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Level of anxiety in young offenders committed to a closed educational centre
Abstract
This study analyses the level of anxiety (STAI) in a young offender population (n=57), committed to a closed educational centre, in relation to their social and demographical variables, and the characteristics of their internment process. Results reveal that 22.8% of young offenders has high levels of state anxiety, and 21.1% has high levels of trait anxiety. Moreover, the frequency of received calls (p=.038), visits (p=.019), and the prescription of psychopharmacs (p=.007) are related to state anxiety, whereas gender (p=.046), educational group (p=.002), and time since the date of internment (p=.013) associate to trait anxiety. In conclusion, young offenders have higher levels of anxiety than their peers, and the lack of bonds with referential people during internment increases the level of state anxiety significantly.
... A strong association between anxiety and alcohol use has been detected in adolescents (Low, Lee, Johnson, Williams, & Harris, 2008). This is also true of adolescent offenders, in whom a high prevalence of trait anxiety and anxiety disorders is evident (Ventura, Soldevila, Carbonell, Tejedor, & Andreu, 2008). High levels of anxiety associated with heavy drinking suggest that the function of drinking may be to cope with anxiety. ...
Purpose. Research into alcohol-related aggression has typically focused on perpetrators’ externalizing characteristics. The purpose of this exploratory review is to examine the contribution of anxiety to alcohol-related aggression.
Arguments. Anxiety disorders are associated with externalizing disorders in childhood, but anxiety appears to protect against extreme antisocial behaviours. In contrast, in adolescence and early adulthood, anxiety appears to be associated with increased risk of antisocial behaviour. One possible explanation for this disjunction may be alcohol use, which typically starts in adolescence. Alcohol is an anxiolytic drug, which may appeal to certain young people who are socially anxious but not socially avoidant. Alcohol myopia, the cognitive mechanism whereby alcohol exerts an anxiolytic effect, is also a mechanism by which alcohol serves to increase aggression. Therefore, in anxious antisocial people, drinking to cope with anxiety is likely to increase aggression.
Conclusions. Interventions that flow from the research on anxiety, alcohol, and aggression are suggested.
... The issue of high trait anxiety in offenders is of interest. High levels of anxiety have been observed in adolescent offenders (Ventura, Soldevila, Carbonell, Tejedor, & Andreu, 2008), and anxiety disorders have been observed in over one-third of prisoners (Allnutt, Wedgwood, Wilhelm, & Butler, 2008). Using data from a large USA community sample, Goodwin and Hamilton (2003) found that over half of adults diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder had at least one anxiety disorder during their lifetime, and a co-occurring antisocial personality disorder and anxiety disorder significantly elevated the risk of a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. ...
Purpose. Alcohol‐related violence is a serious problem and treatments for high‐risk individuals need to be developed. Classification helps to route people into appropriate treatments. Drawing on animal research, we define alcohol‐related violence in relation to ultimate goals. We propose three types of violence: (1) violence in the pursuit of material goals, (2) violence in pursuit of social dominance goals, and (3) violence as defence in response to threat. The aim is to explore factors that we expect to relate to this tripartite typology, with the aim of providing a preliminary validation.
Method. Participants were 149 young male prisoners who had committed an offence of violence that was alcohol related. Semi‐structured interviews elicited information about the offence that enabled classification into one of the three types. Differences between groups were examined at the event level – level of violence during the offence and alcohol consumption before the offence – and at group level – trait aggression, trait anxiety, anger control, and alcohol–aggression outcome expectancies.
Results. No differences were found in levels of violence or alcohol consumption. Those whose violence was in the pursuit of material goals were high on trait aggression, trait anger, trait anxiety, and anger suppression. Those who used violence in the pursuit of social dominance showed high trait aggression and trait anger. Those whose violence was a defence in response to threat showed lower trait aggression and trait anger.
Conclusion. The findings are discussed in relation to differential group profiles and treatment needs.
