Design Aspects of Adaptive Waste Management System

Abstract

Thee elements of this document contains method of designing and design aspects to perform adaptive waste management. This method, adaptive waste management emphasizes on treating all types of domestic and municipal wastes at cheaper and lesser stages to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants by using a single process in all 3 states of matter solid, liquid and gaseous except thermostats. Adaptive waste management process is bypassing of 4 various techniques to degrade waste into a single stage process. In order to perform adaptive waste management process certain aspects of design and manufacturing are considered in this article. Aspects such as strength, structure and operating thermal range, thermodynamic cycles are stated in this document.

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Design Aspects of Adaptive Waste Management
System
George Yuvaraj1, Dr. Goyal Himani Sharma2, Vamsi Krishna Chowduru3,
Marri Mallika Reddy4
Department of Aeronautical Engineering1,3, Department of ECE2, Department of MBA4
Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology, Dundigal Village, Hyderabad, India
International Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering
Volume 3, Issue 3, May-June, 2015, pp. 19-25
ISSN Online: 2347-5188 Print: 2347-8772, DOA : 17052015
© IASTER 2015, www.iaster.com
ABSTRACT
Thee elements of this document contains method of designing and design aspects to perform adaptive
waste management. This method, adaptive waste management emphasizes on treating all types of
domestic and municipal wastes at cheaper and lesser stages to remove physical, chemical and
biological contaminants by using a single process in all 3 states of matter solid, liquid and gaseous
except thermostats. Adaptive waste management process is bypassing of 4 various techniques to
degrade waste into a single stage process. In order to perform adaptive waste management process
certain aspects of design and manufacturing are considered in this article. Aspects such as strength,
structure and operating thermal range, thermodynamic cycles are stated in this document.
Keywords: Thermal Energy, Heat, Steam, Sludge, Strength and Thermal Stresses, Waste.
I. INTRODUCTION
Waste management is very important in all three phases which requires various waste management
plants such as sewage water treatment, bio-gas production plant and garbage disposal plants or landfills
[1][2]. All these existing processes reduce toxic levels in waste to minimal levels [2]. However, in few
cases waste can`t be managed to greater and reliable extent using any of the existing processes [2].
Especially when dealing with polymers its even more inevitable. Moreover, all forms of waste can`t be
treated at a time with a single process or plant. So, there is a necessity to embark upon new process
which can process all forms of waste at a time with minimal effort. It is also equally important to
reduce toxins to completely usable components or degradable components including polymers except
thermostats. Moreover waste may not be same in terms of concentration and chemical composition [1].
Thus by products resultants will accord the nature and various properties such as thermal and chemical
properties of the composition. Therefore a waste treatment system needs to be adaptable as per the
requirements [1].
II. APPROACH
A. Idea
To have a process which can perform and fulfil objectives of all the other processes at the same time it
should comprise all the stages of existing process or alternate substitute methods at corresponding
stages of the process[1].

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Therefore, all the possible common stages of various waste treatment techniques are bypassed and rest
of the stages are substantially compromised with their suitable alternate methods such that evolving
process must be performed in a single stage or two[1].
III. METHODOLOGY
Therefore, sandwiching combustion process with sewage water treatment and thermal decomposition is
expected.
Dry garbage used in thermal power production is similarly used for heat generation here [1].
Finally, when gases are released due to combustion they are entrapped and dissolved in base solvents
which are subjected to effluent treatment just like ion bed treatment and reverse osmosis treatment of
water [1].
Thus waste in three phases is managed without releasing toxins into the environment.
To perform such a process a machine or plant is required. Practically to design such a complex
machine needs several design aspects such as structure, size, strength, chemical properties and
Mechanisms are very vital while designing.
A. Characteristics
 Strength:
Adaptive waste management Plant or machine should be strong enough to with hold are the
components of forces acting on it in all stages of operation
 Corrosive resistance:
It should not degrade along with waste and should liberate any unexpected by-products such as
oxides and hydroxides.
 Feasibility:
It should provide facility to choose by products and resultants during the process at-least during
designing process [1].
 Eco-friendly:
It should contribute possessive growth and pollution free operation as well as safety.
 Mechanisms:
It should have mechanisms which are safe and easy to install as well as repair and operate.
IV. MODE OF USE
Basically it can exist in various modes such as rectangular lateral, rectangular column, cubic and
cylindrical [1].
A. Rectangular Lateral
The method is sandwiching boiler and thermal decomposition chamber with
combustion chamber [1].
Fig. 1. Process In A Rectangular Adaptive Waste Management System

