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Effects of citrus aurantium aroma on post-cesarean anxiety
Abstract
Introduction: Today, cesarean section has been regarded as one of the most common gynecological surgeries. Post-cesarean anxiety is associated with reduced resistance against infections, increased use of analgesics, and delayed wound healing. So, management of post-cesarean anxiety is very important for maternal health and newborn care and breastfeeding. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of Citrus aurantium aroma on post-cesareananxiety. Methods: This two-group randomized clinical trial study was performed on 80 pregnant women referred to Kermanshah Motazedi Hospital for cesarean in 2014. In intervention group, aromatherapy with 3 drops of citrus aurantium essence was performed immediately after pain onset and 12 hours later, and in control group, aromatherapy using normal saline was performed in the same way. Level of anxiety was evaluated using STAI[1] scale before and half hour after the both interventions. Data was analyzed using SPSS software (Version 18), and Fisher-test, chi-square, independent t-test, Repeated Measurement-test, and paired t-test. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean of anxiety before the intervention was 62.2± 5.617 in intervention group and 62.48±5.67 in control group that was not statistically significant. After the intervention, mean of anxiety immediately after the onset of pain (first stage of intervention) in intervention group was 44.25± 7.8 and 12 hours later (second stage of intervention) 29.15± 5.54 that compared with control group in the first stage of intervention was 60.23± 5.37 and the second stage of intervention 49.02± 4.64, was significantly reduced (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to effectiveness of Citrus aurantium aroma in reducing anxiety in women after cesarean, it can be optimized as a method used in post-caesarean section. In addition to cost-effectiveness and easy access, the mother's complications caused by anxiety can be reduced. © 2015, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
... Few studies have been conducted in humans on the effects of bitter orange blossom distillate (BOBD) in the postpartum period, and most of them have been aromatherapy or laboratory studies. Sharifipour et al. concluded in the study that the aroma of bitter orange blossom distillate reduced anxiety following cesarean section [13]. In another study, Akhlaghi et al. demonstrated that BOBD could be used as an effective preoperative anxiolytic prodrug [14]. ...
... The sample size was obtained using G*Power 3.1.9.2 software and considering the effect size of 0.3 [13], the error level of 5%, and the power of 80%, equal to 24 mothers in each group. Considering the dropout rate of 20%, the sample size was 30 mothers in each group. ...
Objective
Mothers of neonates admitted to the intensive care unit are prone to sleep disorders due to stress and anxiety. Some herbs have anti-anxiety and sedative properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bitter orange blossom distillate on anxiety and sleep disorders in mothers with infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.
Methods
This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted from 2021 May 15 to 2022 February 2, on 60 mothers with NICU-admitted infants in one of the medical teaching centers affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Permuted block randomization was used to assign the mothers to the experimental (bitter orange blossom distillate syrup) and control groups (syrup prepared from water and sugar). Given the impossibility of blinding the participants, allocation concealment was used to prevent the researcher from predicting the future allocation of the samples to the groups. In addition, the statistical consultant received coded data pertaining to the type of intervention in each group. A demographic questionnaire, the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the General Sleep Disorder Scale were employed to collect data. We assessed the level of anxiety and sleep disorder (in both groups before the intervention and again after the last day of the intervention). Data were analyzed using SPSS V22 software. A P-value less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
The mean and standard deviation of the sleep disorder score in the intervention group from (50.26±5.81) to (44.70±6.94) and in the control group from (50.46±6.95) to (48.53±8.62) changed. The covariance test showed that bitter orange blossom distillate syrup has a significant effect on the improvement of sleep disorders (P = 0.01, Effect size = 0.09), but there was no significant difference in the State and Trait anxiety level of mothers (P = 0.122, 0.144 and Effect size = 0.04, 0.03) respectively.
Conclusions
Due to the positive effect of bitter orange blossom distillate syrup on sleep disorders of mothers with hospitalized babies, this low-cost and low-risk intervention is recommended.
Trial registration
This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as Trial ID = IRCT20201209049666N1.
... concluded in the study that the aroma of bitter orange blossom distillate reduced anxiety following cesarean section [13]. In another study, Akhlaghi et al. demonstrated that BOBD could be used as an effective preoperative anxiolytic prodrug [14]. ...
... Using G* Power 3.0.10, and considering the effect size (0. 3) [13], the error level (5%), the power (80%), and the attrition rate (20%), the size was determined (n = 30 and N = 60). A ow diagram describing mother selection is shown in Fig. 1. ...
