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Standardization of mango rootstock for mitigating salt stress
Abstract
Seedlings of different mango varieties were tested against different EC levels of water developed by several salt compositions. Seedlings from stone of Kesar variety was found better with significantly highest survival percentage, germination percentage and growth parameters. Significantly more mortality of seedling was observed in Totapuri variety. In case of EC level of water, significantly highest survival percentage was registered only at 1.20 dSm -1 EC level. Poor seedling survival (14.12%) could be' recorded at 4.00 dSm-1 EC level of water. Germination percentage, number of leaves, plant height and root length were increased with decreasing EC level. The accumulation of sodium was found to be higher in leaves, whereas, potassium and Na: K ratio were noted lower with higher EC level. The interaction effect of days to germination, number of leaves, root length, survival percentage, Na content and Na:K ratio were found significant.
... Salt toxicity is also a major mango productivity constraint in arid environments (Hoult et al., 1997), limits its cultivation in soils suitable for several other fruit crops. Mango, in particular, is more sensitive to salinity, particularly at early stage of growth (Varu and Barad, 2010). Salt-affected soils may contain excess soluble salts (saline soils), excess exchangeable sodium (sodic soils), or both (salinesodic soils). ...
... A polyembryonic type, 13-1 has been well exploited as rootstock in different parts of the world (Ram and Rajan, 2003). In India, limited efforts have been made to identify tolerant type polyembryonic mangoes (Varu and Barad, 2010). Most of the reported studies were on common polyemryonic varieties available in main land of India and may have limited tolerance to salts. ...
... Evaluation of various growth parameters like shoot length and root length in 13-1, Zebda and Sukkary mango rootstocks under saline conditions confi rmed that the salt tolerant Zebda rootstock produced longer roots and shoots as compared to Sukkary mango (Shaban, 2010). Similar results were also described in the rootstock screening studies with Kesar mangoes (Varu and Barad, 2010). Increase in salinity resulted in decreased root length in zinnia (Zivdar et al., 2011). ...
The study includes collection of polyembryonic mango types from tsunami affected areas of the South Andaman district where trees are under natural selection pressure for salt tolerance and screening of collections against high sodium in sodic soils ex situ. Forty two accessions were located and collected on the basis of phenotypic expression and indentation level in tsunami. Out of which 15 diverse polyembryony types from different locations were evaluated for survival and growth in sodic soils of pHe 9.51 and sodium (Na +) 21.20 meq/L at Lucknow. The mortality percentage and relationship between the salt tolerance potential of the selections and Na + / K + ratio, root length and shoot length were investigated. Based on mortality in ex situ screening, collected types were classifi ed into different groups. An increase in pH and Na + concentrations led to higher mortality (96.67-100.00 %) in polyembronic seedlings when compared to salt tolerant types (3.33-16.678 %). Six accessions GPL-1, GPL-3, ML-3, ML-4, ML-2 and GPL-4 exhibited tolerance to high soil sodium content and pH. Accessions GPL-1 and ML-2 collected from sites affected by inundation of sea water during tsunami under acid saline soil conditions were found to have the highest tolerance level. These accessions accumulated comparatively higher amounts of K+ ions in leaves than other accessions. They also had lower Na+ / K+ ratio which was even lower than the other tolerant collections. The collections demonstrated an increase in the root and shoot length and signifi cant negative correlation with mortality of the seedlings (r= 0.97 and 0.98, respectively). The study revealed the importance of natural selection of mango polyembryony seedlings for salt tolerance and scope of its utilization.
... Salt toxicity is also a major mango productivity constraint in arid environments (Hoult et al., 1997), limits its cultivation in soils suitable for several other fruit crops. Mango, in particular, is more sensitive to salinity, particularly at early stage of growth (Varu and Barad, 2010). Salt-affected soils may contain excess soluble salts (saline soils), excess exchangeable sodium (sodic soils), or both (salinesodic soils). ...
... A polyembryonic type, 13-1 has been well exploited as rootstock in different parts of the world (Ram and Rajan, 2003). In India, limited efforts have been made to identify tolerant type polyembryonic mangoes (Varu and Barad, 2010). Most of the reported studies were on common polyemryonic varieties available in main land of India and may have limited tolerance to salts. ...