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B. Rectangular column
In this method all the chambers are arranged horizontally. In other words boilers lies left to the
combustion chamber and thermal decomposition lies right to the combustion chamber or vice-versa.
C. Cubic/Cuboid
Fig. 2. Process in a Cubic/Cuboid Waste Management System
Here internal chamber supports combustion where as external combustion is divided into boiler and
thermal decomposition chambers based on the requirement [1].
If the chambers are cylindrical then it is a cylindrical adaptive waste management system. It also
works similar to the cubic/cuboid waste management system.
Best suitable structure as per the required by product can be selected accordingly.
V. WORKING SYNOPSIS
When heat is supplied to the boiler and thermal decomposition chamber. They receive heat and water
above 100oC gets separated from sewage sludge in the form of steam and it collected and later
subjected to effluent treatment. Sludge obtained from boiler and ashes from combustion process can
be used as fertilizers [3].
Thermal decomposition chamber receives heat and uses the heat to break complex molecular
structures to simple compounds. Even polymers degrade above 250oC temperature based on their
nature at the same time it can also be used to convert wet garbage to dry garbage by dehydration
technique which again can be subjected to combustion chamber [4].
Gases released from the combustion chamber are dissolved in base saturated water. When these
liberated gases are acidic in nature then they tent react with bases and form salt and water. If these
gases are basic in nature they form super saturated solution which need to effluent treatment [1].
ACID + BASE SOLUTION ==> SALT + WATER (1)
BASE +BASE SOLUTION==>SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION (2)
VI. DESIGNING PROCESS
 Test the samples of locality waste for density and chemical composition such as acidic and
basic test for dry garbage and sewage water and density test for sewage water
 Calculate strength required by the boiler and point of fracture
 Calculate thermal operating range of the system and thermal coefficient required for the metal
for the construction of the system.

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 Adapt proper fabricating and manufacturing techniques to produce a plant.
 Since designed system need to operate and high temperatures and such temperatures are very
critical to handle. Hence implement proper safety systems.
 Analyze the design and supplement it to reduce losses and to achieve high efficiency.
VII. DESIGN ASPECTS
As per the characteristics of the system it is clear that this design should be simple to operate and
fabricate. But it must perform complex operations successfully.
A. Working Principles
Basic conceptions usually considered in mechanical engineering such as thermodynamics, strength of
materials and chemical nature of material are considered [3][4].
B. Composition
It should have high thermal conductivity on the interior and thermal resistance at the parts exposed to
air. Therefore it must contain compound composition of adiabatic and insulation properties.
At the same time it should have high melting point and low thermal expansion co-efficient beyond the
operating range. It can be mathematically stated as
dl=Eάdt =x (3)
It means for x mm increase in length due to thermal stresses must be beyond operating range of T°C to
T°+TLosses°C. I mean ά must be low as well as E.
C. Mathematical calculations and estimation
Consider a system required to design for sewage water of density ρ㎏/㎡ and polymers with a polymer
degradation glass transition temperature T°C[3][4].
Therefore the operating range of the system will be T°C to T°+TLosses°C. TLosses are loss of heat in to
ambient air and loss of heat due to induced thermal stress [5].
So suitable alloy with considerable thermal conductibility λ must be selected [5].
The strength of the structure required to fracture should be greater than the strength imposed on it[6].
The σmax should always be greater the stress induced due to load and thermal stress [6].
Stress induced due to load may be of various types such as static pressure, dynamic pressure of sewage
water and weight of water.
σmax > ρgh +ρgh×Area +0.5ρV2 +Eάdt (4)
SF × σmax = ρgh +ρgh×b×a +0.5ρV2 +Eάdt (5)
Here, in equation 4 SF is safety factor, E is elasticity modulus, ά is thermal co-efficient and dt is
change in temperature [6].
t2=0.75Pb2/([1.61(b/a)3+1] σmax) (6)
t is thickness of the system.