Background:Mothers of neonates admitted to the intensive care unit are prone to sleep disorders due to stress and anxiety. Some herbs have anti-anxiety and sedative properties.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bitter orange blossom distillate on anxiety and sleep disorder in mothers with infants admitted to neonatal intensive care unit.
Methods:This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 2021on 60 mothers with NICU-admitted infants in one of the medical teaching centers affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences,Iran. Permuted block randomization was used to assign the mothers to the experimental (bitter orange blossom distillate syrup)and control groups(syrup prepared from water and sugar).Given the impossibility of blinding the participants, allocation concealment was used to prevent the researcher from predicting the future allocation of the samples to the groups. In addition, the statistical consultant received coded data pertaining to the type of intervention in each group.A demographic questionnaire,the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the General Sleep Disorder Scale were employed to collect data.We assessed the level of anxiety and sleep disorder (in both groups before the intervention and again after the last day of the intervention). Data were analyzed using SPSS V22 software. P value less than 0.05was considered significant.
Reasults: The mean and standard deviation of the sleep disorder score in the intervention group from (50.26±5.81) to (44.70±6.94) and in the control group from (50.46±6.95) to(48.53±8.62)changed. The covariance test showed that bitter orange blossom distillate syrup has a significant effect on the improvement of sleep disorders (P=0.01, Effect size=0.09), but there was no significant difference in the anxiety level of mothers(P> 0.05, Effect size < 0.06).
Conclusions:Due to the positive effect of bitter orange blossom distillate syrup on sleep disorders of mothers with hospitalized babies, this low-cost and low-risk intervention is recommended.
Trial registration: IRCTID: IRCT20201209049666N1. Registered 15-04-2021. Retrospectively registered. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/es/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02280085/full
https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20201209049666N1, 2021
... 18 In the last two decades, concerns about narcotics complications, 19 the inability to optimally relieve pain 5 , increase in medical costs, and the length of hospital stay 20 have led to the use of non-pharmacological approaches including music, 21 massage, 22 and aromatherapy. 23 The effect of different fragrances on pain has been studied by different researchers. 24,25 One of the aromatic volatile oils that is widely used in aromatherapy, is oil extracted from Citrus aurantium plant. ...
... The results of this study also showed a significant decrease in anxiety in the intervention group compared with the control group. 23 A study conducted by Chen and Xie in China also showed that postoperative aromatherapy with C. aurantium was effective in relieving pain in patients undergoing gastrectomy. 32 So considering the importance of postoperative pain relief and easy and cost-effective availability of C. aurantium essential oil and few studies about the effect of C. aurantium essential oil on postoperative acute pain, this study was developed to investigate the effect of aromatherapy with C. aurantium aroma on pain after orthopedic surgery. ...
Introduction:
Postoperative pain is one of the most common physiological and psychological stress in patients that disrupts body function and can endanger patients' health. This study aims to determine the effect of aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium essential on pain after orthopedic surgery.
Methods:
This randomized clinical trial was performed on 60 candidates for orthopedic surgery. Patients were selected through convenience sampling and divided into intervention and control groups through randomized block allocation. If the visual analogue scale (VAS) score was above 3, patients in the intervention group received aromatherapy with C. aurantium essential and the patients in the control group received a placebo (almond oil). VAS was used to measure pain. Data analysis was performed using independent t test, paired t test, and analysis of variance with repeated measures using SPSS software version 13.
Results:
Mean (SD) of pain intensity after intervention in experimental and control groups within 4, 8, and 12 hours after surgery was 7.30 (1.23) vs. 7.90 (0.99), 5.30 (0.98) versus 5.53 (0.68) and 2.53 (0.9) vs. 3.60 (0.77) respectively. The findings indicated that there was a significant difference in mean pain intensity between the experimental and control groups at 4 and 12 hours after surgery. Use of analysis of variance with repeated measures test with taking into account the interaction of time and group also showed a significant difference in mean pain intensity between the two experimental and control groups.
Conclusion:
Aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium essential can be effective in reducing mild to moderate pain after orthopedic surgery. Further studies are recommended to confirm this finding.
