Content uploaded by Asghar Ali
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Asghar Ali on Dec 24, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
NE US
Academic Publishers
Journal of Animal Health and Production
January 2016 | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | Page 1
INTRODUCTION
Poultry farming is widely adopted in Pakistan and al-
most every farmstead keeps some poultry mainly for
consumption and cash sales. e science and technolo-
gy have contributed widely for the expansion of poultry
industry and a number of strategies have been adopted
to modulate the quality of poultry products (Abel et al.,
2014). In Pakistan, there are about 25000 poultry farms,
providing employment and income for livelihood of fteen
thousand people. In the country, there are 400 hatcheries,
150 feed mills, 8.5 million broiler breeders, 0.428 million
layer breeders and their feed consumption is 5.51 million
metric tons per year (Anonyms, 2011; FAO, 2011).
E. coli are one of the common microbial ora of gut of
farm animals, poultry and human being. Most of E. coli
isolates are harmless, however, some strains are pathogenic
and may cause serious food poisoning in human beings
(Begum et al., 2014). A recent survey about prevalence of
virulence E. coli based on Congo red binding ability have
indicated more than 90% isolates as pathogenic (Yadav et
al., 2014). In past two decades, severe outbreaks with gas-
trointestinal symptoms have been occurred by food borne
pathogenic E. coli, particularly 0157:H7 (Armstrong et al.,
1996). E. coliand its related species are named as “enteric
bacteria”; because they mostly live in the intestinal tracts
of human and other animal species (Minnock et al., 2000).
About 10 to 15% of intestinal coliforms are opportunistic
and pathogenic serotypes and cause a variety of lesions in
immuno-compromised hosts including poultry (Daini et
al., 2008; Mailk et al., 2013); and may cause omphalitis,
yolk sac infection, cellulitis, colibacillosis and swollen head
syndrome (Gross, 1994).
Table eggs are the primary source of protein in human diet.
ese are used in a number of traditional Pakistani dishes
from decades. However, the recent studies have declared
Research Article
Abstract | Escherichia coli is one of the common microbial ora of poultry gut. Most of E. coli isolates are nonpath-
ogenic but are considered to be an indicator of fecal contamination in food industry. A study was carried-out on the
prevalence, incidence, isolation and antibiogram of E. coli from table eggs. A total of 100 table eggs were collected from
various locations of district Peshawar, Pakistan and divided into three parts viz., the egg-yolk, egg-white and eggshell.
ese were cultured on dierent media and identied organism was subjected to antibiogram study using the disk
diusion method. e overall prevalence of E. coli was found as 37%. While, incidence was recorded as 15% in egg-
shells, 12% in egg-whites and 10% in egg-yolks. It was concluded that the table eggs were contaminated with E. coli
and higher incidence of E. coli was recorded in eggshells as compared to other components of the eggs. e antibiotics
ciprooxacin and enrooxacin were recorded highly active against E. coli.
Keywords | Escherichia coli, Egg-shell, Egg-yolk, Prevalence, Egg-white, Antibiogram, Peshawar
AurAngzeb KhAn1*, rAhmAtullAh rind1, muhAmmAd ShoAib1, ASghAr Ali KAmboh1, gulfAm
Ali mughAl2, ShAKeel AhmAd lAKho1, KAnwAr KumAr mAlhi1, Ali rAzA nizAmAni3, AdnAn
YouSAf4
Isolation, Identication and Antibiogram of Escherichia coli from
Table Eggs
Editor | Sanjay Kumar Singh, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly (UP), India.
Received | October 13, 2015; Revised | November 03, 2015; Accepted | November 06, 2015; Published | December 12, 2015
*Correspondence | Muhammad Shoaib, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan; Email: vet.socialray@gmail.
com
Citation | Khan A, Rind R, Shoaib M, Kamboh AA, Mughal GA, Lakho SA, Malhi KK, Nizamani AR, Yousaf A (2016). Isolation, identication and antibio-
gram of Escherichia coli from table eggs. J. Anim. Health Prod. 4(1): 1-5.
DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2016/4.1.1.5
ISSN | 2308–2801
Copyright © 2016 Khan et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1Department of Veterinary Microbiology; 2Department of Livestock Management; 3Department of Veterinary Pa-
thology; 4Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
NE US
Academic Publishers
Journal of Animal Health and Production
January 2016 | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | Page 2
that enteric bacteria like Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, etc.,
could contaminate these eggs and may cause egg-borne
diseases (Adesiyun et al., 2006; Adesiyun et al., 2007).
Some global epidemics have also been linked with egg
consumption and known to cause egg-borne pathogens
present in poultry eggs and their contents (CDC, 1990;
Rocourt et al., 2003). Food poisoning associated with egg-
borne pathogens may cause severe morbidity or mortali-
ty with diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and abdominal cramps
(Mitchell, 2005). e present investigation was therefore,
designed to study the prevalence and incidence of E. coli in
table eggs sold in retail market of district Peshawar. More-
over, the antibiogram study of isolated E. coli from poultry
eggs was also carried out to investigate the susceptibility
pattern of various antibiotics.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
StudY deSign
A total of one hundred poultry table eggs were collected
randomly from dierent markets existed in various local-
ities of district Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Eggs were collected from four dierent localities (n= 25
from each locality) i.e., Bacha Khan Chowk, Karkhano
Road, Nahaqi and Palossi Markets of Peshawar. Although,
the eggs were kept at room temperature at sale outlets, so it
was ensured that these should not be older than 24 hours.
Moreover, the eggs with visible fecal shell contamination
were not taken as samples. e collected eggs were trans-
ported to laboratory under cold chain and were kept in
refrigerator at 4°C until they were processed for microbial
contamination.
lAborAtorY ProcedureS
For the isolation of E. coli, table eggs were processed ac-
cording to procedure described by Adesiyun et al., (2006).
In brief, using aseptic conditions one sterile swab mois-
tened in normal saline (0.9% NaCl w/v) was applied to the
surface of each egg. It was dipped in 1ml saline in universal
bottle to form a representative egg shell sample. For egg-
yolk and egg-white samples, the eggs were immersed in
75% ethanol for 5 minutes and then pointed end of each
egg was disinfected on Bunsen burner ame for 5-10 sec-
onds. en, a small hole was made on the shell surface and
the egg-yolk and egg-white were emptied separately into
the sterilized polythene bags. e contents were blended
manually. e resultant mixtures and egg shell samples
were used for bacteriological culture as described earlier
(Nazia et al., 2015). e isolated E. coli were then subjected
towards dierent biochemical and sugar fermentation tests
for species conrmation like starch test, lipid hydrolysis
test, casein hydrolysis test, gelatin hydrolysis, carbohydrate
fermentation test, triple sugar iron test, which were based
on their capability to breakdown complex molecules in to
simpler nutritional elements.
In-vItro SuScePtibilitY of E. coli to
AntimicrobiAlS
e antibiotics (Difco, Michigan, USA) used during the
study were amoxicillin (10ug), colistin (10ug), gentamycin
(10ug), enrooxacin (05ug), kanamycin (10ug), ciproox-
acin (05ug), noroxacin (10ug), tetracycline (30ug) and
doxycycline (30ug). All the E. coli isolates of table eggs
were investigated for their in-vitro susceptibility pattern to
various antimicrobial agents using disk diusion method as
described by Bauer et al. (1966). In brief, the Muller Hin-
ton agar (Difco, Michigan, USA) was prepared, dispensed
in Petri dishes and surface was dried by incubating at 37oC
for 30 minutes. e isolated colonies were selected and sus-
pended evenly in 4ml sterile normal saline solution (0.9%
NaCl w/v; pH: 7.0). A sterile cotton swab was dipped into
the suspension and culture was smeared on the surface of
Muller Hinton agar in such a way that all agar surfaces
would be covered evenly with the bacterial suspension. e
plates were then placed in incubator for 30 minutes to get
dried. e antibiotic discs were placed on the agar surface
with the disc disperser and slightly pressed with sterile
forceps to keep it adhere to the surface. e plates were
then closed, wrapped in polythene bag, inverted in such
a way that medium and discs would be in upward portion
and placed in incubator for 24 hours at 37oC. e zones of
inhibition were observed as a clear area, free from growth
around the discs. Clear zones of inhibition made against
organism by the antibiotics were recorded in mm from the
centre of disc of zone with the observed annotations.