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Based on these estimations a system is manufactured and analyzed.
Fig. 3. Working Model 9X5X7.5 Made of Cast
Iron Fig. 4. Design of Working Model in CATIA V5
D. Thermal Analysis
This system is a combination of thermodynamic systems. One is classical where water is converted
into steam and other one is statistical thermodynamic system where heat energy is used to break
molecular structure [7].
The operating temperatures vary in both the systems. Required heat for statistical system is roughly 4
times the classical system. Therefore more than one cycle will be occurring in classical system when
compared to other one[7].
As the heat is released into ambient air the efficiency of classical thermodynamic system i.e., boiler
will be high comparative to ordinary boiler at the same time number of cycles be more too.
η=1-( Qlow / Qhigh ) (7)
η=1- ( mlcvldt / mlcvldt ) (8)
The thermodynamic cycle consist of two isentropic process and iso-chroic processes but working fluid
is governed by Boyle`s law stated in equation8.
Pv=k (9)
Fig. 5. Thermodynamic Cycle

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The process starts with heat supply from 1-3 as the temperature rise pressure and volume increases
close to linearity. Since control volume is maximum volume after that pressure increase with constant
volume.
1-2.Isentropic/isothermal process
2-3.Isochoric process
When pressure reaches maximum sustainable pressure value of the system. It has to be controlled by
mass flow rate or by releasing heat out. During this half cycle pressure decreases close to linearity
along with volume from 3-1 when volume reaches the minimum volume of the working fluid volume
will become constant and pressure decreases.
3-4.Isentropic/isothermal process
4-1.Isochoric process
Mass flow rate in the sludge digestion chamber will faster as a result heat consumption will be higher
than classical thermodynamic system.
That is because classical thermodynamic system needs more heat and it is sensitive to heat even at low
supply compared to statistical thermodynamic system.
Q`classic >Q`stat (10)
Performance of the system at each state is evaluated and then design is supplemented.
During 3-1 lot of heat will be lost in ambient air. So thermal insulation will increase efficiency and
safety as well as accommodates sufficient working condition for statistical thermodynamic system [7].
Instead of radiating heat into ambient air in the form of losses it is better to supply it to statistical
thermodynamic system. Therefore the losses of a classical thermodynamics system are directed to
statistical thermodynamic system . However there will be additional load on the system which is also
desired parameter.
η=1-(Qair /Q`classic+Q`stat) (11)
Fig. 6. Working Subjected to Testing (From Left)
Sludge Formed in it without Insulation
Fig. 7. Experiment Setup to Collect Gases and
Dispose

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VIII. ADVANTAGES
Economic, self sustainable and various
configurations such as regulating steam
velocity can also produce enough power to
turbines in a determined scale.
Fig. 8. Graphical Illustration of Power
Production Using Adaptive Waste
Management System
It convert toxins into fertilizers and water free from bacterial containment which needs effluent
treatment .In some cases it will breaks toxins into non-toxic matter and degradable.
Easy to manufacture and operate.
IX. CONCLUSION
Despite of being simple it has to be operated at critical temperatures which are very difficult to control
and operate. Lot of emphasis has to done on security and safety systems.
Composite metals of the system have to be inert and high strength. Substantial work on metallurgy and
structural composites will be great contribution the system manufacturing.
Even thermodynamic cycle with higher efficiency can be adapted to it.
REFERENCES
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