... The reason for the difference in the findings of the recent studies could be the difference in the type of the aroma [21][22][23], difference in the patients or disease [23], difference in the population of the study [24] or difference in the experiences of the patients with different aromas. Although there is disagreement on the effects of aromatherapy on reducing anxiety, researchers believe that through activating olfactory neural cells, aroma stimulates limbic system so that neurotransmitter like noradrenaline, serotonin and endorphin are released [22]. ...
... The reason for the difference in the findings of the recent studies could be the difference in the type of the aroma [21][22][23], difference in the patients or disease [23], difference in the population of the study [24] or difference in the experiences of the patients with different aromas. Although there is disagreement on the effects of aromatherapy on reducing anxiety, researchers believe that through activating olfactory neural cells, aroma stimulates limbic system so that neurotransmitter like noradrenaline, serotonin and endorphin are released [22]. It could be also argued that anxiety is a subjective and mental phenomenon and different factors like the personality of the individuals, family and community support and different treatment methods can have different effects on anxiety. ...
Background: Invasive diagnostic tests such as angiography cause stress and anxiety in patient and most of them experience relatively high levels of anxiety.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aromatherapy on anxety and physiologic parameters of patients undergoing angiography.
Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was performed in the angiography department of Heshmat hospital in north of Iran. Eighty patients with anxiety score of above 43 were randomly assigned into two groups of aromatherapy and placebo groups. Fifteen minutes Before and then angiography, the physiologic parameter and anxiety of the patients were measured, and the intervention group sniffed three drops of essential oil of orange blossom for three minutes.
Results: In the intervention group, there was no significant difference between the mean score of the manifest and hidden anxiety and the physiological indices before and after the intervention. The adjusted post-intervention values showed that systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the control group were significantly lower than intervention group (P
... In fact, odors influence mood and change human feelings. [26] There is no similar study on the effects of aromatherapy on the mood state and resilience of pregnant women. Nevertheless, the effects of aromatherapy on mood swings (such as stress, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and inertia) have been investigated. ...
BACKGROUND
Pregnancy has always been associated with rapid physiological, emotional, and social changes that can cause mothers’ stress and anxiety, eventually leading to psychological effects. Therefore, resilience and knowing how to deal with stress during pregnancy are of great importance. As a result, this study aimed to investigate the effects of aromatherapy on pregnant women’s mood and resilience.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This clinical trial study was conducted on 70 pregnant women in 2021. Participants were randomly selected from Isfahan’s health centers and then divided into two groups. A handkerchief sprinkled with orange blossom essential oil was given to the experimental group to inhale for an hour, three times a week for a month. However, the control group received only the usual care. The mood state and resilience of the participants were evaluated before the intervention, immediately after, and also one month after the intervention. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPPS) 24.0, independent-samples t -test, Chi-square, and Mann–Whitney U-test.
RESULTS
According to the results, the score of mood state in the experimental group was 60/97±14/26 before the intervention, 40/97±14/30 immediately after receiving the intervention, and 49/86±11/78 one month after the intervention. These findings indicated that the score of mood state in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group ( P < 0/05). Moreover, the mean score of resilience in the experimental group was 60/83±13/02 before the intervention, 66/54±7/85 immediately after receiving the intervention, and 62/80±8/07 one month after the intervention. The results showed that the mean score of this variable was significantly higher in the experimental group compared with the control group immediately after the intervention and insignificantly higher than the control group one month after the intervention.
CONCLUSION
Aromatherapy with orange blossom oil can enhance mothers’ mood state and resilience during the third trimester. As a result, orange blossom oil can be used as a complementary therapy.
... Due to the sedative effects of pharmacological methods, the use of non-pharmacological interventions is recommended, especially in the cesarean section where close contact between the mother and the baby is important (5). On the other hand, mothers are often concerned about medical prescriptions because of their health or breastfeeding and thus seek alternative and complementary therapies (15). Non-pharmacological methods include heat and cold therapy, hypnosis, music therapy, relaxation, aromatherapy, electrical stimulation of the nerves (16), and social support. ...
