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Abstract
Comparative research on fatty acid composition, squalene and β-Sitosterol in camellia oil and olive oil by using gas chromatography. Results showed that camellia oil and olive oil are separated and identified 8 kinds of fatty acid composition, mainly contain palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, Arachidic acid and cis-11-Eicosenoic acid. Fatty acid composition is similar in camellia oil and olive oil, but with slightly difference in content. The content of squalene in camellia oil and in olive oil is dissimilar. The supreme content of squalene in camellia oil sample is 0.156 g/kg. The lowest is only 0.077 g/kg and the average value is 0.117 g/kg. But the lowest content of squalene in olive oil sample is 4.511 g/kg, while the highest is 8.401 g/kg, mean of 5.78 g/kg. So the content of squalene in olive oil is nearly 50 times than that of in camellia oil. β-Sitosterol content in camellia oil is higher than that of in olive oil. Samples of camellia oil content of β-Sitosterol are in the range of 2.0~3.5 g/kg which averages 2.422 g/kg. The two olive oil samples contain more β-Sitosterol, with 2.05 g/kg and 2.09 g/kg respectively, and the remaining samples content of β-Sitosterol are between 1.0~2.0 g/kg, mean of 1.534 g/kg. Consequently the content of β-Sitosterol in camellia oil is nearly 1.58 times than that of in olive oil.
... In this study, nine sterols were detected, but only Δ− 7-stigmasterol was detected in all four different drying treatments of C. oleifera seed oil. In earlier work (Tang, Shen, Liu, Zhong, Wu, & Teng, 2013), 17 samples of C. oleifera seed oil were analyzed, and the content of squalene was 0.08-0.16 g/kg (average 0.117 g/kg). ...
... g/kg (average 0.117 g/kg). The content of squalene in sun-dried and shade-dried C. oleifera seed oil in the current study was within the range of detection reported by Tang et al. (2013), while the content of squalene in light-treated and non-light-treated C. oleifera seed oil was much higher than this range. Squalene content was 2.82-3.68 ...
The traditional drying method of Camellia oleifera seeds is sun drying and shade drying. In order to further improve the oil content and production efficiency, light and no light treatment were carried out and the oil quality was compared. The results show that the oil contents of these seeds (light treatment, 37.17 ± 0.68%; no light, 36.15 ± 0.57%) were higher than those obtained from sun-dried (33.15 ± 1.23%) or shade-dried (34.29 ± 0.86%) seeds. Increased oil content after light and no-light treatment was attributed to saturated fatty acids and linoleic acid. Squalene content was 2.82–3.68 times higher than that in Camellia oleifera seed oil treated by sun drying and shade drying. Principal component analysis ranking of the comprehensive score was: sun-dried > no-light-treated > light-treated > shade-dried. Heatmap analysis showed two categories of [sun drying + shade drying] and [light treatment + no-light treatment]. Random forest analysis showed that the strongest factors on seed oil quality were: Δ-7-stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, and β-tocopherol.
... The results of this study showed that the phosphorus application significantly affected the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids in P. ostii (Fig. 6). The unsaturated fatty acid content of P. ostii seed oil can reach 93.04%, which is much higher than the existing high-quality vegetable oils, such as olive oil and flax oil (Tang et al., 2013). However, with the increase of the amount of phosphate fertilizer, the content of total unsaturated fatty acids decreased, which may be due to the role of lipoxygenase, free radicals, and reactive oxygen species (Xu and Zou, 1993). ...
