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Female internal mobility in Gondar and HIV. Between the speeches and voices of women on the margins of their future
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This article analyses the experiences of internal mobility of HIV-positive women who at the moment of the ethnographic surveys lived in the city of Gondar, in North Western Ethiopia. The "biographical experiences" of five women who migrated from rural areas and used to live in conditions of social marginality will be placed in the context of a wider analysis of the main configurations of female internal mobility based on the age and social origin of the migrant subjects. The article reveals the multifaceted nature and perennially unstable conditions of these women's migration routes, which begin at the time they make their initial plans for departure, and continue through opportunities and constraints along their path towards a future that then becomes crystallized as a "biographical experience" of the time of change. We will argue that their HIV-positive status, with all its manifestations and consequences, constitutes a pre-eminent conditioning factor that does not constitute a "biographical disruption". It does, however, contribute towards the "subjection" of individuals on the margins of society and the action areas of established authority. Particularly, the analysis of the subjective relationships of these five women with the norms and categories of the dominant discourse that shape their "virtual social identity", will highlight that the HIV results in both a new opportunity and a constraint to engage with the future.
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Omnes et singulatim / Michel Foucault : texte établi, présenté et annoté par Michel Senellart
In-depth interviews were conducted with 44 asymptomatic HIV-positive men infected through homosexual relations or medical treatment for haemophilia. The objective was to better understand interrelations between: the consequences of infection on everyday life; the meanings given to being HIV-positive; and the reconstruction of identities. The consequences for everyday life are examined in relation to: the importance of keeping one's immune status secret; self-imposed restraints and the constraints ensuing from the immune status; and the resources interviewees tapped to cope with their new situation. The meanings given to infection arose as these men reinterpreted their individual and collective pasts. This biographical reconstruction reinforced components of identity that, prior to HIV-infection, had been built around haemophilia or homosexuality. This is what is called biographical reinforcement, a notion developed in relation to biographical disruption.
Based on interviews with 37 women with HIV infection, this paper explores women’s perceptions of HIV/AIDS in relation to other traumatic life events. Employing a biographical disruption framework, this paper demonstrates how women reconstruct the meaning of HIV infection in light of other disruptive life situations. Findings indicate that despite initial disruption, in retrospect, many of the sample women did not consider HIV to be the most devastating event in their lives. Rather, violence, mother-child separation, and drug use were deemed more disruptive than HIV infection. Several factors, including race, drug use and abuse histories, social support and diagnosis, were central to women’s differential assessment of HIV in relation to other disruptive events. Results are discussed in terms of the practical and theoretical implications of the analysis.
Based on an analysis of biography as a category of experience which enables a person to integrate, structure and interpret past situations and events, this paper examines the notion of the “biographical experience” in relation to situations and educational objectives. The way in which individuals “biographize” (i.e. turn into a narration) their experiences – and more importantly the way in which they integrate into their biographical constructions what they do, their role within the family, at school, at work, on adult training courses – plays a large part in the learning and training process. The conjunction, negotiation and “working-through” of individuals self – projects and of collective projects of educational or training institutions play a central part in this “biographization” process.
The social consequences of Parkinsonism, and probably of many other chronic illnesses, can be likened to a premature social aging of the individuals affected, in the sense that the activity levels of Parkinson patients correspond to those of people who are chronologically older. But the effect of this artificial aging is not constant for all individuals; it impinges much more heavily on younger patients. This article examines the consequences of such premature aging for patients' attitudes toward themselves and their outlook on life.
Naissance de la prison
- Surveiller
Surveiller et punir. Naissance de la prison, Paris, Gallimard.
méthode historico-critique
- Michel Foucault
- La
« Penser autrement avec Michel Foucault. La "méthode historico-critique",
usages théoriques, heuristiques et politques », in M.-C. GRANJON (dir.),
Penser avec Michel Foucault. Théorie critique et pratiques politiques, Paris,
Karthala : 5-71.