Objective: We try to study levels and their developement in teenagers who hospitalized in two hospital units: day care (DH) and 24 hours hospital (GH). It is an observation and longitudinal desing in the following units: Sant Joan de Déu Hospital from Barcelona, Orienta Outpatient Unit of Gavá, San Joan de Déu Outpatient Unit of Barcelona and Mollet. Results: There are diferences between anxiety levels of both hospitalary units (GH x̄ = 33,77; DH: x̄ = 23,94). A 68,4% of patients have importants levels of anxiety during hospitalization, and a 40,8% of them show the higher levels. Discussion: We have found remarkable diferences and temporal stability among the levels of anxiety patients in wards. This levels are higher in psychiatric hospital than day hospital, but the diferences aren't significantly in temporal evolution. Residence and satisfaction with family relationship are related to this anxiety.
Two theoretical explanations, importation and deprivation, are commonly used to explain inmate adjustment to the correctional environment. This study examined the relation- ship of selected importation and deprivation factors on juveniles’ anxiety levels while they were confined to institutions. Self-reported data collected from 3,986 juveniles and aggregate level data collected from interviews with administrators at 48 U.S. correctional facilities were used in a probit regression analysis. Importation and deprivation factors were found to have a significant impact on juveniles’ anxiety levels. Youth who were younger, White, or had a history of exposure to family violence experienced more anxiety. Youth confined to an institution modeled after military boot camps reported higher levels of anxiety. Juveniles who perceived their institution as having less justice and permitting less activity reported more anxiety. Consistent with prior literature, support was provided for a combined theoretical model of importation and deprivation factors for explaining juveniles’ institutional adjustment.
The divergent and often incompatible goals of treatment and custody within correctional organizations frequently result in ambiguous role expectations and role conflict among prison personnel. Hypotheses that role conflict is significantly greater among staff in treatment institutions than among staff in custodv institutions. Is significantly greater among treatment staff than among custody staff, and is significantly related to both job satisfaction and punitive attitudes toward inmates are tested with questionnaire data obtained from 336 treatment and custody personnel within 6 adult correctional facilities. Although the bivariate analyses provide support for each of the hypotheses, subsequent analyses indicate that role conflict is more likely to be the product of the organizational goals of the institution than of the treatment or custody staff positions within those institutions. These findings are related to previous analyses of the treatment-custody dilemma within institutions, and the implications for future research are discussed.
En: Análisis y modificación de conducta Valencia 2001, v.27, n. 116; p. 905-929 En este artículo se analizan el concepto, el papel funcional y el desarrollo evolutivo en el ser humano del sentimiento de culpa. La culpa tiene como función regular la conducta social indeseable y promover el autocontrol, así como motivar a la persona a reparar el daño causado a otras personas. Desde una perspectiva psicopatológica, se hace una distinción entre la culpa normal y la culpa anormal. Por último, se analizan las etrategias de afrontamiento adecuadas e inadecuadas para hacer frente a la culpa. Asimismo se comentan las implicaciones de este estudio para investigaciones futuras en esta área, p.922-924
En: Análisis y Modificación de Conducta Valencia 1999, v.25, n.104; p. 827-847 En el presente estudio examinamos la fiabilidad y la validez de la versión española de la Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (SASC-R; La Greca y Stone, 1993), empleando una muestra de niños y adolescentes no clínicos (rango de edad entre 7 y 16 años). Los análisis de fiabilidad (alfa de Cronbach, índice de homogeneidad, correlación item-scala y coeficiente de determinación) revelaron que la SASC-R, así como también sus tres dimensiones (i.e., miedo a la valoración negativa de los iguales, evitación y distress sociales referidos específicamente a compañeros nuevos), poseen buenos niveles de fiabilidad. Los sujetos con elevada ansiedad social eran también los que referían mayores niveles en rasgo de ansiedad, efecto negativo, miedos de tipo social y depresión, proporcionando con ello apoyo a la validez concurrente de la escala. Los resultados, en general, aportan evidencia empírica en favor de la fiabilidad y la validez de la versión española de la SASC-R. Por otra parte, se obtuvieron diferencias en función del género y la edad para la subescala de 'miedo a la valoración negativa de los iguales' (las mayores puntuaciones se obtuvieron en las niñas y en las edades más bajas), pero no para las restantes subescalas. Resultados similares en cuanto a fiabilidad, validez y datos normativos se obtuvieron con la SASC (versión inicial y más breve de la escala), Bibliografía p.845-847
En este trabajo se examina la posible relación entre acontecimientos vitales
(AV) y ansiedad en población adolescente. Para la evaluación de AV se ha usado el AV.I.A (Inventarlo de Acontecimeintos Vitales en Infancia y Adolescencia) (adaptado de P. Morató) y para la evaluación de la ansiedad, el S.T.A.I.C. (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory of Children) (Spielberger, 1973). La muestra consta de
695 adolescentes de 14 a 15 años de edad. Los resultados muestran que un mayor número de AV negativos repercute en la elevación de las tasas de ansiedad.