dAtA AnAlYSiS
All the experimental results were calculated and presented
in percentage format using the Excel Spreadsheets.
RESULTS
Of the total 100 table eggs examined, the overall prevalence
of E. coli was recorded as 37.00%, while 63.00% eggs were
found free from E. coli contamination (Table 1). Of the 25
eggs examined from Bacha Khan Chowk, the prevalence
of the E. coli species was noted in 40.00% eggs. Similarly,
25 eggs acquired from Karkhano Road market, the prev-
alence was observed as 48.00%. When the same number
eggs were examined from Nahaqi market, the prevalence
of E. coli was recorded as 32.00% in eggs. Whereas 25 eggs
collected from Palossi market showed the prevalence of E.
coli as 28.00% (Table 2).
e results regarding the incidence of E. coli in dierent
components of eggs has been summarized in Table 3. Of
the 100 egg shells examined, the incidence was recorded as
15.00%. Similarly, among 100 egg-whites, the incidence of
E. coli was noted as 12.00%, whereas within 100 egg-yolks
E. coli was detected in 10.00% egg-yolks.
NE US
Academic Publishers
Journal of Animal Health and Production
January 2016 | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | Page 3
Table 1: e overall prevalence of Escherichia coli in table eggs collected from retail markets of Peshawar
Total No. of eggs examined No. of eggs positive % of eggs positive No. of eggs negative % of eggs negative
100 37 37 63 63
Table 2: e number and percentage prevalence of Escherichia coli in table eggs collected from dierent localities of
Peshawar
S. No Name of area Total No. of eggs
examined
Total No. of
positive eggs
% of positive
eggs
Total No. of
negative eggs
% of negative
eggs
1 Bacha Khan Chowk 25 10 40 15 60
2 Karkhano Road 25 12 48 13 52
3 Nahaqi 25 8 32 17 68
4 Palossi 25 7 28 18 72
Table 3: e number and percentage incidence of Escherichia coli in dierent components of table eggs
Egg com-
ponents
Total No. of egg com-
ponents examined
Number of posi-
tive components
Percentage of posi-
tive components
Number of nega-
tive components
Percentage of nega-
tive components
Egg-yolk 100 10 10.00 90 90.00
Egg-white 100 12 12.00 88 88.00
Egg-shell 100 15 15.00 85 85.00
Table 4: Antibiogram results of Escherichia coli isolates of
table eggs
Antibiotic
discs used
Zone around
discs
Indication
of sensitivity
Degree of
sensitivity
Amoxicillin
(10ug)
2 mm + Weakly sen-
sitive
Colistin
(10ug)
8 mm +++ Quite sensitive
Gentamycin
(10ug)
10 mm +++ Quite sensitive
Enrooxacin
(05ug)
14 mm ++++ Highly sensi-
tive
Kanamycin
(10ug)
2 mm + Weakly sen-
sitive
Ciprooxacin
(05ug)
14mm ++++ Highly sensi-
tive
Noroxacin
(10ug)
4 mm ++ Moderately
sensitive
Tetracycline
(30ug)
0 mm - Not sensitive
Doxycycline
(30ug)
3 mm ++ Moderately
sensitive
-: Absence of clear zones around disc; +: clear zone up to 2mm; ++:
clear zone with >2-5 mm; +++: clear zone with >5-10 mm; ++++:
clear zone with >10-15mm
During present experiments, nine dierent antibiotics
were tested to demonstrate the in-vitro susceptibility of
E. coli isolates recognized from the table eggs and results
were given in Table 4. e antibiotics ciprooxacin and
enrooxacin were recorded as highly active against E. coli
isolates and inhibited its growth, while antibiotics colistin
and gentamycin were recorded as quite active against E.