... Evaluation of various growth parameters like shoot length and root length in 13-1, Zebda and Sukkary mango rootstocks under saline conditions confi rmed that the salt tolerant Zebda rootstock produced longer roots and shoots as compared to Sukkary mango (Shaban, 2010). Similar results were also described in the rootstock screening studies with Kesar mangoes (Varu and Barad, 2010). Increase in salinity resulted in decreased root length in zinnia (Zivdar et al., 2011). ...
The study includes collection of polyembryonic mango types from tsunami affected areas of the South Andaman district where trees are under natural selection pressure for salt tolerance and screening of collections against high sodium in sodic soils ex situ. Forty two accessions were located and collected on the basis of phenotypic expression and indentation level in tsunami. Out of which 15 diverse polyembryony types from different locations were evaluated for survival and growth in sodic soils of pHe 9.51 and sodium (Na +) 21.20 meq/L at Lucknow. The mortality percentage and relationship between the salt tolerance potential of the selections and Na + / K + ratio, root length and shoot length were investigated. Based on mortality in ex situ screening, collected types were classifi ed into different groups. An increase in pH and Na + concentrations led to higher mortality (96.67 -100.00 %) in polyembronic seedlings when compared to salt tolerant types (3.33-16.678 %). Six accessions GPL-1, GPL-3, ML-3, ML-4, ML-2 and GPL-4 exhibited tolerance to high soil sodium content and pH. Accessions GPL-1 and ML-2 collected from sites affected by inundation of sea water during tsunami under acid saline soil conditions were found to have the highest tolerance level. These accessions accumulated comparatively higher amounts of K+ ions in leaves than other accessions. They also had lower Na+ / K+ ratio which was even lower than the other tolerant collections. The collections demonstrated an increase in the root and shoot length and signifi cant negative correlation with mortality of the seedlings (r= 0.97 and 0.98, respectively). The study revealed the importance of natural selection of mango polyembryony seedlings for salt tolerance and scope of its utilization.
... Salt affected soils contain excess sodium and chloride that affect the normal growth of the plant and lead to mortality (Samara, 1985). In India, limited attempts were made to identify tolerant type polyembryonic mangoes (Varu and Barad, 2010). Efforts were taken to collect the polyembronic accessions from the post tsunami inundated regions of the Andaman Islands and screen them for salt tolerance (Damodaran et al., 2007). ...
This study was conducted to assess the movement of Na⁺ and K⁺ between leaves, stem and root segments of tolerant and susceptible polyembryonic mango accessions under saline-sodic environment. Among the 15 diverse polyembryonic from different location of South Andaman used for screening under saline-sodic condition with the soils of pH 9.45 under pot culture experiments in polyhouse, at the time of completion of experiment (240th DAS) the accessions GPL-1, ML-2 and ML-6 were selected which exhibited tolerance to sodicity with lower mortality percent of 6.67 to 13.33% and the rest of polyembryonic seedling were having huge mortality percent ranging from 96.67 to 100.00%. The Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in roots of tolerant accessions registered lower Na⁺/K⁺ ratio ranging from 0.47 (GPL-1) to 0.61 (ML-6) and susceptible accessions was higher Na⁺/K⁺ which ranged from 3.06 (GTP-2 to 6.53 (GPL-4). The same was reverse in the stem and leaves in tolerant and susceptible accessions. Results indicated that the isolates belonged to four major phylogenetic group: low G+C Gram positive bacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes.
... Salt affected soils contain excess sodium and chloride that affect the normal growth of the plant and lead to mortality (Samara, 1985). In India, limited attempts were made to identify tolerant type polyembryonic mangoes (Varu and Barad, 2010). Efforts were taken to collect the polyembronic accessions from the post tsunami inundated regions of the Andaman Islands and screen them for salt tolerance (Damodaran et al., 2007). ...