Two theoretical explanations, importation and deprivation, are commonly used to explain inmate adjustment to the correctional environment. This study examined the relation- ship of selected importation and deprivation factors on juveniles’ anxiety levels while they were confined to institutions. Self-reported data collected from 3,986 juveniles and aggregate level data collected from interviews with administrators at 48 U.S. correctional facilities were used in a probit regression analysis. Importation and deprivation factors were found to have a significant impact on juveniles’ anxiety levels. Youth who were younger, White, or had a history of exposure to family violence experienced more anxiety. Youth confined to an institution modeled after military boot camps reported higher levels of anxiety. Juveniles who perceived their institution as having less justice and permitting less activity reported more anxiety. Consistent with prior literature, support was provided for a combined theoretical model of importation and deprivation factors for explaining juveniles’ institutional adjustment.
Using Power, Champion, and Aris's Significant Others Scale, the present study examined the function and structure of social support in a group of incarcerated young offenders. Support across nine key relationships from both outside and inside the prison were examined. The study aimed to examine social support as a key variable in coping with incarceration. Furthermore, the study examined the role that social support plays in the experience of self-reported psychological distress (anxiety, depression, and hopelessness) while incarcerated The importance of prison relationships-with a close friend and members of prison staff in the experience of psychological distress-was highlighted, where distressed inmates were more likely to report discrepancies in the actual/ideal levels of both emotional and practical support. Regression analyses highlighted the importance of relationships with the staff as predictors of anxiety, depression, and hopelessness.
Studies of prison violence typically focus either on individual-level aggression or large-scale collective acts. Most past work consists of case studies, limiting the generalizations from the results. The present study used data from 371 state prisons and measures of both individual and collective violence and attempted to identify the structural, managerial, and environmental determinants of prison disorder. Findings suggest that poor prison management is a predictor of rates of assault toward inmates and staff. However, the likelihood of prison riots is largely independent of structural, managerial, and environmental factors. The article also discusses the implications for public policy.
Female juvenile delinquency has largely been ignored throughout the juvenile justice field. Juvenile justice research, programming and interventions have focused al most exclusively on male delinquency with little attempt to understand the gender specific needs of female juvenile offenders. The present study is an initial examination of behavioral and emotional differences between male and female juvenile offenders using an omni bus self-report personality inventory. Differences between male and female juvenile offenders were found on six of fourteen comparisons. Of the six, fourwere clinical scales (Anxiety, Depression, Social Stress and Locus of Control) and two were adaptive scales (Relations with Parents and Self-Esteem). A greater frequency of females in the at-risk/clinical range were found than males on three scales (Anxiety, Locus of Control, and Social Stress). The findings provide support for differential treatment planning in addressing the needs of female juvenile offenders.
