by the method of Ellman (Ellman, 1959) with slight modification as described by Beutler et al. (1963). Briefly, in alkaline pH, 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was made to react with aliphatic thiol compounds to produce p-nitrophenol anion to yield yellow color, and its intensity was measured at 412 nm. ...
Acetaminophen (APAP) in high doses causes acute liver injury and acute liver failure. Ethyl gallate (EG) is a natural polyphenol, possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the protective role of EG against APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice. Acute liver injury was induced by a single dose of APAP (400 mg/kg., i.p.). In separate groups, EG (10 mg/kg), EG (20 mg/kg), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 1200 mg/kg., i.p.) were administered concurrently with APAP. The mice were sacrificed after 24 h of treatment. Liver marker enzymes of hepatotoxicity, antioxidant markers, inflammatory markers, and histopathological studies were done. APAP administration caused a significant elevation of marker enzymes of hepatotoxicity and lipid peroxidation. APAP administration also decreased enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants. Acute APAP intoxication induced nuclear factor κ B, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, p65, and p52 and downregulated IκB gene expressions. Our histopathological studies have confirmed the presence of centrilobular necrosis, 24 h after APAP intoxication. All the above abnormalities were significantly inhibited in groups of mice that were concurrently administered with APAP + EG and APAP + NAC. Our in silico analysis further confirms that hydroxyl groups of EG interact with the above inflammatory proteins at the 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid region. These effects of EG against APAP-induced acute liver injury could be attributed to its antioxidative, free radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory potentials. Therefore, this study suggests that EG can be an efficient therapeutic approach to protect the liver from APAP intoxication.
This study aimed to explore the effects of different comminution degrees and the incorporation of a natural antioxidant on the quality attributes and oxidative reactions of turkey meat. Four distinctive turkey meat systems were established, namely: 3 mm minced treatment (M), 3 mm minced treatment with the addition of 200 ppm gallic acid equivalent Aloe vera ( Aloe barbadensis Mill.) extract (MA), fine-ground treatment (FM), and fine-ground treatment with the addition of 200 ppm gallic acid equivalent Aloe vera extract (FMA). The evaluation encompassed an in-depth analysis of various quality parameters and the assessment of lipid-protein oxidation reactions throughout the storage period. The inclusion of Aloe vera extract (AE) increased the pH and b* values while simultaneously decreasing the L* and a* values. Conversely, increasing the degree of comminuting manifested an elevation in L* values, concomitant with a decline in a* values. Increased comminuting degree ratios were found to contribute to an exacerbation of oxidative reactions. Nonetheless, the strategic utilization of AE demonstrated its potential to effectively mitigate oxidative reactions during storage.
Trace metals like copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), essential at low concentrations but toxic in excess, contrast with non-essential metals like cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), significant environmental contaminants. Conventional and organic agriculture employ varying agrichemical inputs, including trace metals. Elevated trace metals in aquatic environments can harm waterbirds, with oxidative metabolism changes indicating environmental stress. We compared trace metal concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu) in feathers and biomarkers in muscle and liver tissue of waterbirds from organic and conventional irrigated rice farms in South Brazil. Biomarkers included catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, protein carbonylation (PC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and non-protein thiols (NPSH) concentration. Cu and Pb concentrations were higher in waterbirds from conventional farms, whereas Cd and Zn levels were elevated in organic farms. Birds foraging in organic farms exhibited lower CAT and SOD activity and higher NPSH, LPO, and PC concentrations compared to those in conventional farms. Higher Cu and Pb concentrations were associated with elevated SOD and CAT activity, more prevalent in birds frequenting conventional farms. Conversely, birds with higher Cd and Zn concentrations showed increased NPSH, LPO, and PC levels and were more common in organic farms. Our study underscores complex differences in trace metal accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers among waterbirds in organic and conventional rice crops.
The present study investigates the anti-parkinsonian activity of various extracts of Justicia gendarussa (JG) leaves in MPTP-induced neurotoxicity mice. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative syndrome belongs to a group of motor symptoms disorders. In PD, brain cells degenerated in some parts of the brain which produce dopamine. JG herb is widely distributed in tropical regions of the world. The various parts of the plant are employed traditionally in the treating of various disorders. The present study was designed with 11 group's mice with 6 each. Group 1 (control), Group 2 (MPTP 20 mg/kg IP four injections at 2 h intervals), Group 3 (L-dopa), and Group 4 to Group11 were administered with Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Aqueous and n-hexane extracts for 7 days with dose 200 and 400 mg/kg orally along with MPTP 4 injections on day 1. After 7 days, Neurotransmitters, in vivo antioxidant levels, histopathology observation, and isolation of Phytoconstituents by column and characterization studies were performed. The results of the study showed that significant alterations in neurotransmitter levels increased Malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased reduced glutathione levels and degeneration of neurons. All the neurotransmitters and reduced glutathione levels were remarkably (P<0.001) and dose-dependently restored, and MDA levels were decreased with different extracts of JG at selected doses. The effective neuroprotective activity was observed with ethanol extract at 400 mg/kg, isolation of ethanol extract showed the presence of naringenin, Isoflavone. Neuroprotective activity of JG leaves could be due to the presence of isolated compounds and other L-dopa-like constituents; hence JG extracts has a prominent neuroprotective effect in PD.