coli. Whereas, drugs noroxacin and doxycycline showed
moderate sensitivity against E. coli, as these drugs inhib-
ited the growth of the organisms and showed small zones
of inhibition (>2-5mm) around the discs. Furthermore,
the antibiotics amoxicillin and kanamycin were marked as
weakly active against the organism. However, the antibi-
otic tetracycline failed to inhibit the growth of bacterial
organism on agar plate and was recorded as completely re-
sistant against E. coli.
DISCUSSION
It has been estimated that many nutrient substances found
in table eggs create an excellent environment for the
growth and development of potential spoilage or infectious
microorganisms. Present study has demonstrated an over-
all 37.00% E. coli contamination in table eggs. is nd-
ing is in agreement with a study conducted by Adesiyun et
al. (2006) in Trinidad. e researchers reported a 71/184
(38.6%) table eggs positive for enteric microbes including
E. coli, Salmonella, etc. Likewise another Polish study re-
ported a 40.30% bacterial contamination in table eggs with
E. coli as most dominant contaminant (Stępień-Pyśniak,
2010).
We got 28-48% contamination of bacterial organism in
table eggs collected from dierent localities of Peshawar.
However, another study reported the 36.3 to 69.6% con-
tamination in poultry eggs collected from dierent points
i.e., supermarket, mall and farm (Adesiyun et al., 2006).
ese dierences might be due to dierence in man-
agement, handling and hygienic conditions used at farm
and/or sale outlets. e poultry eggs can get contamina-
NE US
Academic Publishers
Journal of Animal Health and Production
January 2016 | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | Page 4
tion either horizontally (through the shell) or vertically
(trans-ovarial), and could serve a potential source of path-
ogens participating in the etiology of foodborne diseas-
es (Stępień-Pyśniak, 2010). Indar et al. (1998) reported
trans-ovarial transmission of Salmonella spp. in table eggs
collected from commercial poultry farms in Trinidad.
Although, egg-yolk contains maternal immunoglobulin
IgG (also called IgY), but its level could be inuenced by
various factors like, functional quality of immunological
system and/or antibiotics exposure to fowl (Tokarzewski,
2002). Moreover the quantitative contamination of eggs
depends upon bacterial load in the environment where
eggs laid and/or handled (Stępień-Pyśniak, 2010).
e results of the present study indicated the bacterial
contamination level as 15, 12 and 10% on eggshells, egg-
whites and egg-yolk respectively. Adesiyun et al. (2006)
reported in their investigation the contamination level as
19% and 13% in eggshell and egg contents respectively. It
has been suggested that temperature, and/or storage con-
ditions provided to the eggs at retail outlets signicantly
impact the bacterial load of eggs without aecting the bac-
terial prevalence (Suresh et al., 2005). In consistent with
this study, Stępień-Pyśniak (2010) also reported a high
contamination level of eggshells as compared to other in-
ternal contents. is is probably due to exposure of egg-
shell with the environment.
e results about in-vitro susceptibility of E. coli isolat-
ed from table eggs of poultry birds recorded during pres-
ent investigation were in line to the ndings reported by
previous studies. Like, Akond et al. (2009) isolated and
identied E. coli from poultry sources of dierent poul-
try markets and sensitivity to antimicrobials was recorded
as 86, 80, 60, 36, 30 and 26% to noroxacin, gentamicin
and chloramphenicol, neomycin, tetracycline, streptomy-
cin and ampicillin, respectively. Raji et al. (2007) observed
ciprooxacin as highly active (85-100%) antibiotic against
E. coli isolates. Adesiyun et al. (2007) studied the resist-
ance of bacterial species to seven antimicrobial agents us-
ing the Disc Diusion Method. An overall, 131 bacterial
isolates of E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae were tested, and
125 (95.4%) exhibited resistance to one or more antimi-
crobial agents. e high resistance was recorded against
streptomycin (90.1%), tetracycline (51.9%) and kanamy-
cin (30.5%).