Background & Objective: Most pregnant women experience a degree of stress before and after cesarean. Stress can have unfavorable complications for the mother and the baby. Given the probable relationship of social support with the amount of stress, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived social support and stress, before and after cesarean in pregnant women referring to Besat Hospital in Sanandaj in 2018. Materials & methods: This study was a descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional study performed on 180 pregnant women under selective cesarean section surgery in 2018. Using the available sampling method, pregnant women referring to Besat Hospital in Sanandaj were selected with the criteria to enter the study. The data collection method in this study was a two-part questionnaire of demographic and midwifery information, perceived social support questionnaire and Dass 21 stress questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16, descriptive statistics, and the Pearson correlation test. Results: Results indicated that the degree of the overall rate of stress, before cesarean was 36.1% and in the post operation stage 13.9% respectively. Besides, there was a negative significant difference between social support and stress, before the operation (p<0.05, r=-0.728), and stress, after cesarean (P<0.05, r=-0.658). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between perceived social support and stress, before and after the cesarean section. Hence, it is recommended that interventions be designed to identify and improve the level of social support of pregnant women under cesarean section.
... Cesarean candidates experience higher levels of anxiety than patients ready for surgery 9 . C-section can cause irreversible risks to the mother, baby and fetus 10 and is a stressful surgery 11 . Feelings of helplessness and low self-esteem, stress, and anxiety have been reported frequently among C-section women 10 . ...
Introduction:
Cesarean section (C-section) is one of the most prevalent surgeries among women. The preoperative stages in the surgery day and lack of control over being in an unfamiliar situation and feeling danger cause anxiety, and consequently, instability in patients. This study aimed to determine the effect of familiarization with preoperative nursing care on anxiety and vital signs of patients in cesarean section.
Methods:
This randomized controlled trial study was performed on 80 pregnant candidates for C-section in Hamadan Fatemieh Hospital, Iran, in 2020. Patients were randomly divided into control (n=40) and intervention (n=40) groups. The control group just received the routine intervention of the hospital, but the intervention group, in addition, received the two familiarizing sessions with preoperative nursing care. Data were collected via vital signs sheet and Spielberger situational anxiety questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS16 software at a significance level of p=0.05.
Results:
Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the mean anxiety scores of the control and intervention groups, and the two groups were homogeneous (p=0.396). However, after the intervention, the mean anxiety of the intervention group decreased significantly (p=0.001) and increased in the control group (p=0.600); and the mean post-test of the two groups showed a significant difference (p=0.001). After the intervention, the mean heart rate, respiration rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the intervention group decreased significantly (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in heart rate and systolic blood pressure of the control group (p>0.05).
Conclusions:
Based on the results of this study we conclude that familiarity with preoperative care reduces the level of anxiety and stabilized the level of vital signs parameters.
... Due to the sedative effects of pharmacological methods, the use of non-pharmacological interventions, especially in the cesarean section where close contact between the mother and the baby is important, is recommended [4]. On the other hand, mothers are often concerned about medicinal prescriptions because of their health or breastfeeding and thus seek alternative and complementary therapies [14]. Nonpharmacological methods include heat and cold therapy, hypnosis, music therapy, relaxation, aromatherapy, electrical stimulation of the nerves [15], and social support. ...
Background & Objective: Most pregnant women experience a degree of stress before and after cesarean. Stress can have unfavorable complications for the mother and the baby. Given the probable relationship of social support with the amount of stress, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived social support and stress, before and after cesarean in pregnant women referring to Besat Hospital in Sanandaj in 2018.
Materials & methods: This study was a descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional study performed on 180 pregnant women under selective cesarean section surgery in 2018. Using the available sampling method, pregnant women referring to Besat Hospital in Sanandaj were selected with the criteria to enter the study. The data collection method in this study was a two-part questionnaire of demographic and midwifery information, perceived social support questionnaire and Dass 21 stress questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16, descriptive statistics, and the Pearson correlation test.
Results: Results indicated that the degree of the overall rate of stress, before cesarean was 36.1% and in the post operation stage 13.9% respectively. Besides, there was a negative significant difference between social support and stress, before the operation (p
Introduction:
Pain is a common phenomenon after all surgical operation. Although using analgesia is usual to relieve pain, its complication, unavailab ility, necessity of taking less drug, especially analgesia, and also ineffectiveness of using analgesia alone, to relieve pain has focused therapeutic system on complementary treatments such as foot reflexology. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the effects of foot reflexology on pain in patients who underwent cesarean section. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was carried out on 62 women referring to cesarean section in Alzahra Hospital (Rasht city). They were
randomly divided into two groups of case and control. The reflexology group was received a 30-minute foot m
assage in two sessions, with 24-hours interval. Data gathering tool included a demographic form, step-visual analogue scale and pain score form. Results: In the case group, severity of pain after first stage (day one) was significantly lower than before reflexology session and the control group (p<0.001, p<0.0001, repectively). The severity of pain after second stage was significantly reduced in the case group in comparison with the control group (P<0.001). In the case group, physiologic parameters (systolic an
d diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration rate) showed no significant differen ces assumed with the control group. Conclusion: In general, foot reflexology appears to be a useful method to reduce postoperative pain, but no effect on physiological parameters.