The current study examined the concentrations of eight trace elements (TE) (nickel, aluminum, copper, cadmium, lead, cobalt, chromium, and zinc) in the edible tissue of the invasive blue swimming crab Portunus segnis from two southern Mediterranean lagoons, Bizerte Lagoon (BL) and Ghar El-Melh Lagoon (GML), in the years 2020–2021. The highest TE concentrations in P. segnis muscular tissue of crabs from both lagoons were recorded during the summer. The levels of TE analyzed in P. segnis and the parameters used to assess the potential human risk, estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient and target cancer risk were all below the thresholds defined for human health safety. As a result, we can affirm that P. segnis figures as a secure shellfish product that is suitable for human consumption in Tunisia. The present study provides potential for improving awareness of this seafood product within Tunisia's food industry. Additionally, it offers fundamental insights to lay the groundwork for forthcoming studies on environmental assessments.
Background: Proteins insulated from the latex (LP) of Calotropis procera (family Apocynaceae) have been shown to meliorate seditious hyperalgesia in the rat model of Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) convinced monoarthritis. The ideal of the present study was to estimate the effect of LP on inflammation indicator and time of functional recovery in arthritic rats. Methods: Monoarthritis was convinced byintra-articular injection of FCA and common periphery, motility, stair climbing capability and rearward flexion pain scores were recorded before converting arthritis and later at different time intervals till common functions recovered (day 16). The area under wind (AUC) for increase in common periphery was calculated. The rats were offered and the towel situations of reduced glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were measured. Histological analysis of the joint was also carried out. The effect of LP (5 and 25 mg/ kg) and diclofenac (5 mg/ kg) given on alternate days was estimated on the parameters mentioned. Results: LP produced a cure-dependent reduction in AUC for increase in common periphery and the time needed to attain the normal common functions as compared to the arthritic controls. Treatment with LP regularized the situations of oxidative stress labels and saved towel armature. The protection swung by LP was similar to that with diclofenac. Conclusion: The present study shows that by inhibiting inflammation, LP bit of latex ofC. procera ameliorates functional limitations in arthritic rats.
Cysteine-bound sulfane sulfur atoms in proteins have received much attention as key factors in cellular redox homeostasis. However, the role of sulfane sulfur in zinc regulation has been overlooked. We report here that cysteine-bound sulfane sulfur atoms serve as ligands to hold and release zinc ions in growth inhibitory factor (GIF)/metallothionein-3 (MT3) with an unexpected C-S-S-Zn structure. Oxidation of such a zinc/persulfide cluster in Zn7GIF/MT3 results in the release of zinc ions, and intramolecular tetrasulfide bridges in apo-GIF/MT3 efficiently undergo S-S bond cleavage by thioredoxin to regenerate Zn7GIF/MT3. Three-dimensional molecular modeling confirmed the critical role of the persulfide group in the thermostability and Zn-binding affinity of GIF/MT3. The present discovery raises the fascinating possibility that the function of other Zn-binding proteins is controlled by sulfane sulfur.
Vitamin D plays a central role in maintaining calcium, phosphorus, and bone homeostasis in close interaction with the parathyroid hormone. Obesity is a significant health problem worldwide, particularly in developed nations. The current study was carried out to investigate the possible relationship between body mass index (BMI) elevation and differentiation in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (VD), vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene expression, and genetic polymorphism besides oxidative stress in adult Egyptian individuals. This was done to explore the mechanisms underlying the suggested role of the VD/VDR complex in the pathogenesis of obesity. A total of 70 subjects (30 obese, 25 overweight, and 15 normal, age: 20–50 years, without other chronic diseases) were selected. The study focused on the determination of VD, VDR gene polymorphism, VDR gene expression, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, glucose, lipid profile, oxidative stress including, oxidant (malondialdehyde), and anti-oxidants (reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase). The results showed that elevation in BMI led to the percentage of the Ff 'allele' becoming predominant, while the percentage of the FF 'allele' was in the normal BMI range. Also, BMI elevation caused significant reductions in VD and VDR expression, with significant elevations in alkaline phosphatase and the levels of calcium and phosphate in serum. Also, oxidative stress increases with increasing BMI. Elevation in BMI causes a reduction in VD concentration and VDR gene expression levels. Also, the percentage of heterozygous mutant genotype Ff 'allele' is predominantly in the obese human, in contrast to normal subjects, where the percentage of homozygous wild genotype FF 'allele' is predominant. In general, the genetic expression and polymorphism of VD and VDR can be used as a genetic marker for predisposition, diagnosis, prognosis, and progression of obesity.
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