In present investigation we have found 3/9 (33.33%) an-
timicrobial agents as resistant or weakly sensitive to E. coli
isolated from table eggs. is nding is in agreement with
a study conducted by Musgrove et al. (2006). e study in-
dicated that most (73.2%) of E. coli isolated from eggshells
were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents. Moreover, the
E. coli isolates showed 29.9, 6.2 and 3.1% resistance to tet-
racycline, streptomycin and gentamicin respectively. Simi-
lar results were also reported by Ansari et al. (2014).
CONCLUSIONS
It could be concluded from present investigation that table
eggs sold in retail market of district Peshawar contained
E. coli, hence may pose a health hazard to human beings
if consumed improperly cooked or raw eggs. Eggshells
contained more bacterial contaminants as compared to
egg contents. Antimicrobial agent tetracycline was found
completely resistant to E. coli isolates, whereas, amoxicillin
and kanamycin were observed as weakly sensitive. ere is
a need to educate the people to adopt signicant hygienic
measures in handling of table eggs and should not be con-
sumed inadequately cooked eggs or egg products.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
e author is thankful to the honourable Supervisor, Dr.
Rahmatullah Rind, Professor, Department of Veterinary
Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veter-
inary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam,
for his courteous professional pieces of advice, untiring
guidance, full support, motivation, fruitful suggestions and
encouragement during the whole period of study and also
thankful to the respectable and sincere teacher Dr. Asghar
Ali Kamboh, Assistant professor, Department of Veteri-
nary Microbiology SAU Tandojam for his technical facili-
tation and all others for their co-operation during research
work.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ere is no conict of interest.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
Mr. Aurangzeb was the main researcher, Dr. Rahmatullah
Rind was his supervisor, Dr. Asghar Ali Kamboh revised
the article, Muhammad Shoaib did all the correspondence,
Gulfam Ali Mughal, Shakeel Ahmad Lakho, Kanwar Ku-
mar Malhi, Ali Raza Nizamani and Adnan Yousaf con-
tributions in statistics, and other activities related to the
research.
REFERENCES
• Abel FAS, Adeyemi OA, Eruvbetine D, Sogunle OM, Oluwole
OB, Elemo GN (2014). Eect of stocking density and
quantitative feed restriction on growth performance,
digestibility, haematological characteristics and cost of
starting broiler chicks. J. Anim. Health Prod. 2(4): 60-64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2014/2.4.60.64
• Adesiyun A, Oah N, Seepersadsingh N, Rodrigo S, Lashley
V, Musai L (2006). Frequency and antimicrobial resistance
NE US
Academic Publishers
Journal of Animal Health and Production
January 2016 | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | Page 5
of enteric bacteria with spoilage potential isolated from
table eggs. Food Res. Int. 39(2): 212-219. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/j.foodres.2005.07.008
• Adesiyun A,Oah N,Seepersadsingh N,Rodrigo S,Lashley
V, LMusai (2007). Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella
spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from table eggs. J. Sci. 18(4):
306-311.
• Akond MA, Alam S, Hassan SMR, Shirin M (2009). Antibiotic
resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry and poultry
environment of Bangladesh. Int. J. Food Safety. 11(3): 19-23.
• Anonymous (2011). Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations. FAOSTAT.
• Ansari ARMIH, Rahman MM, Islam MZ, Das BC, Habib A,
Belal SMSH, Islam K (2014). Prevalence and antimicrobial
resistance prole of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated
from diarrheic calves. J. Anim. Health Prod. 2(1): 12-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2014/2.1.12.15
• Armstrong GL, Hollingsworth J, Morris JG (1996). Emerging
food borne pathogens: Escherichia coli 0157: H7 as a model
of entry of a new pathogen into the food supply of the
developed world. Epidemiol. Rev. 18: 29-51. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017914
• Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M (1966). Antibiotic
susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method.