Paeonia ostii T. Hong & J. X. Zhang is a perennial oil and medicinal plant with great importance as well as landscaping. P. ostii is being extensively planted in China, but the soil fertility limits the yield and quality. There is little information available on the effects of phosphorus fertilization on productivity, physiological characteristics, and seed yield and quality. This study investigated the influence of different phosphorus levels, 0 kg·hm ⁻² (CK), 90 c ⁻² (P1), 135 kg·hm ⁻² (P2), 180 kg·hm ⁻² (P3), 225 kg·hm ⁻² (P4), and 270 kg·hm ⁻² (P5), on the photosynthesis, morphology, physiological parameters, and yield of P. ostii . The results indicated that the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance ( g S ), and transpiration rate of P. ostii increased significantly with the application of P4, which increased by 34.77%, 65.72%, and 21.00% compared with CK, respectively. Simultaneously, the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and photosynthetic pigment in P4 were the highest compared with other treatments. In addition, thousand-grain weight (326.4 g) and seed yield per plant (37.33 g) of P4 were significantly higher than the control. However, the total amount of unsaturated fatty acids in P4 was lower compared with other treatments. The indexes of high correlation coefficients with Dim 1 and Dim 2 were g S and superoxide dismutase (SOD), respectively. The results showed that phosphorus levels improved plant photosynthetic capacity and increased antioxidant capacity as well as seed yield. Furthermore, phosphate fertilizer had significant effects on the oil composition. Moreover, the effect of phosphorus application rate on the growth index of P. ostii was greater than that of the physiological index.
... with an average of 80.82%. The relative content of unsaturated fatty acids is higher than that of olive oil published by WHO (Tang et al., 2013;Zhu et al., 2017). Compared with the inland, its content and quality have significant advantages. ...
... Oleifera oil was recorded as a medical oil in the Compendium of Materia Medica and recommended as a healthy edible oil by FAO. The comparative research between tea seed oil (Camellia oleifera Abel.) and olive oil showed that the oleic acid content of Oleifera oil was 80.64% while that of olive oil was 76.16% ( Tang, Shen, Liu, Zhong, Wu, & Teng, 2013). Camellia oil was similar to Oleifera oil in fatty acids and they are inspected by the same quality standard in China. ...
In Asia, tea seed oils (seed oils from Camellia oleifera, C. chekiangoleosa, and C. sinensis) are used in edible, medicinal, and cosmetic applications. However, these oils differ in their fatty acid contents, and there is little known about their phenolic compounds. Here we analyzed the phenolic compounds of seed oils from three species gathered from 15 regions of China. Twenty-four phenolic compounds were characterized by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS, including benzoic acids (6), cinnamic acids (6), a hydroxyphenylacetic acid, flavanols (4), flavonols (3), flavones (2), and dihydroflavonoids (2). Some of these phenolic compounds had not previously been reported from C. sinensis (20), C. oleifera (15), and C. chekiangoleosa (24) seed oils. Quantification was done by HPLC-QqQ-MS using 24 chemical standards. The total concentrations in the studied samples ranged from 20.56 to 88.56 μg/g. Phenolic acids were the most abundant class, accounting for 76.2–90.4%, with benzoic acid, found at up to 18.87 μg/g. The concentration of catechins, typical of tea polyphenols, ranged between 2.1% and 9.7%, while the other flavonoids varied from 4.2% to 17.8%. Although the cultivation region affected the phenolic composition of the Camellia seed oils, in our hierarchical clustering analysis, the samples clustered according to species. The phenolic composition of the seed oils from C. oleifera and C. chekiangoelosa were similar. We found that the phenolic categories in Camellia seed oils were similar to tea polyphenols, thereby identifying a source of liposoluble tea polyphenols and potentially accounting for some of the reported activities of these oils. In addition, this work provides basic data that allows distinction of various Camellia seed oils, as well as improvements to be made in their quality standards.
... Oleifera oil was recorded as a medical oil in the Compendium of Materia Medica and recommended as a healthy edible oil by FAO. The comparative research between tea seed oil (Camellia oleifera Abel.) and olive oil showed that the oleic acid content of Oleifera oil was 80.64% while that of olive oil was 76.16% (Tang, Shen, Liu, Zhong, Wu, & Teng, 2013). Camellia oil was similar to Oleifera oil in fatty acids and they are inspected by the same quality standard in China. ...