The goal of this study was to examine the degree to which psychiatric disorders (current and lifetime) are associated with a history of suicide attempt in a sample of juvenile delinquents. Sixty adolescents in a secure detention facility participated in diagnostic interviews assessing most psychiatric disorders according to DSM-III-R criteria. Although this population appears to have numerous psychiatric problems, suicide attempts were primarily associated with the internalising problems of depression (major depression and dysthymia) and anxiety disorders. Suicide attempt rates were approximately twice as high for adolescents with these disorders compared with adolescents who had not experienced the disorder. Cannabis use disorders were associated with a trend (p = 0.051) for lower lifetime suicidal behaviour. Conduct and oppositional defiant disorders were associated with higher rates of suicide attempts in boys but lower rates of attempts in girls. The co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders did not significantly increase the likelihood of suicide attempt, although the pattern of results was in the predicted direction. Understanding the determinants of suicidal behaviour in detained adolescents has important clinical and theoretical implications. Efforts are clearly needed to treat depression actively in this population. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The deprivation modelsuggests that prisonization and inmate opposition the prison organization are a function of the deprivations imposed by organization. Compliance theory maintains that alienationof the organiza tionf participants covaries with the coerciveness of the organization. Data obtained from inmates and officers in six adult correctional institutions are examined to test the hypothesis that inmate alienation is a result of the coer civeness of the institution and a cause of inmate opposition to the institu tion. The findings lend support to the hypothesized model and, further more, suggest the need to distinguish between absolute and relative deprivation.
The purpose of this study was to provide further data on the relationship between self-concept and violence focusing on a delinquent adolescent population. Recent research has explored the relationship between self-concept and violence with most of the research being done with adult populations. Within the literature, there are two opposing views on the question of this relationship. The traditional view supports the idea that low self-esteem is a cause of violent behavior while the non-traditional view supports the idea that high self-esteem may be a contributor to violent behavior. Using a sample of 200 delinquent adolescents 100 of whom had committed acts of violence and 100 who had not, a group comparison study was done which addressed the following questions, (1) within a delinquent population of violent and non-violent adolescents, is there a relationship between violence and self-concept? (2) what is that relationship; (3) using the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, can it be determined that attributes such as behavior, anxiety, popularity, happiness, and physical appearance as they relate to self-concept are more predictive than others in determining who within a delinquent population will commit acts of violence. For the purposes of this study, delinquent adolescents were those who had official records of misconduct with either the school or juvenile authorities. Adolescents classified as violent were those who had committed acts such as assault, use of a weapon, use of deadly force, and sexual assault while adolescents classified as non-violent had committed anti-social acts such as, truancy, talking back and rule breaking. The study concluded that there is a relationship between adolescent violence and self-concept. However, there was insufficient statistical evidence that self-concept is a predictor of violence.
Studied the relationship between state-trait anxiety and mood states in deliquents by giving the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) (Spielberger, 1973) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971) to 41 behavior problem adolescents who were residents of a facility for youthful offenders. Results indicated that males and females did not differ significantly. The A-State portion of the STAIC was correlated significantly with the Vigor-Activity and Anger-Hostility portions of the POMS as well as the Total Mood Disturbance index. On the other hand, the A-Trait portion of the STAIC was correlated significantly with the Depression-Dejection, the Tension-Anxiety, and the Fatigue-Inertia portions of the POMS as well as the Total Mood Disturbance index. Findings were discussed in terms of their relationship to previous research and in terms of the differences in conception of affective states presented by Spielberger (1973) and McNair et al. (1971).
The present study investigated differences in anxiety symptoms and associated features between 129 first-time and multiple-time male inmates from a large urban jail. Participants were assessed on three separate anxiety measures: the Structured Clinical Interview of DSM-III-R Disorders (SCID) anxiety disorders module, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and anxiety scales of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). First-time inmates were found to have more symptom severity for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, especially symptoms related to scanning and vigilance. Both first-time and multiple-time inmates evidenced higher state than trait anxiety, although this pattern did not hold for African Americans. Contrary to previous research, few ethnic differences were found in this incarcerated sample.
Problemática psicosocial de los delincuentes jóvenes
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(Artículo recibido: 2-1-2008; aceptado: 3-7-2008)
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