Am. J. Clin. Pathol: 45(4): 493-496.
• Begum S, Hazarika GC, Rajkhowa S (2014). Prevalence
of Escherichia coli from pigs and cattle. J. Anim. Health
Prod. 2(3): 38 – 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.
jahp/2014/2.3.38.39
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Update: (1990). Salmonella
enteritidis infections and grade-A shell eggs, United States.
38: 877–880.
• Daini OA, Adesemowo A (2008). Antimicrobial susceptibility
pattern and r- plasmids of clinical strains of Escherichia coli.
Aus. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 2(3): 397-400.
• FAO (2011). Per capita meat consumption declines by 1.7pc.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(news-agencies20/02/2010).
• Gross WB (1994). Diseases due to Escherichia coli in poultry
(2011). Escherichia coli in domesticated animals and humans.
CAB Int. pp. 237–260.
• Indar L, Baccus-Taylor, Commissiong GE (1998). Salmonellosis
in Trinidad: evidence for trans-ovarian transmission of
Salmonella in farm eggs. W. Indian Med. J. 47: 50–53.
• Mailk S, Kumar A, Verma AK, Gupta MK, Sharma SD, Sharma
AK, Rahal A (2013). Incidence and drug resistance pattern
of colibacillosis in cattle and bualo calves in western Utter
Pradesh in India. J. Anim. Health Prod. 1(2): 15-19.
• Minnock A, Vernon DI, Schoeld J, Griths J, Parish JH, Brown
SB (2000). Mechanism of uptake of a cationic water-soluble
pyridinium zinc phthalocyanine across the outer membrane
of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 522-
527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.44.3.522-527.2000
• Mitchell R (2005). Surveillance and analysis on E. coli news and
outbreaks. Bill Mark’s Ocial Blog: Marler Clak Law Firm:
E. coli Blog. Pp. 1-7.
• Musgrove MT, Jones DR, Northcutt JK, Cox NA, Harrison
MA, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Ladely SR (2006). Antimicrobial
resistance in Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolated from
commercial shell eggs. Poult. Sci. 85:1665–1669. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.9.1665
• Nazia, Malhi KK, Durrani NU, Kamboh AA, Lakho SA, Rind
R, Abro SH, Soomro NM (2015). Prevalence of septic
arthritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in poultry birds at
Tandojam, Pakistan. J. Anim. Health Prod. 3(3): 73-77.
• Raji M, Adekeye J, Kwaga J, Bale J, Henton M (2007). Serovars
and biochemical characterization of Escherichia coli isolated
from colibacillosis cases and dead-in-shell embryos in
poultry in Zaria-Nigeria. J. Vet. Sci. 44 (1): 665-559.
• Rocourt J, BenEmbarek P, Toyofuku H (2003). Quantitative
risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat
foods: the FAO/WHO approach. FEMS Immunol. Med.
Microbiol. 35: 263–267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0928-
8244(02)00468-6
• Stępień-Pyśniak D (2010). Occurrence of Gram-negative
bacteria in hens’ eggs depending on their source and storage
conditions. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 13(3): 507-513.
• Suresh T, Hatha AAM, Sreenivasan D, Sangeetha N,
Lashmanaperumalsamy P (2005). Prevalence and
antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and other
Salmonella in the eggs and egg-storing trays from retails
markets of Coimbatore, South India. Food Microbiol. 23
(3): 294-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2005.04.001
• Tokarzewski, S (2002). Inuence of enrooxacin and
chloramphenicol on the level of IgY in serum and egg-yolk
after immune stimulation of hens with Salmonella Enteritidis
antigens. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 5:151–158.
• Yadav V, Joshi RK, Joshi N, Diwakar RP (2014). Congo red
binding and plasmid prole of E. coli isolates of poultry
origin. J. Anim. Health Prod. 2(3): 31 – 32.