Paeonia ostii is now being extensively planted for oil extraction in China, which is recognized as a single oil‐use tree peony cultivar and commonly called ‘Fengdan’. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on oil yield, fatty acid compositions and antioxidant activity of P . ostii . Oil yield (33.46%), oleic acid (25.12%), linoleic acid (29.21%) and a‐linolenic acid (43.12%) reached the maximum at N450 treatment, with significant differences compared with other treatments ( P <0.05). Furthermore, strong antioxidant activity with low DPPH IC50 value (19.43±1.91 μg mL ‐1 ) and large ABTS value (1216.53±30.21 μmoL Trolox g ‐1 ) and FRAP value (473.57±9.11 μmoL Trolox g ‐1 ) was also observed at N450. Palmitic acid (5.57%) and stearic acid (2.02%) reached a maximum at N375, but not significant with N450 ( P< 0.05). Nitrogen fertilizer could promote oil yield, fatty acid accumulation and antioxidant activity, and N450 (450kg ha ‐1 ) is recommended as the optimum application for P. ostii .
Aspergillus flavus is a well-known, widespread fungus that contaminates a great number of crops used for human and animal consumption, but previous study showed that camellia seed cake was not susceptible to A. flavus. This study was designed to evaluate the antifungal effect of the active substance in camellia seed cake on the growth and production of aflatoxins of A. flavus. Eighty percent methanol extracts of camellia seed cake showed greater activity than that of 80% ethanol, ethyl acetate, and pure water against A. flavus. The filtrate from the 80% methanol extract was extracted with ethyl acetate and saturated n-butanol; among the extracts, the n-butanol phase exhibited strong inhibitory activity against A. flavus. The inhibitory zone diameter increased from 15.25 mm at 25 mg/mL concentration up to 22.00 mm at 100 mg/mL concentration. The mycelial dry weight was reduced significantly from 0.16 g at 25 mg/mL to 0.11 g at 100 mg/mL, whereas the aqueous and ethyl acetate phases exhibited weak antifungal activity and no activity, respectively. In addition, the n-Butanol phase inhibited the production of aflatoxin B1 effectively, caused mycelia deformity, and reduced the production of conidia. n-Butanol extract of camellia seed cake exhibited apparent antagonistic effect on the growth and aflatoxin production of A. flavus. The concentration of 100 mg/mL worked best. This study provides a scientific basis for further study of its inhibiting mechanism.
HIGHLIGHTS
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of oil from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. seeds with hexane as the solvent was studied, and the chemical composition of the oil was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Based on single-factor tests, the effects of the extraction parameters, including ultrasonic time, ultrasonic temperature and ultrasonic power, on the extraction yield of P. lactiflora seed oil were optimized by response surface methodology. The chemical constituents of the oil residue of P. lactiflora were isolated using a silica gel column: Toyopearl HW-40, Sephadex LH-20, and preparative HPLC chromatographies. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and MS data analysis. An HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of six monoterpene glycosides in the seed cake and seed shell of P. lactiflora was established. The optimum conditions were as follows: extraction time of 18 min, extraction temperature of 35 °C, and extraction power of 445 W. Under these conditions, the extraction yield values of the oil were 28.85%. The predominant fatty acids in P. lactiflora seed oil were linolenic acid (34.12%), linoleic acid (26.47%), and oleic acid (27.87%), among others. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids relative to total fatty acids exceeded 85%. Eight monoterpene glycosides, including 4″-hydroxyl-albiflorin (1), oxypaeoniflorin (2), albiflorin (3), paeoniflorin (4), paeonidanin (5), albiflorin R1 (6), 4-O-methyl-paeoniflorin (7) and oxypaeonidanin (8), were isolated from the oil residue of P. lactiflora. All the compounds were isolated from the seeds of P. lactiflora for the first time. The contents of 4″-hydroxyl-albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, paeonidanin and albiflorin R1 in the oil residue of P. lactiflora were 0.0113%, 0.0277%, 0.0655%, 0.589%, 0.0118% and 0.00486%, respectively. The contents of monoterpene glycosides in the oil residue were higher than those in the seed shell of P. lactiflora. These findings indicated that the seeds of P. lactiflora could be a good bioresource for the preparation of edible oil and total monoterpene glycosides. Therefore, P. lactiflora seeds have important research value as well as development and utilization prospects.