This study was conducted to assess the movement of Na+ and K+ between leaves, stem and root segments of tolerant and susceptible polyembryonic mango accessions under saline-sodic environment. Among the 15 diverse polyembryonic from different location of South Andaman used for screening under saline-sodic condition with the soils of pH 9.45 under pot culture experiments in polyhouse, at the time of completion of experiment (240th DAS) the accessions GPL-1, ML-2 and ML-6 were selected which exhibited tolerance to sodicity with lower mortality percent of 6.67 to 13.33% and the rest of polyembryonic seedling were having huge mortality percent ranging from 96.67 to 100.00%. The Na+/K+ ratio in roots of tolerant accessions registered lower Na+/K+ ratio ranging from 0.47 (GPL-1) to 0.61 (ML-6) and susceptible accessions was higher Na+/K+ which ranged from 3.06 (GTP-2 to 6.53 (GPL-4). The same was reverse in the stem and leaves in tolerant and susceptible accessions. Results indicated that the isolates belonged to four major phylogenetic group: low G+C Gram positive bacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes.
... [41] indicated the greater capability of 'Gomera-1' rootstock to saline conditions. Seedlings from stone of 'Kesar' variety was found to be better with significantly highest survival percentage, germination percentage and growth parameters with higher salt concentrations of water [38]. ...
Rootstocks play a crucial role in determining orchard efficiency in fruit crops. Combining the desirable attributes of two different plants by budding or grafting can produce different growth effects. The effect of rootstock on fruit quality in terms of physical traits and internal chemical compositions is well demonstrated in temperate fruit crops (Apple, Pears, Cherry etc.) as compared to tropical and subtropical fruit crops. This difference can illustrated by comparing the relative importance of rootstocks for precocity, yield, and tree size control, and through contrasts in annual phenological cycles, fruit respiratory behaviour, crop load and canopy management techniques. But these effects on physiological, biochemical and molecular fronts are still not understood. This review describes and discusses the rootstock effects on scion growth, vigour and habit, as well as scion precocity and abundance of flowering, the propensity of flowers to set fruits and yield efficiency in important fruits crops which are grown commercially in India.
In the recent times, there has been a reversed interest in the search of plant growth promoting
endophytes (PGPE) for sustainable crop production. Mango is an economically important fruit crop,
which is highly sensitive to saline environment. In the present study the importance of PGPR in growth
promotion and their ability to elicit ‘induced systemic tolerance’ against abiotic (sodicity) stresses has
been documented. Sixteen (16) putative of endophytic bacteria were isolated from sodicity tolerant
polyembryonic mango root stock of GPL-3 and ML-4 from Shivari experimental farm, Central Soil
Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research station, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. These
endophytic bacteria were characterized using morphological and biochemical parameters and assessed
for their plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) traits like indole acetic acid (IAA) production,
hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production, phosphate solubilization and siderophore production with 2.5 M
NaCl concentration. The results based on specific biochemical characters revealed that the endophytic
bacteria belonged to 14 different species and two uncultured organisms comprising five genera. Based
on multifunctional properties under saline environment, four isolates were further selected to determine
the PGP as vigor index of rice seedlings in pot culture experiments under saline sodic soils of pH 9.35
and EC 4.2. Of the bacteria tested, the isolate CSR-M-16 showed increased root and shoot length of rice
followed by CSR-M-8, CSR-M-9 and CSR-M-6. The outcome of this research proves plausible practical
applicability of these PGPB for crop production in saline sodic environment.
An experiment was conducted during 2003-05 to examine the effect of graded levels of artificially developed soil salinity dominated by chloride, sulphate and carbonate ions on survival, growth and chlorophyll contents of the 'Kurukkan' seedlings. Graded levels of soil salinity (∼1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS/m) were maintained separately by different salt combinations. The survival of seedlings declined significantly with the increasing levels of salinity in all salt combinations. Seedlings of 'Kurukkan' survived up to 60 days of salinization in sulphate (6.21 dS/m) and carbonate (6.43 dS/m) dominated salts. However, in chloride dominated salts seedlings could not survive at 6.28 dS/m after 40 days of salinization. Salt composition and graded salinity levels significantly affected the seedlings growth in terms of stem length, root length, fresh and dry weights of shoot and roots and chlorophyll contents.