Considering that vaginal delivery is a painful process, the present study investigated the effects of Citrus aurantium on the severity of first-stage labor pain in primiparous women. This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted with 126 eligible primiparous patients. The pain severity of patients was measured at the time of enrolling in the study. In the intervention group, (aromatherapy) gauze squares were soaked in 4 ml of C. aurantium distillated water, and in the control group, gauze squares were soaked in 4 ml of normal saline; each gauze square was attached to the respective patients' collar. The intervention was repeated every 30 min. Pain severity was measured after the intervention at 3–4, 5–7, and 8–10 cm cervix dilatations. The two groups were standardized with regard to age, profession, education, desire to conceive, and number and severity of uterine contractions. The Bishop's score was also calculated. Before intervention, pain severity was the same for both groups, but following intervention, pain severity reduced in the intervention group at 3–4 centimeter (P < 0.05), 7–5 centimeter (P < 0.05), and 8–10 centimeter (P < 0.05) dilatations compared with that in the control group. The findings of the study revealed that aromatherapy using C. aurantium distillated water alleviates labor pain. This method is recommended because of its ease of use and low cost and because it is a non-aggressive method to reduce labor pain.
Pain is a major problem in patients after cesarean and medication such as aromatherapy which is a complementary therapy, in which the essences of the plants oils are used to reduce such undesirable conditions.
In this study, the effect of aromatherapy using Lavender (Lavandula) essential oil on cesarean postoperative pain was assessed.
In a triple blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial study, 60 pregnant women who were admitted to a general hospital for cesarean section, were divided randomly into two groups. After cesarean, the Lavender group inhaled about 3 drops of 10% Lavender oil essence and the placebo group inhaled 3 drops of placebo after the start of postoperative pain, four, eight and 12 hours later, for 5 minutes from the 10 cm distance. Patient's pain was measured by the VAS (Visual Analog Scale) score before and after each intervention, and vital sign, complications and level of satisfaction of every patient were recorded before and after aromatherapy.
There was no statistically significant difference between groups in age, height, weight, and time to the first analgesic requirement. Patients in the Lavender group had less postoperative pain in four (P = 0.008), eight (P = 0.024) and 12 (P = 0.011) hours after first medication than the placebo group. The decreased heart rate and patients' level of satisfaction with analgesia were significantly higher in the Lavender group (P = 0.001). In the placebo group, the use of diclofenac suppositories for complete analgesia was also significantly higher than the Lavender group (P = 0.008).
The inhaled Lavender essence may be used as a part of the multidisciplinary treatment of pain after cesarean section, but it is not recommended as the sole pain management.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In Iranian folk medicine, Citrus aurantium flower extract is used to treat some neural diseases such as sleep disorder and anxiety. Tend to use medicinal herbs to treat diseases such as seizure, is growing. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of sour orange flowers of Citrus aurantium.
METHODS: In this experimental study, 42 adult male Wistar rats (200-250g) were divided into 6 groups: control (PTZ), positive control (phenobarbital) and extract treated groups (75, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg, i.p,). Fresh sour orange flowers were collected, methanolic extract (70%) was provided by percolator, after the evaporation of methanol, the extract was dried by oven at the 40°C. Pentylentetrazole (90 mg/kg) was used for induction of seizure. Changes in the onset time of seizure, duration of seizure, percent of mortality and percent of seizure protection were determined in different groups and compared with control (PTZ) and positive control (phenobarbital).
FINDINGS: The extract (300 mg/kg), significantly reduced the latency of onset of seizure (198±8%) as compared with control (78±3%) (p<0.05), also duration of seizure significantly was reduced by the extract (300mg/kg) (430±46%) compared with control (1350±110%) (p<0.05). Percent of seizure protection significantly was increased by extract in comparison with control group; the dose of 600 mg/kg (78±6%) was the most effective dose in compared to control (0%) (p< 0.05). Seizure related mortality was significantly decreased by extract (300 mg/kg) (0%) in compared to control (36%) (p<0.01).
CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, it seems that hydro-methanolic extract of Citrus aurantium can be used to prevent seizures.
Introduction: pain is a major problem after cesarean. Aromatherapy with lavender essence and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) are non-chemical effective methods in reducing pain. This study was performed with aim to compare two methods of aromatherapy with lavender essence and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on Caesarean postoperative pain Methods: This single-blind randomized clinical trial study was performed on 150 pregnant women who had undergone cesarean section in 2014. The subjects were divided into 3 groups (placebo lavender essence and TENS, placebo lavender essence and TENS, lavender essence and placebo TENS). In the recovery, 100mg of rectal diclofenac suppository was administered for all groups. Then, in the recovery, vital signs and VAS of each case were evaluated and registered. 4,8 and 12 hours after cesarean, before and after the intervention, vital signs and VAS were evaluated and registered. Data analysis was performed by SPSS statistical software (version 19) and statistical tests of Shapiro-wilk and ANOVA. P Results: In the comparison of two methods of aromatherapy with lavender essence and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on cesarean postoperative pain, the results showed that the cases in TENS group had experienced the most pain decrease at 4,8 and12 hours after cesarean (P<0.001). Conclusion: TENS significantly decreases pain during 4, 8 and 12 hours after cesarean section compared to lavender essence and control groups. © 2015, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Pain relief of good quality after Cesarean Section (CS) results in early mobilization and good early mother-child interaction. Usually Narcotics are using for analgesia after CS pain have side effects like sedation, nausea, ileus and respiratory depression. The object of this study is the comparison of pain relief by rectal Diclofenac and intra muscular pethidine and comparison of their side effects. In a randomized single blind study 122 patients undergoing both emergency and elective CS for the first time were studied. The study group received 100 mg rectal diclofenac immediately after CS followed by 100 mg Diclofenac every 8 h for the first 24 h. The control group received 25 mg pethidine immediately after CS then 25 mg every 8 h for the first 24 h. Then the pain in 2 groups was evaluated by visual analogue score. The result showed that the visual analogue score for pain was significantly lower in diclofenac group. Incidences of vomiting and ileuses do not have any difference in two groups and was not reported early post-partum hemorrhage in any group. Rectal Diclofenac provides effective analgesia for CS pain and there was not significant difference between the 2 groups regarding incidence of vomiting and ileus.
Essential oils, made out of natural aromatic molecules, are endowed with so many physiological and pharmacological properties that they find applications in almost every field of medicine, not only curatively but also from a preventative medicine point of view. Although the perception of, and reaction to, essential oils seems to be slightly different between women and men, all people of all ages benefit from aromatherapy. Provided that the practitioner has the relevant information and has undergone the appropriate training, and that the aromatic extracts used conform to medical quality criteria, aromatherapy and aromatology can bring real complementary help to many patients, far beyond the anti-stress massage approach.Aromatherapy can provide a useful complementary medical service both in healthcare settings and in private practice, e.g. in cancer care, dementia, and depression. There are also many indications for the useful and successful application of essential oils, especially for men, such as stress, sleep disorders, back pain, urinary tract infections, rectal abscess, and sexual health.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-aromatherapy massage on menstrual pain and anxiety. Participants and methods: The subjects were 63 female nurses who rated their menstrual pain >5 on a 10-point visual analogue scale. Subjects were non-randomly allocated into three groups: an experimental group (N=26) who performed self-aromatherapy massage, a placebo group (N=18), and a no-treatment control group (N=19). Eleven participants dropped out of the study either because of nausea (experimental group, N=1) or because they took medication during the trial (placebo group, N=3; control group, N=4). The final analysis included 25 in the experimental group, 15 in the placebo group, and 15 in the no-treatment control group. Menstrual pain and anxiety levels were assessed using a visual analogue scale, and we assessed the menstrual pain 4 times during a short time period. Results: The menstrual pain was significantly lower in the aromatherapy group than in the other two groups after 24. h. Using multiple regression analysis, the use of aromatherapy was found to be associated with the changes in menstrual pain levels (Beta = -1.74, 95% CI: -2.64 to -0.85, P<0.001) and the level of anxiety (Beta = -0.53, 95% CI: -0.76 to -0.31, P=0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that self-aromatherapy massage of the abdomen using topically applied essential oils may be an effective treatment that decreases menstrual pain and the level of anxiety.