The ratios of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) of 12 oils extracted from Chinese edible oilseed samples and their individual fatty acids were determined by elemental
analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS). The results
have demonstrated that the δ13C ratios of the oils from C3-plant seeds range from −26.8 to −30.7‰, while the δ13C ratios of C4-plant maize oil are in the interval of −14.1 to −16.2‰. Eighteen fatty acids were identified and their abundances
were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in these oils with C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 as the major constituents. From the data on fatty acids and stable carbon isotopes, several sensitive markers were developed
to detect the adulteration of Chinese edible oilseed oils. Examples are provided with pre-blended samples to illustrate the
discrimination procedures and corresponding sensitive markers with emphasis on camellia seed oil, flax seed oil and perilla
seed oil.
KeywordsEdible oilseed oils-Stable carbon isotope analysis-Fatty acids-Adulteration
A comparison of iodine values showed that the degree of saturation of tea seed oil (Lahjan variety) was intermediate between
the oils of sunflowerseed (Fars variety) and olive (Gilezeytoon variety), and the saponification values of these three oils
were similar. Tea seed oil consisted of 56% oleic acid (C18∶1), 22% linoleic acid (C18∶2), 0.3% linolenic acid (C18∶3), and
therefore, on the basis of oleic acid, occupied a place between sunflower and olive oil. In studies at 63°C, the shelf life
of tea seed oil was higher than that of sunflower oil and similar to olive oil. Tea seed oil was found to have a natural antioxidant
effect, and it enhanced the shelf life of sunflower oil at a 5% level. In this study, tea seed oil was found to be a stable
oil, to have suitable nutritional properties (high-oleic, medium-linoleic, and lowlinolenic acid contents), and to be useful
in human foods.
This study was reported on a novel process for fatty acid ethyl esters preparation by transesterification and esterification from renewable low-cost feedstock camellia oil soapstocks and friendly acyl acceptor diethyl carbonate. The main components of product were 83.9% ethyl oleate, 8.9% ethyl palmitate, 4.7% ethyl linoleate and 2.1% ethyl stearate, which could be used as eco-friendly renewable resources or additives of industrial solvent and fossil fuel. The effects of molar ratio of diethyl carbonate to soapstocks oil, lipases, organic solvent, reaction temperature and time were investigated, and process conditions were optimized. The yield was up to 98.4% in solvent-free system with molar ratio of diethyl carbonate to soapstocks oil 3:1 and 5% Novozym 435 (based on the weight of soapstocks oil) at 50 °C and 180 rpm for 24 h. Moreover, there was no obvious loss in the yield after lipases were reused for 10 batches without treatment under optimized conditions.
We previously reported that daily intraperitoneal injections of oleamide weakly inhibits the spontaneous metastasis of BL6 cells by blocking the gap junction-mediated intercellular communications (GJIC) of connexin 26 (Cx26). In the present study, we tested camellia oil, olive oil and cottonseed oil which are rich in oleamide-like oleic acid for their inhibitory potency on Cx26-mediated GJIC and spontaneous metastasis of BL6 cells. We found that camellia oil, olive oil and cottonseed oil, and their distillate fractions inhibited Cx26-mediated GJIC. We also showed that daily intraperitoneal injection of camellia oil and its distillate fractions more potently inhibited spontaneous lung metastasis of BL6 cells than oleamide. Moreover, a daily oral administration of camellia oil distillate fraction effectively inhibited spontaneous metastasis. Notably, even camellia Tempura-oil, a commercially available food, weakly inhibited the spontaneous metastasis of BL6 cells. Since these oils are used as foods and are quite safe, we propose that they could be used as supplements to protect patients from lung metastasis of melanomas.