An investigation was carried out in pots filled with river sand to screen seedlings of mango (Mangifera indica L.) germplasm for salt tolerance under polyhouse condition during 1998-2001 at Pantnagar. In total, 64 cultivars of mango were screened for salt tolerance at electrical conductivity 4.5 dS/m. Cultivars, 'Dudhia Langra', 'Guruwari', 'Hybrid 15/1', 'Kala Hapus', 'Krutha Kolamban' and 'Nariyal' showed significantly minimum reduction in seedling height and leaves/seedling. However, number of branches/seedling did not differ significantly. Accumulation of leaf sulphur, sodium and chloride contents was minimum in above cultivars with least injury, indicating their potential use as salt-tolerant rootstocks.
Seedlings of polyembryonic Kurukkan mango were tested against graded levels of soil salinity developed by two different salt compositions. Chloride dominated salt caused significantly more mortality of seedlings than sulphate dominated salt at each level of soil salinity. Seedlings could not survive beyond 4.22 dS/m after 40 days of salinization. However, in sulphate dominated salt, seedlings survived at 6.21 dS/m up to 60 days. Root growth in terms of length, number of secondary roots and fresh and dry weight decreased with the increasing salinity levels in both salt combinations. Minimum number of secondary roots (0.40 roots/plant) was found in chloride dominated salt at 4.22 dS/m. There was significant increase in tissue chloride level with the increasing salinity levels in all fractions of Kurukkan seedlings in both salt combinations. The accumulation of sodium was found to be higher in roots. Potassium content in all parts decreased significantly in both salt combinations. However, this decrease was more pronounced in treatment having chloride dominance.
The aim of this work was to establish the criteria to determine the relative tolerance of mango rootstocks (Mangifera indica L.) to high Cl- and Na+ concentrations present in irrigation water. Two rootstocks, Gomera-1 and Gomera-3 grafted with the cultivar Osteen, were subjected to study. Grafted plants were exposed to salinized irrigation waters measured by electrical conductivity (1.02, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50 dS m-1). Results indicated differences in retaining toxic elements in different organs (roots, stem, or leaves) of both rootstocks. Gomera-3 was more sensitive as took up higher amounts of Cl- and Na+ than Gomera-1. Gomera-1 was more tolerant, being the tolerance possibly associated with the capacity of this rootstock to restrict the uptake and transport of Cl- and Na+ ions from the root system to the aboveground parts. The Cl- ions were more toxic in rootstock and cultivar leaves, while the Na+ ions were more toxic in the roots. Therefore, the present study reveals that Gomera-1 proved to be the most adaptable rootstock to saline conditions, making it feasible for use in areas with low water quality.
Two cultivars ("Spirit”; and “Jubileo") of maize (Zea mays L.) were studied to compare their response to various levels of potassium (K) (0.1, 1, and 6 mol/m) and sodium chloride (NaCl) (0 and 50 mol/m) in nutrient solutions with 16 h photoperiod, day/night temperature regime of 25/20°C, and a photon flux density of 380 nmol/m/sec. ‘Spirit’ produced about 1.5 times more biomass than ‘Jubileo’ at 6 mol/m Kin the control treament, while at 0.1 mol/mK the growth of both cultivars was similar. Plant fresh weight was reduced by 20% in ‘Spirit’ and by 30% in ‘Jubileo’ with 50 mol/m NaCl and 6 mol/m K. Growth reduction of maize plants by salinity was associated with an excessive accumulation of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) rather than an effect on water relations. The higher salt tolerance of ‘Spirit’ can be related to its greater capacity to exclude Na and Cl from the leaves and to maintain a higher K/Na ratio. Increasing the K supply in the rooting media did not improve growth reduction imposed by the 50 mol/m NaCl treatment. ‘Jubileo’ had a lower turgor potential than ‘Spirit’. High concentrations of Na in the leaves may help to maintain turgor, but cannot substitute for K to give adequate growth of maize. The accumulation in leaf tissue of inorganic ions was sufficient for osmotic adjustment in both cultivars and no single organic solute appears to be important in this process.